Increased air humidity is good for health. How to increase air humidity in an apartment: signs of “dryness” and ways to eliminate it
MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION -
STAROGOLSKAYA SECONDARY SCHOOL
RESEARCH
Effect of air humidity
on human health
Prepared
8th grade student
Aleshin Evgeniy
Supervisor
Physics teacher
Tretyakova Marina Mikhailovna
2012 - 2013 academic year
Work plan
1. Introduction.
2. The influence of dry and humid air on people’s well-being.
3. Instruments for measuring humidity.
Introduction
Air humidity is one of the essential characteristics of climate. It greatly influences people’s well-being; it is this characteristic, along with temperature, that determines the conditions of a person’s existence in and outside his home.
INhumidity They call the amount of water contained in the air at a given temperature compared to the maximum possible content at the same temperature.
To characterize the content of water vapor in the air, the following physical quantities are introduced: absolute air humidity, relative air humidity.
Absolute humidity shows how many grams of water vapor are contained in air with a volume of 1m3 under given conditions, i.e. the density of water vapor.
To judge the degree of air humidity, it is important to know whether the water vapor in the air is close to a state of saturation; the concept of relative humidity is introduced.
Relative air humidity is the ratio of absolute air humidity to the density of saturated water vapor at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage.
The optimal humidity level for humans ranges from 40 to 60% . But, as a rule, in dry summer weather the humidity in residential buildings does not exceed 40%, and in winter it generally drops to 25-30%.
In too dry air, tiny particles of dust hang, which, at a normal level of humidity, appear to be bound by it. Lack of humidity also leads to the fact that furniture and other wooden objects can dry out and crack. If the air in the apartment, animals and plants also do not feel very good.
If the air in the apartment is excessively dry, then people experience drowsiness and absent-mindedness, fatigue increases and immunity decreases. Too low air humidity increases the risk of contracting a respiratory infection. In some cases, with severe dryness, cracks may form on the mucous membrane and small vessels may bleed. It is also known that dry air contains an excess amount of positively charged ions, and this contributes to the development of stressful conditions in people. Lack of moisture leads to dry skin and early aging.
The risk group for insufficient humidity is children and people with respiratory diseases, asthmatics and allergy sufferers.
High humidity is harmful. If its levels are too high, fungus and mold spread intensively in the corners and on the walls of the room. In damp conditions, food spoils quickly.
Depending on the amount of vapor present in the atmosphere at a given temperature, the air has varying degrees of humidity.
Water is an indispensable component of all living things. The body of a healthy person contains about 80% water. The loss of more than 10% of water leads to the death of a person, and with the loss of only 2%, serious biochemical disturbances begin in the body, leading to a violation of the constancy of the internal environment.
Liquid leaves the human body through the urinary system, as well as by evaporation from the surface of the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. This allows you to get rid of decay products and toxic substances that accumulate as a result of biochemical reactions. Due to the evaporation of sweat from the surface of the skin, the body is protected from overheating, and body temperature is one of the most constant parameters that changes during illness.
Water enters the human body daily with food and through the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract with air enriched with moisture.
There are a number of ailments associated with the pathology of water metabolism of the skin and mucous membranes. Dry skin is a symptom that occurs in many diseases, such as dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis. The main symptom of severe dry skin is itching. Patients complain of a constant feeling of skin irritation, which leads to nervous excitability, loss of sleep, and even nervous exhaustion. Age-related changes in the lipid composition of the skin lead to painful itching due to disruption of the normal water balance. The condition especially worsens in the autumn-winter period, when the heating season begins. On the one hand, a feeling of comfort is caused by a temperature of 22-23C0. On the other hand, a heat source causes a significant decrease in air humidity in the living environment and leads to serious loss of moisture from the surface of the skin.
There are many different methods to prevent excessive evaporation of moisture from the surface of the skin (moisturizing cosmetics, cotton clothing, water treatments). A diet with limited salt gives good results in normalizing water-salt metabolism, especially in older people. However, one of the most important conditions for maintaining normal water exchange is the normal humidity and air temperature in the living room. The condition of the human respiratory tract also depends on these parameters.
High humidity (above 70%) also negatively affects the human body, both at high and low temperatures. At high air temperatures and high humidity, a person sweats a lot, but moisture does not evaporate from the surface, which leads to overheating of the body and “heat stroke.”
At low temperatures, increased air humidity, on the contrary, leads to severe cooling of the body, since in humid air energy losses through convection and thermal conductivity sharply increase.
To determine air humidity, instruments such as a hair hygrometer and a psychrometer are used.
A psychrometer consists of two thermometers, one of which shows the air temperature, and the other is wrapped in a cloth, the end of which is dipped in water. As the water evaporates, the thermometer cools and shows a temperature slightly lower than the dry one. The lower the relative humidity, the more intense evaporation occurs, therefore, the difference in thermometer readings will be greater. From this temperature difference, using a special psychrometric table, the relative air humidity is determined. Thus, any person at home, having such a table and two identical thermometers, can measure air humidity for its further adjustment.
Practical part
Since during the school year we have to spend a lot of time at school, the humidity level in classrooms plays an important role. Based on this, I decided to find out whether the air humidity in our offices met sanitary standards. Measurements were made in subject rooms, a gym, a corridor, and a computer science room.
I used a psychrometer to measure air humidity and entered all the data into a summary table.
Name | Dry bulb readings | Wet bulb readings | difference | Air humidity, % | correspondence |
||
Computer Science Room | minor excess |
||||||
Biology class | minor excess |
||||||
History Cabinet | |||||||
Foreign language classroom | |||||||
Russian language classroom | |||||||
Mathematics room | |||||||
Life Safety Fundamentals Cabinet | |||||||
Gym | |||||||
dining room | excess |
Note. According to the Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules and Standards SANPIN 2.4.1.1249 - 03, in the premises of educational institutions, the relative air humidity is maintained within 40-60%
conclusions
Air humidity in school premises corresponds to standards, with the exception of the canteen.
Comparing the readings of the device before and after wet cleaning, we can say with confidence that this is a very effective way to increase humidity, as the readings increase by 8-10%.
The indoor microclimate can be changed using available measures.
Even carrying out simple manipulations to increase air humidity in a living space leads to tangible results. Hanging wet sheets on hot radiators, wet cleaning, installing aquariums, mini-ponds, indoor fountains and even just containers with water allows you to increase the humidity parameter. But the most modern, effective and convenient way is to use special household appliances - air humidifiers.
Conclusion
I chose this topic because I found the study of air humidity and its measurement interesting. Most people do not attach importance to the level of humidity in residential premises, and in vain, because both low and high humidity leads to the development of many diseases and a deterioration in people’s well-being. And, at the same time, anyone who is interested in this issue can easily measure air humidity using a regular thermometer and take further measures to correct the microclimate of their home. I think that everyone who listened to my work will think about how important it is to maintain normal indoor air humidity.
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INTRODUCTION
Human health directly depends on the quality and condition of the air he breathes. After all, this affects the vital activity, performance and well-being of the human body. A survey I conducted among school students showed that the main characteristic of the air that interests respondents is cleanliness, and few people think about the humidity of the air we breathe. But not only the state of human life, but also animals and plants, as well as the safety of technical objects, architectural structures, and works of art depend on this factor. Knowledge of humidity in meteorology is of great importance for weather prediction. Food, building materials, books and even electronic components can be stored within a strictly defined range of relative humidity. Many technological processes are only possible with strict control of the water vapor content in the air of the production room.
