Regions of the world. The need and principles of dividing the world into regions

We know little about the very first state on the planet. But it was precisely this that gave impetus to the development of other civilizations.

Do you know which state was the very first? TravelAsk will tell you about it in detail.

Features of the most ancient states

The ancient states were small in their territory. In the center of the ancient country there was a fortified city with a temple to the local patron god and the residence of the head of state. The ruler was often both a military leader and a manager of irrigation works.

For example, in the Nile Valley in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. e. There were more than forty states. There were constant wars between them for territories.

The very first state

The Sumerian civilization is considered the first state in the world. It arose at the end of the 4th millennium BC. e. The state was located on the banks of the Euphrates, where it flows into the Persian Gulf. This territory was called Mesopotamia, today it is home to Iraq and Syria.

Where they came from on this earth is still a mystery to scientists. And the Sumerian language is also a mystery, since it could not be correlated with any language family. The texts were written in cuneiform, which, in fact, was invented by the Sumerians.

At first, the people cultivated barley and wheat, drained swamps and even made water canals, supplying water to dry areas. Then they began to produce metals, textiles and ceramics. By 3000 BC. e. The Sumerians had the highest culture for their time, with a carefully thought-out religion and a special writing system.

How did the Sumerians live?

The Sumerians built houses away from the banks of the Euphrates. The river often flooded, flooding the surrounding lands, and its lower reaches were swampy, where many malarial mosquitoes bred.

They built their dwellings from clay bricks; they mined clay right there on the river, since the banks of the Euphrates were rich in it. Therefore, clay was the main material: dishes, cuneiform tablets, and even children’s toys were made from it.

One of the main activities of city residents was fishing. People built boats from river reeds, smearing them with resin to prevent leaks. They moved around the ponds in boats.

The ruler of the city simultaneously performed the functions of a priest. He did not have wives or children; it was believed that the wives of rulers were goddesses. In general, the religion of the Sumerians is interesting: they believed that they existed to serve the gods, and the gods could not exist without the Sumerians. Therefore, sacrifices were made to the gods, and temples became the center of government of the state.

The emergence of civilization

Researchers suggest that the main factor in the emergence of the state was the need to cultivate the land and irrigate it through canals, because the climate in this region is desert and arid. Irrigation systems are a fairly complex technology, so they required organized management. This brought the society itself together.

The Sumerians had many cities with their own government and power. The largest of these city-states were Ur, Uruk, Nippur, Kish, Lagash, and Umma. At the head of each of them was a priest, and the population lived by his decree. So, they collected taxes from the people, and in times of famine they distributed food. In general, the inhabitants of the cities did not live very peacefully, periodically fighting among themselves.

Private ownership of land was even introduced in Sumer. Of course, this contributed to the wealth stratification of the population. There were few slaves in the cities, and their labor did not play a significant role in the economy.

A special role in the Sumerian civilization was played by the lugali, the leaders of warriors. Possessing strength and military knowledge, they eventually partially supplanted the power of the priests.

As for military uniforms, the Sumerians had a primitive bow, a spear with a copper tip, a short dagger and a copper cap.

Contribution to further history

Of course, when compared with subsequent states, the economic technologies of the Sumerians were very primitive. However, it was their culture that formed the basis of subsequent civilizations: for example, the Sumerian civilization fell into decline, and in its place another major civilization arose - the Babylonian. The Sumerians were very educated; primitive communities still lived in neighboring territories during this period. They not only invented cuneiform, but also had mathematical knowledge, understood astronomy, and were able to accurately determine the area of ​​land.

At the city temples there were schools in which this knowledge was passed on to subsequent generations. The Sumerians also had their own literature. Thus, the most famous was the epic about Gilgamesh, the king who sought immortality. This is one of the oldest literary monuments. There is a chapter in the epic that tells about a man who saved people from the Flood.

It is believed that this legend formed the basis of the biblical flood.

