Application of petroleum products. Characteristics of the purpose and use of petroleum products
Oil is of great importance in the world economy. From it, gasoline is obtained, which is necessary for aircraft and car engines, engines of river and sea vessels, etc. Oil consists of many different chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen. Thousands of different products are produced from it: lubricating oils and perfumes, paraffin and rubber, petroleum jelly, fats from which excellent soap is made, naphthalene, etc. Just listing everything that people get from oil would take dozens of pages.
In our country there are special types of thick and heavy oil that have medicinal properties. Resorts are built at the deposits of such oils, where thousands of workers come every year to take healing baths.
Along with oil in the bowels of the earth, there are also large accumulations of flammable gases, such as the well-known deposit near Saratov, from where gas flows through a gas pipeline to Moscow.
Recently, very large deposits of flammable gas have been discovered in Uzbekistan (Gazli), in the Stavropol region, in Western Siberia, in the lower reaches of the river. Ob (Berezovskoe), and in Yakutia, near the river. Lena (Ust-Vilyuiskoe).
Combustible gases are excellent fuels; Their advantage is that they are cheap and burn completely. Gas is used mainly for certain types of engines. In addition, gasoline, called gas or gasoline, is obtained from flammable gases.
Gas is widely used for household needs and as fuel in factories.
Natural gas reserves in our country are large.
But not all petroleum gases are burned. Some of them are processed in factories to produce plastics, chloroform and other chemicals, including nitrogen fertilizers.
Inexhaustible reserves of oil shale have been discovered in the vicinity of Tallinn (Estonian SSR) and Leningrad. From them gas and artificial liquid fuel are obtained.
Oil shale is a highly compacted clay that stratifies into thin sheets. This clay contains solid organic matter, which, like oil, consists of a mixture of complex compounds of carbon and hydrogen (from 40 to 60% of the composition). Some shales are so rich in this substance that they burn in a furnace, which is why they are often called “combustible”.
Resins, oil, gasoline, products such as kerosene, paraffin and various chemicals are also produced from oil shale in factories.
The Soviet Union has huge reserves of oil shale. Their widespread use now makes it possible to sharply increase reserves of gasoline, oils and chemical products.
In Tsarist Russia, oil fields were rapaciously exploited by a handful of Russian and foreign capitalists. The technology in the fields was very primitive. Gas was considered an obstacle to oil production and was simply burned in huge quantities. Little new oil deposits were explored. By 1917, the Russian oil industry was in decline.
The young Soviet Republic began restoring the oil fields. They were refurbished using new technology. After this, our oil industry began to develop rapidly. Oil production is growing year after year, as Soviet geologists discover new fields, and the latest technology and advanced working methods are used in existing fields.
Dozens of geological exploration parties and expeditions travel annually to the most remote parts of the Soviet Union to look for new oil deposits. Petroleum geologist can be found in the tundra of the Arctic, in the sands of the Transcaspian region, in the Siberian taiga, on the shores of the Pacific Ocean and in the Transcaucasus.
The beginning of a broad study of oil reserves in our country was laid by the founder of Soviet petroleum geology, Acad. Ivan Mikhailovich Gubkin. He pointed out that between the Volga and the Urals there should be rich deposits of oil and gas. Many prominent geologists disagreed with him. The dispute lasted for many years. Then extensive geological exploration work began in this area, and in 1932 the large Ishimbayevskoye oil field was discovered south of the city of Sterlitamak.
In subsequent years, research continued. It turned out that the entire region between the Volga and the Urals is abundant in oil. It was called the “Second Baku”.
During the five-year plans, the old oil fields expanded greatly. At great depths, new layers of sand were discovered, saturated with oil and containing gas.
In recent years, oil production from such deep formations has gained great importance on the Absheron Peninsula. Soviet engineers and craftsmen learned to drill wells to a depth of 4-5 km. Such a well can be drilled only with the help of first-class equipment. The world's best drilling machine, the turbodrill, was invented and improved by Soviet engineers.
South of Baku there is a rich deposit in Bibi-Heybat Bay. Half of it was under the waters of the Caspian Sea. It was decided to fill this area with sand. In place of the sea, an artificial square appeared - “Ilyich Bay”. There was so much oil in this place that in a few years all the costs associated with the work to fill the bay were recouped. The initiator and organizer of this difficult matter was S. M. Kirov.
