A story about the nature of Australia. Flora of Australia and animals of the continent
Lecture No. 8
Concept of emerging global problems
The essence and main types of global economic problems
Global economic problems:
1. Political
- problems of peace and disarmament
- Problems local wars and conflicts
- the problem of international terrorism
- the problem of rogue countries ( North Korea, Cuba, Iran, Libya, Belarus)
2. Economic
- the problem of transnational capital
- the problem of economic wars and conflicts
- lag problem developing countries from developed
- North-South problem
- the problem of international debt
3. Social
— the problem of growing income inequality
- the problem of unemployment and poverty
- the problem of combating diseases and drug addiction
- problem of megacities
4. Environmental
- problem of limited resources
- food problem
- demographic problem
- problem of waste and pollution
- the problem of global warming
Common features of global economic problems:
1. they affect the interests of all humanity or its general part
2. they can only be solved through the common efforts of all humanity
3. all problems are closely interconnected
4. problems need urgent and urgent solutions
These are problems that may threaten humanity in the future.
For example, the emergence of deadly viruses and diseases, problems associated with space exploration,
Topic: Basics of wetland hydrology.
Swamps are excessively moist areas of land with moisture-loving vegetation and a peat layer of more than 0.3 m, due to which the bulk of plant roots do not reach the underlying mineral soil. Wetlands are also excessively moist surface areas, but with a thin (less than 0.3 m) layer of peat or even without it; therefore, water-salt exchange occurs here between plants and soil. The total area of swamps occupies about 2% of the land area. The territory of Russia is dominated by swamps of dry origin, which arose mainly in previous climatic periods.
Swamps are formed in two ways: when lakes become overgrown or as a result of swamping of flat interfluves. The main way of formation of swamps is swamping of land, which begins with the appearance of periodic and then constant waterlogging of soils.
Waterlogging is promoted by:
— climate - excess moisture as a result of abundant precipitation or weak evaporation;
— high groundwater level;
— the nature of the soil - poorly permeable rocks, permafrost, rocks caked in fires, worsening water infiltration;
— relief - flat areas with shallow drainage or depressions with slow flow;
- prolonged floods on rivers, etc.
On waterlogged lands, moisture-loving vegetation, adapted to the lack of oxygen and mineral nutrition, settles, and hypnum mosses are replaced by sphagnum mosses. Moss turf, which absorbs and retains moisture well, contributes to even greater waterlogging of the land. In this connection, in the future, it is vegetation that plays the leading role in waterlogging.
Bog soils are formed under the influence of two processes: peat formation and gleying. Peat formation is a biochemical process of accumulation of semi-decomposed plant residues on the surface due to their slow humification and mineralization under anaerobic conditions. Excessive moisture inhibits decomposition organic matter and the involvement of ash elements and nitrogen in new cycles of the biological cycle of substances. Gleyization is a complex biochemical restoration process that occurs under conditions of difficult access to oxygen with the obligatory presence of organic matter, the participation of anaerobic microorganisms or the products of their activity. Most favorable conditions exist in forests to accumulate peat temperate zone, especially in Western Siberia, where within the forest-swamp zone the swampiness reaches 50-70%, and the peat thickness is 8-10 m. To the north and south of the forest zone, the thickness of the peat deposit is reduced: to the north due to a decrease in the growth of plant mass in cold climates ͵ to the south due to more intense decomposition of plant residues in a warm climate. In hot conditions humid climate the huge increase in biomass is compensated by the intensive process of decay of dead plants and the formation of peat bogs practically does not occur, although evergreen equatorial forests are waterlogged, and in depressions and valleys there are very wetlands.
The structure of the peat deposits of swamps that arose in place of lakes or dry lands is different. Peatlands formed as a result of swamping of lakes have lake silt - sapropel - under a layer of peat, and when swamping land, the peat lies directly on the mineral soil. Peat is a sedimentary rock plant origin, a watered fibrous or plastic dark brown mass consisting of decomposition products plant materials with preserved plant remains. Peat contains 85-95% moisture and has a complex chemical composition. The elemental composition of peat: carbon 50-60%, hydrogen 5-6%, oxygen 30-40%, nitrogen 1-3%, sulfur up to 1.5%.
Raised bogs predominate. There are small raised bogs.
Often, lowland peats are formed at the base of the upland deposit. There are few lowland swamps. On the periphery, raised bogs are bordered by transitional swamps. In the north-west of the European part of Russia, raised bogs predominate, in other regions - lowland ones. Swamps are concentrated in the Tomsk region and in the north of the Novosibirsk region.
The swamps are heavily watered.
