Speech behavior, the essence of the concept, features of the speech behavior of a preschooler. National characteristics of speech behavior
Speech activity and speech behavior
The speech of a social worker as a form of communication through language plays a major role in interpersonal interaction with clients, establishing contacts and gaining mutual understanding. It is realized in everyday acts of speech activity and speech behavior. The latter concept is broader, manifesting itself in the manner, nature of speech actions and speech activity, including somatic activity.
If the speech activity of a specialist is mainly aimed at providing substantive information, then speech behavior also includes the transmission of expressive information that ensures the regulation of relationships with clients.
The structure of speech acts that make up speech behavior includes the subject, the object to which the information is addressed, the goal, the content, and the means used - verbal and non-verbal.
In the professional communication of a social worker, the object of interaction is the client’s personality, and the specialist’s speech actions reflect the attitude towards her as a subject of interaction, revealing the level of not only linguistic, but also moral culture. In speech behavior, the personality of a social worker is revealed more fully and multifacetedly than in speech activity.
The behavior of an individual in society presupposes the development of a complex of social roles. Their repertoire depends on status, i.e. positions occupied in various spheres of life - family, production, public places. Fulfilling a particular role has a formative influence, determining psychological attitudes. This pattern also applies to the speech behavior of the social worker.
Statements addressed to the client, causing certain responses - verbal, behavioral, are actions that reflect the level of professional culture. The decisive role here is played by the living spoken word in the unity of verbal and non-verbal manifestations.
The speech actions of a social worker have a certain communicative content and form. For example, you can induce a client to take some action with the help of a hint, request, advice, instructions, demands, etc. If the content of a speech act is mainly determined by professional goals, then the form is determined by the characteristics of interpersonal relationships: functional or friendly, trusting.
The general nature of the social worker’s speech behavior is determined by the fact that: to whom it is addressed, for what purpose, what is its content, the specific communication situation and what attitude is demonstrated to the client - indifference, sympathy, love, respect, antipathy.
In the variety of speech acts, there are such communicative types as narration, question, motivation and exclamation. Each speech act has its own syntactic, lexical and intonation structure.
To manage professional communication, a specialist needs the ability to predict the client’s response to his behavior. Only by using the optimal model of speech act does he achieve the desired effect. For example, the expression: “Please do this work, I’m sure you can handle it” is a stronger motivator for a teenager than “Start work immediately, otherwise you will be punished.” A teenager with his heightened sense of self-esteem, as a rule, resists unceremonious pressure and threats, a disrespectful form of address, in this case “you”.
Knowledge of the client’s psychology, general principles of upbringing, and possession of an arsenal of professional tools and methods help the social worker avoid gross communication mistakes. However, each act of professional interaction requires non-standard verbal creativity, because it is based on a variety of circumstances - the communication situation, the individuality of the client, the feelings he experiences, his mood, the nature of the existing relationship, etc. The specialist needs to constantly adjust his behavior in accordance with the momentarily received feedback - verbal and non-verbal. Professional communication consists of the mutual exchange of verbal actions between the social worker and the client.
Speech behavior, like other types of social activity, is subject to social control. First of all, it obeys the generally accepted norms of the literary language - orthoepic, accentological, lexical, phraseological, word-formation, morphological, syntactic. B.G. Golovin rightly emphasized that “correctness of speech is its main communicative quality.”
The culture of speech behavior is determined by the appropriate choice and organization of linguistic means, which in a certain communication situation, while observing linguistic and ethical standards, allow one to effectively solve communicative problems.
Despite personal uniqueness - temperament, character, intelligence, level of culture, gender, age - in every act of speech behavior the specialist acts as a bearer of the main social role. A professional feature of his verbal and non-verbal expression is his commitment to professional and ethical principles. The verbal behavior of a social worker is an integral attribute of his professional activity aimed at socio-pedagogical, socio-psychological support of the client.
It is known that the success of social influence depends not only on how much a specialist knows the subject of conversation and the methodological subtleties of its organization, but also on how much he manages to find a common language and establish contact with clients. The effectiveness of a social worker’s professional activity is determined by the ability to conduct “mutual conversation” and organize “communicative speech”2.
The unrealized communicative potential of speech behavior results in a weakening of the direct social influence of the social worker’s personality on the client’s personality. In this regard, there is a need to highlight the specific functions of the communicative-oriented speech of a social worker.