In my work, I propose to consider in detail, learn to measure and regulate such an important characteristic of air as humidity.
Target: Study of the influence of air humidity on human life.
Tasks:
Get acquainted with the concept of air humidity, find out what parameters it depends on, and how it is calculated.
Consider the principle of operation of instruments used to measure air humidity.
Master various ways of measuring air humidity.
To study the influence of air humidity on human life.
Measure air humidity in different rooms of the school and compare the data obtained with sanitary and hygienic standards.
Suggest options for normalizing air humidity.
Object of study: percentage moisture content in school premises.
Subject of study: influence of air humidity on human life.
Research methods:
Questioning.
Working with literature and materials in the media.
Experiment.
Comparison and analysis.
Hypothesis: If you find out what parameters air humidity depends on and learn how to regulate it, you can create a favorable microclimate for human life.
Practical significance: formulated methods for regulating air humidity.
THEORETICAL BASIS
1.1. Physical calculations and air humidity parameters
Atmospheric air consists of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and some other gases, which make up no more than 1% of the total mass. But in addition to these gases, the air also contains water vapor and other impurities. Water vapor in the air is usually unsaturated. Saturated vapor is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid. This state is characterized by the fact that the number of molecules leaving the surface of the liquid is equal, on average, to the number of vapor molecules returning to the liquid in the same time. The name of steam - saturated - emphasizes that at a given temperature, a larger amount of steam cannot be present in a given volume. If the vapor has not yet reached a state of dynamic equilibrium with the liquid, it is called unsaturated. The movement of air masses, ultimately caused by the radiation of the Sun, leads to the fact that in some places on our planet at the moment the evaporation of water prevails over condensation, while in others, on the contrary, condensation predominates.
Air humidity is understood as the amount of water vapor that is currently (and in a given place) contained in the air mass. To characterize the water vapor content in the air, a number of quantities are introduced: absolute humidity, partial pressure and relative humidity.
Since atmospheric air is a mixture of various gases and water vapor, each of the gases contributes to the total pressure produced by the air on the bodies in it. The pressure that water vapor would produce if all other gases were absent is called the partial pressure (or pressure) of water vapor. The partial pressure of water vapor is taken as one of the indicators of air humidity. It is expressed in pressure units - pascals or millimeters of mercury.
Absolute humidity (water vapor density) shows how many grams of water vapor are actually contained in one cubic meter of a particular air mass . ABOUT bo-significanceAbsolute humidity: (as is the usual venous designation of density). UnitsAbsolute humidity: (in SI) or (for convenience due to the small amount of water vapor in the air). Formula you-numbers ab-so-lute-moisture-no-sti:
Designations:
mass of steam (water) in air, kg (in SI) or g;
the volume of air in which the indicated mass of steam resides, .
But this ve-li-chi-na is inconvenient from the point of view of the humidity of life in the or-ga-niz-ma-mi. It seems, for example, that a person feels not the mass content of water in the air, but the name but its content is from the maximum possible value.
To describe such a perception, such a value is introduced as relative humidity. The relative humidity of the air is great, it shows how far the steam is from the water. sche-nii. That is, the relative humidity is high, as follows: if the steam is far from the water -shche-nii, then the humidity is low, if it’s close, it’s high.
Indication of humidity: . Units of humidity: %. Form-mu-la calculation of humidity:
Symbols: water vapor density (absolute humidity), (in SI) or partial pressure, Pa (SI) or mmHg. Art. - density of saturated water vapor at a given temperature, (in SI) or saturated vapor pressure at a given temperature, Pa ( SI) or mmHg.
Thus relative humidity air is the percentage ratio of absolute humidity to saturated vapor density at a given temperature (or the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the saturated vapor pressure at a given temperature).
The lower the relative humidity, the further the steam is from saturation, the more intense evaporation occurs. Saturated vapor pressure at a given temperature is a tabular value. The partial pressure of water vapor (and therefore absolute humidity) is determined by the dew point. Dew point is the temperature at which water vapor becomes saturated. When cooling below the dew point, vapor condensation begins: fog appears, dew falls, and windows fog up. The dew point allows you to determine the elasticity of water vapor in the air at a certain temperature, and therefore the partial pressure of water vapor and absolute humidity using tables that show the dependence of the pressure and density of saturated water vapor on temperature.
The pressure of saturated water vapor at an air temperature equal to the dew point is the partial pressure of water vapor contained in the atmosphere.
1.2. Instruments for measuring air humidity
The problem of air humidity has interested people since ancient times, especially where the climate is dry and hot. To solve it, the most common methods were used: cloth or paper soaked in water, dishes with liquid... A modern device for measuring humidity is a hygrometer.
There are currently several hygrometer options.
-
ceramic;
condensation;
electronic;
psychrometric (psychrometer)..
hairline;
In fact, the principle of operation of any hygrometer is quite simple and is based on the physical or chemical properties of materials and substances.
Almost any hygrometer is suitable for use in domestic conditions, but electronic hygrometers still provide the most accurate data.
1.3. The influence of air humidity on human life
When optimal humidity parameters change, immunity decreases. A person’s health deteriorates, a feeling of fatigue and lethargy appears. At home, where the climate is changed, the natural balance of humidity is disrupted. This is especially felt in winter. It is at this time that the humidity drop is most significant. The air entering the room is dried due to the general heating in the rooms.
Air that is too dry can dry out your skin and dehydrate your body faster. First of all, the mucous membranes that come into contact with open air suffer; they become covered with microcracks and dry out, opening a direct path into the body for harmful bacteria and viruses. When the relative air humidity is less than 10%, even healthy people experience a feeling of dryness in the nasopharynx, “stinging” in the eyes, and nosebleeds may even begin. Dry air is especially dangerous for patients with bronchial asthma; they experience a general deterioration in their health, and attacks are possible. Staying in dry air for a long enough time threatens a decrease in immunity and frequent respiratory diseases. This happens due to the fact that dry mucous membranes interfere with normal breathing, as a result of which the body does not receive enough oxygen.
However, dry air makes it easier to tolerate low and high temperatures. For example, with low relative humidity, summer heat is more easily tolerated than the same temperature in areas with high humidity. It's the same with negative temperatures. Severe frosts with low humidity bring much less discomfort than a slight “minus” in humid air conditions.
A high concentration of moisture does not allow the human body to maintain normal temperature - the thermoregulation mechanism does not work properly. To cool itself, the human body uses sweating. Sweat, evaporating from the surface of the skin, removes excess heat. With high humidity, the body begins to work with increased force, and this leads to the opposite result - overheating. Possible lethargy, vomiting, loss of consciousness, strong blood viscosity and, as a result, heart problems. Oxygen starvation of the brain is even possible.
Patients with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and people with various cardiovascular diseases react especially strongly to high humidity. In very humid air (80...95%), exacerbations and attacks are possible.
High humidity combined with low temperature is dangerous for too much hypothermia and frostbite. This can happen around 0°C, and not just at minus.