Decline of the state

Nomadic tribes lived in the neighborhood of Sumer. Some of them - the Akkadians - switched to a sedentary lifestyle, adopting many technologies from the Sumerians. At first, the Sumerians and Akkadians maintained friendly relations, but they also had periods of military strife. During one of these periods, the Akkadian leader Sargon seized power and proclaimed himself king of Sumer and Akkad. This happened in the 24th century BC. e. Over time, the Sumerians assimilated among these peoples, and their culture became the basis for the states that arose in Mesopotamia in the future.

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CITY GEOGRAPHY

- Hypotheses of the emergence of cities.
- Legal and actual boundaries of the city. Limits to urban growth.
- Agglomerations. Megalopolises. The largest cities of our time.
- Regional differences in the share of urban population. Features of urbanization in industrialized and developing countries.
- City and environment.

Urbanization (from the Latin urbs - city) is the historical process of the emergence, growth of population and the number of cities, and the concentration of economic potential in them. Urbanization is accompanied by an increasing role of cities in the life of society, the spread of an urban lifestyle and the formation of settlement systems. By the end of the 20th century, urban problems acquired global status; they concern representatives of many scientific disciplines - economists, sociologists, ecologists.

Geographers are primarily interested in the spatial aspects of urbanization - patterns of city location, settlement systems, organization of urban space.

WHAT SETTLEMENT IS CALLED A CITY?

The main factors that distinguish an urban settlement from a rural one are the significant population size and its predominantly employed outside agriculture. In addition, the city has a different character of residential development compared to rural areas and a higher population density.

There are no uniform criteria for identifying cities in the world. Thus, in the USA, settlements that reach 2.5 thousand people are considered cities. inhabitants, in Russia and the Netherlands - 20 thousand people, in Iceland - 200 people. In some countries, in addition to the population indicator, population density, the availability of urban amenities, and the employment structure are taken into account. In Russia, a city is considered a settlement with at least 20 thousand people, and more than 85% of the inhabitants must be workers, employees and members of their families (that is, the non-agricultural population).

In some countries, cities include all administrative centers, regardless of the size of the population living in them.

Therefore, national statistics on urban population and number of cities are often not comparable.

HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE EMERGENCE OF CITIES.

THE LARGEST CITIES OF ANCIENTITY AND MODERNITY

Before our era, the largest urban cultures of antiquity, where most of the world's population lived, including urban ones, were located in Asia.

The first large cities arose about 4 thousand years ago in the densely populated agricultural areas of Mesopotamia, in the valley of the Nile, Indus (in western India), and Yellow River (in northern China). The emergence of cities is associated with economic progress - the emergence of surplus food necessary to provide for the non-agricultural population. Cities arose both as residences of rulers (for example, in Ancient Egypt - as residences of pharaohs and priests), as fortresses, the main function of which was defense. In this case, they were located in the most strategically advantageous places.

In the Middle Ages, the largest cities in the world were Nanjing (470 thousand people), Cairo (450 thousand people), Vijavanagar (350 thousand people), Beijing (320 thousand people). The largest city in Europe was Paris (275 thousand), Milan and Venice were almost half behind it, and the population of London, which by the beginning of the 19th century had become the largest city in the world with a population of 870 thousand people, barely reached 50 thousand people.

One of the largest cities in the world was Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztecs, destroyed by the conquistadors in the early 19th century.

At the beginning of the 18th century, it is estimated that no more than 10% of the world's population lived in cities. Some of the largest cities of the Middle Ages still exist today, the development of others has slowed down, and they have turned into small provincial centers, and some have disappeared altogether.

The development of large modern cities as economic, political and commercial centers is associated with the emergence of manufacturing and factory production. The concentration of population in cities became possible primarily due to the development of energy: the development of technologies for the extraction, use and transportation of coal, and later oil. The most important functions of cities since the beginning of the industrial revolution have become: production of goods and services, management and inter-district exchange.

Only in the twentieth century. URBANIZATION has become the main factor in economic development and changes in the territorial organization of society in most countries of the world. During the 20th century, the number of city dwellers increased sharply, and the number of cities, especially large ones, increased.

The urban population grew mainly due to migration from rural areas (this factor is the most important in the initial stages of urbanization), natural population growth and urbanization of rural areas - the reclassification of rural settlements into urban ones.