However, not all of the oil-bearing area located under the waters of the Caspian Sea was covered with sand. When engineers reached significant depths of the sea, backfilling had to be stopped.
Oil workers were faced with a problem: how to extract oil from the bottom of the sea, which is almost always stormy? This problem turned out to be very difficult, but it was also solved by Soviet engineers N. S. Timofeev, B. A. Raginsky and others. They developed the design of a sea island, which is built on piles - pipes. The piles go deep into the seabed and are then filled with cement. The result is durable pedestals - islands on which the tower and equipment for drilling an oil well are installed. A group of young Soviet engineers proposed building long piers - overpasses that go far into the sea and have branches in different directions. These racks are now equipped with 40-meter drilling derricks and all the drilling equipment weighing hundreds of tons. Cars rush along the asphalt surface of the overpass, and long pipes are laid on its sides, through which oil flows from the wells to the shore.
Currently, oil fields are organized on artificial concrete foundations and artificial islands - tens of kilometers from the coast.
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Most of the world's oil is used to produce various types of fuel. Despite the wide variety of fuels obtained from oil, they share a number of common characteristics. Petroleum fuel has a high calorific value, burns without residue, is convenient to store and transport, and the toxicity of the petroleum fuel itself and its combustion products is relatively low. Taken together, these properties make petroleum fuel extremely convenient to use.None of the other types of fuel can come close to petroleum products in terms of their consumer qualities. For example, the use of natural gas in transport is hampered by the complexity of its storage. Gas requires heavy cylinders made of thick steel, and a car consumes the contents of such a cylinder much faster than a similar volume of gasoline or diesel fuel. When coal burns, solid residues (slag and ash) remain that must be removed from the furnace and disposed of.
- Petrol
- Aviation fuel, rocket fuel (kerosene)
- Diesel fuel (diesel fuel)
- Marine fuel (mixture of fuel oil and diesel fuel)
- Heating oil
- Liquefied gas (propane-butane mixture)
Polymers and rubber
The second most important area of using petroleum raw materials is the production of various polymers and rubber. Plastics manufacturers are constantly working to improve the quality of their products. Plastic is a serious competitor to wood and metal - it is light, durable, and not subject to rotting or corrosion. Transparent types of plastic are increasingly used instead of glass, both in construction and in the production of containers for various liquids. Plastic and polypropylene bags have replaced paper and cellophane. Synthetic fabrics are used everywhere. Synthetic rubbers have replaced tropical plant sap in rubber production.- Plastic
- Polymer films
- Synthetic fabrics
- Rubber
Construction materials
During oil refining, heavy residues are formed, which are used for the production of building materials - tar, construction and road bitumen. When bitumen is mixed with minerals, asphalt (asphalt concrete) is obtained, which is used as a road surface.- Bitumen
- Asphalt
Oils and lubricants
A wide range of lubricants are produced from petroleum. Mineral oil is obtained by vacuum distillation of fuel oil; polyalphaolefins or hydrocracking oils are used to produce synthetic oil. Synthetic oils have better consumer qualities, but their production costs are higher. Greases are obtained by mixing mineral oil with a thickener; in particular, litol is a mixture of oil and lithium stearate.- Lubricating oil
- Electrical insulating oil
- Hydraulic oil
- Grease
- Cutting fluid
- Petrolatum
Other
Substances obtained from petroleum are used to produce paints, varnishes, solvents, and detergents. In these industries, petroleum derivatives are used only because of their relatively low price. If necessary, the required substances can be obtained from other sources.- Solvents
- Detergents
By-products
The sulfur content in fuel is strictly limited, since sulfur combustion products are hazardous to the environment. Sulfur extracted from oil during its refining is sold in pure form or in the form of sulfuric acid. Coke is produced from oil distillation waste, which is used in the production of electrodes and in metallurgy. The listed products are not target products; they are produced in the process of recycling oil refining waste.- Sulfuric acid
- Petroleum coke
Modern modes of transport and industry cannot do without petroleum products, and no country can develop its industry without oil.