Moisture-saturated heat is ideal conditions for the development of bacteria and all kinds of fungi, which can lead to the occurrence and intensification of allergic reactions.
A person's constant presence in rooms with high humidity leads to a decrease in the body's resistance to infectious and colds, as well as to more serious consequences: kidney disease, tuberculosis, rheumatism, etc.
Not only the human body suffers from high humidity, but also the interior of the premises. In damp places, fungus and mold develop, releasing large amounts of spores into the indoor atmosphere, contaminating the air we breathe. The danger of high humidity is the slow speed of reactions. For many years, you may not notice the causes of deterioration in health, well-being and the appearance of various diseases.
However, saturated, humid air is very beneficial. This is why a person feels good on the shore of a lake or river. This air saturates the human body, relieving headaches and other ailments. It is no coincidence that during vacation many people are drawn to the sea coast.
“Correct” humidity is one of the most important microclimate criteria for a child, especially a newborn. Despite the powerful protective functions of a newly born child, it still has particularly vulnerable areas. And first of all, this is the skin, which until the moment of birth was always surrounded by amniotic fluid, and, especially, the mucous membranes.
Moist air in a baby's bedroom makes breathing easier, prevents nasal blockage, and is effective in treating bronchitis, dry cough, croup and other respiratory diseases.
Low humidity for an adult healthy body is in most cases just discomfort; for a newborn baby it is a disaster, provoking dysbacteriosis, kidney problems, and the appearance of allergic reactions. Dry air for a baby is dangerous not only due to temporary complications, but also due to their relapses, which can lead to chronic diseases.
1.4. What does air humidity depend on?
First of all, humidity depends on geographical location and climate. So, for example, near the seas and oceans the relative air humidity is on average 70-80%, in the depths of the continents it decreases (in deserts - only 4-5%). A rainy climate helps maintain high humidity in a geographic region, while a dry climate does the opposite.
But the technogenic factor is no less important. In big cities, humidity is usually low. However, indoors it can vary significantly, based on the specifics of their purpose (laundry, kitchen, swimming pool, etc.), as well as on the type of building and finishing materials used.
It is especially important to monitor the air condition in living and working areas in winter, when the cold atmosphere cannot retain a sufficient amount of moisture, and heating radiators tend to dry out what is available.
An important factor is also the presence of ventilation in an apartment, house or any other room. The more intense the air exchange, the faster the air dries (especially in the cold season). Air conditioners that do not have a humidity maintenance function also intensively utilize moisture.
1.5. Instruments and devices with which you can
regulate air humidity
A dehumidifier forces moist air through an “evaporator”, where the temperature difference (the temperature in the device is lower than in the room) turns the moisture into condensation. Drops of condensate flow into a special container. The air is heated again and enters the room. Thus, excess moisture disappears from the room. When purchasing a dehumidifier, the main consideration is its performance, which is measured in “liters per day.” A household dehumidifier can absorb between 12 and 300 liters of water in 24 hours. Dehumidifiers can be portable or stationary. Portable ones can be used in different rooms. Stationary ones are mounted in the wall and cannot be moved. At the same time, they have greater productivity. The advantage of dehumidifiers is their ability to function in cold rooms, since frost formed during operation is removed automatically. If the water tank is filled and not emptied in a timely manner, the device turns off without the intervention of the owner. In a small room, you can reduce humidity using moisture absorbers. The device includes a special tablet that adsorbs water from the air. It is designed for an area of up to 20 m² on average. The disadvantage of the absorber is that the tablet needs to be changed frequently. The advantage is the absence of noise, compactness and price. The moisture absorber is especially suitable for those who experience humidity as a seasonal phenomenon.
Humidifiers are designed to operate in one enclosed space, such as a room. They do not require special installation: all you need to do is pour water into the tank and plug the humidifier into an outlet. To choose a humidifier, you need to know three main components: the volume of the room (area multiplied by the height of the ceilings), the quality of the water (the water that you will pour into the humidifier), the conditions in which the humidifier will be used (bedroom, office, children's room and etc.).
PRACTICAL STUDY
2.1. Determination of air humidity in school premises
Since students have to spend more time at school during the school year, the humidity level in classrooms plays an important role. Based on this, I found out whether the conditions of our offices met sanitary standards. Measurements were carried out with an electronic hygrometer in the subject rooms, in the computer lab, in the dining room and in the gym. Measurements and readings are tabulated.
Humidity determination location |
Air temperature |
The norm, according to SanPin |
Relative humidity |
The norm, according to SanPin |
|
Physics room |
|||||
Biology class |
|||||
Library |
|||||
Dining room |
|||||
Gym |
|||||
Medical office |
|||||
2.2 Making a psychrometric hygrometer (psychrometer)
To create an analogue of a psychrometric device you will need: two alcohol thermometers designed to measure air temperature, distilled water, thread, cotton wool.
Place two thermometers in a vertical position so that they are parallel to each other. Wrap the tip of one thermometer in cotton wool soaked in water, then tie it loosely with thread. The principle of operation of such a device, assembled with your own hands, is absolutely similar to the principle of operation of a psychrometric hygrometer. To calculate relative air humidity you will need a special table. Based on the difference in the readings of the “dry” and “wet” thermometers, the ambient humidity is calculated.
2.3 Measuring air humidity using improvised means
Equipment: clear glass glass 200 ml, a vessel with water (temperature from 0 to 5 ° C), a vessel with hot water, a thermometer, a table of the dependence of saturated water vapor pressure on temperature..
Procedure: Pour ice water into a transparent glass and lower the thermometer into it. After some time, the outer walls of the cup will fog up. Very slowly add hot water from the second glass until the dew on the walls disappears. We notice the temperature at which the dew disappeared. Using the table, we determine the partial pressure of water vapor p in the class, then, by measuring the room temperature, we determine the maximum pressure of water vapor R 0 in class. According to the formula =(p/p 0) 100% find the relative humidity in the classroom. t = 25 C, p 0 = 3.17 kPa, t = 15 C, p = 1.71 kPa, =53%.
CONCLUSIONS
Dry thermometer readings - 25 ° C, wet thermometer - 17 ° C, difference in readings - 8 ° C, relative humidity - 44%, i.e. 1% higher than what the electronic hygrometer showed, i.e. This self-made hygrometer gives quite accurate readings and can be used to measure humidity.
Air humidity can be measured with improvised means; for this you need the simplest equipment and a table showing the dependence of pressure and density of saturated water vapor on temperature. But this method turned out to be less accurate.
In all school premises, air humidity corresponds to the norm, but is within the lower limit. By the end of the shift (lessons 6-7), the air humidity in the classrooms increases. In offices with a lot of green space, air humidity is much higher.
CONCLUSION
Water is the most important element for ensuring normal life. It mainly enters the human body through food or drink. However, a sufficient amount of moisture is necessary not only for internal organs, but also for the mucous membranes of the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. Therefore, it is important not only to consume liquid inside, but also to obtain it from the surrounding moist air. For the normal well-being of people indoors, it is necessary that the optimal air humidity is approximately 40 to 60%.
In order to reduce the humidity in the room, you need to:
1. Provide good ventilation in the room. Several times a day it is necessary to ventilate the room where the humidity level exceeds standard values. Arrange drafts for short periods of time, but the ventilation intensity should be high.
