Journalistic style uses words like this. What is a journalistic style of speech - this is a special way of expressing thoughts
Journalism is called the chronicle of modern times, since it fully reflects current history, addresses the topical problems of society - political, social, cultural, everyday, philosophical, etc. Newspaper-journalistic (journalistic) style speeches are presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in materials of radio and television journalism, in public lectures, in the speeches of speakers in parliament, at congresses, plenums, meetings, rallies, etc.
Texts belonging to this style are distinguished by a variety of topics and linguistic design. On the one hand, the same genre, for example, the reporting genre, will be significantly different in a newspaper, on radio and on television. But, on the other hand, a newspaper report differs significantly from other newspaper genres - information, essay, feuilleton, etc.
However, all genres of journalism have many common features that allow them to be combined into a single whole. And these common features due to their presence general function. Texts of journalistic style are always addressed to the masses and always perform - along with information - an influencing function. The nature of the impact can be direct and open. For example, at a rally, speakers openly call on the masses to support or reject this or that decision of the government, this or that speaker, politician, etc.
The nature of the impact may be different, as if hidden behind the outwardly objective presentation of facts (cf. radio and television news programs). However, the very selection of facts, their more or less detailed consideration, the nature of the presentation of the material also provide for a certain impact on the masses. By its very nature, journalism is called upon to actively intervene in life and shape public opinion.
A characteristic feature of journalism is also that it influences not just one person, but the masses, society as a whole and its individual social groups. In the journalistic style, the author's individuality is manifested much more strongly than in the scientific, official and business styles. However, in this case, the author manifests himself not only as a specific person (with his own unique characteristics), but also as a representative of society, an exponent of certain social ideas, interests, etc.
Therefore, the main feature, the dominant feature of the journalistic style is social evaluation, which is manifested both in the selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, and in the use of expressive language means.
In general, the journalistic style is characterized by a constant alternation of expression and standard, the constant transformation of expressive means into a standard and the search for new expressive means of expression.
For example, metaphors cold war, iron curtain, perestroika, stagnation, thaw almost immediately turned into socio-political, standardly used terms.
Such confrontation and interaction between expression and standard is quite natural. The influencing function determines the constant desire of journalism for expression, but the need for expressive and visual means conflicts with the need to quickly respond to all modern events. Standards, being ready-made speech forms, are correlated with certain socio-political and other situations. And a text constructed in a familiar, standard form is easier to write and easier to digest. It is no coincidence that such stereotypes are most often found in those genres that require an economical and concise form and that are operatively related to the event itself: an official message, information, a press review, a report on the work of parliament, government, etc. In other genres (essay, feuilleton, etc.) there are fewer speech standards, original expressive techniques come to the fore, and speech is individualized.
The standard informative means used in the journalistic style include the following:
Language means | Examples |
---|---|
Socio-political vocabulary. | Society, citizen, patriotism, reform, democracy, parliament, debate. |
Terminology of science, production and other social means. | As the Institute's specialists say terrestrial magnetism Russian Academy, main flow of solar matter passed away from the Earth... At the beginning of the century there was a peak of eleven years solar activity cycle. The number of requests for medical help by those suffering from illnesses has doubled in 6 days of cardio-vascular system. |
Book vocabulary of abstract meaning. | Intensify, constructive, priority. |
Proper names. | Next meeting big eight it was decided to hold Canada. After talk of a possible resignation, the Italian coach "Spartak" gave his club the best match of the season. The president V.V. Putin addressed the forum participants. |
Abbreviations, that is, compound words. | UNESCO, CIS, UN. |
Newspaper cliches, that is, stable phrases and whole sentences. | Difficult political situation; reserves for increasing efficiency; reach design capacity. |
Polynomial phrases. | Together with the delegation she went to the DPRK working group to prepare proposals for the modernization of Korean roads. |
Complete sentences with direct word order. | Yesterday, Minister of Railways N. Aksyonenko, at the head of the delegation of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation, flew to Pyongyang. |
Complex and complicated sentences with participial and participial phrases, plug-in structures and so on. | It is expected that during the ministerial meeting a number of issues related to connecting the Trans-Korean Railway with the Trans-Siberian Railway will be resolved. |
Among the expressive-influencing means, it is necessary to highlight the following:
Language means | Examples |
---|---|
Language level: Vocabulary and phraseology | |
Vocabulary of various stylistic colors. | Puncture a politician inexperienced in intrigue; to one of the regional police departments of Khabarovsk the man rammed cannon; The Pentagon watches with impotent despair as Chinese experts gutted top secret plane; fire up the state machine is not for weak. |
Newspaperisms, that is, units that are widely used in this area and almost uncommon in other areas. | Achievements, steady, initiative, machinations, curbing, atrocities, military, outrages, unanimously, unity. |
Tropes, that is, figures of speech in which a word or expression is used figuratively in order to achieve greater expressiveness. | |
a) Metaphor, that is, the use of a word in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena. | Election marathon; political farce; reserve of racism; political solitaire. |
b) Metonymy, that is, the use of the name of one object instead of the name of another object on the basis of an external or internal connection (contiguity) between these objects or phenomena. | Gold(meaning “gold medals”) went to our athletes. London(meaning “the government, the ruling circles of Great Britain”) agreed to participate in the military operation together with Washington(meaning “government, ruling circles of the USA”). |
c) Synecdoche, that is, a type of metonymy in which the name of a part (detail) of an object is transferred to the entire object, and vice versa - the name of the whole is used instead of the name of the part. In this case, the singular is often used instead of the plural and vice versa. | The presentation was dominated by crimson jackets(instead - wealthy people, conventionally called now new Russians). Protection(instead - the defender) demands the complete acquittal of Rokhlin's widow. Even the most discerning buyer you will find something you like here. |