Despite all the obviousness of this situation, it took the cataclysm of war for the significance of oil to be fully revealed. The nature of consumption of petroleum products in many countries was largely hidden as a result of competition between oil companies in sales markets; it was considered quite natural that the need for oil in any region of the globe would be immediately satisfied. However, during the Second World War, due to the increased use of oil for military purposes and the loss of tankers, the possibility of supplying oil for civilian needs was greatly reduced, and only underdeveloped countries did not experience an acute shortage of oil. In the post-war period, restoration of the destroyed economy also cannot be carried out without oil.
Petroleum products and their use in different countries
In industrialized countries, all types of petroleum products are used; but on a global scale, oil is primarily a source of energy, heat, light, as well as a raw material for the production of lubricating oils. Therefore, when considering the use of petroleum, the focus should be on petroleum products such as motor fuel, kerosene, petroleum fuels and lubricating oils. Of the 2 billion barrels of annual world production of petroleum products before the war, the products listed above accounted for about 9/10, and all others - less than 1/10, since this also includes losses during oil refining, reserves, etc.
Over a period sufficient to take into account all possible fluctuations, it has been established that the consumption of petroleum products approximately corresponds to the volume of their production. Petroleum products are usually produced in quantities corresponding to demand for them (excluding necessary stocks); In order for the demand for petroleum products to be satisfied in any area of the globe, there must be a constant flow of them into these areas on a large scale, as well as their continuous production.
In 1938, North America was the only continent where the production of petroleum products was almost equal to their consumption. South America consumed only about half of the petroleum products it produced, and Asia consumed about half. Europe as a whole consumed almost 1.75 times more petroleum products than it produced; Africa produced about 18 times more than it produced, and Oceania imported almost all the petroleum products it needed from other countries.
Petroleum use in North America
In 1938, the United States and Canada consumed about 63% of the world's oil production. Although the United States had a higher share of total consumption than Canada, per capita oil consumption in both countries was very high, with the bulk of petroleum products consumed being motor fuels. In Mexico, on the contrary, petroleum fuel occupied the first place. For almost ninety years, North America not only fully satisfied its oil needs from its own resources, but was also its exporter. In 1948, the United States imported oil.
During the Second World War, the need arose in the United States not only to increase the production of previous types of petroleum products, but also to begin the production of many new ones. By the last year of the war, the country's daily production of petroleum products increased by approximately 1 million barrels. At the same time, civilian consumption of petroleum fuel and gasoline for passenger cars had to be reduced. After the end of the war, gasoline consumption increased rapidly, averaging 2,177.5 thousand barrels per day in 1947, up from 1,828.8 thousand barrels in 1941. This increase was partly due to the enormous increase in gasoline consumption in agriculture. There were about 3 million tractors working on farms in 1948, up from 1.6 million in 1941; in addition, farms were served by 1.9 million trucks, an increase of 62% over the same period. A large number of tractors consume gasoline, although many use diesel and tractor fuel, as well as kerosene.
Between the two world wars, kerosene consumption in the United States remained relatively stable until 1933, when the use of kerosene stoves in the home caused an increase in kerosene consumption from 105.5 thousand barrels per day in the same year to 190.3 thousand barrels in the same year. 1941 and 280.8 thousand barrels in 1947. The latter increase is explained mainly by the spread of oil heating devices.
In the United States, petroleum injectors that consume middle distillates (such as gas oil) are widely used, the demand for which has almost doubled since 1941. During the war, the consumption of these petroleum products was limited due to the fact that diesel fuel and petroleum fuel were used for military needs (diesel fuel consumption for military purposes increased from 2.6 to 22.9 million barrels per year) and for the production of military products. In 1941, the daily need for oil for heating residential buildings was determined at 331 thousand barrels. At the beginning of 1941 there were 2,135,000 household oil jets in the United States, and by the beginning of 1948 this number had risen to 3,650,000, so that there was barely enough kerosene fuel to supply them.
Consumption of distillates has increased significantly over the past decade also because the use of diesel engines has increased. At the beginning of 1948, railroad diesel engines consumed about 21.5 million barrels of petroleum fuel annually, compared with 2.7 million barrels in 1941. It is estimated that by 1953 the power of diesel engines, and therefore the amount of fuel they consumed, will double. The capacity of stationary diesel plants as of January 1, 1948 amounted to a total of 6.8 million liters. s., and ship engines 3.3 million liters. With. The use of both the first and second types of engines is rapidly increasing.
