Where is the Huang He River on the physical map. Yellow River - the abode of the most ancient civilization
Yellow River length: approximately 5,000 kilometers.
Area of the Yellow River Basin: about 700,000 square kilometers.
Where does the Yellow River flow? The source of the Yellow River is located on the plateau of Tibet, in a hilly country lying south of the Burkhan Buddha ridge. Running through a valley dotted with small reservoirs, called by the Chinese - Sin-su-hai, Odon-tola and by the Tibetans Garma-tan, which means “starry”, it is significantly enriched with water and flows into Lake Tsarin-nor with a reach over 15 meters wide . Lake Tsarin-nor (Dzarin, Tsaka and Dzaga-nor) and Norin-nor (Orin-nor), lying on the route of the Yellow River, are vast reservoirs of fresh, clear water connected to each other by a channel, located at an absolute altitude of 4,050 meters. In addition to the Soloma River, they include many other rivers, of which the Dzhagyn-gol River, which flows into the channel mentioned above from the south and collects its waters in the Dzulmetan swamps, is the most significant. From Lake Norin-nora, which is deeper than Tsarin-nora and already reaches a depth of 30 meters not far from the shore, the Yellow River pours out a stream 60-80 meters wide, with a depth at fords of 1-1.5 meters. Only for a few kilometers does the Yellow River flow in a wide valley, then the latter is constrained by rocks, especially the Amne-machin ridge, which throws it to the South. Having rounded the aforementioned ridge, the river makes a sharp turn to the North and flows here in a narrow, deep valley, across a number of latitudinal ridges. In ur. Balekun-gomi it turns to the East and, continuing to remain inaccessible almost to the mountains of Guy-de-tin (Gui-duya), it reaches this city with a huge, fast-moving stream. About 20 kilometers below Gui-te-ting, it again enters a gorge, which unfolds into a narrow valley near Mount Xiong-hua-ting. The Yellow River Valley maintains this character until Mount Lan-zhou-fu, beyond which the river finally loses its mountain character. From Lan-zhou-fu it flows about 650 kilometers to the North along the Great Wall, deviates to the East by the Yin-Shan ridge and again to the South of the ridge. Bei-lin. Soon the Yellow River enters the Great Chinese Lowland, where it takes a northeastern direction, which does not change until it flows into the Zhili Bay.
Yellow River food method: rain, also snow in the mountainous part of the basin.
Tributaries of the Yellow River: Wudinghe, Weihe, Fynhe.
Inhabitants of the Yellow River: Chinese crab...
Freezing of the Yellow River: The upper reaches of the Yellow River rush at tremendous speed, so the surface of the river is never covered with people; ice cover in January - February forms in the middle reaches and sometimes for 2-3 weeks in the lower reaches.
The Yellow River, or Yellow River, is known throughout the world for its steep character and great length (sixth largest in the world). This deep river is the pride of China. According to ancient legends, Chinese culture arose on the banks of the Yellow River. It is called the Great, considering it the basis of civilization. Let us consider in this article why it is called this and into which sea the Yellow River flows.
Great River of China
The first mention of the Yellow River appears in the Hanshu, a publication describing the deeds of the Han clan. However, in earlier literary sources it is called He (河 – “river”). The name Yellow River was assigned to the Yellow River (literally translated from Chinese “huang” - yellow, “he” - river; in English - Yellow River), since water flows become muddy due to loess (clay), mud, and silt washed up on top yellowish tint.
The Yellow River begins to flow in the highlands of the Chinese province of Qinghai. Locals call it Ma Chu, which means Peacock River.
The Yellow River of China is known for its tough temper: it shows its restlessness due to unexpected floods and the ability to change its course. During its entire existence, it changed its usual flow route 26 times, merging with other bodies of water. One of the most famous is that it flows into the Yellow Sea in a completely different place - due to the destruction of dams, the river bed diverted 800 km during the war with Japan.
The unusual properties of the Yellow River include the elevation of certain sections of the riverbed above the plain. The maximum difference between levels reaches up to 10 meters. This phenomenon is observed due to yellow silty deposits settling on the banks in a thick layer.
As a result, growing natural dams are formed and a huge volume of water mass is forced to look for new approaches to the sea. That is why muddy water can spill at any time, flooding everything around, causing considerable casualties and destruction. Spills are most common during the rainy season (July–October). Because of this, the Yellow River was called “the grief of the sons of Khan” or “the grief of China.” The state is making a lot of efforts: the tributaries are protected by dams, the total length of which is 5,000 km.
Thanks to the Great River, more than one hundred million people receive water that they use for drinking, industrial and agricultural needs.