d) Epithet, that is, an artistic, figurative definition. | Dirty war; gangster prices; barbaric methods. |
e) Comparison, that is, a trope consisting in likening one object to another based on a common feature. | snow dust pillar stood in the air. It was noticeable that the “best teacher in Russia” was worried when he went on stage like a first grader. |
f) Periphrasis, that is, a trope consisting of replacing the name of a person, object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their characteristic features. | Foggy Albion (England); king of beasts (lion); creator of Macbeth (Shakespeare); singer of Gyaur and Juan (Byron). |
g) Allegory, that is, an allegorical depiction of an abstract concept using a concrete, life-like image. | Such a quality of a person as cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - in the form of a wolf, deceit - in the form of a snake, etc. |
h) Hyperbole, that is, a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, meaning of an object or phenomenon. | Wide as the sea, highway; officials robbed poor tenants to the skin; ready strangle in arms. |
i) Litotes, that is, a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, and significance of the described object or phenomenon. | Below a thin blade of grass you have to bow your head. Such injections into our economy - a drop in the sea. |
j) Personification, that is, endowing inanimate objects with the signs and properties of a person. | The ice track awaits future champions. Terrifying poverty tightly grabbed it V African country. No wonder slander and hypocrisy all life hugging each other. |
A cliché of an expressive-impacting nature. | People good will; with a sense of legitimate pride; with deep satisfaction; enhance martial traditions; policy of aggression and provocation; pirate course, the role of the world gendarme. |
Phraseologisms, proverbs, sayings, winged words, including those changed. | Washington still exhibits the habit rake in the heat with someone else's hands. This faction is no stranger sing from someone else's voice. The restoration of Lensk proved that we have not yet forgotten how work with a twinkle. Lennon lived, Lennon is alive, Lennon will live! |
Language level: Morphology | |
Emphasized role of collectiveness (use of the singular in the meaning of the plural, pronouns every, every, adverb always, never, everywhere and etc.). | How to help to the farmer? This land is abundantly watered with the blood of our fathers and grandfathers. Every a person has thought about this question at least once in his life. Never The world has never seemed so small and fragile. |
Superlative forms as an expression of expression, the highest assessment. | The most decisive measures, the highest achievements, the strictest prohibition. |
Imperative (incentive) forms as an expression of agitation and sloganism (imperative mood, infinitive, etc.). | Summon slanderers to answer! Be worthy in memory of the fallen! Everyone - to fight the flood! |
Expressive use of present tense forms when describing past events: the author seeks to present himself and the reader as participants in these events. | Now I often I'm asking myself, what made me in life? AND I answer- Far East. There are different concepts about everything, and there are different relationships between people. For example, in Vladivostok comes whaling flotilla "Slava". The whole city buzzing. Collects the boss of all the sailors and says: “If you, scoundrel, come tomorrow and say that you were robbed, then it’s better not to come.” In the morning someone is, of course, robbed, and blames... |
Language level: Expressive syntax and rhetorical figures * | |
Antithesis, that is, a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images. | The rich feast on weekdays, but the poor grieve even on holidays. |
Gradation, that is, such a construction of parts of a statement in which each subsequent part contains an increasing (or decreasing) semantic or emotionally expressive meaning. | Our officials have long forgotten that they are obliged take care people's good, save, increase, fight for every penny! |
Inversion, that is, the arrangement of the members of a sentence in a special order, violating the usual (direct) word order. | With joy this message was received. Don't leave terrorists from retribution. |
Parallelism, that is, the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech, including such types of parallelism as anaphora, that is, repetition of the same elements at the beginning of each parallel series, and epiphora, that is, repetition of the last elements at the end of each series. | Every day a pensioner came to the district administration. Every day the pensioner was not accepted. The plant was not working on Monday - shared received for a new order money. Didn't work on Tuesday either - divided the money. And now, a month later, there’s no time for work either - divide money not yet earned! |
Mixing syntactic structures(incompleteness of the phrase, the end of the sentence is given in a different syntactic plan than the beginning, etc.). | Our experiment showed that Russian “wild geese” are ready to fight for either the Americans or the Taliban. If only they paid... A banknote was confiscated from a citizen detained in Kazan, which was 83 times higher than the norm. Do terrorists really have such “weapons of mass destruction”? |
Connection structures, that is, those in which phrases do not immediately fit into one semantic plane, but form a chain of attachment. | I recognize the role of the individual in history. Especially if it's the president. Especially the President of Russia. We did everything ourselves. And what didn’t they come up with! It’s worse when they don’t notice the person behind the clothes. It's worse when they offend you. They are being insulted undeservedly. |
A rhetorical question, that is, the affirmation or denial of something in the form of a question, a rhetorical exclamation, a rhetorical appeal, as well as a question-and-answer presentation of material as an imitation of dialogue; introduction to the text of direct speech. | So we won’t hear the truth from our valiant naval commanders? Get a blue outfit, inspector! Yesterday, the Minister of Internal Affairs signed a report from the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate on the introduction of a new uniform for its employees in Russia. A wall along the equator? Easily! |
Nominative representations, that is, isolated Nominative case, which names the topic of the subsequent phrase and is intended to arouse special interest in the subject of the statement. | September 11, 2001. This day became a dark day in the life of the entire planet. |
Ellipsis, that is, the deliberate omission of any member of the sentence, which is implied from the context. | Your letters contain the truth of life. Russia is in the final of the 2002 World Cup! |
Polyunion or, on the contrary, non-union in complex and complicated sentences. | The team was shaken up more than once. And the coaches were changed. And the center was transferred to the right flank. And the defense was dispersed. If you're afraid of wolves, don't go into the forest. |
Of course, the use of standard and expressive language in a journalistic style largely depends on the genre, on the sense of proportion, taste and talent of the publicist.
