Presentation on the topic "heat engines". Presentation for a physics lesson on the topic “heat engines” Presentation on the topic “use of heat engines”
Diesel engine
Slides: 21 Words: 1252 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Thermal phenomena, heat engines, environmental protection. We are surrounded by a world that is far from equilibrium. Phenomena and processes are characterized by regularity and repeatability. Ways to change internal energy. Performing mechanical work. Heat transfer. Radiation. Convection. Thermal conductivity. That which exists objectively, regardless of our consciousness. The form of existence of matter. A measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules. One of the ways to change internal energy. The mode of existence of matter. Type of heat transfer. The transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid state. The transition of a substance from a liquid to a solid state. - Engines.ppt
Types of engines
Slides: 25 Words: 1196 Sounds: 0 Effects: 67Engines. An energy-power machine that converts any energy into mechanical work. Internal combustion engine. Efficiency of an internal combustion engine. The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine. Types of internal combustion engines. Steam engine. The principle of operation of a steam engine. Steam turbine. A steam locomotive is a type of steam engine. Types of locomotives. Jet engine. Diesel. Gas diesel. Efficiency of diesel engines. Turbojet engine. Electric motor. Operating principle of an electric motor. Perpetual motion machine. How it was (the discoverers). Kuzminsky Pavel Dmitrievich. Papin Denis. Greenpeace's fight against air pollution. - Types of engines.ppt
Heat engine
Slides: 26 Words: 563 Sounds: 2 Effects: 111Heat engines. Pros and cons. Plan. What is a heat engine? The history of the creation of a heat engine. Modern heat engines. Modern environmentally friendly engines. Is a heat engine harmful to our health? Solving environmental problems. Literature used. The history of the appearance of heat engines goes back to the distant past. Leonardo Da Vinci. Archimedes. Denis Papin. Heron of Alexandria. Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov. James Watt. Internal combustion rocket gas turbine nuclear. Rocket engine. Gas turbine engine. Unlike a piston engine, in a gas turbine engine processes occur in a flow of moving gas. - Heat engine.ppt
Heat engine operation
Slides: 36 Words: 1205 Sounds: 0 Effects: 50Powerful wheels. Heat engines. What is a heat engine? Types of heat engines. The history of the creation of a heat engine. Polzunov demonstrated the operation of a fire-firing machine. James Watt. Internal combustion engine N. Otto. Rudolf Diesel. The device of a heat engine. Operating principle of a heat engine. How does a heat engine work? Heat engine efficiency. Efficiency of heat engines. Carnot Nicola Leonard Sadi. Carnot cycle. Heat engines are the opposite. Operating principle. Heat engines in the national economy. Water transport. Rail transport. - Thermal engine operation.ppt
Heat engines physics
Slides: 26 Words: 1100 Sounds: 0 Effects: 163Thermal engine. Content. People and nature The most powerful factor in the destruction of nature. Thermal engines and technology development. Who created heat engines. WHEN OPERATING HEAT ENGINES: the internal energy of the fuel is converted into mechanical energy. The operating principle of a heat engine. Heater. Working fluid. Fridge. Useful work a. The work done by the engine per cycle. Any heat engine operates in a closed cycle. Heat engine efficiency. Efficiency values of heat engines, %. The efficiency is always less than one. Carnot cycle. French engineer Sadi Carnot in 1824 - Heat engines physics.ppt
"Heat engines" 8th grade
Slides: 18 Words: 1041 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Heat engines. Gas turbine. Thermal machine. Internal combustion engine. Steam engine. Piston. Jet engine. The principle of operation of a rocket engine. Rotor discs. Engineer Sadi Carnot. Efficiency. - “Heat engines” 8th grade.ppt
"Heat engines" 10th grade
Slides: 63 Words: 2113 Sounds: 10 Effects: 264Heat engines and environmental protection. Physics as a science involves not only the study of theory. 4 working groups. Heat engines. History of creation. Archimedes. Denis Papin. Thomas Newcomen. Humphrey Potter. Ivan Polzunov. James Watt. Watt's universal machine. Steam turbine. Operating principle. The principle of operation of the turbine is simple. Environmental problems. How to solve the problem. Solving the above problems is vitally important for humans. Steam engines and steam turbines have been and are being used. Team members. Internal combustion engines. Stages of development of internal combustion engines. Three-wheeled stroller invented by Karl Benz. - “Heat engines” 10th grade.ppt
Modern heat engines
Slides: 14 Words: 913 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Modern heat engines. Internal combustion engine. Piston engines. A mixture of fuel and air. Special diesel fuel. An engine that burns hydrocarbons as fuel. Types of heat engines. English inventor. Steam engine. Gas turbine. Engine. Device. Pallet. - Modern heat engines.pptx
Use of heat engines
Slides: 34 Words: 483 Sounds: 0 Effects: 81Heat engines. What did you observe? Internal energy of steam. Internal energy reserves. Let us trace the history of the development of heat engines. Engineer Gero. Archimedes. French engineer Cugnot. Russian mechanic Ivan Polzunov. Frenchman Lenoir. German inventor Otto. German engineer Daimler. First car. Gasoline engine project. German engineer Diesel. The beginning of the history of jet engines. Application of heat engines. On the railway. By water transport. In road transport. In agriculture. In aviation. Heat engines play a positive role in life. - Use of heat engines.ppt
Operating principle of a heat engine
Slides: 8 Words: 255 Sounds: 1 Effects: 1Operating principle of heat engines. Efficiency of heat engines. Purpose of the lesson: to reveal the physical principles of the operation of heat engines. Thermal engines and technology development. Energy development is one of the most important prerequisites for scientific and technological progress. Heat engines are machines that convert the internal energy of fuel into mechanical energy. Watt D.V.S 1860 - Frenchman Lenoir. 1876 - German N. Otto. Steam turbine. 1889 - Swede K. Laval. Gas turbine. History of the creation of heat engines. Operating principle of T.D. Heater. Fridge. Working fluid. Environment. - Operating principle of a heat engine.ppt
