Katyusha rocket launcher. "Katyusha"

The era of the “Time of Troubles” included a unique republican period. From 1610 to 1613, there was actually (some of the time and officially) no tsar in Russia, and a group of 7 members of the Boyar Duma tried to exercise power. The first attempt at collegial government was unsuccessful - the boyars actually behaved like traitors.

Troubled Interregnum

The absence of a monarch on the throne is one of the consequences of the “time of troubles.” He was overthrown in 1610. He was almost officially listed as a “boyar tsar,” and under him the self-will of the noblest families flourished in full bloom. But the existing situation did not suit anyone - among the boyars there were victors and thirsty for revenge, the country was ravaged by external wars (with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Tatars and Sweden) and rocked by uprisings (the largest was the war led by Bolotnikov).

There were enough contenders for the throne. The “Tushino thief” – False Dmitry II – made his claims. Shuisky, who was deposed and forcibly tonsured a monk, also had supporters. King of Poland, Sigismund III, wanted to see “his own man” on the Moscow throne and could back up his desire with real force - the army of Hetman Zholkiewski was at that time the strongest army on Russian soil.

Reasons for unexpected republicanism

Naturally, there was no talk of any establishment of a republic. Provisional governments of boyars were created in Russia before. They were supposed to rule during the tsar's absence (for example, if he is at war) or call the election of the monarch through the convening of the Zemsky Sobor.

Theoretically, the Seven Boyars of 1610-1613 were created to hold elections. In fact, its representatives almost openly stated that their goal was to prevent any of the rival clans from advancing. It was for this reason that the head of the Seven Boyars, Prince Mstislavsky, immediately declared that he saw only a non-Russian monarch on the throne.

Unfinished Betrayal

In addition to Prince F.I. Mstislavsky, the Seven Boyars also included princes A.V. Golitsyn (he died before the end of the period of boyar rule), A.V. Trubetskoy, I.M. Vorotynsky and boyars F.I. Sheremetev, N.I. .Romanov and B.M.Lykov-Obolensky. There were many contradictions between them, but they agreed on the desire to preserve maximum privileges for the boyars under the new tsar.

Based on this, they signed an agreement with Zolkiewski in August 1610. In addition to the Polish candidate, there was also a Swedish one - Prince Carl Philip, but they chose a Pole. The “Tushino thief” was no longer needed - he was supported by the Moscow common people, who for the boyars were a worse enemy than foreign invaders.

It should be noted that in 1610 the agreement with the Poles did not cause popular protest. Muscovites, without resistance, even willingly, swore allegiance to “Tsar Vladislav” (the son of Sigismund III, the future Polish king Vladislav IV). Any monarch seemed a preferable alternative to "troubles." The agreement stated that the Duma would retain its autonomy, Vladislav would convert to Orthodoxy and marry a Russian, and the siege of Smolensk would be immediately lifted.

In reality it turned out differently. Sigismund III, a fanatical Catholic with imperial ambitions, saw things differently. He was categorically against preserving the positions of Orthodoxy, and generally preferred to sit on the Russian throne himself, annexing the country to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In September 1610, fearing unrest, the Seven Boyars allowed Polish soldiers into the capital. Commandant Alexander Gonsevsky (an outstanding military leader, but for Rus' dangerous enemy) became a good promoter of the ideas of his king.

Bad result

As a result, the concession to the Poles did not give anything to the boyars. Their power was questionable even in Moscow. Until 1613, Smolensk was lost, the Swedes occupied Novgorod, the Tushino people continued the “Troubles,” and the Poles ravaged the country. Even its official purpose - the convening of the Zemsky Sobor - was carried out by the Seven Boyars under pressure. Documents indicate that the people almost forced the boyars to do this, and the “ringleader” was not a representative of secular power, but Patriarch Hermogenes.