TOPIC 5.PUBLICIST SPEECH STYLE
§ 1. Journalistic style of speech (general characteristics)
In Latin there is a verb publicare- “make it a common property, open it to everyone” or “explain publicly, make it public.” The origin of the word is connected with it journalism. Journalism- this is a special type of literary work that highlights and explains current issues of socio-political life and raises moral problems.
The subject of journalism is life in society, economics, ecology - everything that concerns everyone.
Journalistic style used in the socio-political sphere of activity. This is the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, commentaries on documentaries, language of speeches at meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. Journalistic style is speech activity in the field of politics in all the diversity of its meanings. The main means of journalistic style are designed not only for message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).
Characteristic features of journalistic works are the relevance of the issue, political passion and imagery, sharpness and vividness of presentation. They are determined by the social purpose of journalism - by reporting facts, forming public opinion, and actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person.
Journalistic style is represented by many genres:
1. newspaper– essay, article, feuilleton, report;
2. television– analytical program, information message, live dialogue;
3. oratorical– speech at a rally, toast, debate;
4. communicative– press conference, “no tie” meeting, teleconferences;
§ 2. Functions of journalistic style
One of the important features of the journalistic style is the combination within its framework of two functions of language: message functions(informative) and impact functions(expressive).
Message function is that the authors of journalistic texts inform a wide range of readers, viewers, and listeners about issues that are significant to society.
The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in the journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, its sources and recipients.
Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of the environment, about the everyday life of citizens.
The way of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, and sentiments of the authors, and contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information. Another difference in the provision of information is due to the fact that the publicist strives to write selectively - first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups, he highlights only those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience. Informing citizens about the state of affairs in society impact functions significant areas
is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style -
§ 3. .
The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior.
Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position). In various journalistic genres, one of the two named functions can act as the leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not displace the information function: the promotion of ideas useful to society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience. Linguistic features of journalistic style of speech Lexical features 1. In the journalistic style there are always ready-made standard formulas (or speech cliches), which are not of an individual authorial, but of a social nature: warm support,
lively response, sharp criticism, bringing basic order sharks of imperialism, growing pains, servants of the people, enemy of the people. On the contrary, they were newfangled for the official press of the late 90s. became words and expressions: elite, struggle of elites, elite of the criminal world, top financial elite, promote, virtual, image, iconic figure, power pie, child of stagnation, wooden ruble, injection of lies.
Numerous examples speech clichés included in the so-called journalistic phraseology, which allows you to quickly and accurately provide information: peaceful offensive, the power of dictatorship, ways of progress, security issue, package of proposals.
2. The relationship between the sender and the addressee in a journalistic style is similar to the relationship between an actor and the audience. "Theatrical" vocabulary – the second striking feature of the journalistic style. It permeates all journalistic texts: political , showon political , arena behind the scenesstruggle, roleleader, dramaticevents famous in politics trick, nightmare scenario
3. and etc. Characteristic feature journalistic style is emotional and evaluative vocabulary. This assessment is not individual, but social in nature. For example, words with a positive rating: asset, mercy, thoughts, dare, prosperity;
words with a negative rating: instill, philistine, sabotage, racism, impersonality., 4. In the journalistic style, a special place belongs to book layers of vocabulary that have a solemn, civil-pathetic, rhetorical coloring: dare, erect, self-sacrifice army, fatherland.
The use of Old Church Slavonicisms also gives the text a pathetic tone: accomplishments, power, guardian etc.