Swamps account for about 1.4 million km2 or 10% of the territory of Russia. On the territory of Russia, swamps are found in all natural areas, mainly in drainless depressions with excess moisture. Raised bogs, fed mainly by precipitation, are found predominantly in tundra and taiga zones Eurasia.
In the northern and northwestern regions, swampiness reaches 50%; the development of large raised watershed swamps is typical here, the area of which reaches several tens of thousands of hectares.
The most common are polygonal and flat-hilly swamps. In the Kola-Karelian peat-bog region, the formation of bogs is due to the development of the youngest forms of glacial relief - accumulative and erosive. In the mountainous part of the Kola Peninsula there are mountain swamps, mostly shallow.
The southern part of Karelia is poor in swamps. Among the lowland swamps, treeless ones predominate, completely covering the watersheds of the Sudogi, Shogdy, and Aredogi rivers.
In the Komi Republic, swamps are confined to depressions in wide lowlands. Raised bogs occur on non-flooded terraces above the floodplain and belong to ridge-hollow massifs with a convex surface.
The Amur swamp region covers the upper and middle reaches of the river. Amur within the Amur region
The North-Western peat-swamp region, which occupies the Valdai Upland and the Ilmen Lowland, includes Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod region. Large lowland swamps are rare; small lowland swamps occupy lake depressions, ancient lake terraces, sources and floodplains of the Luga, Plyussa, and Sheloni rivers.
IN middle lane swampiness is reduced to 15-10% and various types of medium-sized near-terrace peat bogs appear.
In the southern and southeastern regions, swampiness decreases to 0.5%; lowland floodplain swamps of small, elongated shapes predominate, often with thick upper mineral sediment.
In the southern part of the Middle Urals, where the Ural ridge narrows greatly and borders the forest-steppe, small lowland swamps predominate
Conditions for the development of swamps are unfavorable.
Which areas of Russia are the most swampy? Why?
They feed mainly on groundwater and river floods. Accumulations of swamps in areas with homogeneous geomorphological and orographic conditions form about a thousand swamp massifs. Swampiness Northern Urals poorly researched. On Subpolar Urals swamps fill depressions among glacial and fluvioglacial deposits.
On the eastern slope of the Middle Urals the swampiness is higher. Swamps occupy interfluves, depressions in mountain valleys, river valleys and lake basins.
The swamps are mainly of lowland type, in some cases transitional and very rarely raised.
In the Nizhny Tagil - Yekaterinburg area large swamps, located in the wide valleys of Tagil, Neiva and Iset, are fed by spring waters from the foot of the banks. The peat deposits of these swamps are underlain by sapropel. On Southern Urals large lowland swamps are confined to depressions between gentle mountain slopes, feeding the swamps with groundwater and surface wastewater.
In Western Siberia, the area of marshes reaches 32,538 thousand hectares (Table 2.17), and half of the marshes are upland.
They occupy the predominant part of the interfluve spaces and are located both in low areas and on watersheds. Swamps with deep deposits belong to the relics of the Holocene.
Polygonal and flat moss-sedge bogs are common.
Large hummocky swamps occupy the northern part of the forest zone and the southern forest-tundra.
The hummocky peat bogs are composed of up to 0.6 m of peat, under which lies an ice-saturated mineral core. Northern part West Siberian Plain covered with raised bogs, the southern part with lowland swamps.
Swamps, occupying up to 80% of the territory, form complex systems, cover flat interfluves and high river terraces. Raised, shallow, convex, heavily watered sphagnum bogs with ridge-lake complexes dominate.
For the river basin Konda is characterized by raised ridge-lake, ridge-lake-hollow and ridge-hollow bogs. Transitional swamps are located mainly on the second terrace of the river. Konda and its tributaries.
The area of tundra swamps occupies northern zone European part of Russia. North of the swamp widespread and located on lowland terraces.
Transitional ones are found in the form of forested and treeless swamps on the periphery of swamp massifs.
Almost 10% of Russia's territory is covered with swamps. The main area of their concentration is the area maximum humidity. In the area of this region (tundra, forest area), upper swamps predominate, the formation of which is associated with excessive humidity. In the south in low forests and steppes are dominated by lowland swamps, which are formed with insufficient moisture. The largest areas of swamps are located in Western Siberia and the north-west of the Russian Plain.
Karelia and the Kola Peninsula are the most numerous regions of the European territory of Russia.
Swamps occupy about 30% total area region. The gorges are located between rolling hills that connect narrow peat channels and form an intricate lace-like pattern.
Western Siberia- most swampy region not only in Russia, but also in the world.