In the Moscow state. The power of the boyar duma - seven representatives of the noble aristocracy

Formally, the Seven Boyars existed from 1619 to 1613, but in fact, power in Muscovy was held by several Meyats of 1610

Composition of the Seven Boyars

• Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavky (c. 1550-1622) - boyar, prince, military leader, statesman
• Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky Jr. (XVI century - 1627) - boyar, military leader
• Andrei Vasilyevich Trubetskoy (?-1612) - boyar
• Andrei Vasilyevich Golitsyn ((?-1611) - boyar
• Ivan Nikitich Romanov (1560s-1640) - boyar, uncle of the first tsar of the Romanov family, Mikhail Fedorovich
• Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev (?-1650) - boyar, statesman
• Boris Mikhailovich Lykov-Obolensky (1576-1646) - boyar, military leader. statesman

Reasons for the emergence of the Seven Boyars

In the spring of 1610, Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky, a relative of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, a talented military leader, a respected and authoritative statesman among the people, died. With his death, the position of Tsar Vasily himself became significantly more complicated.

“And before they did not love, did not respect Vasily, they saw in him an unfortunate king, not blessed by God; Skopin reconciled the tsar with the people, giving the latter firm hope for a better future.

And now this reconciliator was no longer there... The future for the people was no longer in the least connected with the Shuisky family: the tsar was old and childless, the heir was Prince Dmitry, whom they could not love and respect before, and now they were accused of poisoning his nephew... one might say, that Skopin was the last of them, crowned in the hearts of the people... on the throne of Moscow" (S.M. Solovyov, “History of Russia from ancient times”)

At the beginning of summer, near the Smolensk village of Klushino, the army of Prince Dmitry Shuisky was defeated by Polish forces. The defeat brought an end to the reign of Vasily Shuisky. He was overthrown in July. Moscow was left without power. It was claimed by the 15-year-old prince Vladislav, the son of the Polish king Sigismund, and False Dmitry the Second, known in history under the nickname Thief.

Despite the conclusion near Smolensk on the acceptance of the Russian throne by Vladislav, the matter stalled due to the destructive policy of Sigismund, who wanted to rule Russia behind his son’s back. The boyars and many law-abiding Russian people feared and did not want the thief-False Dmitry. The power vacuum was filled by the Seven Boyars

“We do not know how they came to the idea of ​​establishing the “seven boyars,” in which four representatives of the oldest princely families sat: F. I. Mstislavsky, I. M. Vorotynsky, A. V. Trubetskoy and A. V. Golitsyn, together with one of The Romanovs, Ivan Nikitich, and two of his relatives, F.I. Sheremetev and Prince Bor. Mich. Lykov. It must be assumed that at first V.V. Golitsyn was also on this list, but, without a doubt, his comrades preferred to get rid of him, sending him to Smolensk for negotiations with Sigismund.

Be that as it may, the highest nobility of the country became at the head of power: representatives of the clan nobility here mixed with the boyars who had served at court. Several of I.S. Kurakin, who were absent at that time, were not included in the government: he was removed for his overly obvious sympathies for the Poles. However, both the emergence and composition of this corporation represent a lot of unknowns” (K. Valishevsky “Time of Troubles”)

History of the Seven Boyars. Briefly

• 1610, April 23 - death of Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky
• 1610, June 14 - siege of the hetman of Zholkievsky by the Russian army led by governors Yeletsky and Voluev in the Smolensk village of Tsarevo-Zaymishche
• 1610, June 24 - defeat of the Russians near Klushino

“From Klushin, Zholkevsky returned to Tsarevo-Zaymishche and notified Yeletsky and Voluev about his victory. The governors did not believe it for a long time; the hetman showed them the noble captives taken near Klushino... The governors involuntarily kissed Vladislav’s cross. When Eletsky and Voluev swore allegiance to Vladislav, and when, following their example, Mozhaisk, Borisov, Borovsk, Josephov Monastery, Pogoreloe Gorodishche and Rzhev swore allegiance to him, the hetman’s army increased by ten thousand Russians.