Residual oil fuel, due to its viscosity, requires heating before spraying and is therefore used only in large boiler plants. Most of these petroleum products belong to the type of petroleum fuel produced by oil refineries under No. 6. This type of fuel is usually used on large merchant ships; Navy vessels during the war consumed a lighter fuel known as "special navy gasoline", much of which was obtained by mixing residual petroleum fuel with distillates.
Statistics on lubricating oil use in the United States are very sparse. More than half of the lubricating oils in peacetime were apparently consumed by industry, with the remainder mainly by motor vehicles. The consumption of lubricating oils in industry reflects the degree of its development.
- 56.00 KbPetroleum products and their areas of application
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS- mixtures of various gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons obtained from oil and petroleum associated gases. They are divided into the following main groups:
Fuel
Petroleum oils
Petroleum Solvents
Solid hydrocarbons
Petroleum bitumens
Other petroleum products
Fuels include hydrocarbon gases, gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, boiler fuel, etc.
Petroleum oils are heavy distillate and residual fractions of oil that have been subjected to special purification. They are divided into lubricating oils and special purpose oils. The latter are used for technological purposes and in the operation of mechanisms. These include: electrical insulation - transformer, capacitor, cable; for hydraulic systems; for technological purposes - hardening and liquid absorbers, softeners, etc.; for pharmacopoeia and perfumery (white oils).
Narrow gasoline and kerosene fractions obtained by direct distillation of oil are used as solvents. Solvents are used in the rubber industry, for preparing glue, extracting oils from seeds and cakes, making varnishes and paints, in the production of polyvinyl chloride, etc. Lighting kerosene is a straight-run kerosene fraction used in lighting and glow lamps and as household fuel.
Solid hydrocarbons include paraffin, ceresin and ozokerite and their mixtures with oils.
Bitumen are solid or viscous liquid substances obtained from residual products of oil refining (from residues after the distillation of tarry oils, from tars, etc.).
Other petroleum products include: petroleum coke, greases, carbon black, hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes, etc.), as well as acidol (including soap naphtha), various fractions of petroleum distillation and products of their processing (in particular, alkylate , petroleum resins), etc.
Usually a distinction is made between light and dark petroleum products. The former include aviation and motor gasoline, solvent gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fuel; the latter include fuel oil, as well as distillate oils and tar obtained as a result of its distillation.
Some commercial petroleum products are produced directly from oil or various petroleum fractions and residues; Many petroleum products (for example, auto and aviation gasoline, boiler fuels, oils) are obtained by mixing (compounding) individual components-products of petroleum refining. Mixing components allows you to produce a commercial product of the required quality and at the same time rationally use the properties of each component.
Final products of oil refining
Refineries mix petroleum products, add necessary additives, provide short-term storage and prepare them for loading onto trucks, barges, ships and railcars.
Gaseous fuel, such as propane, is loaded and transported to consumers in liquid form under pressure in specialized railcars.
Liquid fuel mixing takes place (automotive and aviation fuel, kerosene, various types of fuel for aviation turbines, diesel fuels are obtained by adding color additives, detergents, anti-knock additives, oxygenates and fungicidal additives in appropriate proportions). Delivered by tanker trucks, barges, trains and tankers. Can be transported to the consumer through pipes, for example aviation fuel to an airport or to a supplier in multi-product pipes.
Lubricants(light machine oils, motor oils and various lubricants are obtained by adding viscosity stabilizers in required quantities) are usually transported in bulk form to an adjacent filling station.
Paraffin, is used, among other things, for packaging frozen foods. Can be delivered in bulk form for further packing into blocks.
Sulfur(or sulfuric acid), by-products of petroleum refining, can be contained in amounts up to several percent in the form of organic sulfur-containing inclusions. Sulfur and sulfuric acid- useful industrial materials. Sulfuric acid is usually transported and supplied as the acid precursor oleum.
Loose tar delivered to packaging plants for further use in multi-layer soft roofing with a top covering layer of tar concrete and other needs.
Asphalt- used as a binder for crushed stone in the production of asphalt concrete, which is used in the construction of roads, etc. It is transported and supplied in bulk form.
Petroleum coke, is used in various carbon products such as some types of electrodes and solid fuels.
Petrochemicals or petrochemical raw materials are often sent for further processing. Petrochemicals can be olefins, their precursors, or various types of aromatic petrochemicals.