Bolgi stretch with short breaks for more than 1.5 thousand km from north to south and from west to east. About 80% of this expansive layer is flooded.
Huge reserves of water are concentrated in the Western Siberian swamps - about 1 thousand cubic meters. km. This is one and a half times more than the annual outflow of the largest Russian rivers, the Yenisei, and 2.5 times more than the Ob River. This concentration of moisture contributes to the further spread of the swamp.
The thickness of the peat in some places reaches 10 meters here.
East of the Yenise in Eastern Siberia, the furrows are much smaller. They only use 10% of the surface.
why are the most congested areas in the country in the northern region
The gorges are located mainly in the lowlands along river valleys. The most widespread in this regard are the central Yakut, North Siberian and Yan-Indigir plains. The depletion here is facilitated by the presence of permafrost, which prevents moisture penetration.
Due to the low temperatures prevailing most years, and the presence of permafrost, peat forms very slowly. The average thickness of the peat horizon is 1 meter.
In places there are thick (up to 5 meters) relict peat deposits, which have been abandoned since ancient times. warm periods time.
As in Central Siberia, in Far East The banks are mainly located on the floodplains of large rivers. In the Amur region it reaches 36%. A fifth of all bars are impractical. The coasts are characterized by four-legged mounds, special swamps that contain a layer of water below the peat land. Sakhalin and Kamchatka, especially its ocean coast, are heavily flooded.
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Education
Swamps of Russia. The largest swamp in Russia
Swamp. Hearing this word, many feel an inexplicable fear. It’s terrible to imagine how many lives were swallowed up by the dark swamps covered with mists.
From time to time they sparkle with lights of spontaneously combustible gas. How can you not believe that kikimoras, waterworts and other evil spirits live there?
The swamps of Russia are a special topic. They are found all over our huge country. And there are many legends among the people. We will look at places from standing water(they are lowland, transitional, upland) from different angles.
Secret cranberry picking
Swamps of Russia, Mother Rus': damp, stale air, an abundance of blood-sucking mosquitoes, horseflies.
In the old days it was believed that this was a place for communication with evil spirits. From legends it is known that people who from generation to generation received from their ancestors secret knowledge(sorcerers, healers), retired to bear corners to perform magical rituals.
Perhaps it was so. There is also an opinion that sorcerers here were engaged in collecting medicinal plants. As you know, there are a lot of them in the swamps: wild rosemary, cranberries, cloudberries, hops, string and others.
It is difficult for many to imagine: how can one build a house in a disastrous place?
But there were brave men. They selected patches of dry land, built a dwelling and whiled away the years, eating game and berries. The reasons for retreating from the world were often explained very prosaically: some hermits were hiding from enemies, others from persecution by law enforcement officers.
Only a select few knew the paths to their owners.
Mentally walking throughout Russia (for example, from the borders with the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus to the Kamchatka Peninsula), we will discover: swamps are found everywhere. Favorable environment for their occurrence, an increased moisture content in the air and shallow occurrence are considered underground rivers(groundwater). These characteristics are distinguished by high and temperate latitudes Northern Hemisphere.
One of the hundred wonders of Russia
The rivers of Eastern Siberia and the Far East are very swampy at their mouths.
The tundra is rich in destructive spaces, where frozen layers prevent moisture from permeating the soil. The swamps in northern Russia are impressive.
Western Siberia is called the most swampy region in the world. Just imagine the scale: they stretch over 570 kilometers from north to south and over 300 kilometers from western direction east.
On the Vasyugan Plain, between the Ob and Irtysh rivers there is Vasyugan swamps. They are included in the list of “One Hundred Wonders of Russia”. Their area is 53 thousand square meters. km (more than the territory of some European countries).
But no matter how unsuitable for human life the swamps may seem, they have a colossal ecological significance for regions, since they perform biosphere functions (accumulative, biological, inter-circular).
Video on the topic
The ice age helped
The area of distribution of Western Siberian swamps is huge: 1.7 thousand kilometers from north to south and the same amount from west to east (with rare breaks).
More than a quarter of the world's peat deposits are concentrated here. The heavily swamped regions of the European part include Karelia (30% of the territory, in some places up to 70%) and the Kola Peninsula.
Before the swamps formed (Russia, as we already understood, does not occupy them), glaciers worked well on the area, creating a landscape of hills alternating with lowlands (all this is the bottom of the ancient sea).
Swamping began approximately ten to twelve thousand years ago. If you look from a bird's eye view, it seems that the unsteady spaces are woven into an unusual lace, connecting with each other through peat channels.