If at the beginning of the 20th century. only 14% of the world's population lived in cities and there were 16 millionaire cities, then by 1950 the share of the urbanized population increased more than 2 times, and the number of millionaire cities - almost 5. It is expected that by 2000. Half of the Earth's inhabitants will be city dwellers, and the number of millionaire cities will be 440.

The concentration of population, economic and political life in large cities observed during the 20th century led to the formation of an idea of ​​​​a world economy concentrated exclusively in cities, each of which is surrounded by a “heart-shaped” region with maximum changes in natural landscapes, a transition zone and a vast, little affected by the achievements of modern civilizations on the periphery.

Cities and agglomerations, connected by transport routes, become the supporting framework of settlement.

CITY BORDERS: LEGAL AND ACTUAL

Every city has LEGAL BORDER, or city limits within which the urban population itself lives. For example, the legal border of Moscow is a 109 km long ring road. As the population grows, urban development begins to overcome the legal border of the city, first along the main radial roads, and then to fill the gaps between them. Thus, ACTUAL BOUNDARY of the city goes far beyond the administrative limits. The discrepancy between these boundaries complicates urban management. The city administration is forced to provide food, transport, and services not only to city residents within its administrative boundaries (i.e., real taxpayers at the expense of whom the city budget is formed), but also to the so-called “commuting” migrants - people living in the suburbs, but every day coming to work in the city. A solution to this problem can be found in two ways: by joint participation in city expenses by residents of the city and suburbs or by expanding the administrative boundary of the city to the level of actual urban development.

If it is impossible to expand the legal border of a city (for example, due to the existence of private land ownership), the growing city begins to absorb surrounding villages and merge with suburbs and satellite cities. This is how the city is formed AGGLOMERATION(from Latin agglomerare - to annex, concentrate) - a cluster of closely located settlements that have a continuous, common transport infrastructure and close industrial ties. At the same time, the legal boundaries of each of the settlements exist only on paper, and the real border of the agglomeration is determined by the end points of pendulum migrations.

For these reasons, data on the population of large cities and agglomerations often differ depending on the boundaries within which they are given.

LIMITS TO CITY GROWTH.

The growth and development of modern cities are associated primarily with economic benefits - the so-called agglomeration economy: the concentration of producers and consumers in a limited area in itself becomes a source of additional income due to a reduction in production costs per unit of output (the possibility of creating production facilities of optimal size) and reduction transport costs (proximity of buyers and sellers, creation of common infrastructure).

However, the economic gain from the growth of the area and population of the city increases only to certain limits - as long as the increasing transport costs for transporting goods, raw materials and passengers are beneficial for the given production costs.

The aggravation of environmental problems in large urban agglomerations, the development of personal transport and modern means of communication lead to an outflow of the population to suburban areas of suburbanization. This phenomenon is largely facilitated by cheaper prices for land plots outside cities and the movement of knowledge-intensive industries to suburban industrial parks, for which the significance of the agglomeration effect is small.

When agglomerations “accrete”, they form MEGALOPOLIS huge areas of continuous urban development in terms of area and economic potential. The largest of them are the Tokaido megalopolis on the “front” side of Japan with the largest agglomerations of Tokyo, Nagoya, Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe; The northeastern metropolis of the USA Bos-Wash, consisting of almost 40 agglomerations, stretching almost 1000 km from Boston to Washington; metropolis of Chig Pits on the southern coast of the Great Lakes - from Chicago to Pittsburgh.

In Europe, English is distinguished (the agglomeration of London, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool), and Rhine, which includes the cities of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium in the lower and middle reaches of the Rhine, megalopolises.

Cities of the world with a population of over 10 million people

Megalopolis was the name given to a city that actually existed in Ancient Greece - the center of the union of Arcadian cities, which arose in 370 BC. as a result of the merger of more than 35 settlements.

GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF URBANIZATION

The most important indicators that make it possible to quantify the level of urbanization include : SHARE OF URBAN POPULATION IN THE COUNTRY'S POPULATION, And SHARE OF THE URBAN POPULATION LIVING IN THE LARGEST CITIES. These indicators are closely related to the level of socio-economic development.

