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In 1937 Soviet Union ended the creeping penetration of the Chinese into the Far East.
Chinese immigration to Russia began in the 1870s, about a decade and a half after the annexation Far East to Russia. Thus, the first Russian settlers quickly became acquainted with their new neighbors. The immigration of the Chinese was organized by the Russian authorities themselves and was associated with the attraction of Chinese to government work. Until 1878, the Chinese authorities banned the movement of people outside the country due to the policy of isolationism. Thus, formally, the Chinese who moved to work within Russian borders were considered criminals in their homeland. With the active development of the eastern territories by Russians, the Chinese began to be attracted to seasonal work in the mining industry. If in 1890 there were 6.2 thousand Chinese in the Primorsky Territory, then at the end of the 1890s. there were already about 30 thousand people. In total, the number of Chinese in the Far East at the beginning of the twentieth century was 250 thousand people.
Migration from China was largely temporary. The basis of the migration flow were otkhodniks who came to the region to earn money. Men made up 98% of them. Most of them returned to their homeland by winter, some stayed for 2-3 years. Up to 80-90 thousand Chinese were constantly in the region. The exact number was unknown to anyone, since many Chinese entered Russia illegally. The majority had no qualifications and could only be used as laborers and servants, followed by small traders, single artisans, gardeners, hunters, ginseng seekers, fishermen, as well as laborers employed in construction work and in gold mining. Chinese immigrants settled almost exclusively in cities, forming specific Chinatowns.
The Chinese, living in their own community, were essentially isolated from the Russian population and authorities. Most of them were illiterate and, moreover, did not know Russian. Characteristic feature internal life of the Chinese community was the creation of legal and secret societies and unions. The Chinese lived according to their own laws, not submitting to the Russian administration. For ease of administration, they divided the entire Ussuri region into districts, headed by the Chinese. Where there are three Chinese, there is also a “triad” - Chinese mafia. The scope of Chinese organized crime was very large, although mostly the bandits preferred to rob their compatriots.
The Chinese robbers, the Honghuzes, were especially famous. They mainly operated on the territory of Manchuria, but often wandered into Russian possessions. The first skirmish between Russians and Honghuzes was recorded in 1862, the last - already in 1935! The scope of hunkhuzism was significantly inferior to the abrekism in the Caucasus, but still, the Russian military, Cossacks and gendarmes in the Far East were provided with work in their specialty for years.
The Chinese have achieved serious economic success in legal business as well. According to the Amur Treasury Chamber, based on the number of trade documents issued, there were 5,958 Russian enterprises in the region in 1910, and 3,796 foreign enterprises, and foreigners of the white race owned only 160 enterprises, therefore, the yellow race accounted for over 37% all trading enterprises. The number of yellow traders is especially large in the Primorsky region, where it reaches almost 41%. The Chinese carried on a large-scale trade in alcohol, getting the indigenous peoples of the region drunk. The mining taiga, and the villages in which the Chinese worked as traders, artisans, and farm laborers, and the cities where they served the work of the railway, military and naval departments were populated by Chinese immigration. Vladivostok's Chinatown was known as popular name Millionka and was famous throughout Russian Empire with its brothels, brothels, opium dens and special criminal folklore.
Concerned Russian authorities began to take measures to limit the influx of Chinese and the integration of the Chinese into Russian life. In 1883, a law was passed making the Chinese subject to Russian courts. In 1885, a procedure was introduced for issuing special Russian “tickets” (types) for residence within the Primorsky region to the Chinese. In 1886, foreigners were prohibited from settling in border areas, in 1892 they were deprived of the right to purchase real estate in the Amur and Primorsky regions, and finally, in 1897, Chinese self-government was prohibited in the Russian Far East, and the Chinese officially began to live on the basis of all-Russian laws . But only officially - in practice, the diaspora was still controlled by criminal authorities.
The Yellow Peril became a reality in the summer of 1900, when the Yihetuan Rebellion broke out in China. The rebels, who resembled the Taliban in their anti-Western frenzy, destroyed railways, toppled telegraph poles, and killed Christian missionaries and Christian Chinese. Soon, the Chinese Empress Ci Xi joined the rebels, declaring war 8 European countries, including Russia. In Manchuria, the Yihetuan besieged the city of Harbin, which was under construction, which was held by a small Russian detachment, and on July 1, 1900, their detachments invaded Russian territory, having crossed the Amur. The next day, Chinese regular troops and Yihetuan bombarded Blagoveshchensk, which was defended by Cossacks and armed townspeople. The shelling continued for 13 days, but due to the ineptitude of the Chinese gunners, they did not cause much damage, only 5 people were killed.
In response, Governor Gribsky ordered the eviction of the Chinese from the city. Enraged by the shelling, the militia drove the Chinese, who had not had time to flee earlier, into the Amur, and thousands of them died during the crossing. The tragic episode, which journalists dubbed the “Amur utopia,” can hardly be justified, but the threat to the city was eliminated.