The connection took place as follows: the scattered depressions in the relief were gradually filled with the dense remains of rotted plants, and crawled out from there, like dough from a pan, merging with each other. This type of swamp is called Karelian.
Ryams and zaimkas
Large swamp areas in the forest region have existed for two and a half thousand years.
And today they are expanding, occupying the territories of interfluves, river terraces and floodplains. In the old days, many names were invented for these places.
Take, for example, round or slightly oval ryams, overgrown with bushes and forests. There are many of them in the taiga regions in the south of Western Siberia.
They disperse fan-shaped, in stripes of different widths (from 100 meters to many kilometers). Thanks to the connection points, the branches form extensive systems.
Many people have heard of such a name as a loan. This is often the name given to swamps overgrown with reeds. The forests and swamps of Russia are closely interconnected. There are swamps in the wilderness. Popularly known as cleaver.
Swamp forest on the plain - yudal. The extreme stage of waterlogging is bareness.
The lake will become a swamp
The West Siberian swamps contain huge reserves of water, amounting to almost a thousand cubic kilometers. The mighty Ob carries 2.5 times less into the Kara Sea per year!
It is not surprising that peat bogs are growing year after year. The Vasyugan swamps are huge, but there are other large swamps in Russia: Tyuguryukskoye (Altai), Velikoye (Vologda) and others.
There are many lakes in our country.
There are almost three million closed reservoirs. The most deep lake Baikal (1620 meters). Even under the USSR, every schoolchild knew: it contains half of our reserves fresh water. The lakes are distributed unevenly.
This depends on a number of factors. Firstly, from geological structure. But the relief, climate, at what distance from the surface of the earth the groundwater lies, etc. are also important.
d. Where the climate is arid, the number of lakes is smaller. Drainless lakes are filled with soil particles and become shallow. If you don't take care of them, they can become the very places where kikimores live. Although, it would seem, how are the lakes and swamps of Russia (and not only Russia) connected?
Many researchers say that the fate of the swamp awaits the Volga River, the speed of which, after the construction of a cascade of hydroelectric power stations (and other man-made reasons), slowed down sharply and its self-purification was disrupted.
If trouble has affected one of the greatest blue arteries of the Earth, then one can imagine the fate of smaller rivers and lakes. As we already know, the existing bogs (swamps) of Russia also formed gradually.
The Amur Region is in the lead
There are not so many swamps east of the Yenisei-Father. Eastern Siberia covered by them only ten percent.
The most areas are lowlands along the valleys (including the Central Yakutskaya, vast swampy plains of Indigirskaya and North Siberian, at the base of which lies the Khatanga depression).
Permafrost has an effect. Due to low temperatures, humus (peat) forms and accumulates extremely slowly. The thickness of the existing layer is only one meter, although there are places where it reaches up to 5 meters. This is a legacy of those periods when the climate was warm.
In the Far East, swamps also gravitate towards the floodplains of large rivers.
The Amur region is the leader (up to 36 percent of them are concentrated there). A fifth of the swamps are completely impassable. There are ripples: at the top there is a layer of peat, and underneath there are deposits of water. Kamchatka (especially the Okhotsk coast) and Sakhalin are considered swampy.
My sister is studying at the Faculty of Ecology and recently prepared some work on the wetlands of our country. My ears were just buzzing with information on this topic. Now at least go and give a report to the teacher.
What is a swamp and why does it form?
The swamp is an area with very high level moisture where groundwater reaches the land surface. As a rule, in such places there is a lot of precipitation, and so much water does not have time to evaporate.
Swamps can form either due to swamping of the area, or due to overgrowth of the territory of the reservoir. There are several factors that can contribute to the formation of swamps:
- climatic conditions;
- soil quality;
- relief features;
- river floods
Most often, swamps can be found in flat areas near rivers. Water in such places drains slowly, the soil becomes oversaturated with moisture, and mosses appear. And, of course, many swamps in the past were lakes that gradually became shallow. The plants in them die and form a dense layer. Peat gradually begins to form, deposits of which are found in large quantities in areas with temperate climate.
Swamps in Russia
City residents probably don’t even imagine how much of Russia’s territory is occupied by swamps. Everyone knows that our country is huge, and as many as 10% of its territory is occupied by swamps. Most of them are found in the region of Western Siberia, in the north of the European part of the country, in Polesie and Central region.
In terms of territory, the marshy area in Western Siberia is in first place in the whole world. About 42% of the land is occupied by swamps. In addition, they grow every year. There are much fewer swamps in eastern Siberia.