Topic 1.3. Speech behavior
Concepts of communicative behavior, speech communication and behavior, speech act, speech situation, speech role, speech intention. Speech situation as the basic unit as the basic unit of speech communication, its components: participants, subject of speech, circumstances (place, time and other significant conditions), communication channel, code. Types of speech situations. Typology of communicative situations by addressee. Types of speech: monologue, dialogue and polylogue. The role of nonverbal means in speech communication.
Communicative behavior- this is the behavior (verbal and accompanying non-verbal) of an individual or group of persons in the process of communication, regulated by the norms and traditions of communication of a given society.
Speech communication– interaction of people in the process of communication.
Speech behavior– speech activity of an individual, expressed in the performance of speech roles inherent in it (gender, age, socio-cultural, professional, etc.) against the background of certain psychological attitudes and worldview as a whole. Speech behavior consists of individual speech actions, or speech acts.
A set of norms and traditions of communication associated with speech format, themes and features of the organization of communication in certain communicative conditions
Elements of communicative behavior: verbal (verbal), speech sound (acoustic), non-verbal, spatial (distance between partners).
Speech act – the basic unit of communication, a separate speech act, a speech act of an individual that has a certain influence on the communication partner.
Speech situation – a set of basic parameters of a communicative event that helps to navigate communication and distinguish one communicative event from another; a generalized model of the conditions and circumstances that determine the speech behavior of an individual in a communicative event.
The speech situation has a certain structure. It consists of the following components: 1) speaker (addressee); 2) listener (addressee); 3) the relationship between the speaker and the listener and the associated 4) tone of communication (official - neutral - friendly); 5) goal; 6) means of communication (language or its subsystem - dialect, style, as well as non-verbal means - gestures, facial expressions); 7) method of communication; 8) place of communication.
These components are situational variables. A change in each of them leads to a change in the communicative situation and, consequently, to a variation in the means used by the participants in the situation and their communicative behavior in general.
Typology of communicative situations
1. according to the position of the interlocutors in space and time, they distinguish contact and distance communication;
2. from the point of view of the means of expressing a speech act, communication can be verbal or written;
3. determined by the degree of communication (by the presence or absence of an interlocutor) direct(dialogue, monologue, polylogue) and indirect(telephone, internet) communication;
4. based on whether the interlocutor’s reaction is expected, they distinguish dialogical or monologue communication;
5. in terms of the number of participants, communication is distinguished interpersonal, group And massive.
Typology of communicative situations by addressee
Varieties of speech
Monologue– a detailed statement (oral or written) of one person; form (type) of speech formed as a result of active speech activity, designed for passive and indirect perception. Monologue genres: article, monograph, review in a scientific style. The monologue has a certain compositional form. The degree of manifestation of the characteristics depends on the genre-stylistic (artistic monologue, oratory, public speaking, etc.) and on the functional-communicative (narration, reasoning, description, etc.) affiliation.
Dialogue - direct verbal communication between two or more persons; the process and product of the speech activity of communicants, in which each utterance is addressed directly to the interlocutor, and the interlocutors constantly change the roles of speaker and listener.
Polylogue – a type of dialogic speech: a conversation between several interlocutors.
Methods of dialogizing oral speech– direct appeals to the listener, question-and-answer moves, imitation of a dialogic situation, rhetorical questions, the speaker’s intended remarks from the listeners with whom he agrees or disagrees, etc.
Monologue | Dialogue |
1. one-sidedness 2. continuity, coherence 3. expansion 4. indirect contact 5. consistency, logic, semantic completeness 6. generation of speech 7. indirect connection with the communication situation 8. restrained emotionality 9. moderate use of non-verbal means 10. basic unit - complex syntactic unity 11. completeness of sentences 12. linearity of statements 13. no | 1. two-sidedness 2. exchange of remarks 3. curtailment (condensation) 4. direct contact 5. dependence of each partner’s remarks on the speech behavior of the other 6. unity of speech production and perception 7. close connection with the communication situation 8. pronounced emotionality 9. widespread use non-verbal means 10. basic unit - dialogical unity 11. ellipticity of sentences 12. rearrangement of words, parts of phrases 12. abundance of speech cliches |
Nonverbal communication– all non-verbal means of transmitting information: gaze, facial expressions, gestures, movement, silence, physical contact (handshake), spatio-temporal characteristics of communication.
Gestures, depending on their purpose, are divided into rhythmic, emotional, indicative, pictorial and symbolic.
