Ways and methods of rational use of mineral resources. Rational use of mineral resources
I recently learned that Atlantic Ocean- the second largest and deepest in the world. And its name comes from the name of the Greek titan Atlas. Then I immediately remembered the legends of Atlantis. And of course, Foggy Albion. After all, England “owes” its rainy climate to the Atlantic cyclone.
Features of the Atlantic climate
When people talk about the climate of the Atlantic, they mean the climate of the entire Atlantic Ocean. And its main feature is that this ocean lies in all climatic zones of our planet.
At the same time, the main part of the Atlantic Ocean is located in warm tropical and equatorial zones. That's why here all year round increased air temperatures(on average +20°C).
For tropical zone The Atlantic is characterized by frequent and heavy precipitation, and there are also strong winds and hurricanes (at speeds of several hundred kilometers per hour).
We must not forget that the Atlantic Ocean also affects the Antarctic latitudes, where the climate is directly opposite to the equatorial one.
Reasons for the climate in the Atlantic
This heterogeneity of climate in the Atlantic can be explained by the already mentioned extent, as well as active circulation air masses, which depend on the following atmospheric centers:
- Icelandic;
- Greenlandic;
- Antarctic minimum and maximum.
And in the subtropics the Azores and South Atlantic anticyclones constantly dominate.
All this leads to uneven cloudiness and increased precipitation in the Atlantic.
Thus, in areas of high and temperate latitudes, cloudiness is 6-8 points, in subtropical areas it is slightly lower (about 4 points), and at the equator it is more than 6 points.
As for precipitation specifically, it is most concentrated at the equator (more than 2000 mm). In the tropics there are slightly fewer of them (from 1000 to 500 mm). In the temperate zones of the Atlantic - from 1500 to 1000 mm. The minimum precipitation falls in cold high latitudes (250-100 mm).
Thus, main feature The climate of the Atlantic can be called its extreme heterogeneity and peculiar instability.
In the article brought to your attention, we want to talk about the types of climate in Russia. Weather conditions always remain the same, despite the fact that they may change and transform slightly. This constancy makes some regions attractive for recreation, while others difficult for survival.
It is important to note that the climate of Russia is unique; this cannot be found in any other country. Of course, this can be explained by the vast expanses of our state and its length. And the unequal location water resources and the variety of terrain only contributes to this. On the territory of Russia you can find both high mountain peaks and plains that lie below sea level.
Climate
Before we look at the types of climate in Russia, we suggest getting acquainted with this term itself.
Thousands of years ago in Ancient Greece people have discovered a connection between the weather, which repeats itself regularly, and the angle of incidence of the Sun's rays on the Earth. At the same time, the word “climate”, meaning slope, was first used. What did the Greeks mean by this? It's very simple: climate is tilt sun rays relative to the earth's surface.
What is meant by climate these days? This term is usually used to refer to the long-term weather regime that prevails in a given area. It is determined through observations over many years. What are the characteristics of the climate? These include:
- temperature;
- amount of precipitation;
- precipitation regime;
- Direction of the wind.
This is, so to speak, the average state of the atmosphere at certain territory, which depends on many factors. What exactly we're talking about, you will find out in the next section of the article.
Factors influencing climate formation
Considering the climatic zones and climate types of Russia, one cannot help but pay attention to the factors that are fundamental to their formation.
Climate-forming factors in Russia:
- geographical position;
- relief;
- large bodies of water;
- solar radiation;
- wind.
What is the main climate-forming factor? Of course, the angle of incidence of the Sun's rays on the Earth's surface. It is this tilt that leads to the fact that different territories receive unequal amounts of heat. It depends on the geographical latitude. That is why it is said that the climate of any area first depends on the geographical latitude.
Imagine this situation: our Earth, or rather its surface, is homogeneous. Let's assume that this is continuous land that consists of plains. If this were so, then our story about climate-forming factors could be completed. But the planet's surface is far from uniform. We can find continents, mountains, oceans, plains, and so on on it. They are the reason for the existence of other factors influencing climate.
Particular attention can be paid to the oceans. What is this connected with? Of course, with the fact that water masses They heat up very quickly and cool down extremely slowly (compared to land). And seas and oceans are a significant part of the surface of our planet.