5. Texts of journalistic style often contain military terminology: guard, height assault, front line, line of fire, direct fire, strategy, mobilization of reserves. But it is used, naturally, not in its direct meaning, but figuratively (in texts with these words we can talk, for example, about harvesting, commissioning new production facilities, etc.). 6. Passive words may be used as an evaluative means in journalism. vocabulary . – archaisms. For example: Dollar and his.
healers
Military profits grow
Morphological characteristics TO morphological characteristics; journalistic style we refer to the frequent use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech. This: 1) singular number of a noun in the plural meaning: student ;
2) genitive case of a noun: timechange , plastic bagproposals , reformprices , exit fromcrisis and etc.;
3) imperative verb forms: Stay with us on channel one!
4) present tense of the verb: in Moscowopens , April 3begins ;
5) participles on - washed:driven, weightless, attracted;
6) derived prepositions: in the area, on the way, on the basis, in the name of, in the light, in the interests of, taking into account.
Syntactic features
The syntactic features of a journalistic style include frequently repeated, as well as types of sentences (syntactic constructions) that are specific in nature. Among them:
1) rhetorical questions: Will the Russian man survive? Do Russians want war?
2) exclamatory sentences: Everyone's off to the polls!
3) sentences with modified reverse order: The army is at war with nature(cf.: The army is at war with nature).The exception was mining industry enterprises(compare: Enterprises were an exception);
4) headings of articles and essays that perform an advertising function: Small troubles large fleet. Winter is a hot season.
Headlines often use a specific language device – " connection of the incompatible." It makes it possible, using minimal linguistic means, to reveal the internal inconsistency of an object or phenomenon: a toiling parasite, repeated uniqueness, gloomy gaiety, eloquent silence.
Questions and tasks
1. Where is the journalistic style of speech used?
2. Name the genres of journalism.
3. Tell us about the functions of the journalistic style (informative and expressive).
4. What are the linguistic features of the journalistic style of speech (lexical, morphological, syntactic)?
5. What technique do journalists use in the headlines of articles and essays?
Structural and logical diagram of "Genres of journalistic style of speech"
Journalistic style also called newspaper and journalistic, because journalistic works are published primarily in newspapers and magazines addressed to the mass reader. In addition, this style is presented in journalistic speeches on radio, television, and in public speeches. politicians at rallies, congresses, meetings (in the latter case - orally). Journalism has been called the “chronicle of modernity” because it covers the most important issues societies: political, social, everyday, philosophical, economic, moral and ethical. She is occupied with issues of education, culture, art, etc. In short, the topics of journalism, as well as its genre diversity, are unlimited. The living history of our time is reflected in different genres: information(note, report, report, interview, chronicle, review), analytical(article, correspondence, commentary, review, review), artistic and journalistic(essay, feuilleton, pamphlet).
The journalistic style combines two essential functions language - informational And influencing. A journalist is not an indifferent recorder of events, but an active participant in them, selflessly defending his beliefs. Journalism is called upon to actively intervene in what is happening, create public opinion, persuade, and agitate. This determines such important style-forming features of the journalistic style as evaluativeness, passion, and emotionality. The issues that journalists raise concern millions of people (state economic policy, ethnic conflicts, human rights, etc.). It is impossible to write about them in bookish, dry language, since “the function of influence, which is most important for the journalistic style, determines the urgent need of journalism for evaluative means of expression. And journalism takes from the literary language almost all means that have the property of evaluativeness.”
Information function journalistic style determines its other style-forming features: accuracy, logic, formality, standardization. In the conditions of urgent preparation of newspaper publications in the wake of events in which interest is especially acute, journalists use well-known journalistic techniques, frequent linguistic means, and stable speech patterns (clichés). This determines the standardization of the language of the newspaper, and as scientists note, it is standardized speech that ensures speed in preparing information. Appeal to language standards not only saves the reporter’s efforts, helping him quickly respond to events, but also makes it easier for readers to understand new information: Looking through a publication, you can easily grasp its main meaning if it is presented in simple, familiar terms. So the combination expression And standard- the most important feature of journalistic style.
Since works of a journalistic nature are addressed to a wide range of readers, the main criterion for selecting linguistic means is accessibility. Publicists should not use highly specialized terms, dialectal, slang words, or foreign language vocabulary that are incomprehensible to readers; complicated syntactic structures; abstract imagery. At the same time, the journalistic style is not closed, but open system linguistic means, which allows journalists to address elements of other functional styles and, depending on the content of the publication, use a variety of vocabulary, including non-literary words and expressions necessary for a reliable depiction of events and their characters.
Of great importance in journalistic works is author's styleь is the writing style characteristic of a particular journalist. In the newspaper-journalistic style, the narration is always conducted in the first person; Journalism is characterized by the coincidence of the author and the narrator, who directly addresses the reader with his thoughts, feelings, and assessments. This is the power of journalism.
At the same time, in each specific work, the journalist creates an image of the author, through which he expresses his attitude to reality. As a compositional speech category author's image can change its features in relation to the genre. Thus, in a review, a journalist speaks on behalf of a team, organization, party, constructing a collective image of the narrator; in the essay, the image of the author acquires individual features; in a feuilleton or pamphlet he appears as a conventionally ironic, irreconcilable, critical narrator. But regardless of the genre, the author’s position coincides with the views and assessments of a real journalist presenting to readers the material he has obtained.