Rhythmic | Emotional | Index fingers | Fine | Symbolic |
Associated with the rhythm of speech. They emphasize logical stress, slowing and accelerating speech, the place of pauses, i.e. what intonation usually conveys. | They emphasize bewilderment, grief, annoyance, delight, joy, expressing the speaker’s attitude towards the content of the message. | Isolating an object from a series of similar ones. Indicating the place, emphasizing the order of occurrence. | In the absence of an object, which often does not have or has a complex name, there is a need to depict it. In this case, its most typical element or a typical action with it, representing, representing it, is selected. | Abstract gestures. Gestures of farewell, greeting, bewilderment, calls for silence. They are known to all native speakers, but differ in their coloring, areas of use, and admissibility. |
Main
1. Vinokur T.G. Speaker and listener. Variants of speech behavior. – M.: Nauka, 1993.
2. Goldin V.S., Sirotinina O.B., Yagubova M.A. Russian language and culture of speech: A textbook for non-philological students. - M., 2003.
3. Sternin I.A. Practical rhetoric: Textbook. aid for students higher textbook institutions. - M., 2003.
Additional
1. Zhelvis V.I. These strange Russians. - M.: Egmont Russia Ltd., 2002.
2. Kaji S., Hama N., Rice D. These strange Japanese / Translation from English. - M.: Egmont Russia Ltd., 2000.
4. Prokhorov Yu.E. Russians: communicative behavior / Yu.E. Prokhorov, I.A. Sternin.- M.: Flinta: Science, 2006.
Questions and tasks
1. What kind of communication is considered direct?
2. What are the common functions of language, speech and gesture?
3. What socio-political radio and television programs are built in the form of dialogue? What functional varieties of language does the speech in these programs belong to?
4. Below are two texts. Which of these texts do you think was written by a British author and which by a Russian author? Why do you think so?
A) The attitude of Russians towards other nationalities largely depends on what kind of nationalities they are. All their foreign neighbors, without exception, are treacherous, vile, greedy and vicious, and they all owe their well-being to the ruthless exploitation of poor Russians, their brains and their resources. If it weren’t for their neighbors, these arrogant Americans would have long since envied Russia’s prosperity.
B) Russians claim that they are passionately interested in the outside world, but at the same time they secretly fear that they may appear to others as not civilized enough. They are tirelessly hospitable, although they tend to make fun of foreigners, especially for their constant and persistent desire to be punctual, honor agreements and do everything on schedule.
5. Is it possible to agree with E.A. Nozhin, who expressed the following thought: Observing the facial expressions and gestures of a silent audience, an experienced speaker unmistakably determines the general nature of its reaction. A smile, a nod of the head as a sign of agreement, an expression of interest in the eyes and, conversely, a shrug of the shoulders, an absent gaze, etc. - all these are the most important elements of non-verbal (non-verbal) behavior of the audience, which decisively influence the behavior of the speaker. Therefore, if in terms of verbal (verbal) communication the speaker’s speech is a monologue, then taking into account the elements of non-verbal behavior turns the process of oratorical speech into a dialogue between the speaker and the audience(Fundamentals of Soviet oratory. - M., 1981. P. 39-40).
Compare with the remark of O.B. Sirotinina. What is the difference between the first and second understanding of what dialogue is? Oral monologue speech in a conversational style is rare - (a story about some event uninterrupted by listeners), but even these cases can hardly be considered a manifestation of a monologue type of speech, since the monologue here is only external (one person speaks). What such “monologues” have in common with dialogical speech is that the speaker counts on the direct reaction of the listeners (the possibility of repeat questions, objections, confirmations, etc.), which is usually always practiced at least with the help of facial expressions and gestures of the listeners. True monologue speech, that is, speech without the possibility of an immediate reaction from listeners, is actually incompatible with the conditions for the appearance of spoken speech. Such a realization can occur when speaking at a meeting, during a lecture, i.e., when separated by a “tribune”; when the speaker does not construct each phrase with the expectation of an immediate reaction, does not provide for the possibility of asking again, and therefore tries to speak more clearly, more fully. Such speech is always more thoughtful both in terms of content and in terms of means of expressing this content, since it is designed not for communication, but for communication(Sirotinina O.B. Modern colloquial speech and its features. - M., 1974. P.29-30).