The strong flow of the river led to the construction of many hydroelectric power stations, thanks to which it receives electricity. However, hydroelectric power stations cause significant harm to the river, polluting it. At the end of the 20th century, drying out of its northern part was noted.
Geography of the river
The source of the Yellow River is located in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, from where it directs its path through the Orin-/Dzharin-Nur lakes to the east. Then, through the ridges of the Kunlun and Nanshan mountains, it returns to the west and, deviating to the north, crosses the ghost city of Ordos, the Loess Plain, forming a gate. Next, the water flow moves through the mountainous Shanxi Gorge and heads east along the Northern Chinese Plain to the Bohai Bay.
There is no clear opinion among researchers about the length of the Yellow River. According to various sources, it varies from 4670 to 5464 kilometers, and the area of the water basin is up to 771 km2.
The Yellow River is located on the lands of 7 provinces and 2 autonomous regions. On the map you can see: a large water artery passes through the large cities of Baotou, Luoyang, Wuhui, etc.
The Yellow River is divided into currents:
- The upper one stretches for almost 3500 km. From its source in the Bayan-Khara-Ula mountains it extends to Inner Mongolia, where it radically changes direction to the south.
- The middle current lies between Hekou and Zhengzhou (Loess Plateau region). The water flow has doubled, largely due to the large number of tributaries. It accounts for 92% of river sediments: loess, mud and sand settling in the lower reaches.
- The lower reaches (786 kilometers) - from Zhengzhou to the mouth. Here the water level is 10 m higher, the river is navigable and flows along a high dam.
The average water consumption is about 2000 m3/s. The Yellow River is characterized by a monsoon regime, which allows the water level to rise during summer floods to 5 m in flat areas and up to 20 m in mountainous areas.
Where does it flow
The Yellow River is the sixth longest river in the world. She overcomes a difficult winding path of more than 5000 km. The pride of China, the Yellow River, forms a delta and flows into the Yellow Sea, which is the Pacific basin.
Yellow River in ancient times
According to maps preserved from the Qin clan, the course of the Yellow River extended north of today. The waterway merged with the Bohai Bay near Tianjin. In 602 BC. The Great River headed south from the Shandong Peninsula.
During Zhanguo's time, warriors exploited river resources by destroying dams and flooding enemy territory. It is known that in the 10th century, Tuan Ning, defending the PRC from the Hou Tang army, deliberately blew up the dams of the Yellow River basin. The raging water flows flooded about 2,600 km2. The channel has also changed. In 1020, an agreement was concluded banning the change of river channels.
However, a little later, in 1034, the water masses of the Yellow River again broke through the hydraulic structures. After this, the workers tried to return the flow to its previous course, but they failed. More than 100,000 people took part in the restoration of the river route, which lasted more than five years.
Another flood in 1048 and a dam break in 1194 significantly changed the course. The flood besieged the mouth of the Huaihe: it began to flow into Lake Hongtze and then into the Yangtze.
Middle Ages in the history of the river
The disaster that occurred in 1344 again turned the Yellow River to the south and became the reason for the overthrow of the Yuan clan and the accession to the throne of the Ming dynasty. In 1642 (before this, the Yellow River flooded twice more), the governor of Kaifeng tried to destroy the dams in order to destroy the peasant rebels, but this caused the city to flood.
From 1851 to 1855, floods of the Yellow River were recorded every two years. The disaster that raged in the 80s of the 19th century took the lives of almost 2 million people. During the flood of 1897, the river regained its modern course.
Today, the Yellow River extends through Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province. However, over the entire period of its existence, it changed its eastern outlines several times.
The Chinese have learned to subjugate the harsh temper of the Yellow River. Dams installed along the entire riverbed regulate the water level, preventing the natural elements from raging. The resulting ice blocks explode. The delta is home to rare species of animals and about 400 plant species. Hukou Waterfall, Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve, Jinan Cable-stayed Bridge, Three Gate Gorge and other equally beautiful locations in the vicinity of the Yellow River attract the attention of tourists every year.
Yellow River, Ustar Huang He (Chinese: 黄河, pinyin Huáng Hé) is a river in China. Translated from Chinese, its name is “Yellow River,” which is due to the abundance of sediment that gives a yellowish tint to its waters. It is thanks to them that the sea into which the river flows is called Yellow. The Yellow River basin is considered the place of formation and formation of the Chinese ethnic group.