2. Repair all taps and other plumbing fixtures. Leaking faucets, radiators and other structures increase air humidity, so replace outdated parts or repair areas where there are leaks.
3. Reduce the number of indoor indoor plants. Flowers and miniature trees increase the area of moisture evaporation in the room - water evaporates from leaves and moistened soil. Choose plants that are drought-tolerant and reduce the overall number of indoor flowers. 4. Organize a good room heating system. Heating in the cold season must work constantly - periodic shutdowns (for example, at night) increase air humidity and contribute to the formation of dampness on the walls and ceiling.
5. Check the exhaust equipment of the room. The need to install a hood is dictated by humidity level standards - if the source of moisture is a stove with constant evaporation or a shower stall, then the construction of exhaust structures is simply necessary. The hood must ensure the removal of waste steam and regulate the level of humidity.
6. Choose the “right” finish for the walls. When considering different options for finishing walls, ceilings and floors, give preference to natural finishing materials that absorb excess moisture (plasterboard, wood).
7. Complete wet cleaning with dry wiping. Washing floors, removing dust and other household work using water should be completed with mandatory drying - walk over the surfaces with a piece of dry cloth that has good absorbent properties.
8. Buy a special device - an air dehumidifier.
You can increase the humidity as follows:
1. Regularly ventilate the room, especially in damp weather, and carry out wet cleaning.
2. Indoor plants that humidify the air, distributed throughout the apartment, will reduce the problem to nothing. For example, cyperus can evaporate up to 3 liters per day. And the process of regularly spraying plants will also help significantly.
3. Set up a large aquarium; you don’t even have to have fish, but simply decorate the aquarium with decorative stones and algae.4. Place water tanks around the room, between sections of radiators or under them. These can be jugs or vases with water. You can hang wet towels or sheets on the radiators.
5. Indoor fountains not only humidify the air well, but also decorate the interior of the room.
6. Use a special device - an air humidifier. This device constantly evaporates a large amount of moisture into the air and is able to maintain optimal humidity in the room. You can buy such a device at almost any household appliance store.
Practical use of the results.
Humidity is an important characteristic of air that has a significant impact on the quality of human life, so it is necessary to monitor the air humidity in the room. You can make a device for measuring humidity yourself (detailed instructions are given); methods for determining humidity are quite simple and accessible. During the research work, a comparative analysis of humidity regulating devices was carried out. Detailed recommendations are given to control indoor humidity. A study of the school premises showed that humidity standards correspond to SanPin standards, but are within the lower limit of the norm, which can be explained by the time of the study (heating season). This work can be used in physics lessons or elective classes, as well as for self-education of students.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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http://www.allbeton.ru/
http://uchilok.net/
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http://www.inrost.ru/humidifiers/guide/optimal/html
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Annex 1
For the first time, Cardinal N. Cusansky tried to determine the level of humidity in the mid-15th century. He used a scale with wool on one pan and pebbles on the other. With high humidity, the wool pulled them, saturated with moisture, and the arrow showed this. In case of increased dryness, the pebbles were pulled over.
Two hundred years later, a doctor from Venice built another hygrometer - a string hygrometer. The stretched threads used as a moisture meter made different sounds when they vibrated.
And the Duke of Tuscany made the device in the form of a vessel. The conical vessel was filled with ice, and moisture condensed on the outside of the glass, flowing into the measuring glass (the vessel was inverted). Everything would be fine, but where can I get ice in the summer?
Amonton Guillaume, a mechanic from France, made a hygrometer from a leather ball. The volume of the ball changed, and the level of the liquid column in the tube connected to it changed.
The Swiss B. Saussure began making hygrometers seriously and for a long time in the 18th century. Having tried many materials, he settled on hair. After boiling them in a solution of soda, Saussure made a hygrometer. He created a centigrade scale, the length of the hair changed with changes in air humidity.
This phenomenon was studied in 1895 by B.I. Sreznevsky, a meteorologist, and derived the dependence of hair elongation on the percentage of humidity. The elongation turned out to be directly proportional to the logarithm of relative humidity.
Appendix 2
Hair hygrometer
Hair hygrometers work on the basis of ordinary hair and its properties. Hair can change its length at different air humidity. It is pulled onto a board or frame and, lengthening or shortening, moves the arrow, which in turn moves along the scale of the device.
A hair hygrometer is good for home use if it is not necessary to obtain extremely accurate data.
Also, they should not be moved or otherwise mechanically influenced. At the slightest impact, the hygrometer can fail, since its entire structure is quite fragile and delicate.
Weight hygrometer
An absolute weighing hygrometer consists of several tubes connected to a system. They contain a hygroscopic substance that can absorb moisture from the air.
A certain portion of air, taken at one point in space, is drawn through the entire system.
Thus, a person determines the mass of the tube system before and after passing air through it, as well as the direct volume of air passed through, and with simple mathematical manipulations can calculate the indicator being studied in absolute value.
Mechanical (ceramic) hygrometer
A porous or solid ceramic mass, which also includes metal elements, has electrical resistance. Its level directly depends on humidity.
For it to function correctly, the ceramic mass must consist of some metal oxides. Kaolin, silicon and clay are used as a base.
Condensation hygrometer
This hygrometer is quite easy to use. The principle of its operation is based on the use of a built-in mirror. The temperature of this mirror changes along with the air temperature in the surrounding space.
Its temperature is determined at the initial moment of measurement. Then drops of moisture or small ice crystals appear on the surface of the mirror. The temperature is measured again.
Using the temperature difference determined by a condensation hygrometer, air humidity is determined.
Electronic hygrometer
A layer of lithium chloride is applied to a plate of glass or other similar electrical insulating substance.
Humidity changes - the concentration and resistance of lithium chloride increases or decreases.
It is worth noting that the readings of an electronic (electrolytic) hygrometer may be slightly affected by air temperature, so it is often equipped with a built-in thermometer.
This hygrometer is extremely accurate and gives readings with minimal error.
Psychrometric hygrometer (psychrometer)
The psychrometer is a system of two conventional alcohol thermometers. One of them is dry, and the second is wet (this state is regularly maintained).
The faster moisture evaporates, the lower the relative humidity. The condensed liquid begins to cool. Thus, the difference between the temperatures of two thermometers and the rate of evaporation are determined, and on their basis the air humidity is found.
A psychrometer is not a hygrometer in the literal sense, but it measures the same indicator, so they are often identified.
Appendix 3
Types and characteristics of air humidifiers:
1. “Traditional” or cold-type humidifiers are the simplest. Such devices are equipped with a tank into which water is poured, then it falls into a tray onto special moisturizing replaceable cartridges. The fan, which is built into such a humidifier, drives air through these cartridges and humidifies it naturally.
Most models of traditional humidifiers can also be used for aromatherapy. To do this, simply install a capsule with an aromatic substance, and the device, while operating, begins to slowly release and maintain a pleasant aroma. This procedure will not only improve the microclimate in the room, but will also have a tonic, relaxing and healing effect on the body.
But despite their ease of use and low cost, such humidifiers also have their drawbacks. First of all, this is a limited maximum level of air humidity, up to only 60%. Such devices seem to maintain “natural” humidity, but do not forcefully saturate the air. It is worth noting that for an ordinary apartment this disadvantage is very conditional. In addition, they are noisy, 35-40 dB is not a big number, but if you leave the device working overnight, this may cause discomfort for some.