INTRODUCTION
The 21st century is the century of information, and people cannot imagine their lives without the media. Television has been and remains one of the most popular media because it has become all-encompassing these days. For television there are no boundaries or distances. People living in different countries get to know each other through teleconferences and enter into dialogue directly on the air. TV viewers are no longer surprised by reports from aboard a spaceship, because television is omnipresent and has become firmly established in the life of every family.
Television is a powerful tool for influencing public opinion. This is especially clear when broadcasting, when viewers have the opportunity to ask questions to people in the studio and immediately receive answers. TV presenters hold in their hands the most powerful tool for shaping the opinions of viewers - the word. Accordingly, the issue of studying the speech behavior of TV presenters does not lose its relevance.
The purpose of this work is to study and compare the speech behavior of presenters of various television channels. In accordance with the purpose of the work, the following tasks are set:
1. study the literature on this topic;
2. describe the features of speech behavior;
3. analyze the speech behavior of TV presenters of Channel One and MTV Russia;
4. find out what impact the status of a TV channel has on the speech behavior of TV presenters.
The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, and a bibliography.
SPEECH BEHAVIOR
Concept and features of speech behavior
You should start by answering the question: what is called speech behavior? According to the dictionary, speech behavior is a system of stable communication formulas prescribed to establish verbal contact and maintain communication in a situationally appropriate tone and style. According to A. A. Knyazev, compliance with certain forms of speech behavior is extremely important for working in radio and television journalism, especially in dialogic and polylogical genres.
K. Bredemeier in the book “The Art of Verbal Attack” notes that p The verbal behavior of people in socially oriented communication has a number of features. First of all, it should be noted that in social interaction the servicing nature of speech activity is clearly expressed; here speech is always subordinated to a non-speech goal, aimed at organizing the joint activities of people. This feature, according to the author, predetermines a much stricter (in comparison with interpersonal interaction) regulation of speech behavior. Although norms of speech behavior belong to the sphere of tacit agreements between members of society, it is in the sphere of socially oriented communication that their observance is accompanied by much stricter control.
M. N. Volodina identifies the initial conditions that allow participants in communication to act together:
· the presence of at least a short-term immediate common goal among the participants in the interaction. Even if their ultimate goals differ or contradict each other, there should always be a common goal for the period of their interaction;
· the expectation that the interaction will continue until both participants decide to end it (we do not leave the interlocutor without saying a word, and do not suddenly start doing something else).
V. M. Berezin notes basic rules of speech behavior determined by this principle:
· the statement should contain exactly as much information as is required to fulfill the current goals of communication; excessive information is sometimes misleading, raising irrelevant questions and considerations, the listener may be confused due to the fact that he assumed the presence of some special purpose, a special meaning in the transfer of this extra information;
· the statement should be as truthful as possible; try not to say what you consider to be false; do not say anything for which you do not have sufficient grounds;
· the statement must be relevant, i.e. correspond to the subject of conversation;
· the statement must be clear: avoid unclear expressions, ambiguity, and unnecessary verbosity.
However, the author emphasizes, p Real speech suffers from deviations or violations of certain rules of communication: people are verbose, do not always say what they think, their speech is fragmentary and unclear. But if the violation does not concern the basic principle of cooperation, interaction continues and one or another level of mutual understanding is achieved. Otherwise, deviation from the rules may result in the destruction of communication and degradation of speech.
According to G.V. Kuznetsov, large The principle of politeness is important for regulating social interactions. The author focuses on the fact that the key manifestations of the principle of politeness (tactfulness, generosity, approval, modesty, agreement, benevolence), expressed in speech, most directly determine the nature of social relationships. A goal clearly understood by the sender of the message requires a thoughtful form of the message and a predictable reaction from the audience.
In social interaction, the speech strategies and tactics used by interlocutors acquire particular importance. The strategy of verbal communication is understood as the process of building communication aimed at achieving long-term results. The strategy includes planning speech interaction depending on the specific conditions of communication and the personalities of the communicators, as well as the implementation of this plan, i.e. line of conversation. The purpose of the strategy may be to gain authority, influence the worldview, call for action, cooperation or abstain from any action.
Speech communication tactics is understood as a set of conversation techniques and a line of behavior at a certain stage within the framework of a separate conversation. It includes specific techniques for attracting attention, establishing and maintaining contact with a partner and influencing him, persuading or persuading the addressee, bringing him into a certain emotional state, etc. It is worth noting that tactics may change depending on the conditions of communication, information received, feelings and emotions. The same person, under different circumstances, strives to realize different goals or strategic lines. Changing tactics in a conversation is a mental operation, although it can also be done intuitively.