History of the development of heat engines
Slides: 20 Words: 596 Sounds: 0 Effects: 50History of the invention and development of heat engines. The operating principle of heat engines. The heat engine consists of. Technical problem. Classification of heat engines. External combustion engines 1. Steam engine 2. Steam and gas turbine. Internal combustion engines 1 Carburetor, diesel 2 Jet. Steam engines. Steam turbines. Modern turbines. Advantages and disadvantages of heat engines. Environmental problems. Permissible standards for the concentration of harmful substances in the air. Noise pollution scale. Methods for eliminating the harmful effects of heat engines. - History of the development of heat engines.ppt
Application of heat engines
Slides: 18 Words: 560 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Engines. Heater. Types of heat engines. Steam engine. Historical curiosity. Internal combustion engine. E. Lenoir. Ball of Heron. I. Newton. Device project. K.E. Tsiolkovsky. The first cosmonaut on the planet. Efficiency of heat engines. Problems of environmental protection. Formulas for calculating efficiency. Main parts of an internal combustion engine. The principle of jet propulsion. - Application of heat engines.ppt
Heat engines and the environment
Slides: 30 Words: 590 Sounds: 0 Effects: 120Heat engines. Steam and gas turbine. Cardano Gerolamo. Papin Denis. Steam engine by Denis Papin. Somerset Edward. Newcomen Thomas. Watt James. Polzunov Ivan Ivanovich. Heat engine efficiency. Carnot Nicola Leonard Sadi. Heat engine diagram. Refrigeration unit. Carnot cycle. Scheme of the working process of a four-stroke diesel engine. The principle of operation of a carburetor engine. Operating principle of an injection engine. Steam turbine. Jet engine. Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich. Environmental problems of using thermal machines. - Heat engines and the environment.ppt
Heat engines and environmental protection
Slides: 18 Words: 775 Sounds: 0 Effects: 10Heat engines and environmental protection. Irreversibility of thermal processes. Classification of vehicles by engine type. Classification of transport by energy source. Ecological map of Moscow. Advantages and disadvantages. Fuel. Ecological research data. How to save your land. Streamlining traffic flow. Thermal ES. Thermal power plants operate on fossil fuels. Oxygen from the atmosphere. Greenhouse effect. Negative consequences. Questionnaire. - Heat engines and environmental protection.ppt
Types of Heat Engines
Slides: 11 Words: 986 Sounds: 0 Effects: 116Heat engines. Brief history of development. Brief history. Types of heat engines. Internal combustion engine. Steam turbine. Rocket engine. The importance of heat engines. Carnot cycle. Harm. Reducing environmental pollution. - Types of heat engines.ppt
Types of heat engines
Slides: 12 Words: 1080 Sounds: 0 Effects: 6Heat engines. A heat engine is a device that converts the internal energy of fuel into mechanical energy. Three main parts of a heat engine. Heater. Transfers the amount of heat Q1 to the working fluid. Working fluid. Does the job. Fridge. Consumes part of the received amount of heat Q2. The concept of the main parts. FAR IN THE PAST... The history of heat engines goes back a long way. Archimedes' cannon. One end of the barrel was heated strongly over a fire. Then water was poured into the heated part of the barrel. The water instantly evaporated and turned into steam. The steam, expanding, ejected the core with force and roar. - Types of heat engines.pptx
Heat engines and their types
Slides: 10 Words: 373 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Types of heat engines. Thermal machines. Internal energy. Steam turbine. Gas turbine. Internal combustion engine. Diesel. Steam engine. Jet engine. Variety of types of heat engines. - Heat engines and their types.ppt
Heat engines, types of heat engines
Slides: 11 Words: 870 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Modern heat engines. Modern engines of incomplete volumetric expansion. Otto and Diesel piston engines. Piston internal combustion engines. Rotary-blade internal combustion engine. Wankel rotary piston engine. Gas turbine engines of full non-volumetric expansion. What is possible and impossible in heat engines. Achieving maximum efficiency. Volumetric expansion turbine. Diagram of the heat balance of modern internal combustion engines. - Heat engines, types of heat engines.pptx
Rocket engines
Slides: 10 Words: 420 Sounds: 0 Effects: 5Rocket engines. Rocket engine. Tsiolkovsky K.E. Pioneers of rocket and space technology. Types of engines. Fiery heart. Efficiency Nature conservation. Danger. Destination. - Rocket engines.ppt
Jet engine
Slides: 7 Words: 232 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0"Jet engine". Two-stage space rocket. The motion of a rocket is based on the law of conservation of momentum. Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich (1853-1881). Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935). The planet is the cradle of reason, but you cannot live in a cradle forever. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1907-1966). The jet engine has the highest (80%) efficiency of all heat engines. - Jet engine.ppt
Steam engine
Slides: 9 Words: 1089 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Physics presentation on the topic: History of the invention of steam engines. Definition. Invention and development. Steam escaping tangentially from the nozzles attached to the ball caused the latter to rotate. The first industrial engines. The first use of the Newcomen engine was to pump water from a deep mine. The improvement in the efficiency of Watt's engine led to the use of steam power in industry. Power machines that rarely stop and should not change direction of rotation. Low power engines are used on marine models and in special devices. Steam hammer. - Steam engine.ppt
Turbine and internal combustion engine