Meanwhile, Russian troops, together with Amur and Ussuri Cossacks and militias, transferred the war to Chinese territory, crossing the Amur, and by the end of 1900 they captured all of Manchuria, and the troops of the international coalition under the direct command of General Nikolai Linevich stormed Beijing.
It is not surprising that after 1900 the Russian authorities began to be wary of Chinese guest workers. A decree of 1910 prohibited the use of their labor in state enterprises, but in private enterprises their number grew, and in the years Civil War many Chinese joined the Honghuz gangs, the liquidation of which dragged on until the mid-30s.
In 1926, 72 thousand Chinese officially lived in the Soviet Far East, but since the border was practically open, no one really knew how many there were.
Meanwhile international situation worsened. In 1929, in response to the seizure of the USSR-owned Eastern China railway The Red Army defeated the troops of the master of Manchuria, Zhang Xueliang, who was formally subordinate to the Chinese government. In 1931, Manchuria was captured by Japan, and its Kwantung Army, which had grown to 1 million people, openly prepared for invasion. From that time on, border incidents occurred almost every day. Japanese agents, among whom there were many Russian White emigrants, penetrated Soviet territory and carried out sabotage and assassination attempts. From 1936 to 1938, Japanese forces committed 231 violations of the USSR border, in 35 cases they resulted in major military clashes.
Response measures were not long in coming. Number Soviet troops in the Far East has increased significantly. Detachments of Chinese partisans trained in the USSR appeared on Manchurian territory. And after the channel of illegal immigration was blocked, the process of “pushing” the Chinese to their historical homeland began.
Soviet leaders of the Far East pursued a policy of replacing foreign labor, encouraging the re-emigration of the Chinese. The hiring of Chinese for seasonal work was stopped. Many Chinese migrant workers, after working for some time, were refused an extension labor agreements, after which they were forced to return home. Those Chinese who tried to stay illegally were deported by force. The Vladivostok Millionka and other uncontrolled Chinese quarters were liquidated, and their inhabitants were partly liquidated on the spot, partly deported to their homeland, partly employed in the interests of Soviet republic on the islands of one famous archipelago.
By 1937, about 10 thousand Chinese remained in Primorye. It was they who were subjected to wholesale deportation to their homeland this year. The argument in favor of returning was simple: on July 7, 1937, Japan began a large-scale war with the goal of conquering all of China. Since almost all Chinese immigrants were men of military age, they were politely advised to go home to fight the war against external enemy. Neither Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek nor Communist Party leader Mao Zedong could respond to this. They themselves called on the entire people to rise up against the Japanese aggressors!
By the beginning of 1938, the Chinese community ceased to exist in the territory of the Soviet Far East, and until the fall of the USSR it was a purely Russian region.
But these are different times. By 1993, the number of Chinese in the Far East exceeded 100 thousand, and now, including illegal immigrants, there are several times more of them. As in its first coming, the Chinese diaspora is a state within a state, obeying only its own laws and its leaders. And recent initiatives Russian government on the transfer of the Celestial Empire for the cultivation of large tracts of agricultural land in the Amur region, if implemented, will significantly accelerate the process of Sinicization of the region.
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Back in 2006, it was known that up to 200 million Chinese were ready to travel to Russia
The fact that Russia attracts the Chinese like flies to honey has long been no secret. By their standards, it is “clean” and there are almost no people here. Compare: the number of inhabitants of the Celestial Empire is 1.35 billion people, the annual increase is 12-15 million. We are about 142 million, minus almost a million natural loss Every year. Nature abhors a vacuum. Moreover, in conditions priority development The Caucasus (where it is already dense) has to put up with the fact that “deserted” Siberia and the Far East are quietly being filled by comrades from the PRC. And where to go if the government, judging by its actions (inactions) and in the words of singer Alexander Novikov, “saw damned Siberia in its grave”?
Who said that Russia is a raw materials appendage exclusively of the West? And China? This dragon has been gobbling up the Russian economy for many years now, actively digesting our resources (in the broad sense of the term), and in return regurgitating... Well, you know what they usually “burp” with: have you seen the “Made in China” labels? For me, such an inscription is a sentence. I agree to overpay, just to never encounter the “vaunted” Chinese quality. But my choice is getting smaller every day, and you’ve probably heard the mantra “nowadays EVERYTHING is made in China.” So, this is a lie. The popular saying “like before China” is hopelessly outdated. He is with us, here, close by, and not “somewhere in the Far East.”