In the European part of the country, the most swampy area is in Karelia and on Kola Peninsula. A third of the entire territory is occupied by swamps. They are special here, they are surrounded by hills formed in the distant past by glaciers. Even in arid regions of the country there can be swamps; the source of moisture for them is groundwater and river water.
Back forward
Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the features of the presentation. If you are interested this work, please download the full version.
The purpose of the lesson: give an idea of the location, features, origin and significance of lakes, swamps, groundwater, permafrost.
Tasks:
Educational:
- Test your knowledge about the rivers of Russia;
- Update knowledge about lakes as an integral part of the hydrosphere;
- Identify the origin, features and geography of lakes in Russia;
- To form an understanding among students about the types of wetlands and the reasons for their origin and the importance of conservation;
- Describe groundwater as the country's most important natural resource;
- Get an idea of the distribution of permafrost in Russia, its impact on nature and economic activity person;
- Get acquainted with the features of cover and mountain glaciers.
Educational:
- Develop geographical thinking.
Educational:
- Contribute to the formation of ideas about the beauty, richness and diversity of Russian nature;
- Develop a caring, rational attitude towards inland waters.
Lesson type: combined.
Equipment: physical map of Russia, multimedia equipment, handouts (creative homework, test tasks).
During the classes
I. Org. Moment.
II. Checking homework.
- Show on river basin map Pacific Ocean, Arctic, Atlantic Ocean.
- Repeat terms: river system, source, river mouth, basin, fall, river slope, river watershed, flood, flood.
- Test tasks.
The main river with all its tributaries is:
A) river system; b) river regime; c) river basin
The excess of the source over the mouth is:
A) river slope; b) river fall
The place where the river begins is called:
A) source; b) mouth
Sudden rise in river water level:
A) flood; b) flood; c) flood
The volume of water that flows in a river bed in a year is called:
A) solid waste; b) annual flow; c) water consumption
Most low level water in the river is:
A) flood; b) low water; c) flood
Most rivers in Russia are fed by:
A) rain; b) glacial; c) snowy; d) mixed
Depends on climate:
A) river regime; b) flow speed; c) direction of flow
The causes of the flood are:
A) spring melting of snow on the plain; b) prolapse torrential rains
The greater the fall of the river, the:
A) more speed river currents; b) greater annual flow; c) larger pool area
III. Learning new material.
Guys, before moving on to studying new material, guess the riddle:
Young mountain ash trees look at it,
Colored people trying on their headscarves.
Young birch trees look at him,
Adjusting your hair in front of him.
And the month and the stars -
Everything is reflected in it...
What is this mirror called?
Tell me, what are we going to talk about in class today? ( About the lakes)
Lakes, like rivers, are inland waters. Besides rivers and lakes, what else is classified as inland waters? ( Swamps, glaciers, groundwater, permafrost)
Formulate our lesson topic for today. ( “Lakes, swamps, glaciers, groundwater, permafrost”) (slide 1)
Let's remember from the 6th grade course, what is a lake? (student answer options) (slide 2)
The famous Russian poet A. Blok conveyed to us his perception of the lake as follows:
Like a tired woman, it
Spread out below and looking at the sky,
It's foggy and the distance is filled with fog,
And it took away the entire sunset from the sky.
("Over the Lake")
There is no other country in the world with such a number and such variety of lakes as in Russia, 3 million lakes. (Slide 3) They are unevenly distributed throughout the territory of our country. What is this connected with? ( the location of lakes depends on the type of climate, location of impermeable layers, geological structure).
The largest number of lakes is concentrated in the North-West of the Russian Plain, in the lowlands of Central and North-Eastern Siberia, as well as in the south of Western Siberia.
Most of the lakes in Russia are fresh, drainage lakes from which rivers flow, but there are also salty ones, for example, Baskunchak, Elton, Chany, the Caspian Sea-lake. Elton Lake is the largest and most famous salt lake; it is famous for its healing properties. People who came here on crutches returned home after a while, leaving their crutches at the local sanatorium. (slide 4)
As you already said, a lake is a natural depression, and a depression is a basin formed on earth's surface. Let's remember which lakes are distinguished by type of basin.
Tectonic lakes (slide 5)
The Caspian Lake is the largest on Earth; in the past it was connected to the ocean and was a sea. Due to the size and composition of the water it is called the sea. As a result tectonic movements, there was a slow subsidence of large areas earth's crust, That. the basin of the Caspian Lake arose.
The Baikal basin was formed as a result of the subsidence of sections of the earth's crust along a fault. Baikal is the deepest lake in the world (1642 m.)
Glacial lakes(the basins were formed under the influence of the gravity of an ancient glacier) are located in the north-west of the Russian Plain. The largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, and Imandra.