Petrochemicals have a wide range of applications. They are often used as monomers or raw materials for their manufacture. Olefins, such as alpha-olefins and dienes, are often used as monomers, and aromatic hydrocarbons can also be used as precursors to monomers. The monomers then undergo polymerization into various types of polymers.
Polymer materials can be plastics, elastomers or fibers. Some polymers are used as gels and lubricants. Petrochemicals also find applications as solvents or raw materials for their production, precursors for a wide range of substances such as engine fluids, surfactants for cleaners, etc.
Physico-chemical properties of petroleum products
To assess the quality of petroleum products, a number of their physical and chemical properties are determined.
Among the most important physical properties include: viscosity, density and fractional composition. To establish the latter, petroleum products are distilled at a strictly defined speed from a flask of standard shapes and sizes. The fractional composition is presented as a relationship between the temperature of petroleum product vapor in the flask and the amount of condensate (petroleum products condensed in the refrigerator and collected in the receiver). For gasoline, five points are usually given: the initial boiling point and the boiling point of 10%, 50%, 90% and 97.5% of the fuel. For some other petroleum products, e.g. diesel fuels, often indicate the amount of substance that boils to a certain specified temperature, e.g. up to 360 °C The fractional composition of oils is usually determined at reduced pressure (in a vacuum) in order to avoid decomposition of high-boiling fractions at their boiling temperatures.
The pressure (elasticity) of vapors (main sample for gasoline) in a steel bomb is also measured at a ratio of volumes of liquid and vapor phases of 1:4 at 38 °C. Typically, technical specifications limit the top. vapor pressure value as a measure to prevent the formation of “vapor locks” in the engine fuel system.
Determine the cloud point (for motor fuels) at which crystals of high-melting hydrocarbons or water begin to separate from the fuel; pour point (for oils, residual boiler fuels, diesel and jet fuels and aviation gasoline), at which the petroleum product thickens so much under experimental conditions that its level in the test tube remains stationary for 1 minute when tilted at an angle of 45o; flash point; ignition temperature; melting temperature of solid petroleum products (paraffin, ozokerite, etc.), which corresponds to the moment of complete solidification (crystallization) of the pre-melted product.
Color characterizes the quality of purification of petroleum products from resinous and other colored substances; in this case, the color of petroleum products is compared with the color of specially colored glass.
The ductility, or extensibility, of bitumens characterizes their ability to stretch, without breaking, into thin threads under the influence of an applied force; determined in spec. device (ductilometer) by stretching a bitumen sample of a standard shape at a certain speed at 25 °C.
To the most important chemical The properties of petroleum products include: sulfur content, resins, paraffin, and other indicators.
Sulfur content is determined in several ways. For light petroleum products, the lamp method is most common: a sample of the petroleum product is burned in a lamp of known mass; combustion products are absorbed by a titrated solution of NaHCO3, the excess of which is titrated with a solution of HCl. The method is sometimes used for dark petroleum products, which are pre-diluted with some light petroleum product with a known sulfur content. More often, a sample of dark petroleum product is burned in a calorimetric bomb in an O2 atmosphere, and the amount of SO42- ions formed is determined gravimetrically after their precipitation with Ba chloride. The presence of aggressive sulfur compounds in petroleum products, in particular elemental sulfur and mercaptans, is detected by a change in the color of the copper plate after its contact with the tested petroleum product. Sometimes they use the so-called doctor's test when they observe a change in the color of elemental sulfur under the influence of the products of interaction with Na2PbO2, mercaptans and H2S present in the petroleum product.
The content of resins is determined by isolating them from petroleum products by adsorption on some solid adsorbent (most often on silica gel), followed by desorption with a suitable extractant, a mixture of ethanol and benzene. In some oils and heavy residual fuels, so-called excise resins are determined - substances that can react with H2SO4 concentrate under strictly regulated experimental conditions. In gasoline, jet and diesel fuels, the amount of actual tar is determined by evaporating a portion of the fuel in a stream of air or water vapor, and weighing the remainder.
The paraffin content is determined as follows: a weighed portion of the petroleum product is dissolved in a suitable solvent, gasoline, the solution is cooled to a temperature of - 20 to - 40 ° C and solid hydrocarbons are precipitated with ethanol or propanol. The precipitate is separated on a filter cooled to a given temperature, washed with a mixture of ethanol and gasoline to remove oil and dissolved in petroleum ether. The latter is distilled off and the residue is weighed.