A typical letter is published by Arguments of the Week. I will reproduce the message in its entirety: “They are writing to you from the village of Baryatino Kaluga region. WITH recently We have new tenants. From Chinese People's Republic. No, these are not tourists. More than 50 Chinese (herd) came to grow vegetables and berries. By order of the head of the Baryatinskoye administration, Svetlana Rudoman, the new collective farmers were first settled in a rural school in the village of Vysokaya Gora. They have done the school in such a way that now she, the school, needs major renovation. Today, Chinese “specialists” moved to live in the village of Shershnevo. They settled in abandoned huts. Soon huge greenhouses appeared nearby. They grow a lot of things there. And they even promise to plant the collective farm field... with pineapples. They say that in Harbin this fruit and vegetable also ripens mostly under film. What kind of experiment is this? Why bring the Chinese if we ourselves are in ruins? Agriculture– there was no work, and still no work? Residents of the village of Baryatino"
The editors didn’t believe me at first. No, not to the “herd of Chinese”, but to Kaluga pineapples. As a once popular Soviet column said, “the letter called for the road.” AN correspondent Nadezhda Popova went to a Chinese collective farm to Russian soil and was personally convinced: the great migration of the “celestial people” is full move, and this process is not called expansion, not compradorism, etc. scary words, but just a “business project”. The head of the agrarian policy department of the Baryatinsky municipal district, Sergei Zhuravlev, said exactly that. The “bombed” school does not bother him: the official is confident in the noble mission of the Chinese. Moreover, with High Mountain they have already moved to another village. True, there are no pineapples there yet. On huge area The Kaenerites plant cucumbers in their greenhouses, but the first frost killed the entire crop. But the Chinese do not lose heart and do not go back. It feels like they have settled down seriously and for a long time. After all, the official Zhuravlev stands behind them like a mountain: “They will not use either mineral or chemical fertilizers!”
Strange. They use it everywhere, and then suddenly “they won’t”...
I would believe the “crane songs”, but something is stopping me. Maybe another letter, from another region - the Voronezh region: “They want to bring the Chinese to us to boost agriculture. We don’t argue, villages are dying out. But why do we need these disinfectants with chemicals that kill all living things? We buy Chinese vegetables at the market. If you put a cucumber in the refrigerator, the skin will then completely slide off. And when you start frying a tomato for borscht, it bursts and turns into steam. The Lunin family, Borisoglebsk."
Hundreds of hectares of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East were destroyed after the invasion of Chinese vegetable growers (not to be confused with locusts, so as not to offend insects). Bags of dust, dichlorvos, granosan, etc. “delights” are never in vain for the earth. However, why should the Chinese be scared to behave differently? After all, they are still “guests” here, although they are “squinting” at the future. For example, today all logging and wood processing enterprises in the north Nizhny Novgorod region are in calloused Chinese hands. Entrepreneurs from the Middle Kingdom are mercilessly cutting down birch, linden and aspen trees. Why do you think? Chopsticks are made. Everything is “correct”, they are organizing Russia in their own image and likeness: in the future they will not need spoons.
Further - more, even more, more... The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Resources of the Nizhny Novgorod Region is seriously considering the possibility of leasing agricultural lands, enterprises and empty villages to the Chinese for up to 40 years. This was confirmed by Wang Junwen, Advisor for Trade and Economic Affairs at the Chinese Embassy in Russia. In Tonshaevsky district local authorities They are even ready to build houses for the Chinese, huts for our villagers “unnecessarily.”
Wow, how I foresee affection for the Chinese ability to work, supported by arguments: they say, Russian peasants have forgotten how to work and are only good at drinking vodka... I won’t even begin to ask rhetorically: have you tried paying normal money instead of a handful of rice? This is too separate and broad a topic to be exchanged for “nickels”... But for the wise guys who consider migrants a panacea, I’ll tell you: in the same Nizhny Novgorod region, all good intentions are to attract the inhabitants of the Middle Kingdom specifically to rural work ended in complete failure. The Chinese quickly forgot about the shovels and hoes and ran to the markets to trade.
I repeat once again: I am not for Russia for Russians, I am against Russia WITHOUT Russians. I don’t care about the Chinese drum that they are cramped there, at least let them eat each other. Otherwise (very otherwise) they will “eat” us. Deputy Director of the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation Vyacheslav Postavnin at one time (back in 2006!) let slip that potentially 200 million Chinese were ready to leave for Russia. Can you imagine an army of TWO HUNDRED MILLION “bayonets” (hungry mouths)?! Now it’s clear why the Far East and Siberia are not enough for them?
The Chinese front has long had different coordinates - Voronezh, Kaluga, Nizhny Novgorod, Kursk, Volgograd and other regions Central Russia. Even Kaliningrad could not resist: Chinese “defectors” are regularly detained there on the border with Lithuania (and the Lithuanians still consider us a threat). By the way, according to the AN, several years ago an agreement was signed between the administration of Heilongjiang province and the leadership of the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAO). “To celebrate,” 70,000 hectares of land were leased. Now the Chinese grow potatoes and vegetables there. And since the legislation gives regional administrations the right to give land to foreigners for a period of 49 years, the great displacement has already begun. Several hundred thousand people can comfortably live on 70,000 hectares. And the prospect of creating an “autonomous Chinatown” instead of the Jewish Autonomous Region does not seem so fantastic.
What to do? Build the Great Chinese (or rather, anti-Chinese) wall. Weak? So let it Russian authorities at least look in that direction widely with open eyes. Maybe he will finally see that in addition to the Caucasus, there are other regions in the country... Far-sighted Prime Minister Vladimir Putin did not seem to close his eyes: “If in the near future we do not take action practical steps for the development of the Far East over several decades, Russian population will speak Chinese, Japanese and Korean" Well???