An indicator of urbanization as a spatial process is FORMATION OF SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS: the existence in a certain territory of a large city performing various functions, but closely interconnected by production, social ties and a unified transport network - as the supporting frame of the settlement system, medium and small cities.

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN URBANIZATION

In the 1990s. 43% of the world's inhabitants lived in a city. The world's maximum share of city dwellers, more than 70%, was observed in economically developed regions (Europe, North America, Australia), where the growth and development of cities as centers of modern industry began during the industrial revolution. The highest rate of urban population growth here occurred at the beginning of the 20th century.

Over the past 30 years, the share of these regions in the world's urban population has decreased from 45 to 26%, while in the rest of the world the number of urban residents has increased from 400 million to 1.6 billion people. In recent decades, in economically developed regions there has been a process of so-called counter-urbanization - a flight from big cities to the suburbs, largely associated with the process of industrial decentralization.

In Latin America, about 65% of the population lives in cities; the largest urban agglomerations in the world are located here - Mexico City and Sao Paulo.

The highest rates of urbanization have been observed in regions where the share of the urban population is still relatively small. The urban population in Asia as a whole is small at 34%. The highest rates of urbanization, exceeding the rate of population growth, are observed in Southeast Asia, where the share of the urban population is only 29%. In the countries of East Asia - Japan, Taiwan, the DPRK and the Republic of Korea, the urban population predominates (about 70%). The urban population in China is only 32%; This is due both to the strict regulation of internal migration before 1978, and to the nature of the economic reforms of the 80s, aimed at prioritizing the growth of well-being in agricultural areas, which also restrained migration to cities.

The world's lowest share of the urban population, and at the same time the highest rates of its growth, have been noted in recent decades in Africa.

FEATURES OF URBANIZATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

In most developing countries that are at the initial stage of industrial development, modern urbanization began recently and is proceeding at a very high pace.

As a rule, the uncontrolled growth of the urban population and urban area in one or two of the country's largest cities outstrips the capabilities of the urban economy and lags significantly behind the development of their production base, with a disproportionate increase in the service sector. This type of urbanization is often called "false".

The concentration of the country's urban residents, economic and political life in one city, usually a capital city, where all modern industry and higher educational institutions are concentrated, leads to its autonomous and isolated development from the rest of the country.

High growth rates of the urban population are associated mainly with high birth rates and rural-urban migration, which provide up to half of the increase in the number of urban residents.

As a rule, economic reasons for migration are the main ones, but socio-psychological motives are also important - the prestige of life in the city, the opportunity to obtain an education. However, due to general economic backwardness and lack of jobs, people from rural areas without any qualifications join the ranks of the urban unemployed.

Most of the townspeople are employed in the informal sector, small handicraft enterprises in the service sector.

Significant areas in cities are used for agricultural purposes. The established areas of residence of people from the same area in cities, closely connected with their tribes and communities, attract new migrants heading in search of work and a better life.

Labor migration to cities deprives the agricultural sector of its main labor force. This leads to a reduction in food production and the need to increase food imports to feed the rapidly growing urban population.

High rates of urbanization lead to aggravation of socio-economic problems in large cities. Most city residents do not have basic city amenities. Thus, about 40% of the housing stock of African cities does not have running water, more than half does not have electricity, and a little more than 1/3 of the dwellings are provided with sewerage. High land costs and low incomes mean that most families are unable to buy or rent housing. Thus, in cities, often in their central parts, areas of spontaneous chaotic development, huge in area and population density, appear - slums, where houses are built from scrap materials. These areas are the main sources of social instability, crime, unsanitary conditions and epidemics, but governments do not have the means to improve the lives of their inhabitants.

As a rule, wood is used as fuel for cooking, so vast areas in the vicinity of cities are degraded lands.