Resistance to oxidation of gasoline and some other products is characterized by the magnitude of induction. period-interval of time during which the tested oil product, located in an O2 atmosphere under a pressure of 0.7 MPa at 100 ° C, practically does not oxidize. The oxidation resistance of some jet fuels is assessed by the amount of sediment formed during liquid-phase oxidation in a special device for 4 hours at 150°C; motor oils are assessed by the change in the mechanical properties of a thin film of oil located on a metal surface in contact with air at 260°C. .
The corrosive activity of oils is assessed by the change in mass (g/m2) of a metal plate when exposed to the test oil heated to 140°C for 50 hours, the layer of which is periodically in contact with atmospheric oxygen. The corrosive properties of fuels are usually judged by the presence or absence of active sulfur compounds in them, which is determined using a copper plate.
Coking ability- the ability of a petroleum product to form a carbonaceous residue (coke) when the petroleum product evaporates in a standard device and under strictly defined heating conditions; determined mainly for motor and cylinder oils, heavy residual fuels, 10% residue from the distillation of diesel fuels, as well as for raw materials of catalytic processes. and thermal cracking, production of petroleum cokes and bitumen, etc.
The height of the non-smoking flame characterizes the lighting and heating ability of light petroleum products (lighting kerosene, jet and diesel fuels) when burned in lamps, heated. devices, etc. This indicator depends on the group chemical composition of petroleum products and, above all, on the content of aromatic hydrocarbons. The test sample is burned in a special lamp. structures and measure the maximum height of the non-smoking flame.
There are also a number of indicators that determine the consumer properties of petroleum products. These include, in particular, indicators of the detonation resistance of gasoline (octane number) and the flammability of diesel fuels (cetane number).
Job description
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS - mixtures of various gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons obtained from oil and petroleum associated gases. They are divided into the following main groups:
-Fuel
-petroleum oils
- petroleum solvents
-solid hydrocarbons
Oil is the main component of the energy resources of our planet. Due to its advantages in terms of thermal efficiency and ease of use, oil has conquered the markets of developed and developing countries.
Oil is a fuel for transport, thermal power plants and a raw material for the chemical industry. Due to the limited supply of oil and its reserves in the world, there is always a political and armed struggle for an uninterrupted supply of oil.
The role of oil in the modern world
Since oil is an important type of energy raw material, its role in the global economy and politics is steadily increasing. Oil exporting countries are using this natural resource to achieve economic and social success. At the same time, the dependence of the economies of such countries on oil prices on the market is their weakness. This was repeatedly observed in Russia when oil prices fell. The only way to combat such a negative phenomenon is diversification of the country's economy.
In terms of oil production, Saudi Arabia is in first place, producing 542 million tons per year, which is 13.1% of world production. In 2nd place is Russia (12.9%), followed by the USA (10.8%), China (5%), Canada (4.7%), Iran (4%). World oil production in 2013 amounted to 4.13 billion tons.
In terms of oil consumption, the United States is in first place, using 831 million tons per year, which is 19.9% of all world oil consumption. In second place, as one might expect, is China (12.1%). Major oil producers, Saudi Arabia and Russia, account for just 3.2% and 3.7% of global oil consumption, respectively.
Where is oil used?
Before petroleum products are used, it is processed in a petroleum refinery (petroleum refinery). During initial processing, oil is separated into fractions using special devices - distillation columns. Heated crude oil is fed into columns where it is separated into light and heavy fractions:
- petrol,
- naphtha,
- kerosene,
- gas oil,
- fuel oil
The first two fractions are subjected to pressure treatment at T = +300–350 °C and the presence of catalysts. The result is high-quality gasoline for cars and hydrocarbons, which become raw materials for the petrochemical production of various plastics and other products.
Kerosene is purified and various types of kerosene are obtained, including aviation, tractor and lighting. Fuel oil, which is the residue after the separation of all other fractions, is used to fire boilers or distillate to obtain motor oil and tar.
The petrochemical industry uses hydrocarbons, which include products such as methane, which is used to make ammonia to make fertilizers, and methanol, used to make resins and plastics, as well as paints and medicines.
Another common product derived from hydrocarbons is ethylene, which is used to make ethyl alcohol, dichloroethane and polyethylene (and HDPE). In addition, a very large number of different products can be obtained from hydrocarbons, which are a product of petroleum distillation.