Slides: 17 Words: 833 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The heat engine was first invented at the end of the 17th century by James Watt. Steam engine. Jet engine. Internal combustion engine. Steam turbine. The internal combustion engine is a very common type of heat engine. The applications of internal combustion engines are extremely diverse. Powerful internal combustion engines are installed on river and sea vessels. The structure of the internal combustion engine. 1. Inlet valve. 2. Release valve. 3. Piston. 4. Connecting rod. 5. Crankshaft. 6. Candle. ICE cycle. One working cycle in the engine occurs in 4 strokes of the piston. Therefore, such engines are called four-stroke. - Turbine and internal combustion engine.ppt
Steam turbine
Slides: 6 Words: 218 Sounds: 0 Effects: 16Steam turbine. Content. Steam turbine Diagram of a steam turbine History of invention Literature. In modern technology, another type of heat engine is widely used. Such engines are called turbines. The operation diagram of a simple steam turbine is shown in the figure. Steam turbine diagram. The invention of the steam turbine was an event of exceptional importance. In some cases, steam engines reached exorbitant sizes. The idea of creating a steam turbine captivated many Russian inventors. History of invention. - Steam turbine.ppt
Engine of the future
Slides: 13 Words: 542 Sounds: 13 Effects: 5What is more important: health or comfort? Compare current engines. Research program: Determine the type of engine that least pollutes the environment. Main types of pollutant emissions depending on the type of substance. Main types of engines: 1. Internal combustion engine: gasoline engine, diesel engine. Jet engine Steam engine Electric DC motor. How to protect the atmosphere from pollution from vehicle emissions? Recycle exhaust gases generated by cars. Eco-friendly motor – DC electric motor. - Engine of the future.ppt
Ideal heat engine
Slides: 11 Words: 771 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Test on the topic “Ideal heat engines”, group A (first level). No. 1: The efficiency of an ideal heat engine is 20%. What is the ratio of the heater temperature to the refrigerator temperature? Determine the amount of heat transferred to the refrigerator if the engine efficiency is 20%. Heater temperature 450K. No. 5: The efficiency of an ideal Carnot cycle is 25%. The refrigerator temperature remains constant. No. 6: Which of the following statements are not true when increasing the efficiency of a Carnot machine? I. When the heater temperature increases by T. When the heater temperature decreases by the same T. With an increase in the amount of heat transferred to the refrigerator. - Ideal heat engine.ppt
Heat engines and machines
Slides: 28 Words: 990 Sounds: 4 Effects: 29Types of heat engines. Heat engines. Thermal machines. Internal energy of heat engines. Greek mathematician. Heron's ball. Steam turbine. Double-casing steam turbine. Gas turbine. Model of an internal combustion engine. Internal combustion engine. General view of the internal combustion engine. Types of internal combustion engines. Scheme of work. Stroke cycles of a two-stroke engine. Stroke cycles of a four-stroke engine. Diesel. Steam engine. Jet engine. Nuclear engine. Environmental problems of using thermal machines. Solving environmental problems. - Heat engines and machines.ppt
Efficiency
Slides: 14 Words: 601 Sounds: 1 Effects: 13Rivers and lakes. Archimedes. Solid. Efficiency Concept of efficiency. The existence of friction. The ratio of useful work to complete work. Assemble the installation. Weight of the bar. Determination of efficiency when lifting a body. Path S. Measure the traction force F. Make calculations. - Efficiency.ppt
Heat engine efficiency
Slides: 33 Words: 831 Sounds: 1 Effects: 8Heat engines. Efficiency of heat engines. A. Einstein. Lesson objectives: Lesson plan: Updating knowledge. Learning new material. Problem solving. Lesson summary. Homework. What do a bus and a plane, a car and a rocket have in common? Conclusion: Heat engine. The world of "fire machines". History of the invention of steam engines. History of the invention of turbines. Stephenson and Cherepanov steam locomotives. Achievements of science and technology in the construction of steam turbines. Use of solar energy on Earth. The first mechanical engine to find practical application was the steam engine. Steam engine by Denis Papin. - Efficiency of heat engines.ppt
Physics “Heat Engine Efficiency”
Slides: 21 Words: 451 Sounds: 0 Effects: 13Physics lesson. Efficiency of heat engines. The concept of efficiency. Learning new material. Updating knowledge. Conversion of internal energy of fuel. Setting up the experiment. Scientific progress. ICE. Jet engines. Heat engine efficiency. Efficiency Energy balance. Efficiency of some engines. Negative consequences of using heat engines. Ways and methods of eliminating environmental consequences. New items in the world of engines. Task. What are heat engines called? - Physics “Heat engine efficiency”.ppt
Heat engines Efficiency of heat engines
Slides: 34 Words: 930 Sounds: 0 Effects: 156Heat engines. Lesson topic: Science is rooted in practice. Objective of the lesson: To study the principle of operation of heat engines. Foster a sense of teamwork when working in groups. Solve calculation and graphical problems using formulas. Know. Be able to. Annoyed. Alarmed. Indifferent. Calm. Joyfully delighted. Surprised. Your mood. Rules of behavior in the classroom. Brevity is the sister of talent. Knowledge is power. A whisper is heard more than a scream. Be careful! Updating knowledge. 1. How are changes in internal energy determined according to the first law of thermodynamics? - Heat engines efficiency of heat engines.ppt
Boiler room efficiency
Slides: 14 Words: 499 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Determination of boiler room efficiency. Determine the efficiency of a water heating boiler. Temperatures on the surface of the pipe. Pipe lengths and circumferences. Computing. Saving fuel and energy resources. Research time. The amount of heat transferred. Efficiency of a water heating boiler. The amount of heat given off by cooling water. -
Slide 2
Lesson objectives:
1. Form a concept of the physical principles of operation of heat engines. 2. To acquaint students with the most important areas of application of heat engines in the national economy. 3. Find out the environmental problems associated with the use of heat engines.