Introduction
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Two life manifestations of a person - activity and behavior - differ in that in activity actions are determined by conscious goals and motives, and behavior is often deep in the subconscious. In accordance with this, specialists in the theory of speech activity, psycholinguists, define speech activity as a motivated, goal-determined conscious speech manifestation, and speech behavior as an automated, stereotypical speech manifestation devoid of conscious motivation (due to the typical attachment of such a manifestation to a typical, frequently repeated situation communication).
A person’s speech behavior is a complex phenomenon; it is associated with the characteristics of his upbringing, place of birth and education, with the environment in which he habitually communicates, with all the characteristics characteristic of him as an individual and as a representative of a social group, as well as of a national community.
Analysis of the features of verbal communication in social interaction is associated with distinguishing the following levels of social communication:
communication between people as representatives of certain groups (national, age, professional, status, etc.). In this case, the determining factor in the speech behavior of two or more people is their group affiliation or role position (for example, leader - subordinate, consultant - client, teacher - student, etc.);
transmission of information to many people: direct in the case of public speech or indirect in the case of the media.
1. Features of speech behavior
The speech behavior of people in socially oriented communication has a number of features.
First of all, it should be noted that in social interaction the servicing nature of speech activity is clearly expressed; here speech is always subordinated to a non-speech goal, aimed at organizing the joint activities of people. This feature predetermines a much stricter (in comparison with interpersonal interaction) regulation of speech behavior. Although norms of speech behavior belong to the sphere of tacit agreements between members of society, it is in the sphere of socially oriented communication that their observance is accompanied by much stricter control.
In the pragmatic study of language, a number of specific rules are formulated, the implementation of which allows people to act together. The initial conditions are:
the presence of at least a short-term immediate common goal among the participants in the interaction. Even if their ultimate goals differ or contradict each other, there should always be a common goal for the period of their interaction;
the expectation that the interaction will continue until both participants decide to end it (we do not leave the interlocutor without saying a word, and do not suddenly start doing something else). The described conditions are called "the principle of cooperation" those. a requirement for interlocutors to act in a manner consistent with the accepted goal and direction of the conversation.
Note basic rules of speech communication, based on this principle:
1) the statement should contain exactly as much information as is required to fulfill the current goals of communication; excessive information is sometimes misleading, raising irrelevant questions and considerations, the listener may be confused due to the fact that he assumed the presence of some special purpose, a special meaning in the transfer of this extra information;
2) the statement should be as truthful as possible; try not to say what you consider to be false; do not say anything for which you do not have sufficient grounds;
3) the statement must be relevant, i.e. be relevant to the subject of the conversation: try not to deviate from the topic;
4) the statement must be clear: avoid unclear expressions, avoid ambiguity; Avoid unnecessary verbosity.
Real speech suffers from deviations or violations of certain rules of communication: people are verbose, do not always say what they think, their speech is fragmentary and unclear. However, if the violation does not concern the basic principle of cooperation, interaction continues and one or another level of mutual understanding is achieved. Otherwise, deviation from the rules may result in the destruction of communication and degradation of speech.
Along with the principle of cooperation, it is important for the regulation of social interactions principle of politeness. The latter belongs entirely to speech etiquette (which will be discussed further). Let us note that such key maxims of the principle of politeness as tact, generosity, approval, modesty, consent, benevolence, expressed (or not expressed) in speech, most directly determine the nature of social relationships.
A goal clearly understood by the sender of the message requires a thoughtful form of the message and a predictable reaction from the audience.
A distinctive feature of speech communication in social interaction is associated with fairly specific expectations on the part of message recipients. Moreover, these expectations are conditioned by more or less stable role stereotypes, existing in the minds of the addressees, namely: how a representative of a particular social group should speak, what kind of speech does or does not inspire confidence, whether the speaker knows or does not know the topic, etc. The more formal the speech situation, the more formalized the listeners' expectations are.
A natural consequence of the described features is a kind of impersonality of speech in social interaction, when participants in verbal communication speak as if not on their own behalf, but “on behalf of the group,” i.e. as is customary to say in the group of which they feel themselves to be representatives in a given situation.
In social interaction, the speech strategies and tactics used by interlocutors acquire particular importance.