Zholkiewski himself says that these new subjects of the prince were quite loyal and benevolent, they often brought him news from the capital, entering into relations with their own, and carried letters that the hetman wrote to Moscow to certain people, also generalists, encouraging the deposition of Shuisky" ( Valishevsky)

• 1610, July 17 - overthrow of Shuisky

“Lyapunov, Khomutov and Saltykov shouted for everyone to go to a spacious place, across the Moscow River, to the Serpukhov Gate... Here are the boyars, nobles, guests and merchants the best people They advised how the Moscow state would not be ruined and plundered: the Poles and Lithuania came under the Moscow state, and on the other hand, the Kaluga thief with the Russian people, and the Moscow state on both sides became cramped.

The boyars and all sorts of people sentenced: to beat the sovereign Tsar Vasily Ivanovich with his forehead, so that he, the sovereign, leaves the kingdom because a lot of blood is being shed, and the people say that he, the sovereign, is unhappy... There was no resistance among the people... A brother-in-law went to the palace tsar, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky, ask Vasily to leave the state and take it as his inheritance Nizhny Novgorod. Vasily had to agree to this request, announced by the boyar on behalf of the entire Moscow people, and went with his wife to his former boyar house.”

• 1610, July 19 - in order to avoid the intrigues of the overthrown tsar, “again the same Zakhar Lyapunov with three princes - Zasekin, Tyufyakin and Merin-Volkonsky, and even with some Mikhail Aksenov and others, taking with them monks from the Chudov Monastery, went to the retired the king and announced that in order to calm the people he should take a haircut"
• 1610, July 20 — Polish army under the command of Zholkiewski, he set out from Mozhaisk towards Moscow, informing the government that his main concern was the desire to protect the capital from the “thief”. The Seven Boyars replied that they did not need his help.
• 1610, July 24 - Zholkevsky, seven miles from Moscow. At the same time, troops of the impostor were approaching the city. So the Seven Boyars were the first to enter into negotiations with Zholkiewski about the fate of Prince Vladislav

“It was not easy for him to come to an agreement with Mstislavsky and the other six boyars. They demanded that Prince Vladislav convert to Orthodoxy and promise not to place Polish garrisons in the border fortresses of Muscovy, so that estates and fiefdoms would not be given to the Poles in this area. But Zholkiewski knew how Sigismund was going to use them... Since the Battle of Klushin, he had been expecting instructions from Smolensk, but Sigismund was in no hurry to send them.

Three weeks passed in futile negotiations; it was impossible to wait any longer: there was an impostor standing near the capital, firstly, and secondly, the Klushino victors, without receiving a salary, began to pretend that they were not averse to following the example of all the mercenaries. In such a shy situation, Zholkiewski decided to enter into a deal. Having agreed on issues related to material interests, he managed to pass over the question of faith in silence, and Vladislav was elected to the Moscow throne.”

• 1610, August 17 - on the Maiden Field, princes F.I. Mstislavsky, V.V. Golitsyn and D.I. Mezetsky, accompanied by two Duma clerks, Vasily Telepnev and Tomila Lugovsky, entered into an agreement with Zholkevsky. The Tushino Treaty of February 4, 1610 was adopted as the basis; the new mediators introduced only some amendments
  — the right of seniority was recognized for representatives of the main princely families, and they were provided with an advantage in favors; the restriction of autocracy adopted by the Tushins was preserved
  — Only the article concerning the right to freely travel abroad for trade and scientific purposes was excluded.
  — An article was included that set the condition that the Tushino thief be subdued by joint forces

Zolkiewski, on behalf of the king, undertook to withdraw Polish troops from all territories occupied by them
They could not come to an agreement, especially regarding the conversion of the future king to Orthodoxy; the solution to this issue was postponed until direct negotiations with Sigismund