Slide 3
Spin, powerful wheels, Whistle, long belts, Burn from above, truly and obliquely, Above the swinging shafts, lights! Throwing pounds like a handful, in your fatal flight, hasten, furious pistons, to fight dead nature! Valery Bryusov
Slide 4
What is a heat engine?
A heat engine is a device that converts the internal energy of fuel into mechanical energy.
Slide 5
Types of heat engines:
Slide 6
The history of the creation of a heat engine.
K .Linde 1897 – R. Diesel internal combustion engine (with self-ignition)
Slide 7
In April 1763, Polzunov demonstrated the operation of a fire-firing machine “for factory needs”
Slide 8
In 1781, James Watt received a patent for the invention of the second model of his machine. In 1782 this remarkable machine, the first universal "double-acting" steam engine, was built.
Slide 9
By 1863, the first sample of an atmospheric gas engine with a piston from an aircraft engine and a manual starter running on a mixture of gasoline and air was ready. Internal combustion engine N. Otto
Slide 10
1878 – 1888 Rudolf Diesel is working on creating an engine of a fundamentally new design. He came up with the idea of creating an absorption engine that ran on ammonia, and the fuel was supposed to be a special powder obtained from coal.
Slide 11
Heat engine device
Three main elements of any heat engine: 1. Heater, which imparts energy to the working fluid. 2. A working fluid (gas or steam) that does work. 3. A refrigerator that absorbs part of the energy from the working fluid.
Slide 12
Operating principle of a heat engine
The operating principle of a heat engine is based on the property of gas or steam to do work when expanding. During the operation of a heat engine, expansion and compression of the gas are periodically repeated. Gas expansion occurs spontaneously, and compression occurs under the influence of an external force.
Slide 13
Heater. T₁ Refrigerator. T₂ Working fluid Q₁ Q₂ Q₁ - Q₂= A How does a heat engine work?
Slide 14
Heat engine efficiency.
Heat engine efficiency (efficiency) is the ratio of the work done by the engine per cycle to the amount of heat received from the heater.
Slide 15
Heat engine efficiency
Slide 16
Carnot Nicolas Leonard Sadi (1796-1832) - French physicist and engineer. He outlined his research in the essay “reflections on the driving force of fire and on machines capable of developing this force.” He proposed an ideal heat engine.
Slide 17
The Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle with maximum efficiency.
1 – 2 - isothermal expansion. А₁₂ = Q₁ 2 – 3 – adiabatic expansion А ₂₃ = - ∆U₂₃ 3 – 4 – isothermal compression A₃₄= A compress = Q₂ 4 – 1 – adiabatic compression A₄₁= ∆U₄₁
Slide 18
"Heat engines in reverse."
“Heat engines in reverse” are: refrigerator, air conditioner and heat pump. In them, heat transfer occurs from colder to hotter, which requires work to be done. The work is performed by an electric motor connected to a current source.
Slide 19
“Heat engines in reverse”, their operating principle.
Working fluid Q₁ A Q₂=Q₁+A
Slide 20
Heat engines in the national economy.
Heat engines are a necessary attribute of modern civilization. With their help, about 80% of electricity is generated. It is impossible to imagine modern transport without heat engines (DD, ICE). Steam turbine engines are used in water transport. Gas turbines - in aviation. Rocket engines are used in rocket and space technology.
Slide 21
Water transport.
The first practical steamship was built in 1807 by Fulton. (Amer) The first Russian steamship “Elizabeth” was built in 1815 at the factory of entrepreneur K.N. Berd. His first flight was from St. Petersburg to Kronstadt.
Slide 22
Rail transport.