Pros:
Quite simply, plus everything, the air is also purified from dust.
Low cost.
Easy to use.
Can be used for aromatherapy.
Minuses:
Noise during operation.
Limited hydration options.
Periodic filter change.
2. Steam humidifiers- these are a kind of small “trains”, and according to the principle of operation they resemble electric kettles. You pour water into them, it heats up, boils and comes out as steam, humidifying the room. These humidifiers have many pros and cons.
Pros:
Works great with dirty and very hard water.
Possibility of use for inhalation (some models have special nozzles included).
High productivity (from 7 to 16 liters per day).
Lack of consumables.
Air humidification above 60%.
Possibility of using any solutions, including aromatic oils.
Minuses:
High noise level.
High power consumption (from 300 to 600 W).
Hot scalding steam (50-60 degrees at the outlet).
Big sizes.
A white coating may form on furniture.
If you have small children or animals in your home, and you have not yet decided which humidifier to choose, then a steam one is not the best idea, because the steam can burn such a device.
3. The most modern air humidifiers can be called ultrasonic. They are equipped with a special membrane, which, thanks to its high vibration frequency, easily “transforms” water into cold steam.
Such devices are practically silent in operation (25 dB), here it is possible to regulate the required humidity level yourself, and this is done both automatically and manually thanks to the built-in hygrometer. Many ultrasonic humidifiers are equipped with a hygrometer that measures the humidity level, but unfortunately it does not show an accurate picture, so do not rely too much on its readings, it is better to purchase a separate hygrometer for more reliable data.
Some models are equipped with a “water heating” function, but this is a death sentence for many germs. This is a very good option, but keep in mind that “many” does not mean everyone.
Ultrasonic devices are much more comfortable for humans than their steam and traditional counterparts, as they have a low noise level.
The only thing that can cause discomfort is the rare “gurgling” of the cartridge, from which air bubbles come out.
Many models of such devices automatically turn off when the water disappears, and the built-in hygrometer will allow the device to turn on and off independently, thereby maintaining a given level of humidity, and the rotating sprayer can be directed in the desired direction.
Such devices are equipped with a highly efficient filter cartridge that purifies water from various impurities and minerals, thereby preventing the formation of white deposits on furniture and other objects, as is the case with the use of steam and traditional humidifiers. But the service life of the filters is short, about 3 months, depending on the contamination and hardness of the water, after which they require replacement.
Such devices, depending on the model, are equipped with either touch buttons or a rotary knob. Separately, it is necessary to say about the safety of such devices for any living beings. Ultrasonic radiation is aimed at splitting water and is completely harmless to any biological life forms living in your home.
Pros:
Quiet operation.
Automatic humidity level adjustment.
Automatic shutdown when there is no water.
Safety for animals in the house.
Automatic purification of water from impurities.
Wide range of humidity.
Ability to direct steam in any direction.
Does not leave a white residue on furniture.
Minuses:
More careful care of the device.
The need to replace filter cartridges.
Price.
Appendix 4
Psychometric table
Appendix 5
Dependence of pressure and density of saturated water vapor on temperature
Temperature t, °С |
Pressure pH, kPa |
Density ρ n, g/m 3 |
Temperature t, °С |
Pressure pH, kPa |
Density ρ n, g/m 3 |
Climate characterized air temperature and humidity. These concepts are closely connected between themselves. How higher ambient air temperature, the more water molecules evaporate from the surface of bodies of water.
The state of saturated steam, when the process of evaporation and condensation of moisture is balanced, can be observed in closed container with water. The density of air relative to saturated steam at the same temperature is called relative humidity air and measured as a percentage.
Overdried living room air, negative affects the well-being of a person and the living organisms around him. Dryness in the room affects plants, pets, products made from natural materials, books, paintings, etc.
In the room with special instruments that show its relative value as a percentage. Regular control microclimate parameters in the apartment allows warn deviations from the norm that are dangerous to human health.
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Humidity standards
For most structures with long-term human occupancy, installed norms favorable for his existence microclimate.In lookup tables GOST 30494-2011 the permissible and optimal values of air parameters, as well as public premises, are indicated. These restrictions in mandatory order are taken into account when designing and constructing buildings.
To acceptable refers to indoor temperature and humidity levels that may cause a temporary sensation discomfort in humans, but do not lead to acute and chronic diseases. The optimal range of air parameters ensures normal heat exchange and stable water balance in the body.
Dependence of standard parameters on the time of year
Air humidity percentage directly depends from temperature fluctuations. Therefore, the standards are established for the cold and warm periods of the year. Winter season characterized by an outside temperature that does not exceed +8 degrees Celsius.As the weather gets colder, the moisture concentration in the air in indoor spaces decreases accordingly. Optimal parameters during this period, relative humidity indicators are from 30 to 45%, acceptable the value should not exceed 60% .
In the warm season when the air temperature is higher +8 degrees lasts for several days, the humidity steadily increases and, with the onset of heat, tends to saturated steam. Acceptable level of air humidity in residential premises in summer - 65% . Optimal range amounts to 60-30% .
Good to know: Despite the established standards, medical experts advise not to allow the humidity in the apartment to drop below 45%. This is explained by the negative impact of a dry microclimate on the mucous membranes of the nose, larynx and eyes of a person.
When the ambient humidity decreases violated the body's water balance, the skin dries out, the lungs lose their ability to cleanse themselves, which causes coughing attacks and can lead to chronic diseases.
How to determine the humidity in an apartment?
Compliance with the norm relative humidity in a city apartment is not an easy matter, especially in winter. A large number of household appliances, heating devices, TV and computer displays contribute dry air in apartments and houses.You can check the level of humidity in your home atmosphere hygrometer or using improvised means.
Household electronic hygrometers quite accurately indicate the level of relative humidity. At the same time, the device measures the temperature in the room and records data for viewing at a convenient time.
Constant control of microclimate parameters allows you to create comfortable living conditions for all inhabitants of the house.
You can determine the relative humidity in a room using psychrometric table. To begin with, measure the ambient air temperature using the usual mercury thermometer. Then wrap the mercury flask with a damp cloth and repeat the measurement through 10 minutes already with a “wet” thermometer.
Temperature difference And dry bulb readings are the initial data for determining indoor humidity.
Exemplary air humidity indicator can be obtained using glass vessel with water. First, it must be placed in the refrigerator for several hours so that the water temperature drops to 50C. Then the container is placed on a flat surface away from heating devices.If the condensation on the glass has disappeared in 5-10 minutes, which means the room is very dry air. The water droplets did not evaporate, but did not increase in size either - the humidity in the room was at an average level.
If condensation flows down a smooth surface in thin streams, then the humidity level high and strives for a state of saturated steam (from here you can find out how to get rid of humidity in an apartment).
Advice: Place a saucer with dry crackers on the table in the evening; if they do not lose their fragility in the morning, it means there is dry air in the room.
Signs of Low Humidity
For rooms with low humidity levels characteristic some or all of the above signs:- Dried wooden furniture, which closes poorly;
- Crevices between parquet planks;
- Quickly drying soil in flowerpots with indoor plants;
- Increased static electricity;
- Smell of dust from drapes and curtains;
- Difficulty ironing clothing and bed linen;
- Dry skin And hair fragility.