Taking into account the leading role of the capital city in the economy, its ability to “attract” investments and industrial enterprises, projects have been undertaken in a number of developing countries to move former colonial capitals to the geographical center of the country. It was believed that a change in the geographical location of the capital would contribute to the accelerated development of the inner regions, and new cities built according to a single project would not be burdened by “old” problems. A new capital was built in Brazil; it is planned to move the capital in Tanzania, Argentina and a number of other countries. But it is not only economic interests that drive national governments. Thus, in Nigeria, the location of the new capital - Abuja - was chosen so that none of the country's warring tribes - Igbo, Yoruba and Hausa - would receive the political advantages that living in the capital region provides. In Côte d'Ivoire, the capital was moved to the president's homeland - Yamosoukro.

CITY AND ENVIRONMENT

Cities - due to the huge concentration of people, industrial enterprises, and transport in them - are the largest consumers of all types of natural resources - territorial, energy, food and the most important sources of environmental pollution. The load on the natural environment is increasing sharply not only in the cities themselves, but also outside the city limits.

The expansion of urban areas leads to a reduction in valuable agricultural land, which in developing countries further aggravates the food situation.

Cities in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa are surrounded for many tens of kilometers by lifeless lands. These so-called “badlands” were formed due to the cutting down of woody vegetation for fuel and grazing in the vicinity of the cities of numerous herds belonging to the nomads who settled in the city.

Large cities are the largest consumers of food and, as a rule, the surrounding rural areas are unable to supply it.

The most important problems of our time include the provision of water to citizens and industrial enterprises and the disposal of wastewater. Garbage removal and disposal of human waste are considered serious problems.

However, the impact of large cities on the environment is not limited to the local level; they not only disrupt the hydrological regime of vast territories, climate and atmospheric circulation, but also affect the lithosphere, causing deflections of the earth's crust due to the weight of buildings and structures.

A special microclimate is formed in the cities themselves. Residential development reduces wind speed, and stagnant air contributes to the concentration of highly toxic industrial pollutants. Smog - a mixture of smoke, dust and fog, reducing the amount of sunlight, causes serious illness in people. The air temperature in cities is always slightly higher than the average temperature of the area. “Heating” of the urban atmosphere occurs due to the combustion of automobile fuel, heating of buildings and their subsequent cooling, and from the release of radiation heat from all urban objects. In cities at temperate latitudes, the snow melts earlier and the plants turn green. Often in winter, birds that usually winter in other regions do not fly away from cities; Simplified communities of fauna and flora are formed in cities.

The growth rate of the largest cities is changing, and the top list of the largest cities is also changing

Among the mega-cities, the capital of Japan, Tokyo, especially stands out. It is the largest urban agglomeration in the world and, in terms of population (37.2 million people in 2011), is larger than most countries and territories in the world for which the UN conducts retrospective and forecast calculations (196 out of 231). It includes not only the densely populated areas of Greater Tokyo, but also 87 adjacent cities functionally connected to it, including Yokohama, Kawasaki and Chiba, which are the most important urban centers with certain rights of their own. Mega-cities often arise as a result of the merger of several functionally interconnected large or small cities, gradually forming an urban agglomeration. Tokyo has topped the list of the world's largest cities since 1955, when it had a population of 13.7 million. Until 2025, this urban agglomeration will remain the largest in terms of population.

However, over time, the population growth rate of the largest cities changes, and the top list of the largest cities in the world also changes. Thus, the New York-Newark agglomeration, which was the largest in 1950 (12.3 million people), now ranks only 4th place (almost 20.4 million people), and Tokyo is immediately followed by Delhi (22.7 million people) and Mexico City (more than 20.4 million people). The population of Shanghai also exceeded 20 million people, while the population of other agglomerations has not yet reached this level (Table 4).

In the last two decades (1990-2011), the mega-cities of China - Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shanghai - have grown especially rapidly. In 2011-2025, the population of Lagos in Nigeria will grow most rapidly (by 3.7% on average per year), Dhaka in Bangladesh (2.84%), Chinese mega-cities (Shenzhen, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai - more than by 2.5% per year), Karachi in Pakistan and Delhi in India (by almost 2.7% per year).