In 1829, engineer J. Stephenson built the best steam locomotive for that time, the Rocket. The first diesel locomotive was built in 1924. Soviet scientist L.M. Takkel. The locomotive is driven by an internal combustion engine
Slide 23
Road transport.
The prototype of the modern car is considered to be the self-propelled carriage of the German mechanics G. Daimler and Benz. In 1883, a lightweight internal combustion engine was installed on a regular horse-drawn carriage.
Slide 24
Aviation transport.
On December 17, 1903, American inventors Orville and Wilbur Wright tested the world's first airplane - an airplane (a glider equipped with an internal combustion engine). The flight lasted 12 seconds at a height of 3 meters from the ground.
Slide 25
Space transport.
On August 17, 1933, the first Soviet liquid-propellant rocket, designed by M.K. Tikhomirov, rose into the air to a height of about 400 m. On October 4, 1957, the first artificial Earth satellite was launched.
Slide 26
The impact of heat engines on the environment.
Slide 27
ICE and its impact on the environment.
Diagram of an internal combustion engine. 1.- combustion chamber; 2- piston; 3- crank - connecting rod mechanism; 4 – radiator in the cooling system; 5 – fan 6 – gas exhaust system.
TYPE OF LESSON: learning new material.
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:
computer, multimedia projector, screen, multimedia presentation.
METHODS: verbal, visual, problem-search.
FORMS OF WORK: collective, individual, group.
TYPE OF WORK: filling out a cluster, studying a new topic using the strategy “Think for yourself - in pairs - share”, independent work with the textbook.
LESSON PLAN:
I. Organizational moment. Organization of groups. Declaration of the purpose and objectives of the lesson. Checking homework. (Training " Pass on the heat »)
II. Studying new material.
Statement (teacher)
Guys, before we move on to learning new material, let's remember the key terms that will help us decide on the topic of today's lesson. And a crossword puzzle will help us with this, the keyword of which is directly related to the topic of today's lesson. (divided into 3 groups according to the pictures of “Heat engines”. 1- group “internal combustion engine”, 2- group “steam and gas turbines”, 3- group “jet engine”. 3 groups have been formed and your task is to reveal each of the types .
Each group chooses its own group captain and keeps order by filling out the student’s evaluation sheet.
F.I. student
Homework
Problem Level A (5-10)
Answers to questions
New topic
Problem Level A (11,12,1,3,)
Level B (4,5,6)
SLIDE-1. Questions.
1. One of the ways to change the internal energy of the body ( heat transfer).
2. An energy source used in industry, transport, agriculture, and everyday life ( fuel).
3.Kinetic, potential, internal ( energy).
4. You give a tree - it eats, from water - it dies ( fire).
5. The speed of movement of molecules depends on this value ( temperature).
6.Power unit ( Watt).
7. The process of combining fuel molecules with oxygen, which releases energy ( combustion).
8.Unit of energy measurement ( Joule).
9.One type of heat transfer ( radiation).
Mutual check (9-10-“5”, 7-8-“4”, 5-6-“3”)
SLIDE-2. Topic and objectives of the lesson. Studying a new topic (using textbook material).
The topic of today's lesson is “Heat engines”
Today in class we will learn: Fill a cluster.
Human life is impossible without the use of various types of energy, the sources of which are various types of fuel, wind, sun, ebb and flow. There are various types of machines that implement in their work the transformation of one type of energy into another. We will look at one type of machine - a heat engine.
Definition.
SLIDE-3. How does this happen?
"Brainstorming" Video showing a model of the operation of a simple heat engine.
Scheme - classification of heat engines.
There are several types of heat engines: steam engine, internal combustion engine, steam and gas turbines, jet engine. In all these engines, the fuel energy is first converted into gas (or steam) energy. The gas, expanding, does work and at the same time cools. Part of its internal energy is converted into mechanical energy.
Work in groups “Think for yourself - share in pairs - tell” to consider the types of heat engines. 1- group “internal combustion engine”, 2- group “steam and gas turbines”, 3- group “jet engine”, performance of each group with its own presentation.
Engine structure and efficiency formula.
Those. A heat engine consists of a heater (a device where fuel is burned), a working fluid and a refrigerator. Gas or steam, which is the working fluid, receives a certain amount of heat (Q1) from the heater. The working fluid, heating up, expands and does work (A n) due to its internal energy. Part of the energy (Q2) is transferred to the refrigerator along with waste steam or exhaust gases.
Most of the fuel energy is not used usefully, but is lost in the surrounding space.
TEACHER QUESTION: What is the name of the quantity that shows how much of the energy released by the fuel is converted into useful work by the heat engine? ( Efficiency)
TEACHER QUESTION: Remember how to find the efficiency of a simple mechanism? Student response: ( Find the ratio of useful work to expended)
To find the efficiency of a heat engine, you need to find the ratio of the perfect useful work (A n) of the motor, to the energy received from the heater (Q1).
That is, efficiency shows what part of the energy released by the fuel is converted into useful work. The greater this part of the energy, the more economical the engine.
TEACHER QUESTION: Compare the values of Q1 and Q2. ( Q1 >Q2)
TEACHER QUESTION: How much Q1 > Q2? ( to the value of Ap)
TEACHER QUESTION: How can you find a useful job? ( Q1 -Q2)
So A n= Q1 - Q2 and
TEACHER QUESTION: Compare the values of Q1 - Q2 and Q1. ( Q1 -Q2< Q1)
TEACHER QUESTION: What can you say about the meaning of the fraction ( less than 1)
This means that the efficiency is always less than 1, and if expressed as a percentage, then less than 100%.