• 1610, August 18-19 (August 27-28 according to the current style) - Muscovites swore allegiance to the new sovereign: on the first day 10,000 people swore allegiance; The hetman, for his part, swore an oath in the name of Vladislav to comply with the treaty. The next day the oath took place in the Assumption Cathedral, in the presence of the patriarch. The decree sent to the regions stated that Vladislav undertook to accept the crown from the hands of the supreme saint, which could pass for a promise to renounce Catholicism. Not a word was said about this in the contract, but they attributed to him everything they wanted
• 1610, August 21 (Old Art.) - the hetman received a letter from the king, where he demanded that the Moscow state be strengthened for himself, and not for his son... The hetman considered it impossible to fulfill the desire of the king, whose name was hated by the Moscow people , but began to enforce the article of the treaty, in which he pledged to drive False Dmitry away from Moscow

“The hetman announced his intention to the boyars: having passed through Moscow at night, approach the monastery and take the impostor there by surprise. The boyars agreed and allowed the Polish army to pass through the almost empty city at night, because the boyars had previously withdrawn thirty thousand troops into the field. However, the power of attorney was not deceived: the Poles quickly passed through the city, without dismounting from their horses, without any harm to the inhabitants.

The Polish and Moscow troops united at the Kolomenskaya outpost and went to the Ugreshsky Monastery, but Moscow managed to notify False Dmitry of the danger, and he fled to Kaluga. Having driven away False Dmitry, the hetman began to insist on sending ambassadors to Sigismund as soon as possible... Flattering V.V. Golitsyn, he persuaded him to take over the chairmanship of this embassy; He managed to include him in the embassy. It also included Abraham Palitsyn with Zakhar Lyapunov and representatives of all classes, elected in such numbers that the embassy consisted of 1246 persons, accompanied by 4000 clerks and servants.”

• 1610, September 11 - An embassy left Moscow to the Polish king Sigismund for final negotiations on the terms of Vladislav's rule of Muscovy. It was held by Sigismund until 1619

“Left alone near Moscow with his small army, Zholkiewski saw that the Russians only because of extreme necessity agreed to accept a foreigner to the throne and would never agree to accept a non-Believer, and Sigismund would never agree to allow his son to convert to Orthodoxy. But now, as before, the impostor continued to help the hetman; out of fear of the common people, who would not hesitate to stand up for False Dmitry at the first opportunity, the boyars themselves invited Zholkiewski to bring the Polish army into Moscow.”

• 1610, September 21 - the Poles quietly entered Moscow, occupied the Kremlin and two central quarters, China Town and White City, Novodevichy Convent, as well as Mozhaisk, Borisov, Vereya for the safety of their communications with the king. To resolve the disputes between the Poles and Muscovites, Zholkovsky ordered the creation of a court with an equal number of judges from both nations; the court was impartial and strict...
• 1610, September 30 - ambassadors to Sigismund wrote to Moscow that many Russian nobles come to the king near Smolensk and, by the will of the king, swear allegiance not only to the prince, but also to the king himself
• 1610, early October - Hetman Zholkiewski left Moscow. He knew that an uprising in Moscow would break out at the first news of the king’s reluctance to let Vladislav go to Moscow. With his personal presence he wanted to persuade the king to fulfill the agreement. The boyars escorted him far out of town, even the common people showed affection for him, paying kindness for kindness; when he drove through the streets, Muscovites ran ahead and wished Bon Voyage. The hetman gave Gonsevsky command of the garrison, which already consisted of only 4,000 Poles and several thousand foreign mercenaries

• Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky.
• Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky.
• Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Trubetskoy.
• Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Golitsyn.
• Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov-Obolensky.
• Boyarin Ivan Nikitich Romanov.
• Boyarin Fedor Ivanovich Sheremetev. Material from the site

The main task of the Seven Boyars was to convene the Zemsky Sobor to elect a new king. However, in conditions when the Poles of Hetman Zolkiewski were advancing on Moscow from the west, and False Dmitry II with his Cossacks was approaching from the south, the boyars decided not to wait for the decision of the Zemsky Sobor and act independently. They informed King Sigismund that they would recognize his son Vladislav as the Tsar of Moscow. The boyars believed that after this the king would immediately stop the intervention and help the Moscow government put an end to the “Tushinsky thief”. Indeed, Zholkiewski, together with the Moscow governors, soon threw the impostor away from Moscow. False Dmitry II returned to Kaluga, where he was killed by his entourage in December 1610.