Speaking about the types of climate in Russia, Special attention Of course, I would like to pay attention to the geographical location of the country, since this factor is fundamental. In addition, both the distribution of solar radiation and air circulation depend on the GP.
We propose to highlight the main features of the geographical location of Russia:
- long distance from north to south;
- availability of access to three oceans;
- simultaneous presence in four climatic zones;
- the presence of territories that are very remote from the oceans.
Types
In this section of the article you can see the table “Types of climates in Russia”. Before this, a short preface. Our country is so large that it stretches for four and a half thousand kilometers from north to south. Most of the area is located in the temperate climate zone (from Kaliningrad region to Kamchatka). However, even in the temperate zone, the influence of the oceans varies. Now let's move on to looking at the table.
Location | t (January) | Precipitation (mm) | Vegetation |
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Arctic | Islands of the Arctic Ocean | From 200 to 400 | Moss, lichen and algae. |
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Subarctic | Russian and West Siberian Plain beyond the Arctic Circle | From 400 to 800 | UVM and AVM | Polar species of willow and birch, as well as lichens. |
||
Temperate continental | European part countries | From 600 to 800 | Larch, maple, ash, spruce, pine, cedar, shrubs, grass, oak, lingonberry, feather grass and so on. |
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Continental | West Side Siberia | From 400 to 600 | Siberian and Daurian larch, honeysuckle, spruce, pine, feather grass, wild rosemary. |
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Sharply continental | East of Siberia | From 200 to 400 | Wormwood, Daurian larch. |
From the table on geography “Types of climates in Russia” presented in this section of the article, it becomes clear how diverse our country is. But the characteristics of the belts are given extremely concisely; we suggest considering each of them in more detail.
Arctic
The first in our table is the Arctic type of weather conditions. Where can he be found? These are zones located near the pole. There are two types of Arctic climate:
- in Antarctica;
- in the Arctic.
As for weather conditions, these territories6 stand out for their harsh nature, which does not imply comfortable living for people in this area. It is observed here all year subzero temperature, and the polar summer occurs for only a few weeks or is absent altogether. The temperature at this moment does not exceed ten degrees Celsius. There is very little precipitation in these areas. Based on these weather conditions, arctic belt very little vegetation is observed.
Moderate
When considering the types of climate in Russia, one should not lose sight of temperate zone, since these are the most common weather on the territory of our country.
What characterizes the temperate climate zone? First of all, this is the division of the year into four seasons. As you know, two of them are transitional - spring and autumn, in these areas it is warm in summer and cold in winter.
Another feature is periodic cloudiness. The precipitation here is quite common occurrence, they are formed under the influence of cyclones and anticyclones. There is one interesting pattern: the closer the area is to the ocean, the more noticeable this impact is.
It is also important to note that most of of our country is located precisely in temperate climate. In addition, such weather conditions are characteristic of the United States and large parts of Europe.
Subpolar
Speaking about the characteristics of climate types in Russia, we cannot ignore the intermediate option. For example, anyone can determine the climate in the Arctic, but what can you say about the tundra? Find it difficult to answer? It is important to note that this territory simultaneously combines temperate and polar climate. For this reason, scientists have identified intermediate climate zones.
Now we're talking about northern Russia. There is very poor evaporation here, but incredibly high level precipitation. All this leads to the emergence of swamps. Quite severe weather conditions: short summer With maximum temperature fifteen degrees above zero, long and Cold winter(up to -45 degrees Celsius).
Nautical
Though this type and is not included in the main climate types of Russia, I would like to pay a little attention to it. Here you can make some small distinctions:
- moderate;
- tropical.
These types of marine climates have similarities, despite the fact that there are a number of impressive differences. As is already clear from the name, maritime climate typical for coastal areas. Here you can observe a very smooth transition of seasons, minimal temperature fluctuations. Its characteristic features:
- strong wind;
- high clouds;
- constant humidity.
Continental
Among the types of climate in Russia, it is worth highlighting the continental one. It can be divided into several types:
- moderate;
- cutting;
- ordinary.
Most shining example - central part Russia. Among the climate features are the following:
- sunny weather;
- anticyclones;
- strong temperature fluctuations (daily and annual);
- quick change from winter to summer.
As can be seen from the table, these regions are rich in vegetation, and the temperature varies greatly depending on the time of year.
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