Impact of oil production on the environment
Oil contains volatile toxic hydrocarbons, naphthalene, which makes oil dangerous to nature and human health.
Sources of environmental pollution include the following objects:
- oil fields,
- oil pipelines,
- oil storage facilities,
- means of land and sea transport.
Each of these objects, in the event of any malfunction, can pose a threat to the environment.
If these are ground-based objects, then the result of their accident may be an oil spill on the surface of the earth.
Particularly dangerous can be the occurrence of an emergency situation, as a result of which oil spills into the sea. This can happen on a tanker or at a shore terminal. In this case, marine fauna dies, birds and fish die.
To combat such spills, various mechanical means of collecting oil from the surface of the earth or sea, as well as special substances - sorbents, are used.
Oil production
Location of the Vyngapurovskoye oil field, its characteristicsVyngapurovskoye oil and gas field
The Kholmogory deposit is the most developed field. Today, oil workers are carrying out measures to increase the productivity of the operation of this facility
Geological exploration on the territory of the Kuyumbinskoye field. Oil production planning. Drilling methods. Project financing. Number of wells
Basic brief information about the Megion oil field in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra. For a wide range of readers, without complex scientific and professional terms
The main characteristics of the Yurkharovskoye field in the north of Western Siberia are considered. The values of proven reserves of gas and liquid hydrocarbons are given, the significance and development prospects of this field are assessed
Until recently, Uvat was considered a bad place. With the start of the development of the Uvat project and the Ust-Tegusskoye field, which is part of the project, life in this area began to come into full swing - work appeared for the local population, roads and entire villages began to be built
The Ust-Balykskoye field is considered one of the pioneers of the West Siberian oil chronicle. It is rightfully recognized as a 50-year-old strategic stronghold of Russia’s fuel and energy security. Despite the falling flow rate, it is still too early to write it off
The main characteristics of the field, the history of its development, the negative impact of oil and gas production on the environment are considered.
Development of the Yarakta oil and gas condensate field by INK LLC is in full swing, and the planned life of this oil and gas condensate field is seventy years
Pilot development of the Suzunskoye field will end next year. At the moment, two clusters of production wells and an industrial site on the embankment are under construction
Peculiarities of exploitation of the Talakanskoye oil and gas field, capacity of deposits, stages of development, environmental problems
The Lensky branch of Gazprom Dobycha Noyabrsk LLC, called the Chayandinskoye Oil and Gas Production Department, is engaged in the development and development of oil and gas condensate fields - the main link of the “Power of Siberia”
A feature of the Komsomolsk State Oil and Gas Oil Reservoir is the presence of predominantly tectonically screened deposits with a minor participation of lithologically screened and strata-vault type deposits
The most viscous and especially valuable oil in the deposits near Pechora
World oil reserves
The distribution and production of oil on earth is very uneven. According to British Petroleum statistics, the main oil fields are located in the Middle East. They are estimated at 109.4 billion tons and account for 47.9% of all world reserves. At the same time, oil reserves in Saudi Arabia account for 15.8% of world reserves. Reserves in North America account for 13.6%, South America – 19.5%. At the same time in Venezuela 17.7% of oil reserves are concentrated. Eurasia has oil reserves equivalent to 8.8% of the world's reserves, with Russia accounting for 5.5%.
In order to roughly estimate the period for which the world economy will have enough oil resources at the current rate of oil consumption, we can divide the world reserves of 238.2 billion tons by the total annual oil production, which is 4.13 billion tons. This period is approximately 50 years. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the uncertainty that is associated with the fact that, on the one hand, annual oil consumption may increase with the growth of the economies of the countries of the planet. On the other hand, the process of replacing oil with renewable energy sources is underway.
Energy sources can also be obtained from synthetic materials. A prime example would be manufacturing.
One of the accidents associated with oil production is a change in composition, after which it turned from freshwater to saltwater.
In order for the enterprise to be successful and the investment profitable, you should think about saving energy. Read on to see how this can be done.
Conclusions
- Oil is the main component of the energy resources of our planet and is used not only as fuel, but also as a raw material for the petrochemical industry.
- Countries with the most developed economies consume large amounts of oil.
- Oil exporting countries, including Russia, receive additional opportunities for economic and social development thanks to oil exports.