III. Solving the problem of each group Level A (11,12,13)
Task: What is the efficiency of a heat engine if a quarter of the fuel energy is converted into useful work? (25%)
SLIDE. Physical education minute.
PHYSICAL MINUTE
SLIDE. Statement.
III. Consolidation of the studied material.
Well, now let's once again briefly repeat what we learned in today's lesson.
- What machines are called heat engines?
- What types of heat engines do you know?
- What is the heater of an internal combustion engine?
- What is an internal combustion engine refrigerator?
- How many cycles does an internal combustion engine cycle consist of?
- What measure is shown in Figure 27 of the textbook?
Now I would like to check how well you have learned the new material. To do this, I suggest you sit down at the computers and answer the test questions. But the computer will evaluate your knowledge. And you and I will draw conclusions about what you need to pay attention to when preparing your homework.
Reflection: (finish the sentence)
Today I can rate my work as “___”.
Today I found out...
It was interesting...
I realized that...
Now I can...
I learned...
I did it...
I will try….
I was surprised...
I wanted...
IV. Summing up.
Homework: §21-24 Problem Level B (4-6, 9,10)
View document contents
“Synopsis + presentation of the Physics lesson Thermal engines”
- One of the ways to change the internal energy of the body
( heatper d acha ).
2. Energy source used in industry, transport, agriculture, and everyday life
( topli V O ).
- Kinetic, potential, internal
( energy And I ).
- If you give it to a tree, it eats it; if you give it water, it dies
( O G he ).
5. The speed of movement of molecules depends on this value
( tempera A tour ).
6. Power unit
( Wat T ).
7. The process of combining fuel molecules with oxygen, which releases energy
( mountains e tion ).
8. Energy unit
( Jou l b ).
9. One of the types of heat transfer that we receive from the sun
( And irradiation ).
LESSON TOPIC: Heat engines
- LESSON OBJECTIVES:
- Formation of concepts and ideas about heat engines, its types, the principle of operation of an internal combustion engine, the efficiency of a heat engine.
- Development of logical thinking, memory, ability to find the optimal way to complete a given task; the ability to correctly explain physical concepts and phenomena; improving skills in working with a personal computer.
- Environmental education.
Heat engines are called machines in which the internal energy of the fuel is converted into mechanical energy.
Types of heat engines:
(installed at all thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, water transport, railway transport are now practically replaced).
Steam turbines.
Internal combustion engines.
(road transport, aviation, agricultural and construction equipment).
Jet engines.
(aviation, astronautics).
Timeline of inventions of heat engines
1690 – D. Papen’s steam-atmospheric machine
1705 - T. Newcomen’s steam-atmospheric machine for lifting water from the mine
1763-1766 – steam engine by I.I. Polzunov
1784 – J. Watt steam engine
1865 – internal combustion engine N. Otto
1871 – refrigeration machine K. Linde
1897 – R. Diesel internal combustion engine (with self-ignition)
Steam turbine- a type of steam engine in which a jet of steam, acting on the rotor blades, causes it to rotate.
The history of turbines is the history of the water wheel.
Water wheel with paddles from the 16th century
Water wheel de la Fe, 1740.
14th century water wheel
Segner wheel 1750
Wheel of Poisel, 1825
Turbines
Laval steam turbine, 1889.
Kaplan turbine, 1900.
Euler turbine, 1754.
Turbine of a modern hydroelectric power station
Creator of the first piston steam engine - 1690
In 1711-1712 English inventor, blacksmith Thomas Newcomen built the first steam (steam-atmospheric) piston-type machine.
Steam engine by I.I.Polzunov
In April 1763, Polzunov demonstrated the operation of a fire-firing machine."
for factory needs"
J. Watt's steam engine
- In 1781, James Watt received a patent for the invention of the second model of his machine.
- In 1782 this remarkable machine, the first universal "double-acting" steam engine, was built.
Internal combustion engine N. Otto
By 1863, the first sample of an atmospheric gas engine with a piston from an aircraft engine and a manual starter running on a mixture of gasoline and air was ready.
Refrigeration machine K. Linde
The award of a prize for the invention of a refrigeration machine for the crystallization of paraffin prompted the professor in 1870 to seriously study the theory of the then non-existent refrigeration industry. Three years later, the first prototype von Linde steam engine, which used methyl ether as a coolant, was tested at the Augsburg brewery. At the same time, the professor received a patent for his invention in the state of Bavaria, and on August 9, 1877, an imperial patent for a machine of the “second design” that ran on ammonia.
R. Diesel internal combustion engine (with self-ignition)
1878 – 1888 Rudolf Diesel is working on creating an engine of a fundamentally new design. It occurred to him to create an absorption engine that would run on ammonia, and the fuel would be a special powder obtained from coal.
Internal combustion engine
The first four-stroke internal combustion engine ran on gas. It was invented in 1878 by the self-taught German physicist Nikolai Otto.
in 1885, a carburetor internal combustion engine was built that ran on gasoline.