Volcanic lakes are located in the craters of volcanoes on the Kuril Islands, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. During an eruption, such a lake boils away.
Thermokarst lakes(slide 6) are formed in areas with permafrost. In summer, the permafrost thaws, the soils subside, and shallow basins filled with melt water form. There are many such lakes in Yakutia. The most famous is Lake Nedjeli.
Karst lakes are formed if there is a proliferation of water-soluble rocks(limestones, gypsum, dolomites).
Estuary lakes (slide 7)
On the low-lying shores of the Black, Azov and some other seas, estuary lakes are widespread - a product of the interaction of the river and the sea: the river mouth, flooded by the sea, is gradually separated from the sea by a spit, erected between the sea and the river, and turns into an estuary. Estuary lakes are narrow and shallow, and their outlines retain the tortuosity of flooded river valleys.
Oxbow lakes
Floodplain lakes are scattered along the river valleys. These are oxbow lakes - channels left by the river, narrow and long, heavily overgrown with reeds and reeds.
Dammed or dammed lakes
A special group includes dam lakes, or dam lakes, which are formed as a result of landslides in the mountains. cluttering narrow valleys mountain rivers, landslides often create high, strong dams, above which the formation of a lake begins along the river. There are many such lakes in the Caucasus and others mountainous areas countries.
Reservoirs created on large Russian rivers for the accumulation and storage of water for the purpose of its use on the farm. For example, Kamskoye, Kuibyshevskoye, Rybinskoye, Krasnoyarsk, Bratskoye.
Guys, what is the importance of lakes in nature and human life? (slide 8)
Notebook entry:
- Lakes influence the climate by cooling and humidifying the air on the coast in summer.
- Lakes feed rivers.
- Lakes change the topography (creating a bottom and shores, cliffs and terraces, etc.)
- Contributes to the rise of groundwater.
- Fresh lakes are sources of drinking water.
- They fish in the lakes.
- Lakes are transport routes.
- Lakes – wonderful places recreation.
But besides positive aspects, there are also negative ones, for example, the creation of reservoirs leads to the destruction of banks, flooding of forests, agricultural lands, villages, roads (for example, the construction of a whole cascade of reservoirs on the Volga led to the disappearance of many settlements and rendering fields and pastures unusable).
IV. Physical education minute.
And the seagulls are circling over the sea,
Let's fly after them together.
Splashes of foam, sound of the surf,
And above the sea - you and I!
(wave hands)
We are now sailing on the sea
And we frolic in the open space.
Have fun raking
And catch up with the dolphins.
(swimming movements with hands)
Look: seagulls are important
They walk along the sea beach.
(walking in place)
Sit down, children, on the sand,
Let's continue our lesson.
Remember how on physical map Are swamps designated? What places in Russia are the most swampy? ( Western Siberia, North-West of the Russian Plain, South of the Far East).
And now we will listen to a report on the topic “Swamps”. (slide 9)
In addition to rivers, lakes and swamps, inland waters include glaciers, groundwater and permafrost. We'll hear about them following messages prepared by your classmates. (Messages are read out on the topics “Glaciers and permafrost”, “Groundwater”) (slide 10, 11, 12)
V. Consolidation.
Frontal survey:
What types of lake basins are there in our country? Where and why are they located?
Which areas of our country are the most swampy? Why?
What is the significance of groundwater for human life?
In which regions of Russia are glaciers concentrated?
Name the reasons for the formation of permafrost, the areas where it is located, and the impact of permafrost on nature and human activity.
VI. Summing up the lesson.
What new did you learn in class today?
Assessment, marking.
VII. Homework.
(slide 13)
§13; mark on contour maps permafrost boundary, the most large lakes countries; creative task for the strongest students (
Due to the fact that the Australian mainland was isolated from other continents for a long time, here in favorable climate, were formed unique ecosystems with species of plants and animals unique to them. On no continent can you find as many endemics (animals and plants that exist only in a given region) as there are in Australia! Just imagine: out of 12 thousand species, about 9 thousand are endemic! Among flowering plants, 85% are endemic, among mammals - 84%, and coastal fish are almost all unique - 90%! It’s not for nothing that Australia is called a continent-reserve.
Australians are very sensitive to natural resources. In order to protect and preserve the unique wildlife Australia created in the country a large number of protected areas, and 16 natural objects included in the World Heritage List. Australia has also adopted a special document regulating nature conservation - the environment and biological diversity."