The Yellow River originates in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau at an altitude of over 4000 m, flows through lakes Orin-Nur and Dzharin-Nur, spurs of the Kunlun and Nanshan mountain ranges. When crossing the Ordos and the Loess Plateau, in its middle course it forms a large bend, then through the gorges of the Shanxi Mountains it enters the Great Chinese Plain, along which it flows about 700 km before flowing into the Bohai Bay of the Yellow Sea, forming a delta in the confluence area. According to various sources, the length of the river is from 4670 km to 5464 km, and the area of its basin is from 745 thousand km² to 771 thousand km².
The average water flow in the river is approximately 2000 m³ per second. The river has a monsoon regime during summer floods with water levels rising up to 5 m on the plains and up to 20 m in the mountains.
Eroding the Loess Plateau and the Shanxi Mountains, the Yellow River annually carries out 1.3 billion tons of suspended sediment, ranking first among the world's rivers in terms of this indicator. Intensive sediment deposition in the lower reaches raises the channel, which is located at heights from 3 to 10 m above the adjacent plains. In order to protect against floods, the Yellow River and its tributaries are fenced off by a large-scale system of dams, the total length of which is about 5 thousand km. Dam failures led to huge floods and channel shifts. This led to the death of large numbers of people and gave the river the nickname "The Mountain of China". The maximum recorded movement of the Yellow River channel was about 800 km.
The waters of the Yellow River are actively used for irrigation of agricultural land. A number of hydroelectric power stations were built on the river. Through the Grand Canal it is connected to the Huaihe and Yangtze rivers.
The Yellow River is navigable in certain areas, mainly on the Great Chinese Plain. The Yellow River Valley is densely populated. Among the cities located along its banks, the largest are Lanzhou, Baotou, Luoyang, Zhengzhou, Kaifeng, Jinan.
The study of the water energy of the Yellow River has only just begun, but several sections of the river that are particularly rich in hydroenergy have already been identified and explored. The river conceals large reserves of water energy in its upper reaches, where it is characterized by a rapid flow and a significant slope of the riverbed. The bed of the Yellow River here often compresses with mountain ranges; the Yellow River flows through narrow and deep mountain gorges. Moreover, in the area of one of the gorges - Liujiaxia, near Lanzhou, the reserves of hydropower resources are especially large. The total hydropower reserves in the area from Guide to the Qingtongxia Gorge exceed 10 million kW.
The Yellow River below the city of Toketo has significant reserves of hydroelectric power.
Here the river narrows to 52 meters and forms a waterfall 17 meters high, on which a hydroelectric station can be built. Near Longmen, the Yellow River flows through a gorge for fifty kilometers, sandwiched by steep cliffs several hundred meters high. The river speed here is quite high, and that is why the Longmen Gorge is one of the richest areas in China with hydroelectric power. Of the tributaries of the Yellow River, the Datonghe and Weihe rivers are richest in water energy. The first river has large reserves in its lower reaches. At the very mouth of the river, where it is especially deep, a deep Xiangtanxia gorge has formed, where a high-power hydroelectric station can be built. The water energy reserves of the second river are concentrated mainly in the upper reaches of the river, especially in the area of the cities of Tianshui and Baoji. A major source of hydroelectric power is the Yellow River and in the area of Sanmenxia (“Three Gate Gorge”), below Tongguan. The river flows here through three deep gorges.
It is important to note that the Yellow River basin receives relatively little precipitation, with a peak in the summer, when some areas receive up to 700-800 mm per month. There are frequent downpours, which causes summer and autumn floods. In areas where the river flows from south to north, there are cases when a thaw has already set in in the south, but ice still lingers in the north. As a result, the riverbed becomes clogged with floating ice floes, the water level rises sharply, which also brings losses to people.
At the same time, in Shaanxi province many tributaries flow into the Yellow River, and if a cyclone covers a wide area and the water level rises simultaneously in several tributaries, then a disaster is inevitable.
But it's not just summer rains that cause serious flooding on the Yellow River. One of the main reasons is also soil erosion in the provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi and Shanxi. Thus, in the west, between the cities of Lanzhou and Luoyang, there is the most powerful loess plateau in the world. The soils here are very fertile, for each ton of loess contains a significant amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium. The washing away of the soil of the loess plateau is a natural process that lasts for centuries. Due to rains, the process of erosion of loess accelerates. Thus, annually in the basin of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, erosion lowers the plateau by 2.16 mm.
Once upon a time, the British, having seen this river, drew attention to its special color: the Yellow River is rich in silt and creates numerous sediments, due to which its waters acquire a distinct yellowish tint. Which is reflected in the English definition. But the Chinese, who know the difficult nature of the river, claim that its main qualities are unpredictability and variability. Local residents did not hide their complex feelings towards her: the Yellow River in Chinese means “the grief of the sons of the khan”, and popular rumor says so - it is “the river of a thousand sorrows”...