Under speech communication strategy understand the process of building communication aimed at achieving long-term results. The strategy includes planning speech interaction depending on the specific conditions of communication and the personalities of the communicators, as well as the implementation of this plan, i.e. line of conversation. The purpose of the strategy may be to gain authority, influence the worldview, call for action, cooperation or abstain from any action.
Speech communication tactics is understood as a set of conversation techniques and a line of behavior at a certain stage within a separate conversation. It includes specific techniques for attracting attention, establishing and maintaining contact with a partner and influencing him, persuading or persuading the addressee, bringing him into a certain emotional state, etc.
Tactics may vary depending on the conditions of communication, information received, feelings and emotions. The same person, under different circumstances, strives to realize different goals or strategic lines. Changing tactics in a conversation is a mental operation, although it can also be done intuitively. By collecting and comprehending tactical techniques, you can teach them to use them consciously and skillfully.
To manage the flow of a conversation, it is necessary to think in advance about the overall picture and possible options for the development of the conversation, learn to recognize key points at which a change of topic is possible, strive to isolate the techniques of speech influence used by the interlocutor, evaluate his strategy and tactics, develop ways of flexible response - playing along or resisting . It’s bad when the speaker has only one conversation option, and his speech is structured rigidly.
2. The importance of speech culture in education
Considering speech in social interaction, we note its decisive importance in the process of teaching and raising children. To a large extent, with the help of speech, the child adapts to the culture of his environment. The Word teaches the actions necessary for his life. The word in the form of praise, punishment, affection regulates his subjective state. The bulk of teaching influences comes to students in verbal form. A child’s speech development is considered as a factor in his readiness for school. Speech communication in the conditions of primary education has its own characteristics, as evidenced by the specificity of the speech of teachers and educators in primary schools and preschool institutions.
egocentric speech according to Piaget, is an example of poor coding. Although the child talks incessantly with his neighbors, he rarely puts himself in their place. His conversation is mostly just thinking out loud. His language therefore lacks the nuances of meaning in things and ignores the point of view from which they are viewed, always making statements rather than explanations. The child hardly even asks himself whether he is understood; it doesn't matter to him because he doesn't think about others when he speaks. According to Piaget, in a child under the age of 7-8 years, egocentric language will make up almost half of the volume of his speech.
Socialized speech involves adapting information to the listener and, in a certain sense, adapting to his position. Adults think socially, even when alone; children think egocentrically, even when in company with others.
If we accept these findings without reservation, we would expect all adults to have superior social coding abilities. However, it is clear that this is not the case. One of the reasons for the differences in the speech behavior of adults is related to the social environment that creates different methods of communication, or different styles of linguistic coding. In psychological studies of speech, two codes are distinguished - restrictive (or restrictive) and developed.
Restriction code may be a consequence of community culture or determined by a person’s professional and group affiliation (for example, a low level of education). It emphasizes the “we” rather than the “I,” and the dominant meanings are those associated with a place, a given context, rather than abstract concepts. The speaker assumes that the listener knows what he is talking about. Therefore, the structure of the message is simple and relatively short, it uses a very limited vocabulary, and it minimizes verbal knowledge of individual experience.
Developed code is personally oriented, emphasizing individual rather than group experiences. The speaker does not identify with the listener, so he first develops meanings in order to make them understandable to the listener. This requires a more differentiated vocabulary, analytical and abstract style of speech. This linguistic code is accessible to well-educated people, whose advantage in verbal communication is manifested in the fact that they can use both codes, unlike the group described above.
Thus, message encoding is a form of social learning, part of the socialization process, therefore, every person can improve their social encoding to a certain extent. This idea received a vivid artistic solution in B. Shaw’s play “Pygmalion”, the heroine of which Eliza Dolittle changes her social position thanks to a change, first of all, in her speech behavior.
3. Speech as a means of asserting social status
As we have already emphasized, in socially oriented communication the social roles of speakers and listeners are the most important factor in speech behavior. At the same time, there is the following functional dependence: not only the role situation determines the nature of the speech behavior of its participants, but also the chosen linguistic means construct and confirm the social situation. Language, of course, is one of the tools for asserting the social status of participants in communication. Let's consider this issue in more detail.
For an adequate understanding of the speech message, participants in communication in various ways designate the social relationships in the structure of which communication is supposed to unfold. In addition to direct representations, when the most significant social roles of the interlocutors for communication are named, there are indirect - social-symbolic means of demonstrating the social status and role repertoires of the communicators.