Table 4. Population of mega-cities (in 2011) in selected years of the period 1950-2050

The list of the world's 30 largest cities is changing rapidly. If in 1960 it included 9 European cities and 6 US cities, and their population varied from 2.4 million people in Milan to 16.7 million people in Tokyo, then in 1980 it remained 5 European cities and 4 cities USA, and the population of the 30 largest cities in the world ranged from 4.2 million people in Madrid to 28.6 million people in Tokyo.

In 2011, only 3 European cities and 3 US cities remained in the list of the 30 largest cities in the world, and the range of population values ​​​​of cities from this top list was from 9 million people in London to 37.2 million people in Tokyo.

If we break down the group of the world's largest cities by geographic region, it turns out that 17 out of 30 cities are located in Asia, with the largest number in China - 6 (Fig. 17). Among the largest cities in the world and East Asia, Tokyo stands out noticeably for the size of its population and the speed of its increase; the population of the Osaka-Kobe agglomeration, having exceeded the threshold of 10 million people in 1985, is increasing very slowly and only by 2025 may exceed 12 million people. The population of Seoul, having exceeded 10 million people in 1990-1995, began to decline altogether, dropping to 9.8 million people in 2010-2011. Against this backdrop, the cities of China, whose populations have been growing rapidly since the 1990s, stand out.

Figure 17. Population of the largest urban agglomerations in East Asia, 1950-2025, millions of people

Source Fig. 17-20: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2012). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision, CD-ROM Edition. POP/DB/WUP/Rev.2011/1/F11b.

The cities of India are also demonstrating rapid population growth, especially the capital of the state, Delhi. The population of the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka, and Karachi in Pakistan are growing very quickly. Jakarta's population growth in Indonesia is different, being the most moderate of the group (Figure 18).

Figure 18. Population of the largest urban agglomerations in South, Southeast and Western Asia, 1950-2025, million people

The New York–Newark agglomeration stood out for its size until the 1980s, although at that time the population of Mexico City and Sao Paulo increased at a faster rate, which in the 1990s “caught up” in population size with the largest US agglomeration (Fig. 19) . The populations of the other largest metropolitan areas in South America are growing at a lower rate, although faster than those of the other largest metropolitan area in the United States, Los Angeles–Long Beach–Santa Ana.

Figure 19. Population of the largest urban agglomerations in South and North America, 1950-2025, million people

* Los Angeles – Long Beach – Santa Ana

Since the list of the 30 largest (in 2011) cities in the world includes only three cities in Europe and two cities in Africa, we presented the dynamics of their numbers on one graph (Fig. 20). While Moscow and Paris are characterized by a continuing trend of moderate growth, the population of London, after a fairly long period of stability, began to gradually increase only from the late 1990s. African cities, especially Nigeria's capital Lagos, have noticeably higher rates of population growth.

Figure 20. Population of the largest urban agglomerations in Africa and Europe, 1950-2025, million people

Lesson #36

Regions of the world and international organizations.

Target:

Teach students to classify various geographical objects and highlight the main criteria for their classification.

Describe the international organizations that have the greatest influence on the development of countries around the world.

Create conditions for the integrated application of knowledge in the process of learning new material.

During the classes

1. Using key words, determine the section of geography that we are starting to study, partially the topic of the lesson

Find synonyms

1. Vast territories

: (regions) Regions are a territory that is distinguished according to some characteristic.

- Adjective + noun (Regional geography)

2. Continents, their parts

: (continents, countries)

Geographical regions

3. Individuality.

:(peculiarity)

4. Division:

2. How can you divide the globe? on:.. (regions), use the knowledge of previously studied topics: “Man’s exploration of planet Earth”, “Population”, “Political map”

By what criteria are regions identified: geographical, historical, national, religious, economic and social, so the same country can be part of a variety of different regions.

:. (Old World - New World)

:. (Ecumene-Neocumene)

:.(Compact living of ethnically related peoples)

:.(Professing one religion)

:.(Territorial unity) : What would the regions be called (Geographical regions)

3 . Working with atlas and wall map.

There are two main types of regtones:

Historical-geographical regions are regions connected by belonging to a geographical entity.