Dry air in living rooms can cause serious diseases. At first, a person experiences only a feeling of thirst and slight discomfort. These symptoms are replaced by fatigue, burning eyes, drowsiness, and poor appetite.
Over time it breaks down body water balance and protective functions of mucous membranes, immunity sharply decreases. Allergic reactions to dust can develop into chronic diseases of the bronchi and lungs.
Doctors' recommendation: regular water procedures, quenching thirst with clean still water, moisturizing the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes will help cope with the unpleasant symptoms of low air humidity.
Methods of control and preventive measures
Eliminate the reason for the increased dryness of the indoor microclimate in the autumn-winter period is practically impossible. Ambient humidity directly depends on temperature indicators.Preventive measures to maintain a comfortable microclimate in residential premises:
- Daily ventilation rooms in the morning and evening;
- Regular wet cleaning;
- Increase in the number of households plants;
- Insulation of external walls (for example,);
- Open containers and reservoirs with water: vases, aquariums, ;
- Humidifiers.
One of the most effective ways to combat excessive dryness in residential areas is installation of a household humidifier. These devices vary in design and method of spraying moisture. successfully cope with the task.
Used as a temporary evaporator Electric kettle, which is placed out of the reach of children. You can increase humidity by placing wet towels or sheets on heating appliances.
The fabric must be periodically moistened or its edges dipped in a container of water. Drapes and curtains should not be completely wrung out after washing. By hanging them in this form on window openings, you can not for long improve the microclimate in the room.
Advice: in winter, decorative plastic containers are hung on heating appliances to evaporate water. You can make such humidifiers yourself.
Dry air in residential areas negatively affects health person. Prolonged stay in such conditions can cause a number of chronic diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly monitor humidity in all rooms of the apartment.
Preventive actions by stabilizing the humidity level in the optimal range for humans, they will help improve the microclimate of the living space, avoid frequent respiratory diseases and preserve interior items.
From this video You will learn how to humidify dry air in an apartment:
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Each area has its own climate. We get so used to the climatic conditions of our region and rarely think about the harm or benefit they have on our health. We propose to deal with this issue in this article.
So what is climate? This collective concept includes a list of natural factors, such as temperature and humidity, altitude, wind strength, sunlight and others characteristic of a particular area. Weather refers to the state of the lower atmospheric layer in a certain area during a specific period of time. The weather is set under the influence of climatic factors, which, in turn, have different effects on a person’s well-being and health: they can strengthen the immune system, or they can cause diseases, but the key word here is influence!
During its existence, the body adapts to changing environmental conditions thanks to adaptive reactions, and 2-3 weeks are enough to adapt to a new climate without stress. Moreover, a person is able to adapt to the most extreme conditions (a striking example is the Ice Age), but this requires time, much more than a couple of weeks. And when this time does not exist, adaptive reactions become destructive, for example, when a person goes on vacation to the tropics in winter: in addition to a sharp change in climate, biological rhythms fail (desynchronosis), and one aggravates the other.
Dependence on weather factors exists, and for some people it is very strong. The strength of the body's response to changes in environmental factors is called the “meteotropic reaction.” All people with increased sensitivity to climatic factors are divided into 2 categories:
- Weather dependent.
- People who do not tolerate a certain climate or factor characteristic of a climate zone: high humidity, strong wind, low temperature, etc. These factors cause a number of diseases. The condition improves only with climate change.
Increases weather dependence:
- chronic diseases;
- dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels;
- stress;
- physical inactivity;
- childhood and old age;
- characteristics of the individual.
Weather and climate have an impact even on those whose bodies do not respond to weather changes. Some “general” diseases worsen at certain times of the year: colds, viral diseases and inflammatory processes of the respiratory system most often occur in winter and in the off-season, and the height of intestinal infections occurs in the summer.
It is a well-known fact that a number of diseases become much easier for a person after recovery in the recommended climatic conditions. Many methods of balneological treatment are based on this: health resorts and sanatoriums located in a certain area invite a narrow category of patients to improve their health.
Today there is a separate direction in medicine - climatotherapy, rooted in history. The influence of weather and climatic factors on health began to be studied in the 18th century. Even then, many climatic resorts appeared where people with tuberculosis and nervous diseases were treated.
Before the active development of synthetic pharmacology, therapy for many diseases was carried out in health resorts, which have now been transformed from places of treatment to places of recreation. However, the importance of climatotherapy is increasing every year, especially against the backdrop of the fact that many people are switching to natural, natural methods of treatment, thereby reducing the drug burden on the body.
- Mountain (not alpine!) climate has a positive effect on the condition of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and is recommended for patients with bronchitis, chronic inflammatory processes in the lungs, bronchial asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, anemia, as well as children and adults with reduced immunity. It has a positive effect on the treatment of diseases of the nervous system and is especially recommended for asthenics.
- The maritime climate increases immunity and improves the body's adaptive capabilities. Recommended for patients suffering from diseases of the respiratory system, metabolism, nervous system, thyroid dysfunction and pathologies of the musculoskeletal system (in autumn and spring, when the air temperature is not yet high).
- Forest-steppe climate with its characteristic moderate humidity and slight temperature difference, it is most favorable for patients with vascular and heart diseases.
- The desert climate is characterized by dry air and high air temperatures. It causes intense sweating, and salts come out with sweat, which has a positive effect on the standing of people with certain kidney diseases.
- The forest climate of the middle zone with a predominance of coniferous forests is optimal for the treatment of diseases of the respiratory system (including bronchial asthma) and the nervous system, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. Many essential oils heal the respiratory tract, improve blood circulation and have a positive effect on the immune system.
The most popular sanatoriums are located in places where several resort areas intersect, which greatly increases the effectiveness of treatment for a wide range of diseases. The combination of mountain and sea climates (the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Abkhazia, the southern coast of Crimea) has a particularly positive effect on health.
People with increased meteosensitivity should not live and work in the Far North and equatorial climate - the body will experience enormous stress! It is recommended to undergo preventive treatment in health resorts that are located in the climatic zone of residence.
Let's consider the influence of individual climatic factors on health.
The influence of temperature factors on the body
The intensity of thermoregulation and metabolism directly depends on air temperature. For example, when T is below 18 degrees, our energy goes to warming the body, and the metabolic rate increases compensatoryly. At elevated temperatures, metabolism is slowed down, superficial vessels are dilated for better heat transfer, water evaporation increases both from the pulmonary alveoli and from the surface of the skin: all these mechanisms help to avoid overheating. The optimal physiological level for the body is considered to be 18-20 C.
Temperature depends on the altitude above sea level, geographic latitude, and the time of year, so it is never constant, and the human body constantly adapts to its changes, reacting to changes purely individually.
Let's consider the positive and negative effects of different temperatures on health
Positive | Negative | How to avoid negative influences |
High temperatures |
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Low temperatures |
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Lately, nature likes to play jokes, so snow in May or warm January are already perceived calmly. But the body is not used to such jumps. Abnormal warming, which occurs in winter, develops due to the invasion of warm air masses: atmospheric pressure decreases, humidity increases, and the level of oxygen in the air decreases. Therefore, even healthy people during this period feel overwhelmed and drowsy, and some experience worsening chronic diseases. During this period, it is recommended to get plenty of rest, avoid stress, and give up heavy foods.