- A carburetor internal combustion engine has a carburetor-device into which gasoline and air enter, resulting in a combustible mixture .
4 stroke engine
- 1 stroke - as a result of the downward movement of the piston, the combustible mixture is sucked through the inlet valve, the outlet valve is closed.
- 2 stroke - the piston compresses the combustible mixture, it heats up and is ignited by an electric spark from a candle.
- 3 stroke - hot gases - products of combustion of the combustible mixture - press on the piston and push it down. The movement of the piston is transmitted to the crankshaft using a connecting rod.
- 4 stroke - the piston rises and pushes the exhaust gases through the exhaust valve, which opens at this time
Graph of changes in the state of gas in an internal combustion engine cylinder on p, V- diagram .
- 1.2-Intake
- 2.3-Compression
- 3.4-Working stroke
- 4,5,6,7 release
- Light weight, compactness, and relatively high efficiency (25-30%) have led to the widespread use of carburetor engines. They power cars, motorcycles, motor boats, and are used in chainsaws.
- But there are also disadvantages: they run on expensive high-quality fuel, are quite complex in design, have a high rotation speed of the engine shaft, and their exhaust gases pollute the atmosphere.
Four-stroke diesel engine
Invented by the German engineer Rudolf DIESEL (1858 - 1913) in 1897.
First measure
As the piston moves downwards, atmospheric air enters the cylinder through the inlet valve.
Second measure
As the piston moves upward, the air is adiabatically compressed to a pressure of approximately 1.2*10 6 Pa, which leads to an increase in its temperature at the end of the stroke to 500-700 0 C.
Third measure
The gases formed during combustion press on the piston and produce useful work while the piston moves downward. The pressure of the expanding gas is maintained approximately constant. At the end of combustion of the injected portion of fuel, adiabatic expansion of the gas occurs. At the end of the stroke, the exhaust valve opens and the pressure drops.
Fourth measure
The piston moves upward and pushes combustion products into the atmosphere.
Graph of changes in the state of gas in the cylinder DD on the p, V-diagram.
Isobars 1-2 - 1 measure
Isobars 2-3- 2 measures
AND Zobara 3-4 , isotherm 4-5 , isochore 5-6 - 3 beat
AND Zobara 6-7 - 4 measure
Advantages of a diesel engine:
Greater efficiency (35-40%).
Low fuel consumption
Cheap fuel
Large torque
Disadvantages of a diesel engine:
Lower power compared to gasoline engines
Higher mass
rocket engine
ROCKET ENGINE, a jet engine that does not use the environment (air, water) for operation. Chemical rocket engines are common (electric, nuclear and other rocket engines are being developed and tested). The simplest rocket engine runs on compressed gas. According to their purpose, they are divided into accelerating, braking, control, etc. They are used on rockets (hence the name), airplanes, etc. The main engine in astronautics.
Damage to the environment
The negative impact of heat engines on the environment is associated with various factors.
- Firstly, when burning fuel, oxygen from the atmosphere is used, as a result of which the oxygen content in the air gradually decreases.
- Secondly, burning fuel is accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
- Thirdly, when coal and oil are burned, the atmosphere is polluted with nitrogen and sulfur compounds, which are harmful to human health.
- And car engines emit two to three tons of lead into the atmosphere every year.
Emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere are not the only side of the impact of energy on nature. According to the laws of thermodynamics, the production of electrical and mechanical energy cannot, in principle, be carried out without releasing significant amounts of heat into the environment. This cannot but lead to a gradual increase in the average temperature on earth. One of the areas related to environmental protection is increasing the efficiency of energy use and the struggle to save it.
- One of the ways to reduce environmental pollution is to use diesel engines in cars instead of carburetor gasoline engines, the fuel of which does not contain lead compounds. Promising are the developments of cars that use electric motors or engines that use hydrogen as fuel instead of gasoline engines. Uniform movement of cars, eliminating congestion
- Setting the speed limit in the city to 60 km/h
- Removal of freight flows from the city limits
- Timely elimination of engine malfunctions
Heat engine diagram
Heater T 1
Q 1
Working fluid (gas)
A = Q 1 -Q 2
Q 2
Refrigerator T 2
Toxicity of lead compounds P b (C 2 H 5) 4
- Acts on the nervous system
- Causes mental retardation
- Brain diseases
- Deactivates enzymes
Pb(C 2 H 5 ) 4 + 4KI ------ 4 C 2 H 5 K+PbI 4
Pb 4+ + 4I - ------ PbI 4
yellow
Safe blood levels
0,2- 0,8 × 10 -4 %
Task: Level A No. 11,12,13 Level B No. 4, 5, 6
Homework: §22-24
Task: Level A No. 14 Level B No. 9,10
“Efficiency” - Weight of the bar. Efficiency Assemble the installation. The existence of friction. The ratio of useful work to total work. Archimedes. Measure the traction force F. Determination of efficiency when lifting a body. Do the calculations. Rivers and lakes. Path S. Solid. Concept of efficiency.
“Heat engines and environmental protection” - Heat engines and environmental protection. Classification of transport by energy source. Irreversibility of thermal processes. Ecological map of Moscow. How to save your land. Advantages and disadvantages. Thermal power plants operate on fossil fuels. Thermal ES. Streamlining traffic flow. Ecological research data.