However, King Sigismund did not even think of withdrawing his troops from Russia. He continued the siege of Smolensk, firmly deciding to annex this city to his possessions. At the same time, he was in no hurry to let his 15-year-old son go to Moscow. The boyars, Muscovites and some of the nobles took an oath to the prince with the condition that he would convert to Orthodoxy. However, Vladislav refused this. The king did not agree that Vladislav should be baptized according to the Orthodox rite, as the boyars demanded. Essentially, he himself wanted to become the Russian Tsar.

Hermogenes

Accustomed during the years of the Troubles to actively respond to all events in political life, the Moscow townspeople openly expressed dissatisfaction with the plans of the Seven Boyars. The idea that a non-religious person would be on the Russian throne outraged the clergy. The spokesman for these sentiments was the unbending zealot for Orthodoxy, Patriarch Hermogenes. Fearing an uprising of the urban mob, the boyars committed outright betrayal in the fall of 1610 and stationed Polish detachments in the Kremlin and other areas of the capital.

Then Patriarch Hermogenes freed Russian subjects from their oath to Vladislav. He did not sign the letter transferring the Russian throne to a Catholic Pole. It was courageous act. The Patriarch thereby called on the people to defend Orthodox faith against Catholic Poles. Hermogenes died in prison (according to rumors, the boyars starved him to death).

The reign of the Seven Boyars fell on the most dangerous period Time of Troubles. Do right choice Of the two wrong, it is impossible: either the Russian throne will be occupied by the Poles in the person of Prince Vladislav, or the impostor False Dmitry II. Relying on some factors, the boyars allowed the Poles into the country. At this point, in fact, the reign of the Seven Boyars was interrupted; the boyars found themselves hostages of the Polish interventionists.

But due to the imminent death of False Dmitry II, circumstances changed. To restore the country's independence, all that remained was to expel the enemy from Moscow. The first step towards the liberation struggle was taken by Patriarch Hermogenes. It was followed by the First People's Militia of 1611, and the decisive liberation second

Seven Boyars

Moscow uprising

Looking for agreement

The Boyar Duma tried to curb the popular uprising, which legitimized the rebellion and tried to prevent the alliance of the mob with the “thieves” who approached the walls of Moscow. The boyars, led by Mstislavsky, formed a provisional government, called the “Seven Boyars”. One of the tasks of the new government was to prepare for the election of a new king. However, “military conditions” required immediate decisions. In order to avoid the struggle of boyar clans for power, it was decided not to elect representatives of Russian clans as tsar.

In fact, the power of the new government did not extend beyond Moscow: in the west of Moscow, in Khoroshyovo, the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, led by Hetman Zholkiewski, stood up, and in the southeast, in Kolomenskoye, False Dmitry II, who had returned from Kaluga, with whom was the Lithuanian Sapieha's detachment. The boyars were especially afraid of False Dmitry because he had many supporters in Moscow and was at least more popular than them. As a result, it was decided to come to an agreement with Zholkiewski and invite Prince Vladislav to the throne on the terms of his conversion to Orthodoxy, as had already been agreed upon between Sigismund and the Tushino delegation.

Vocation of the Poles

On August 17/27, 1610, the boyars signed an agreement with Hetman Zolkiewski, according to which Vladislav IV, the son of Sigismund, became king of Russia. There was no talk of unification with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, since the Moscow boyars retained autonomy, and the official status of Orthodoxy within the borders of Russia was guaranteed. The agreement with representatives of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth made it possible to remove the “Tushino threat” to Moscow, since Sapieha agreed to swear allegiance to King Vladislav.