About special treatment The coat of arms of Australia, which depicts a kangaroo and an Emu ostrich, supporting a shield depicting the emblems of the states of the country, speaks eloquently to nature. These indigenous animals of Australia became the unofficial emblem of the nation. It is believed that they were also chosen because neither the kangaroo nor the ostrich can move backwards, and therefore they are symbols of progress and moving forward!
Flora of Australia - trees and shrubs
As you already understand, there are many endemic species growing on the continent, each of which deserves special attention.
For example, eucalyptus - this tallest plant in the world is the most common and widespread tree in Australia. If you find yourself in a eucalyptus forest, you will be very surprised at how light it is there! And all because the leaves of this tree turn parallel to the falling rays of the sun. This plant is unique in many of its properties. Firstly, longevity. Eucalyptus can live 300 or 400 years. Secondly, its size: it can reach a height of more than 100 meters. Some specimens even reached 150 meters in height. Thirdly, the speed of growth - biologists give the example of a tree that in 9 years grew 20 meters with a trunk diameter of 1 meter. European trees do not reach such heights even in 50 years. People have learned to use the unique properties of this tree in Australia and all over the world. For example, due to its amazing ability to absorb moisture from the soil (about 300 liters per day, and birch for comparison - 40 liters), it is planted on marshy areas for drying. And then you can build houses on them. Eucalyptus wood is very dense, heavy (sinks in water), does not rot and is therefore used, for example, for sheathing ships and building bridges. Eucalyptus leaves contain 3-5% aromatic essential oil that kills bacteria. This oil is used medicinally for colds, pneumonia, and skin diseases. For all amazing properties eucalyptus local residents They call them “trees of miracles” and “diamonds of forests.”
We often encounter bottles that are unusual for us. tree. In Australia this plant is very
well adapted to heat, drought and lack of water. From a distance it looks like a giant bottle. Moisture accumulates in the trunk and is used up during drought.
Casuarina is another plant most common to Australia. This is a strange-looking tree or shrub with thin, drooping shoots and no leaves. In appearance it resembles horsetail, and in the shape of the crown it is similar to spruce. This is what they call it - the “Christmas tree”. The thin shoots of casuarinas resemble the hair-like fine feathers of cassowaries, large running birds that live near casuarinas. Because of the very durable wood The bright red color of the casuarina is also called the “iron tree”.
Australia is also home to about half (up to 500) of the world's acacia species, which, unlike South African species, are characterized by the absence of thorns and the presence of phyllodes (peculiar petioles) instead of leaves.
The emblem of the state of Western Australia is the kangaroo paw plant, which is also found nowhere else in the world. The bizarre shape of the velvety flower really resembles an animal's paw.
Some interesting plants include caustis (tall grass with twisting stems instead of leaves), kingia (a tree on a very thick stem with a top reminiscent of porcupine spines), evergreen beech, unique fern plants, and sundews.
All these wonders of nature can be seen Botanical Garden city of Melbourne. And the proverb fits them perfectly - it’s better to see once than to hear a hundred times!
Animals of Australia
About animals of australia We can also safely say that almost all of them are unique! Among 200 thousand species, 83% of mammals, 90% of reptiles, insects and fish, and 93% of amphibians are endemic!
The platypus and echidna deserve special attention, they became a real sensation in their time! The following story is known: in 1797, in New South Wales, scientists managed to catch a platypus for the first time. English biologists were so shocked by what they saw that they decided that someone was playing a trick on them by attaching a duck's beak to the animal's body. They were even more amazed when they began to observe the captured animals and found out that the platypus and echidna laid eggs, like ancient mammals, and then fed the hatchlings with milk! And it took almost 100 years to resolve the dispute between scientists about platypuses - only in 1884, at a representative forum in Montreal, it was decided that the platypus is still a mammal, and not a bird.
Very diverse species of marsupials animals in Australia. Currently, of the approximately 250 species existing on the planet, 180 live in Australia. The continent is home to marsupial anteaters, possums, badgers, wombats, which closely resemble marmots, and even marsupial moles and marsupial squirrels.
Of course, for Europeans the most familiar of the marsupials is the kangaroo, which can be seen in almost every zoo. Kangaroos are famous for carrying their young in pouches. And even grown-up kangaroos, in a moment of danger, strive to hide in their mother’s pouch.
The Australian koala bear is also very cute. It vaguely resembles a bear; rather, it is a teddy bear, almost a toy, no more than 80 centimeters tall. Koala lives in trees. The cubs usually sit on the mother's back, clinging to her fur. Sailors have repeatedly tried to take the koala to their home, to another country. But these cute animals always died of hunger: they feed only on eucalyptus shoots. Every day, a koala eats about one kilogram of eucalyptus leaves. The peculiarity of koalas is that they are most active at night - with the onset of darkness they become more active and start eating. We can say that their whole life is spent sleeping and eating.