Such verbal-symbolic means include the choice forms of appeal. The form of address can reveal the social hierarchy, and, if social status is equal, express a personal attitude towards the partner. In this case, special words may be used to indicate the title of the person being addressed, for example “your highness”, “your honor”, “sir”.
By changing the forms of address, you can emphasize the formality or informality of the relationship. Let's compare the requests: “ladies and gentlemen”, “comrades”, “friends”, “hey you, darling”, “dearest”. Selected forms of greetings or farewells can perform a similar function, for example “Hello”, “Great guys”, “Greetings”, “Salute”, “Bye”, “All the best” etc.
In Russian, a person's civil status is clearly indicated by address, for example “Ivan Ivanovich”, “comrade Ivanov”, “citizen Ivanov”. The last appeal implies that the person has lost or may lose his status as a free citizen of the country.
An example of a certain assessment of a partner can be the following statements: “...A have you ever wondered; why is this so?”;“Do you understand the question?”; "Fine. If this is easier for you to start with, start with this. Because in general I would like you to name...”
The method of using speech to improve one's social status can be various designations to describe a social role or professional functions. Thus, people's self-esteem often increases depending on the choice of the name of their role: “assistant director” instead of “ticket attendant” or “sanitation worker” instead of “garbage worker”, etc.
Verbal social-symbolic means also include intentional imitation pronunciation a specific group to which membership is demonstrated. It has been noticed that we “adapt” our language and pronunciation to the language of our partner if we like him. Thus, parents often adjust their language to “childish speech” when talking with their baby. On the other hand, when we want to get rid of another person or group, we may emphasize differences in our speech. For example, French Canadians prefer their politicians to make public speeches in English with a strong French accent, even if they are able to speak perfect English.
Finally, style selection pronunciation is also one of the verbal social-symbolic means. There are: high (the correct use of words and the construction of sentences is emphasized, perceived as official, more formal, distanced) and low (colloquial speech, rich in slang words, using slang, perceived as informal, friendly); influential and non-influential styles.
Speakers, by using certain verbal techniques, can contribute to the formation of their own image in the eyes of others, for example, appearing more confident, more influential, and therefore more in control of the situation. Powerful speakers use the following forms of utterance: “Let's have dinner tonight” instead of “I think we could have dinner tonight,” i.e. the structure of the sentence itself seems to direct the action.
Communication researchers identify several so-called non-influential forms of messages:
1) evasive phrases reflecting subjectivity: “I think”, “I assume”, etc.;
2) indecisiveness, linguistic “stuttering” (use of disjunctive interjections such as “uh”, “um”, “you know”, “well”): “Um, could you spare a minute of your time?”; "Well, we could try"; “I would like to - uh - if you can, suggest...”
3) polite forms - “Excuse me...”; "Sorry..."; "Be kind";
4) the use of ending questions: “We can already start, what do you think?”; “It’s hot here, isn’t it?”;
5) intense words: “great”, “wonderful”, “amazing”, “very”.
Changing the style of address, in particular the use of the form “you”/“you” - addresses, in itself can be a technique aimed at “increasing” or “decreasing” status. The “you” form is usually associated with informal, friendly relationships, and the “you” form is associated with formal and emotionally distant ones. The transition from “you” to “you” is a distancing strategy that demonstrates disapproval, alienation, rejection, hostility. Reversal, on the other hand, is an acceptance strategy that signifies favorability, a desire for less formality and more friendliness.
4. Patterns of speech behavior in mass communication
Addressing a large audience, public speaking is another level of socially oriented communication. Let us note the most general patterns of speech communication at this level.
Speaking before the public obliges the addressee take into account the peculiarities of linguistic consciousness both society as a whole and specific social groups. Finding a common language with a mass addressee means showing readiness to use a standard developed in a specific speech field (say, scientific or official business).
But the more strictly the standard is used, the more the “single” and “unique” appearance of the addresser is leveled, the more it must correspond to the collective or collective-group obligations of linguistic use. It can be argued that the higher the likelihood of a discrepancy between the socio-cultural experiences of participants in communication in large and complex teams, the stronger the need typify variants of speech behavior. It has been noted that journalistic speech is characterized by an alternation of expression (emotionally charged vocabulary) and a standard, a constant transformation of expression into a standard. For example, expressions such as cold war, arms race, new thinking, stagnation, perestroika, being metaphors, they almost immediately turned into socio-political standard terms.