Fearing the Pretender, the boyars went further and on the night of September 21 allowed the troops of Hetman Zholkiewski into the Kremlin, after whose departure in October power passed to the garrison commander Alexander Gonsevski. Boyar Mikhail Saltykov became the “right hand” of the Kremlin commandant. After the interventionists appeared in the Kremlin, representatives of the “Seven Boyars” turned from collaborators into hostages, and after the surrender of the garrison of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth troops, many of them were “liberated” and took part in the election of the new Russian Tsar.

Title "Seven Boyars"

When describing boyar commissions from contemporary sources of the Time of Troubles, references are made to “seven-numbered boyars.” The word formation “Seven Boyars” occurs later, in the 19th century. The dissertation on the Seven Boyars contains a reference to the story by A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky “Raids, the story of 1613” (1831), where the term “Seven Boyars” appears for the first time.

Number of elected boyars

Boyar commissions had been formed before in the absence of the tsar. As a rule, the composition of these groups was limited to 7 people or were slightly different in quantity. Kotoshikhin writes about this:

“And having gone on a campaign to war, or to pray in a monastery, or for a walk in distant and near places, the royal court and Moscow for protection, he orders one person, a boyar, and with him his comrades, two people, and a Duma nobleman, two people , and Duma clerk."

The state of Russia at the time of the election of the transitional government

The circumstances are such that Russia found itself simultaneously:

• 1) in a state of war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (since 1604),
• 2) covered by the uprising of False Dmitry II (from 1607)

In addition, Russia almost simultaneously suffered:

• 3) uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov (in 1606-1607)
• 4) attack of the Nogais (in 1607-1608)
• 5) attack of the Krymchaks (in 1608)

Reasons for the formation of the transitional government

A consistent chain of events led to the emergence of the “Seven Boyars” period

• February 1610 - part of the Tushino oppositionists near Smolensk began negotiations with the Polish king Sigismund about inviting Prince Vladislav to the Russian kingdom with the restriction of his rights in favor of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor.
• May 1610 - twenty-three-year-old influential Russian military leader Skopin-Shuisky dies after a feast in Moscow, which leads to increased anti-Shui sentiment.
• June 1610 - part of the Russian Tsar’s troops is defeated by the Poles near the village of Klushino, and the governor of another part of the army, Valuev, agrees to support the candidacy of Prince Vladislav.

Thus, the road to Moscow was open to the Poles. On the other hand, False Dmitry II quickly moved from Kaluga to Moscow.

Moods in the Boyar Duma, Moscow society and the provinces

A small group led by Patriarch Hermogenes supported Tsar Vasily Shuisky. The patriarch himself tried to protect Shuisky even on the day of the latter’s overthrow.

The Golitsyn party hoped to overthrow Shuisky and proclaim Vasily Golitsyn king. At the same time, the Golitsyns were supported by governor Lyapunov.

Tushino boyar Dmitry Trubetskoy secretly negotiated in Moscow in the interests of False Dmitry.

The Romanov clan, which initially focused on the Golitsyns, hoped to place Mikhail Romanov on the throne.

Prince Mstislavsky, who headed the Duma, did not have a clear position, but gravitated towards recognizing the Polish prince as the Russian Tsar.

From mid-July 1610, several thousand troops of the impostor settled in Kolomenskoye. Almost simultaneously, on July 17, Shuisky was overthrown, on July 19 he was forcibly tonsured a monk, and on July 20 letters were sent to provincial cities notifying him of this event. Crown Hetman Zholkiewski was 7 versts from Moscow from the Khoroshevsky meadows on July 24. In this regard, we had to choose between False Dmitry II and Prince Vladislav.

Historian Solovyov assesses the current situation as follows:

“If the impostor could have followers in the lower strata of the Moscow population, then the boyars and all the best people could not agree to accept a thief who would bring to the Duma his Tushino and Kaluga boyars, okolnichy and Duma nobles, who would give the property of rich people to be plundered by his Cossacks and the city spies, their longtime allies. Therefore, for the boyars and the best people, for the protective people who had something to protect, the only salvation from the thief and his Cossacks was Vladislav, that is, Hetman Zholkiewski with his army. The head of the False Dimitrieva side was Zakhar Lyapunov, seduced by the thief’s enormous promises; The head of Vladislav’s side was the first boyar, Prince Mstislavsky, who declared that he himself did not want to be king, but also did not want to see any of his boyar brothers as king, and that he should elect a sovereign from the royal family.”