The effect of humidity on health and immunity
Air humidity is formed by microscopic particles of water dissolved in the environment. Humidity directly depends on air temperature: the higher it is, the more moisture is in suspension. Normal indicators are 60-80%. Low humidity less than 55% negatively affects the mucous membranes and skin, which dry out and lose their protective properties. High humidity prevents the normal evaporation of sweat, which is why a person does not tolerate heat well and increases the risk of heat stroke. In addition, with high humidity, sub-zero temperatures are poorly tolerated.
Positive effects of normal humidity
- Normal humidity supports local immunity of the respiratory tract, which means it protects against the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the respiratory system.
- Improves the synthesis of bronchopulmonary secretions. The cilia of the ciliated epithelium remove mucus to the outside, along with bacteria, allergens and dust.
Negative Impact
High humidity:
- sharply increases the risk of overheating and hypothermia: frostbite of the legs, arms, face and other parts of the body can already occur at a temperature of -5-10 C;
- increases the risk of colds because it weakens the immune system. In addition, excessively humid air is always characterized by a high content of viruses, bacteria and fungal spores;
- leads to deterioration of the condition of people with diseases of bones and joints, lungs;
- coupled with high temperature causes fatigue, irritability and discomfort.
Low humidity:
- leads to drying out of the mucous membranes, which is manifested by pain in the eyes, nosebleeds, nasal congestion, and frequent colds;
- increases the risk of respiratory diseases: mucus, thickening and stagnating in the nose and bronchi, becomes a good environment for the proliferation of viruses, bacteria and the accumulation of allergens;
- leads to disruption of ionic balance, and positively charged ions become predominant in the body;
- worsens the condition of allergy and asthma sufferers.
To prevent the negative impact of this factor on health, you should:
- maintain normal humidity in the room. To track indicators, there are special devices - hygrometers. If the air is dry, it needs to be moistened by ventilation or using a special humidifier, and if there is excessive humidity, it should be slightly dried;
- Regularly ventilate the premises - this contributes to the formation of a healthy environment.
The influence of atmospheric pressure on immunity
The unit of atmospheric pressure is a conventional indicator that denotes air pressure per unit area. Normal values are 760-770 mmHg. When the weather changes, minor fluctuations in atmospheric pressure most often occur, which are balanced by internal pressure. Air moves from a high-pressure zone to a low-pressure zone to balance the difference, and as a result, anticyclones, cyclones, fogs, etc. appear.
Significant surges that occur during atmospheric fronts when air currents with different temperatures collide can cause attacks of dizziness, migraines and surges in blood pressure. These negative manifestations are associated with a slowdown in blood flow, which is compensated by the release of adrenaline and an increase in blood pressure. In weather-dependent people, the release of adrenaline causes unpleasant sensations. Thus, neither high nor low atmospheric pressure has a positive effect.
Negative influence
Low atmospheric pressure (less than 750 mmHg), which occurs during a cyclone | High atmospheric pressure (above 780 mmHg), which develops during an anticyclone |
General weakness, drowsiness, loss of strength, migraine, shortness of breath, digestive dysfunction (diarrhea and abdominal pain) are common manifestations that develop in people with low blood pressure, pathologies of the lungs and bronchi. | Deterioration in the well-being of allergy sufferers, asthmatics, and hypertensive patients due to high air pollution and a large number of impurities in it, which are manifested by heart pain, headaches, and general weakness. |
Additional stress on the heart, blood vessels and brain due to the fact that the level of dissolved gases in the blood and tissues increases. | Persistent vasospasm (usually in a combination of high pressure and low temperatures), leading to a jump in blood pressure in hypertensive patients. And coupled with blood thickening, this carries a direct risk of stroke and heart attack, a greater number of cases of which are recorded at high atmospheric pressure. |
A decrease in the strength of heart contractions, which leads to the development of tachycardia. | Decreased resistance to infections¸ which develops against the background of a decrease in leukocytes in the blood. |
For weather-sensitive people, it is not so important what pressure has established itself, but the fact of a change in this weather factor (differences of 10-20 gP during the day are considered strong). To avoid changes in your condition during changes in atmospheric pressure, especially for people with increased weather sensitivity, you should:
- get a good night's sleep and avoid overwork;
- perform light exercises in the morning to improve blood circulation;
- take a contrast shower, which improves the condition of blood vessels;
- follow a light, low-calorie diet and saturate the diet with potassium-containing foods: spinach, nuts, mushrooms, dried fruits;
- For patients with chronic pathologies, it is very important to follow all doctor’s recommendations and not skip medications.
The effect of wind speed on health
The wind we are used to is the movement of air masses, during which the upper and lower layers of air mix, which reduces gas pollution and makes breathing easier. The optimal indicator is 1-4 m/s: with such wind, heat exchange and thermoregulation occur at a physiological level.
Positive influence
- Wind within 1-4 m/s reduces dust and air pollution in megacities, reduces the concentration of harmful chemicals and smog.
- Together with warm weather (20-22 C), it improves the evaporation of moisture from the skin, has a tonic effect on the body, and activates internal reserves;
- At a wind speed of 4-8 m/s, the functioning of the nervous, immune and endocrine systems improves, and the body's resistance to infections improves;
- Reduces the risk of overheating in hot weather.
Negative Impact
- Wind of more than 20 m/s causes difficulty breathing: it affects the mechanoreceptors of the respiratory tract mucosa and causes a reflex narrowing of the vocal cords and bronchi. Increases heat transfer, so the cold is more noticeable in windy weather;
- Causes anxiety and restlessness;
- Increases the risk of colds. Wind, and especially drafts, cause muscle and vascular spasms in a local area of the body, after which inflammation and pain develop and optimal conditions are created for the proliferation of bacteria. It is in this scenario that neuralgia, runny nose, mild colds, exacerbation of chronic rheumatism, radiculitis often develop;
- It dries out the mucous membranes and skin, which impair their protective properties. The skin begins to peel, dries out, cracks, and pathogenic flora easily penetrates microdamages.
- avoid drafts;
- dress according to the weather.
The effect of air pollution on immunity
Residents of megacities breathe air polluted by exhaust particles, emissions from factories and enterprises, coal combustion products, and dust. Together, these substances create a dangerous aerosol in the air, which increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease, thrombosis, bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases, inflammatory processes of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and cancer. A particular health hazard is posed by smog - a fog of harmful chemical particles that “hangs” over large cities in weather without wind.
The air we breathe contains positively and negatively charged ions, the percentage of which depends on the time of year, the purity of the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure and other factors. Positively charged particles negatively affect humans, causing headaches, fatigue, general malaise and increasing the risk of heart attack. Negatively charged ions accelerate wound healing, improve mood and well-being.
Positive Impact
Air with naturally occurring impurities has a positive effect on health.
- Sea salts. The air on the sea coast is characterized by high humidity and a special composition: it is saturated with salts and minerals from sea water. This air environment has a beneficial effect on the bronchi and lungs, reducing the likelihood of croup and exacerbation of bronchial asthma.