The sources of the great Chinese river are located at an altitude of more than 4000 m, in the Bayan Khar range in the Tibetan Plateau. On its long journey (this is the fourth of the longest rivers in Asia) to the Yellow Sea, it overcomes different areas - mountain plateaus, rocky areas, and the North China Plain. On its way to the sea, it erodes rocks in some places (the Loess Plateau and the Shaanxi Mountains), and in others, due to transported particles, it creates rapids up to several meters in height: it is estimated that every year the waters of the Yellow River carry an average of 1.3 billion tons of suspended sediment . According to this indicator, it ranks first in the world, and in terms of silt - fourth. In the lower reaches, the river bed is located 3-10 m above the adjacent plains, which (due to this position) are regularly flooded by it. Local residents have been developing systems to protect themselves from the elements for centuries. For example, today the total length of dams is about 5000 km, and their height ranges from 5 to 12 m. But this does not always help: the river breaks through fortifications, washes away settlements, kills a huge number of people and even changes its course. Over the past 4000 years, there have been about 20 such movements in the lower reaches. 7 of them were so large-scale that they were accompanied by catastrophic floods, and the channel moved 800 km. As a result of this, the Yellow River was able to merge with the river. Haihe in the north or from the river. Huaihe in the south. Having connected its waters with these rivers, it flowed into the Yellow Sea from different sides from.
But for all its unpredictability, the river feeds the inhabitants of these regions: it leaves a fertile layer of silt on the plains, irrigates agricultural land and is a source of electricity. It is no coincidence that its shores were chosen by the ancestors of today's Chinese - the Han. People have settled along the central part of the Yellow River since Neolithic times. Modern archaeologists find in this area numerous evidence of the ancient cultures of Longshan, Qujialing, Majiayao, Yangshao and a number of others (these are handmade pottery with ornaments; thin-walled gray and black, without painting, ceramics created on a potter’s wheel; “li” vessels with three legs , made in the form of an udder; weaving accessories).
The Yellow River was introduced into Russian science by Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888), who during his fourth trip to Asia explored the Tibetan Plateau and the birthplace of the great Yellow River. Przhevalsky’s student and follower Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov (1863-1935), in his expedition to the upper reaches of the river, discovered unknown and studied little-known Eastern Tibetan tribes, and also described the northeastern part of the Tibetan plateau of Amdo, which is located in the bend of the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The famous Asian expedition of 1889-1890 also went to the great Chinese river. under the leadership of the famous Russian traveler, geographer, zoologist and entomologist Grigory Efimovich Grumm-Grzhimailo (1860-1936). On this journey, he explored an extended area from the Eastern Tien Shan and Nanshan to the Yellow River, collected a unique collection of research materials and made a number of discoveries and meteorological observations. The results of this expedition were included in the book “Description of a Journey to Western China,” for which the scientist was awarded many awards in Russia and abroad.
However, scientists' understanding of the river differs from that of local residents who have been cooperating and living next to the Yellow River for hundreds of years. It would be difficult for the Chinese to get along with such a headstrong neighbor if they did not have support in the form of the “Uncle of the River” - the mythological creature He-Bo. This spirit was represented in the form of a fish with a human face. According to legend, a resident of the Tishou area near the city of Huayang took a magic potion in order to freely conquer the waters of the rivers. One day he got so carried away that he took 8 measures of his potion and turned into a water spirit. In poetry there is a more romantic image of the “uncle” - as a creature riding on the water under a canopy of lotus leaves on a chariot, accompanied by a beautiful wife and beautiful maidens. The chariot is driven by the dragons beloved by the Chinese. Information scattered over centuries and sources indicates that in ancient times, in honor of He-Bo, a ritual of sacrifice familiar to ancient civilizations was carried out: every year the most beautiful girl was given to the river as a wife to Uncle He-Bo. She was given a dowry and dressed beautifully, and then escorted off to cheerful festive music. The unfortunate “brides” drowned in the water, but the residents considered this necessary so as not to incur drought or flood.
The appeased uncle allowed people to use the river for their household needs. The Yellow River in its upper reaches winds around high mountain areas, where it is a source of drinking water for more than 140 million people. The strong current in this area allows for the construction of power plants. From Inner Mongolia to Henan Province, the river in its middle course flows through flat territory. It is here that it is especially saturated with silt, passing through the Loess Plateau, which is subject to active erosion. There are about 30 large tributaries in the middle reaches, which increases the volume of transported water by more than 40%. Therefore, it is also advisable to use hydroelectric power plants here. In its lower course, the river flows through the North China Plain. The Grand Canal connects the Yellow River with the Huaihe and Rivers. This makes it possible to use its water resources more efficiently: to irrigate areas inaccessible to the river, and to establish water transport. In the area of the North China Plain, the river is navigable.