View table 1 page 13

:. (Geographical regions) - : (Northern) Europe - Norway, : continue: (Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland)

Southern Europe - :.. (Andorra, Vatican City, Greece, Spain, Italy, Malta, Portugal, San Marino)

What geographical regions can be noted in Latin America? (Remember the physical map of South America - relief features)

Andean countries:. (Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador).

Countries of the basin and La Plata lowland: (Argentina, Brazil, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay)

Name the capitals

Name the capitals.

(Show countries on the map, students show or teacher shows - students name)

2) socio-economic regions - unite countries that have a similar level of socio-economic development, using knowledge of the topic “Typology of countries” to name them:

The developed countries

2.Developing countries

4.International organizations.

The country necessarily has close ties with other states of this region. At the same time, states of the world, located on different continents, can unite into international organizations. There are more than 2.5 thousand international organizations in the world

Interstate associations– one of the forms of international integration. Integration groups are divided into four main types:

World organizations coordinate the activities of most countries in the world in one area or another. Such organizations include the Commonwealth (formerly the British Commonwealth of Nations, the World Bank, the World Confederation of Labor, the International Monetary Fund, the International Olympic Committee.

The largest and most important world international organization is the United Nations (UN). As of October 1, 2002, its members included 191 countries. Of the sovereign states, only the Vatican remains outside the organization. The main body of the UN is the General Assembly, in which delegations from all member countries participate. Sessions of the General Assembly are convened annually, and emergency and special sessions can be convened if necessary. The permanent body of the UN is the Security Council. It is he who bears the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. The UN Security Council consists of 15 member countries. 5 of them (China, France, Great Britain, USA and Russia) are permanent members of the UN Security Council. 10 non-permanent members are elected by the UN General Assembly for a period of 2 years. Under the auspices of the UN, numerous humanitarian organizations, specialized agencies and peacekeeping missions operate in certain areas of the planet. These include such associations as UNESCO, UNICEF, the Universal Postal Union, the International Labor Organization, the World Health Organization, the International Maritime Organization, etc.

Military-strategic associations, as a rule, carry out the functions of collective self-defense and maintaining security. The most influential modern organization of this kind is NATO. In previous times, this form of integration corresponded to the military blocs of the Warsaw Pact, CENTO, SEATO, ANZUS.

Regional organizations implement their development program within any region of the planet. There are regional groupings based on belonging to parts of the world (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, European Union, Organization of American States, Organization of African Unity), to an objectively established region (ASEAN, SAARC, OCAS, Northern Council), to historical and civilizational region (League of Arab States, CIS), etc.

Industry interstate associations support joint efforts of participating countries to coordinate policies in a particular industry. Examples: OPEC (integration of oil-producing countries), WTO and GATT (integration in the field of trade), Interpol (union of police services of the world), IAEA (integration in the field of nuclear energy), etc.

5.Practical work

Designation on a contour map of the main economic regions of the world.

Progress:

Draw the boundaries on a contour map of the world and sign the names of the main economic regions of the world: the CIS, Foreign Europe, Foreign Asia, Africa, North America, Latin America, Australia and Oceania.

Which countries do the countries belong to the Scandinavian region?

Apply to s.c. Are African countries traditionally classified as Middle Eastern countries?

Identify the Asian countries that belong to the Middle East Region
Cairo, Afghanistan, Iraq, India, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Sudan, Algeria.

Apply to s.c. European countries: Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Pakistan, Nigeria, Lithuania, Portugal, Ireland, Cuba, Finland.

Apply to s.c. Asian countries: Mongolia, Kuwait, Czech Republic, Brazil, Iran, Egypt, Indonesia, Yugoslavia, Japan, Afghanistan.

Apply to s.c. countries of North and South America: Mexico, Sweden, Venezuela, Canada, Algeria, Chile, Austria, Argentina, Iraq, Peru.

Find the match: country - part of the world where it is located (match pairs)

Europe

Rwanda

Asia

Guyana

Africa

Myanmar

America

Macedonia

Namibia

Bolivia

Bangladesh

Guatemala

Tanzania

Iran

Greece

6. Homework. P.2