Vocabulary journalistic style is distinguished by thematic diversity and stylistic richness. Commonly used, neutral book and colloquial vocabulary and phraseology are widely represented. The choice of verbal material is determined by the topic. For example, when discussing socio-political problems the words are used convention, privatization, marketing, management, stock exchange, business, democracy, populism, politicking etc. When solving issues of everyday life, other words are used: pension, salary, inflation, consumer basket, unemployment, standard of living, birth rate and so on.
Against a general neutral background, they attract attention evaluative lexical and phraseological facilities. Here you can find not only colloquial ( grabbing, party, cool, wave, cash cow, raking hands, Uncle Sam), but also book words and expressions ( power, Fatherland, triumph, mission, accomplish, bring down, shock therapy, Babylonian pandemonium, Solomon's decision and etc.). Publicists often use terms in figurative meaning (epidemic of chatter, virus of extremism, round of negotiations, political farce, election marathon, parody of democracy, home stretch etc.), which, however, does not exclude their use in the exact meaning in the appropriate context.
The journalistic style is open to the use of international political vocabulary, the expansion of the range of which is especially characteristic of recent times ( parliament, electorate, inauguration, speaker, impeachment, department, municipality, legitimate, consensus, rating, exclusive, corruption, presentation and etc.). The dictionary of scientific terminology is also expanding, quickly going beyond the scope of highly specialized use ( Internet, printer, virtual world, stagnation, default, holding, investment, dealer, sponsor and etc.). The journalistic style instantly assimilates new concepts and corresponding words and phrases that reflect social and political processes in the country and the world ( financial recovery, alternative elections, economic space, double standards, balance of interests, multipolar world, policy of dialogue, civil society etc.). Unusual combinations are fixed in which evaluative adjectives characterize social and political processes ( velvet, orange revolution, hybrid war, fragile truce, green party).
The journalistic style is characterized by a combination of words that are contrasting in stylistic coloring: it uses bookish and colloquial vocabulary, high and low. The use of diverse vocabulary and phraseology depends on the genre and should be subject to the principle of aesthetic expediency. If, for example, in a feuilleton it is possible to use vernacular language and mix styles to achieve a comic sound, then in information genres such a variety of linguistic means is not justified.
Use in a journalistic style deserves special attention. speech standards, clichés. These, in particular, include expressions that have become stable: vulnerable segments of the population, public sector workers, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of government, informed sources; phrases like household service (employment, nutrition, health, recreation etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists.
It is necessary to distinguish from speech standards established in the journalistic style speech stamps– template figures of speech that have a clerical overtone: at this stage, in this period of time, today, emphasized with all acuteness and so on. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog up the sentences. For example, in the following newspaper texts, excluding the highlighted expressions will not change anything in terms of information:
In this period of time a difficult situation has arisen with the liquidation of debt by supplier enterprises; Currently the payment of wages to miners was taken under control; At this stage The spawning of the crucian carp is proceeding normally...
Word formation in the journalistic style it is distinguished by greater activity of word production in comparison with other styles through suffixes of foreign language origin. For example, to reflect new socially significant processes in reality, nouns in -ization with the meaning “endowment with certain properties of what denotes basic foundation": Americanization, computerization, autonomization, regionalization and others. At the beginning of the 21st century. Nominations formed using foreign language suffixes remain productive in the journalistic style -ism, -ing: populism, infantilism, extremism, chauvinism, briefing, leasing, rating, surfing, engineering and etc.
As for the use of prefix (or prefixoid) derivatives, word-formation models with prefixes and prefixoids are relevant in modern journalism anti-, quasi-, counter-, false-, inter-, under-, pseudo-, For example: anti-constitutional, anti-market, anti-social, quasi-authority, quasi-specialist, counter-march, counter-conception, pseudo-entrepreneur, pseudo-academicism, interethnic, inter-factional, underutilization, under-market, incompleteness, pseudo-democracy, pseudo-parliamentarism, pseudo-patriotism, pseudo-centrist.
The names of individuals (for example, politicians, businessmen) are often used as producing bases in journalism: Yeltsinism, Yeltsinsky, Putinsky, pro-Putinsky, Zyuganovite, Zhirinovite, Zhirinovism, Chubaisovsky – anti-Chubais and etc.
Morphological structure journalistic speech also has its own specifics. Giving preference to book inflections, journalists often use colloquial endings, achieving a relaxed, confidential sound of speech. This is especially typical for artistic and journalistic genres, where colloquial endings ( in the workshop, tractor) can contribute to the individualization of the speech of characters in essays.
In analytical genres, attention is drawn to the frequent use of the most abstract and generalized linguistic units. Singular nouns here usually receive a collective meaning ( reader, student, pensioner, voter). Personal pronouns are rarely used I, mine; are used instead we, our in a generalized sense. For the verb, the preference for present tense forms is indicative ( Militants are trained abroad," Even infants are kidnapped). In artistic and journalistic genres, on the contrary, the use of the most specific linguistic units in meaning is increasing, including pronouns and verbs in the 1st person singular form ( I asked; My interlocutor answers immediately, I will never forget those eyes). Here verbs realize all their variety of tense forms and meanings.