However, the river is used not only for good. A large amount of industrial waste (about 70%) is dumped into rivers without treatment. The Yellow River also suffers from this. About a third of its water resources are unusable. The Yellow River Protection Commission is trying to control the situation.
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general information
River in China.
Source: , Bayan Khar ridge.
Tributaries: Datonghe, Tao, Weihe.
Mouth: Yeohaiwan Bay (northwestern part of the Yellow Sea).
Largest cities: Lanzhou, Yinchuan, Baotou, Luoyang, Zhengzhou, Kaifeng, Jinan.
Numbers
Length: 5464 km.
Pool area: 752,000 km 2.
Average water consumption: 2571 m 3 /sec
Economy
One of the largest rivers in Asia.
Yellow River basin: coal, iron, copper, aluminum, oil.
Industry: hydropower, chemical, electrical, mechanical engineering; trade.
Climate and weather
Moderate.
There is relatively little precipitation.
In summer in some areas - up to 700-800 mm/month.
In summer and autumn there are heavy rains, which causes floods.
In the delta, the climate is determined by the monsoons.
Attractions
■ Yellow River basin - an opportunity to see the diversity of the landscape and wildlife of China;
■ Hukou Waterfall (the second largest in China: length - 30 m, height - 20 m);
■ Sanmenxia - “Three Gates Gorge” (before the river exits the North China Plain);
■ The bridge in Jinan is the first 3-pylon cable-stayed bridge across the Yellow River (construction began in 2008).
Curious facts
■ The river once helped China in the fight against Japan: in 1938 (during the Second Sino-Japanese War), Chinese soldiers deliberately broke dams in Henan Province and used the Yellow River as a natural weapon. An area of about 54,000 km2 was flooded and, according to various estimates, from 500,000 to 900,000 lives were lost - both Japanese and Chinese. The flood did delay the Japanese, but did not stop them. The same year saw the last of the noticeable movements of the river bed: after the dams were blown up by the Chinese themselves in self-defense, the river for some time flowed into the Yellow Sea from the south side of the Shandong Peninsula. In 1947, the dams were restored, and now the Yellow River again flows into the sea from the northern part of the peninsula.
■ There are about 20 gorges in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Longyan, Bapan and Qington are the most famous of them.
■ The Yellow River floods have gone down in history with monstrous death tolls, which are not always possible to accurately calculate: for example, in 1887, the river flood killed from 900,000 to 2,000,000 inhabitants, and in 1931 - from 1,000,000 to 4,000,000 Human.
■ The Chinese call the Yellow River “Mother River”. Throughout the history of the formation of Chinese civilization, there were periods when it was also called “Chinese Pride” and “Chinese Sorrow.” The “Mother River” monument was erected in the city of Lanzhou (Gansu Province) and represents the figure of a reclining woman, the folds of her dress more reminiscent of waves. A reclining child rests on her raised left knee.
Yellow River (meaning "Yellow River")- the second largest river. The opening of a reservoir on the famous river is a very impressive sight. After the sluices are opened, huge streams of water and sand rush out of the reservoir. This release of water makes it possible to clear the Yellow River of silt and prevent local floods.
Translated from Chinese, its name is “Yellow River,” which is due to the abundance of sediment that gives a yellowish tint to its waters. It is thanks to them that the sea into which the river flows is called Yellow.
The Yellow River originates in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau at an altitude of over 4,000 meters.
In order to protect against floods, the Yellow River and its tributaries are fenced off by a large-scale system of dams, the total length of which is about 5 thousand km. Dam failures led to huge floods and channel shifts. This led to the death of large numbers of people and gave the river the nickname "The Mountain of China".
The Yellow River basin provides drinking and irrigation water to about 140 million people.
Yellow River
From 602 n. e. To this day, 26 changes in the Yellow River bed and 1,573 dam breaks have been recorded.
Yellow River
The record annual rate of silt removal by the Yellow River was recorded in 1933, amounting to 3.91 billion tons.
Yellow River
The 1938 Yellow River flood was caused by the Nationalist government in central China during the first half of the Second Sino-Japanese War in an attempt to stop the rapid advance of Japanese troops. It was subsequently called "the largest act of environmental warfare in history."
Yellow River
The flood covered and destroyed thousands of square kilometers of farmland and moved the mouth of the Yellow River hundreds of miles to the south. Thousands of villages were flooded or destroyed, and several million residents were forced to flee their homes, becoming refugees. The official assessment of the dead by the post-war nationalist commission states that in the flood