From unique animals of australia can also be called a kuzu (a nocturnal marsupial that lives in trees), a wombat (something between a bear cub, a mole and a beaver), marsupial devil(the animal lives only in Tasmania), wallabies (a special genus of tree kangaroo), bandicoots, possums (do not confuse these animals with the well-known possums).
Unfortunately, there are also dangerous animals in Australia- crocodiles, poisonous snakes, spiders, ticks.
Very rich undersea world seas surrounding Australia. Among the particularly dangerous representatives are the blue-ringed octopus (ranked among the most poisonous animals in the world) and giant cuttlefish.
Birds of Australia
The world will amaze you with its diversity birds of australia! I would especially like to note the following species - cassowaries, black swans, birds of paradise, kookaburras, crowned pigeons, lyrebirds, bowerbirds and flute crows - each bird is unique and incredibly beautiful in its own way! Australia is home to 55 species of parrots, all of which are very brightly colored.
The semi-deserts of the continent are inhabited by the ostrich Emu, which does not fly. bird of Australia, which lives in large herds, constantly moving in search of food and water. The female Emu lays large green eggs, but the male does the incubation. Ostriches cannot fly, but they can run at speeds of up to 70 kilometers per hour.
Most rare animals and birds of Australia collected in national parks. The most significant of them are National Park Kosciusko (50 km from Canberra) and Great Victoria Desert (in the desert in the center of the country).
Speaking about Australia, it should be recalled that it is a beautiful country that has an ideal ecology, enchanting landscapes and stunning nature. All the superiority of natural contrast will not allow any person to remain indifferent. The continent is located at the lowest elevation above sea level - only 330 meters.
Just like any other corner of the earth, Australia has its own unusual and interesting facts. For example, poisonous spiders, which live in Australia, represent a very small percentage of the danger. Statistics show that since 1979, not a single person has died due to a spider bite, but what if unpleasant meeting However, if it happened, then the bite is not dangerous for a person. An equally scary character in many films is the shark, although in reality it is natural being Far from being a conflicting individual. It has been noted that in Australia, the involvement of sharks in human deaths is two percent.
It is worth mentioning a person known throughout the continent - this is Steve Irwin, a special lover and connoisseur of nature, who was repeatedly close to the most dangerous animals, but, unfortunately, died from a stingray needle. It is also worth mentioning the twenty-centimeter octopus, the bite of which can cause paralysis of all limbs, resulting in death.
If we talk about nature, it is necessary to mention climatic conditions. The weather has specific characteristics, the temperature is changeable, due to ignorance of the scorching sun, tourists get burned. As for rain, precipitation falls no more than 500 mm, which affects the dry continent. Most long river on the continent the Murray (2375 km) with its tributary Darling (1472 km) is considered.
Also in Australia there is the largest coral chain, the length of which is 2300 km, called the Great Barrier Reef. Initially the mainland was small sizes; more than fifty-five million years ago it was part of one continent, Gondwana, and was separated only at the end of the Mesozoic era.
Most high point In Australia, Mount Kosciuszko is considered to be – it reaches a height of 2228 meters. Unique and big trees– eucalyptus. Despite the fact that the continent almost entirely consists of deserts and semi-deserts, this does not prevent moisture-loving eucalyptus trees from growing and replenishing their ranks. Acacia is a magnificent flower, it is found in the same way as bottle trees, only in Australia.
As for the animal world, the country is home to koalas, emus and kangaroos. In terms of the number of sheep in the whole world, it ranks first, there are more than 700 thousand, and, of course, the country also occupies a leading position in wool production. The diversity of flora and fauna boggles the mind of anyone. Mammals live on the mainland - the platypus and echidna, marsupials - opossums, moles, squirrels and others.
The largest marsupial of the carnivorous class is the Tasmanian devil. Also found in Australia frilled lizards(by nature they are adapted to run on hind legs), monitor lizards, reaching a length of approximately two meters, there are also lizards that collect liquid with their skin.
The territory contains only those predators that were brought from the Southeast; we're talking about about dingoes. The single most ferocious predator was considered marsupial wolf, but, unfortunately, this species was exterminated. Birds are not far behind in their beauty and uniqueness; many birds live on the mainland - parrots, emus, cockatoos, ostriches, black swans, little blue penguins and many other charming birds.
As for the protection of plants, animals, birds, in Australia, just like everywhere else, National parks. Every Australian considers it his duty to respect nature and protect it.