“Types of Heat Engines” - Harm. Internal combustion engine. Brief history. The importance of heat engines. Types of heat engines. Steam turbine. Brief history of development. Heat engines. Carnot cycle. Reducing environmental pollution. Rocket engine.
“Thermal engines and the environment” - The principle of operation of an injection engine. Papin Denis. These substances enter the atmosphere. Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich. Heat engine diagram. Refrigeration unit. Environmental problems of using thermal machines. Environmental protection. Polzunov Ivan Ivanovich. Heat engines. They release substances harmful to humans, animals and plants into the atmosphere.
“Use of thermal engines” - Number of electric vehicles. In agriculture. Application of heat engines. Heat engines. In road transport. Environmental pollution. German engineer Daimler. Russian mechanic Ivan Polzunov. A ton of gasoline. What did you observe? Greening cities. On the railway. Engineer Gero.
“Heat engines and machines” - Internal combustion engine. Stroke cycles of a four-stroke engine. Heron's ball. Solving environmental problems. Diesel. Environmental problems of using thermal machines. Double-casing steam turbine. Variety of types of heat engines. Model of an internal combustion engine. Steam turbine. Stroke cycles of a two-stroke engine.
There are 31 presentations in total
State educational institution of JSC "Comprehensive school at penal institutions", Blagoveshchensk
Heat engines.
Heat engines are machines in which the internal energy of fuel is converted into mechanical energy.
The first heat engine known to us was an external combustion steam turbine, invented in the 8th (or 10th?) century AD. era in the Roman Empire. This invention was not developed, presumably due to the low level of technology at that time (for example, the bearing had not yet been invented).
Later, a gunpowder gun and a gunpowder rocket appeared in China. It was a relatively simple device. From a mechanical point of view, a powder rocket was not a heat engine, but from a physics point of view, it was a heat engine. Already in the 17th century, scientists tried to invent a heat engine based on a gunpowder weapon.
Gunpowder projectile in ancient China
- Types of heat engines
- External combustion heat engines:
1. Stirling engine is a thermal apparatus in which a gaseous or liquid working fluid moves in a confined space. This device is based on periodic cooling and heating of the working fluid. In this case, the energy that arises when the volume of the working fluid changes is extracted. The Stirling engine can operate from any heat source.
It was first patented by Scottish priest Robert Stirling on September 27, 1816. However, the first elementary “hot air engines” were known at the end of the 17th century, long before Stirling. Stirling's achievement was the addition of a node that he called "economy".
Robert Stirling -
creator of the famous alternative to the steam engine, named after him.
In 1843, James Stirling used this engine in the factory where he was working as an engineer at the time. In 1938, Philips invested in a Stirling engine with over two hundred horsepower and over 30% efficiency. The Stirling engine has many advantages and was widely used during the era of steam engines.
2.Steam engine
James Watt - Scottish engineer-inventor, creator of the universal steam engine
Scheme of operation of Watt's steam engine
Main plus steam engines - simplicity and excellent traction qualities. In this case, you can do without a gearbox. For this reason, it is convenient to use a steam engine as a traction engine.
Flaws: low efficiency, low speed, constant water and fuel consumption, heavy weight
Steam engine - any external combustion heat engine that converts steam energy into mechanical work.
Steam engine truck
Steam fire engine
Tractor with steam engine
(Efficiency) of a heat engine can be defined as the ratio of useful mechanical work to the expended amount of heat contained in the fuel. The rest of the energy is released into the environment in the form of heat. A steam engine releasing steam into the atmosphere will have an efficiency of 1 to 8%; an improved engine can improve efficiency to 25% or even more.
Thermal power plant can achieve an efficiency of 30-42%. Combined-cycle plants can achieve an efficiency of 50-60%.
At thermal power plants, efficiency is increased by using partially exhausted steam for heating and production needs. In this case, up to 90% of the fuel energy is used and only 10% is dissipated uselessly in the atmosphere.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION HEAT ENGINES:
- ICE (internal combustion engine) is an engine during the operation of which part of the burning fuel is converted into mechanical energy.
The first internal combustion engine was invented and created
E. Lenoir in 1860. The working cycle consists of four strokes, for this reason this engine is also called a four-stroke engine. Currently, such an engine is most often found in cars.
Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913).
German engineer, creator of the internal combustion engine,
currently used
2. Rotary internal combustion engine
This type of engine is relatively simple and can be created in any size. Instead of pistons, a rotor is used, rotating in a special chamber. It contains the intake and exhaust ports, as well as the spark plug. With this type of design, the four-stroke cycle is carried out without a gas distribution mechanism. In a rotary internal combustion engine, cheap fuel can be used. It also creates virtually no vibrations and is cheaper and more reliable to manufacture than piston heat engines.
"Mazda" based on a rotary engine.
3. Rocket and jet thermal engines.
The essence of these devices is that thrust is generated not by a propeller, but by the release of engine exhaust gases.
They can create draft in a space without air.
There are solid fuel, hybrid and liquid). And the last subtype is turboprop thermal engines. Energy is created by the propeller and by the release of exhaust gases.
Jet engine design diagram
An-140 - turboprop cargo-passenger aircraft