Syntax journalistic works It is distinguished by the correctness and clarity of sentence construction, simplicity and clarity of constructions. Monologue speech (mainly in analytical genres), dialogue (for example, in interviews), and direct speech are used. Journalists skillfully use various syntactic techniques of expression: unusual word order (inversion), rhetorical questions, appeals, incentive and exclamatory sentences. All types are presented in the journalistic style one-part sentences: nominative, definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal ( Spring; Provinces; Off-road; I hasten to congratulate you; We are told; You will forgive when you understand; The note says).
An important style-forming function is performed by unusual in syntactic design headers And beginnings texts that also receive an advertising function: it largely depends on them whether the reader will read the publication or not pay attention to it. In headings and openings, the novelty of the expression is activated. In particular, they use those types of phrases and syntactic structures that are not used in other styles, cf.: Find reserves!; Student; what is he!; Which desk does the student sit at!; Teach discipline! (headings); Caucasus! Who, having heard this word, did not try to imagine...?; Is it possible to plan the past!.,(beginnings).
As we see, the originality of the journalistic style is most clearly and multifacetedly expressed precisely in the expressive means of all levels of the language system.
- Solganik G. Ya. Russian language: grades 10–11. M., 1996. P. 218.
- For more details see: Kostomarov V. G. Russian language on a newspaper page. M., 1971.
- Cm.: Zemskaya E. A. Active processes of modern word production // Russian language of the late 20th century (1985–1995). M., 1996. pp. 90–142.
Journalistic style and its features
Introduction
journalistic style speech informational
The purpose of this work is to study the journalistic style of speech and its features.
Objectives: consider the general specifics of the journalistic style; determine its main functions; study various substyles related to the journalistic style and, finally, reveal the linguistic features of this style of speech.
Journalism is closely woven into the life of any modern society, which is difficult to imagine without funds mass media(media), advertising, political appeals and speeches. In addition, it is journalistic texts that are an indicator of the linguistic culture of the entire society as a whole.
Let us consider below the features of the journalistic style of speech.
General specifics
The linguistic features of each style are determined by the tasks facing the author of the text. Journalism describes socially significant events: everyday, sports, cultural, economic, political. These events affect the interests of a large audience - and therefore the addressee journalistic text is massive.
The goal of the author of a journalistic text is to convey to the reader, viewer, listener certain information and evaluate it, convince the addressee that you are right. The combination of informative and evaluative plans in a journalistic style of speech leads to the use of both neutral and extremely expressive language means. The presence of terms, logical presentation and the presence of words neutral in stylistic connotation bring the journalistic style closer to the scientific and official business style. At the same time, significant linguistic expression makes the journalistic text original and less standardized.
In journalism, it is imperative to take into account who exactly the addressee is in each specific case. Based on this, the author builds his text in accordance with the age, gender, social status, and life interests of the reader.
Functions
There are two functions of journalistic style: informationalAnd influencing.
The information function in a journalistic text is reduced to transmitting certain information and facts to the addressee. At the same time, this information and facts are used only when they are of public interest and do not contradict the beliefs expressed by the author of the text.
Journalism is called upon to actively intervene in social life, form public opinion. And therefore its influencing function is very important. The author of a journalistic text is not an indifferent recorder of events, but an active participant and commentator. Its goal is to convince the addressee that he is right, to influence the reader, to instill in him certain ideas. The author's position is direct and open.
The functions of journalistic style are closely and inseparably linked.
Substyles
The journalistic style is complex and branched, characterized by numerous transitional influences. In this regard, there are three main substyles: political-ideological, political and propagandaAnd strictly journalistic. Each substyle is divided into varieties depending on genre and other features. The genre differences here are very noticeable.
The political-ideological substyle is represented by party documents and is characterized by the greatest formality and low expression of the text. This substyle is quite close to the official business style. During the USSR it was more common than in modern Russia.
Appeals, proclamations, orders belong to the political propaganda substyle. In this substyle, the most significant is the influencing function. Political propaganda texts are primarily aimed at the adult politically active population of the country.
The most common is the actual journalistic (newspaper-journalistic) substyle. Therefore, let's look at it in more detail.
The newspaper and journalistic substyle is developing very quickly, dynamically reflecting the social and cultural state of society. Over the past fifty years he has undergone significant changes in terms of reducing declarativeness and expanding the content and language range.
This substyle is most closely connected with the everyday life of society and, accordingly, is subject to influence conversational style. At the same time, the sphere of interpersonal communication of a modern person covers topics of science, production, sports, and social activities. As a result, in the journalistic substyle itself, transitional, inter-style influences are most noticeable. Combination of elements different styles leads simultaneously to partial neutralization and to the preservation of the original stylistic coloring. The language of the newspaper is close to the everyday speech of many modern people, but is more expressive and colorful. Within the newspaper-journalistic substyle, a unique stylistic reorientation of linguistic resources takes place. Some newspaper vocabulary becomes commonly used and undergoes general linguistic adaptation. At the same time, many speech units came to the newspaper from scientific, professional, colloquial speech and over time begin to be perceived by the prevailing part of the audience as “newspaperisms” (for example, “labor productivity”, “cost reduction”, “red corner”, etc.) .