Conclusion
Thus, for speech behavior in various spheres of communication, the speech design of the social-role status of the participants in communication, fairly strict control over the content and form of sent speech messages, and a decrease in the personal element in speech behavior are of primary importance. In socially oriented communication, due to certain conditions, the distance between partners increases. Whether this is a consequence of spatial or temporal separation, the difference in social status plays a role, or the inequality of interlocutors is conditioned by the situation - one way or another, but the interaction and contact between the participants in communication is complicated. This is reflected in speech, which demonstrates an incomparably greater detachment from the subject of speech and its addressee than speech in interpersonal interaction.
Bibliography
1. Baranov, M. Russian language: Reference book. materials: Textbook. allowance/M.T. Baranov. – M.: Education, 1993. – 287 p.
2. Vvedenskaya, L.A. and others. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook for universities / L.A. Vvedenskaya. - Rostov n/d: Phoenix publishing house, 2002. – 544 p.
3. Nikolaeva, V.V. Aesthetics of language and speech / V.V. Nikolaeva – L.: Nauka, 1979. – 216 p.
4. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook/Ed. IN AND. Maksimova. – M.: Gardariki, 2003. – 413 p.
5. Formanovskaya, N.I. Speech etiquette and culture of communication / N.I. Formanovskaya. – M.: Higher School, 1989. – 159 p.
If you have ever communicated with people of different nationalities, professions and lifestyles, then you have most likely noticed that their speech patterns are seriously different from each other. A person unconsciously communicates and behaves as dictated by his upbringing and the environment in which he lives. It is thanks to the environment and upbringing that what is commonly called speech behavior is formed, and above all, it is determined precisely by cultural factors.
The national and cultural specificity of speech behavior is formed in a person from childhood. In the process of learning and communicating with loved ones, the child adapts to the culture of the environment in which he is located. In addition, speech is the main means of education. Praise or punishment in verbal form regulates the little person’s attitude towards the world around him. Later, already at a conscious age, he uses the same culture of speech behavior that was instilled in him since childhood. True, over time, profession, social circle, change of place of residence and other factors can change a person’s speech behavior.
Rules of speech behavior
Considering the fact that the characteristics of speech behavior in each person are developed in their own way, in order to interact with other interlocutors it is worth remembering the existence of generally accepted rules of speech behavior. Let's look at the most basic ones:
- any statement must be truthful. You should not say information for which you have no basis;
- when communicating with your interlocutor, do not deviate from the topic of conversation, it should always correspond to the subject of discussion;
- try to avoid unnecessary verbosity and unclear expressions, express your thoughts clearly
- do not burden your interlocutor with the ballast of unnecessary information, say only as much as is required to achieve the goal of your communication.
Although these rules exist everywhere, many violate them, unable to influence such features of speech behavior as verbosity, abruptness, excessive emotionality and others.
Tactics and strategies of speech behavior
The culture of speech behavior requires from interlocutors not only compliance with certain rules, but also basic speech etiquette and principles of communication. The main one is the principle of politeness. It includes benevolence, good nature, tact, modesty and politeness, which, in turn, determine the nature of the relationship. Along with principles, speech tactics and strategies used by interlocutors are of no small importance.
Speech behavior tactics represent some techniques for maintaining dialogue and options for behavior with an interlocutor in order to achieve a certain goal. This can be attracting attention, influencing a conversation partner, persuading or persuading the interlocutor, as well as influencing his emotional state.
Speech behavior strategies are primarily designed to achieve long-term results. If tactics allow you to achieve an effect in the conversation process itself, then a speech behavior strategy is prepared in advance. This takes into account the conditions under which the conversation will take place, the personal qualities of the interlocutors, as well as the methods according to which the goal of communication will be realized. Typically, strategies in speech behavior are used to call the interlocutor to a certain action, gain authority, or influence the interlocutor’s worldview.
The options for speech behavior are very diverse. They depend on the person and the goals that he pursues in one form or another of communication. Some try to form a positive image of themselves in the eyes of their interlocutors, others want to appear more confident in themselves, and others want to have a certain influence on their interlocutor. However, the specificity of speech behavior depends not only on the social status of the partners of speech communication. It also has a number of characteristics such as manner of speech and its speed, timbre and volume of voice, articulation and rhythm of pronunciation. Thus, correct cultural and speech behavior in various situations can be achieved through understanding the social-role status of interlocutors, monitoring the content of one’s own speech and the ability to verbally show one’s attitude towards the partner and the topic of the conversation.