Convening of the Zemsky Sobor

The Boyar Duma could not elect a tsar without the participation of the Zemsky Sobor, but the situation required a quick decision. Therefore, immediately after the overthrow of the tsar, those representatives of the zemstvo who were available were convened outside the Serpukhov Gate of Moscow. Events are described in different ways. From Kostomarov:

“Zakhar Lyapunov with Saltykov and Khomutov ascended to the high Place of Execution and began to invite the boyars, the patriarch, clergy, nobles, boyar children and the entire Orthodox people to a national meeting outside the Serpukhov Gate. People from everywhere poured out of the Serpukhov Gate. The boyars gathered there. The Patriarch has also arrived."

In the Moscow Chronicler the actions are more brutal:

“All of Moscow entered the city (that is, the Kremlin) and the boyars took Patriarch Hermogenes by force and led them across the Moscow River to the Serpukhov Gate.”

In this case, researchers are faced with a legal case. During the absence of the head of state, political will and execution of the law are necessary, but forceful pressure on one (or several) government representatives may be regarded as an illegal act, and therefore the decision of the Zemsky Sobor in this case may not be considered indisputably legitimate. No less important is the question: was the meeting of people convened through the alarm really a cathedral? According to researcher V.N. Latkin, who used materials from the Stolyarovsky chronograph, which lists the ranks present at the Council of 1610, the minimum composition of the Zemsky Sobor was assembled.

“And the Boyars, Prince Fyodor Ivanovich of Mstislavskaya, and all the Boyars, and Okolnichy, and Duma people, and Stolniks, and Solicitors, and Nobles, and guests, and the best trading people gathered outside the city...”

S. F. Platonov explains the presence of zemstvo officials from the provinces in Moscow by the fact that they were in the capital on service.

Compound

1. Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky - year of birth is unknown, but began his service in 1575. At the moment described, he headed the Boyar Duma. During the interregnum his influence increased and he led negotiations with the Poles. The policy was not active; it was focused on a specific moment. Died without issue in .
2. Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky - year of birth is unknown, but in 1573 he was already a governor in Murom. By the moment described, he had experienced exile, failures and victories in the war, and was an experienced politician. He later laid claim to the throne, but having lost in the political struggle to the Romanovs, he went as an ambassador to the future tsar to invite him to the kingdom. Died in 1627.
3. Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Trubetskoy - year of birth unknown, but in military service since 1573. Activities of a military and managerial nature. By the time described, he had participated in the war with Stefan Batory, the Crimeans, Livonians, Swedes, Cherkassy, ​​was in charge of several cities, and participated in diplomatic missions. Granted by the boyars in honor of the crowning of Boris Godunov on September 3, 1598. He did not shy away from localism. Died without issue in 1611.
4. Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Golitsyn (d. March 19 (31).
5. Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov-Obolensky (- June 2).
6. Boyarin Ivan Nikitich Romanov (d. October 23).
7. Boyarin Fedor Ivanovich Sheremetev (d.).

Notes

Links

• Soloviev S. M. History of Russia since ancient times
• Time of Troubles in Russia. Deposition of Shuisky. Seven Boyars

Wikimedia Foundation.

• 2010.
• Fox

Nerekhta (city)

See what “Seven Boyars” is in other dictionaries: seven-boyars - seven-boyars...

Seven Boyars Spelling dictionary-reference book - (foreign) discord, disorder (a hint of discord and disorder during the Seven Boyars of 1610-1611). Wed. I don’t really admire these partnerships!... Now there will be discord and cleverness. One word: seven-boyars... P. Boborykin. Poor guy. 8. Wed… …