As a result, a new stylistic integrity is formed, which can be conditionally called social and everyday. It constitutes the main semi-neutral background of the newspaper-journalistic substyle and is the link between the language of the media and the language of the sphere of interpersonal communication.
In the journalistic subgenre itself, four types of genres are distinguished: informational, analytical, artistic and journalistic, advertising. TO information genres include a report, interview, information article; for analytical ones - commentary, review, analytical article; to artistic and journalistic - sketch, essay, feuilleton, sketch; Advertising uses elements from almost all genres.
Language features
Among linguistic features There are three groups of journalistic style: lexical, morphologicalAnd syntacticpeculiarities. Let's start by looking at the first group.
Lexical features
In journalistic texts, elements of all functional styles and even non-literary forms of the Russian language, including jargon, are used. At the same time, the colorfulness and expression of the journalistic style is due to the use of:
· speech standards, clichés (“employment service”, “law enforcement agencies”);
· typical newspaper phrases (“to reach the forefront”, “beacons of production”). They are not used in other styles;
· scientific terminology that goes beyond the scope of highly specialized use (“virtual world”, “default”, “investment”);
· socially charged synonyms (“gang of hired killers”);
· unusual lexical compatibility(“preacher of the whip”, “apostle of ignorance”);
· words reflecting social and political processes in society (“policy of dialogue”, “balance of interests”);
· new words and expressions (“detente”, “consensus”, “cold war”);
· socio-political vocabulary and phraseology (“society”, “freedom”, “glasnost”, “privatization”);
· stylistically lowered words with a negative assessment (“pirate course”, “policy of aggression and provocation”);
· speech cliches that have a clerical connotation and arose under the influence of the official business style (“at this stage”, “today”, “at this period of time”);
· colloquial words and expressions (“quiet and quiet”, “horde”).
Morphological features of the journalistic style are characterized by the use of:
· difficult words(“mutually beneficial”, “good neighborly”, “CIS”, “OMON”);
· international word-forming suffixes (-tsia, -ra, -ism, -ant) and foreign language prefixes (archi-, anti-, hyper-, dez-, post-, counter);
· individual types abstract nouns with the suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (“cooperation”, “condemnation”, “intransigence”);
· formations with Russian and Old Slavonic prefixes naming socio-political concepts (“universal”, “super-powerful”, “inter-party”);
· words with emotionally expressive affixes -schina, -ichat, ultra- (“to put on airs”, “everyday life”, “ultra-left”);
· substantivization of adjectives and participles (adjectives and participles as nouns).
· correctness and clarity of sentence construction, their simplicity and clarity;
· use of all types of one-part sentences;
· syntactic techniques of expression (inversion, rhetorical questions, appeals, imperative and exclamatory sentences);
· monologue speech, dialogue, direct speech.
Techniques used
Among the various linguistic features of the journalistic style, it is necessary to consider the following.
Journalistic stamps. Journalistic cliches have a dual nature. On the one hand, these are stable phrases close to official business clichés (“to wonder,” “to treat with distrust,” “to open up bright prospects,” “to become a bright event”). Many of them are paraphrases; one-word neutral synonyms can be selected for them (“to have an intention” - “to intend”, “to want”; “to treat with distrust” - “not to trust”). On the other hand, journalistic texts use clichés that are expressive: “wagging a finger,” “biting one’s elbows,” “blinking one’s eyes.” Most of these phraseological units are of an oral nature; they appear in texts along with colloquial vocabulary.
The combination of neutral and expressive clichés is especially characteristic of polemical and evaluative texts.
Language game- intentional violation of norms of speech behavior that causes laughter. The psychological basis of the language game is the effect of disappointed expectations: the reader expects that one thing will be written in accordance with the norms of the language, but reads something completely different.
The language game uses means different levels- from phonetics and graphics to syntax:
"Chrome Temple Science?" - the sound similarity of words is played out;
“Utop-model” - a non-existent word is formed;
"Dangerous equipment" - "destroyed" set phrase.
Precedent texts. Such texts include titles of social events, names or texts that speakers reproduce in their speech. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols of certain standard situations (for example, speaking names).
The source of precedent texts are “ancient” works (the Bible, ancient Russian texts), oral folk art, original works of art, etc.
Appeal to the addressee. A means of helping the author of a journalistic text to convince the reader that he is right is an appeal to the addressee - an appeal to the reader that has a special, confidential character.
The means of appeal can be a question to which the author provides an answer, as well as a rhetorical question.
The author can address the addressee directly: “so, dear readers...”. He may also call on the reader to take a joint action (“Let’s imagine another life situation..."). All these means allow the author to “get closer” to the addressee and gain his trust.
Conclusion
Thus, the journalistic style is a complex style with various linguistic features, various fields of application and having different functions. It resonates to varying degrees with each of the other functional styles of the Russian language: artistic, official, business, and scientific. At the same time, the journalistic style is widespread both in oral form and in writing and television. By interfering in the social life of every person, journalism penetrates deeply into modern society- and this trend is only growing over time.
Bibliography
Lapteva M. A. Russian language and speech culture / M. A. Lapteva, O. A. Rekhlova, M. V. Rumyantsev. - Krasnoyarsk: IPC KSTU, 2006. - 216 p.
Vasilyeva A. N. Newspaper and journalistic style. A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language for philologists / A. N. Vasilyeva. - M.: Russian language, 1982. - 198 p.
Journalistic style
Plan
I . Introduction.
II . Journalistic style.
3. Genres of journalism.
III . Conclusion
I . Introduction
The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. It primarily emphasizes literary language. This is the highest form national language, defined the whole system normal They cover its written and oral varieties: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.
Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.
Speech styles
Spoken Book
(scientific, official business,
journalistic style
fiction)
The styles of the Russian literary language are characterized by:
the purpose pursued by a speech statement (scientific style is used to communicate scientific information, explain scientific facts; journalistic - to influence the word through the media and directly speaking; official business – for information);
area of use, environment;
genres;
linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;
other style features.
II . Journalistic style
1. Characteristics of journalistic style.
Journalistic style addressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus , lat. – public).
The journalistic style of speech is functional variety literary language and are widely used in various fields public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. It should also be added here political literature for the general reader and documentary films.
The journalistic style occupies a special place in the system of literary language styles, since in many cases it must rework texts created within the framework of other styles. Scientific and business speech are focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech - on its emotional reflection. Journalism plays special role- she strives to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that “scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings.” To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thoughts, and the expression of the author’s attitude towards events impossible without the use of emotional means of language.
2. Features of journalistic style.
Sphere of use of journalistic style : speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).
The main function of works of journalistic style: agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social, public issues in order to attract them public opinion, influencing people, persuading them, instilling certain ideas; inducement to certain actions or actions.
Objectives of speech in journalistic style : transfer of information about current issues modern life with the aim of influencing people, shaping public opinion.
Characteristics of the utterance : appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, brevity with informative richness.
Features of journalistic style : relevance, timeliness, efficiency, imagery, expressiveness, clarity and logic, information richness, use of means of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), accessibility (understandability for a wide audience), appealing pathos.
Genres of journalistic style : essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.
Style Features : logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, genre diversity.
Language means : socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with an emphatically positive or negative meaning, proverbs, sayings, quotes, figurative and expressive means of language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic constructions of book and colloquial speech, simple (full and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.
Form and type of speech: written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.
3. Genres of journalism.
Journalism has its roots in extreme antiquity. Many biblical texts and the works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day are permeated with journalistic pathos. The literature of Ancient Rus' included genres of journalism. A striking example works of journalism of ancient Russian literature" - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (genre of journalism - the word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.
The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here you can find a report, notes, newsreels, an interview, an editorial, a report, an essay, a feuilleton, a review, and other genres.
1) Essay as a genre of journalism.
One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.Feature article – a short literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant). There are documentary, journalistic, and everyday essays.
There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays.
A characteristic feature of the essay is documentation, the reliability of the facts and events in question. In an essay, as in a work of art, visual means are used and an element of artistic typification is introduced.
Essays, like other genres of journalism, always raise some important problem.
2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.
Oral presentation also belongs to the journalistic genre.
An important distinguishing feature of an oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - the guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the listeners. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: the attention of listeners becomes dull after 5–10 minutes. The speaker's speech should contain one main idea that the author wants to convey to the audience. In such speech, colloquial expressions and the active use of oratorical speech techniques are acceptable: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, simpler syntax compared to written speech.
It is important to prepare such a speech: think through a plan, select arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “from a piece of paper”, but to convince listeners. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has his own point of view, proves it, this arouses respect, interest, and therefore the attention of listeners.
3) Report as a genre of journalism.
The most difficult form of oral presentation isreport . In this case, you can use pre-prepared recordings, but do not overuse reading, otherwise they will stop listening to the speaker. The report usually concerns some area of knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, logic, evidence, and accessibility. During the report you can read bright quotes, demonstrate graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to listeners).
4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.
The report can be a starting pointdiscussions , that is, discussing any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will talk about his own. It is necessary to object with reason and provide convincing arguments.
III . Conclusion
The journalistic style is a very important style; it can be used to convey something that cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech.Among the main linguistic features of the journalistic style, one should mention the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally charged vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive language means, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical ways of presenting material for a given moment in social life, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units and metaphorical uses of words characteristic of a given time. The relevance of the content forces the journalist to look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.Journalism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the dissemination of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formative, phraseological. Therefore, this style has a significant impact on the development of language norms.
References
1. A.I.Vlasenkov, L.M.Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. A basic level of. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.
2. V.F.Grekov, S.E.Kryuchkov, L.A.Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.
3. Deykina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and specialized levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M.Verboom-M, 2005
4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the Unified State Exam 2012. Rostov-on-Don, “Legion”, 2011.