- Some phytoncides, which are released by coniferous trees (young pines, spruce, thuja, fir), as well as poplar and birch, have a detrimental effect on bacteria and fungi and stop their growth.
- Negatively charged ions. There are especially many of them in the air after a thunderstorm, as well as near mountain waterfalls and on the banks of reservoirs. Ions with a negative charge accelerate the recovery of the body after infections and injuries, normalize the condition of the mucous membranes lining the respiratory tract, and have a positive effect on the central nervous system.
Bad influence
- Carbon and nitrogen monoxide causes oxygen starvation, leading to malaise and headaches. The main contribution to the formation of these compounds comes from motor vehicles and emissions from industrial enterprises.
- Sulfur dioxide is a compound that irritates the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes and reduces their protective properties. Causes conjunctivitis, bronchitis, heart and vascular diseases. It is actively formed during the combustion of coal at thermal power plants and enters the air with industrial emissions.
- Soot is a carcinogen. Its particles less than 5 microns settle in the alveoli and are no longer removed from there, causing lung diseases. Formed by the combustion of rubber, plastics, and hydrocarbons.
How to avoid negative influence:
- use high-quality, certified indoor air purifiers and ionizers, not forgetting to change filters in a timely manner;
- carry out scheduled replacement of filters in air conditioners;
- if possible, take walks more often in parks remote from the highways or outside the city;
- undergo speleotherapy sessions with a course of 10 procedures 2 times a year, especially for people suffering from allergic diseases of the nervous and respiratory systems;
- Regularly ventilate living areas.
The effect of solar radiation on immunity
The totality of all the energy coming from the sun is called solar radiation. Ultraviolet radiation is of greatest importance for the body, which, depending on the spectrum, penetrates to different depths into the tissue, having different effects on the body. The influence of ultraviolet radiation is described in more detail in our separate article; we will dwell on the main points that relate to immunity.
Positive influence
- Sunlight is necessary for normal human life - an insufficient number of sunny days leads to a deficiency of serotonin and endorphins and depression, which negatively affects the immune system. Getting enough sunlight improves your mood and stimulates your brain.
- Activates the work of all organs and systems, accelerates blood circulation and metabolism.
- Activates the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin, which is involved in the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium, and a number of other processes.
- Accelerates the treatment of skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, acne.
- Has a detrimental effect on pathogenic microorganisms.
- The warmth of the sun warms up and relaxes muscles, relieves soreness.
- Visible sun rays are directly involved in the work of the visual analyzer, providing color vision - they are reflected from various objects, fall on the retina and turn into nerve impulses, which are already analyzed by the brain.
- Synchronizes biorhythms, ensuring alternation of sleep and wakefulness.
Negative Impact
The negative impact is associated with excessive exposure to solar radiation on humans.
- Can lead to sunstroke, a dangerous condition that can be fatal.
- Causes exacerbation of chronic diseases.
- Suppresses the immune system.
- Causes sunburn and photodermatitis.
- Reduces visual acuity.
- Accelerates skin aging and dehydrates it.
- Increases the risk of developing skin cancer and accelerates the progression of existing cancer.
How to avoid negative influence:
- Avoid exposure to open sun between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m.;
- observe the drinking regime: at least 1.5-2 liters of clean water during the day;
- use products with UV protection for the skin both during tanning and during everyday activities, protect the head, body and eyes from direct sunlight: wear wide-brimmed hats, sunglasses, natural clothes in light colors;
- Follow the rules of healthy tanning.
The influence of water and soil composition on immunity
A person receives various minerals, macro- and microelements with water and food, the composition of which largely depends on the types of soil: water passes through its layers and is saturated with elements, plants grow on the ground and also receive various components from it. The composition and quantity of chemical elements often changes in a negative direction due to human economic activity.
Positive Impact
- Iodine ensures the normal functioning of the thyroid gland, in particular, the production of iodine-containing hormones that regulate metabolic processes in the body. With iodine deficiency, endemic goiter develops in the body.
- Fluoride increases the density of bone tissue and teeth, and a deficiency of the element causes caries.
- Cobalt is involved in the synthesis and absorption of vitamin B12, while its deficiency leads to a deficiency of this vitamin.
Negative Impact
- Excess fluoride of more than 1.5 mg/l leads to the development of fluorosis: damage to tooth enamel. This situation is typical for soil with mineral deposits, and also occurs during the activities of enterprises producing nitrates, superphosphates, and aluminum.
- Salts of heavy metals, such as zinc, lead, cadmium, mercury, which enter the soil and water with smoke and wastewater from industrial enterprises, accumulate in the body and lead to severe poisoning.
- Radioactive elements. The Chernobyl accident made the greatest contribution to chemical pollution of water and soil. Radon, uranium, thorium, lead, radioactive iodine and other radionuclides emit gamma rays and irradiate humans, and also enter the body with water, food and cause cancer.
- Soil contamination by bacteria, fungi, worm eggs and protozoa leads to the fact that they enter the body through contact, food and air, causing a number of diseases: helminthic infestations, dysentery, viral hepatitis, typhoid fever.
How to avoid negative influence:
- try to buy environmentally friendly products;
- drink purified (filtered) or bottled water, especially when in other countries. If this is not possible, it is allowed to boil tap water (as a temporary solution);
- Wash your hands with soap before eating and food before eating.
The effect of altitude on immunity
As altitude increases, the concentration of oxygen in the air decreases. To restore the level of oxygen saturation in the blood, compensatory mechanisms are triggered: the heartbeat and breathing rate increase, and the level of red blood cells in the blood increases.
Positive Impact
- Mountain air is considered the cleanest: it is devoid of dangerous impurities and is saturated with negatively charged ions. People living in mountainous areas have an increased level of red blood cells and a rapid response of the immune system to the introduction of the pathogen: immunoglobulins are synthesized at an increased rate. A priori, highlanders have minimized contact with pathogens and their immunity is not weakened, unlike urban residents.
- Clean air, unpolluted soil and organic foods have a positive effect on overall health.
- High levels of solar radiation activate the synthesis of vitamin D, which, according to recent research, is involved in stimulating the growth of immune cells that destroy cancerous tumors.
Negative Impact
- At an altitude of 4,000 thousand meters above sea level and more, all cells of the body suffer from oxygen deficiency - so-called altitude sickness occurs. Brain cells are most sensitive to hypoxia, so a person feels headache, dizziness, and depressed mood. The myocardium suffers from lack of oxygen and develops ischemic heart disease.
- A decrease in atmospheric pressure leads to a jump in blood pressure and increases the risk of a heart attack.
- An increase in solar radiation and a weakening magnetic field accelerates cell aging and slows down their regeneration.
How to avoid negative influence:
- do not climb to an altitude of more than 4000 above sea level without special training;
- when hiking in mountainous areas, you should gradually adapt to new conditions, getting used to each new altitude (the average adaptation period is 3-14 days);
- You should not climb mountains if there is an exacerbation of chronic diseases and the presence of serious pathologies of the heart and blood vessels.
Effect of magnetic field on immunity
The static geomagnetic field is created by our planet and affects health. The body also has its own magnetic field. The balance of magnetic fields leads to balance in the body and preservation of health. But there are weather-dependent people, and for them geomagnetic storms, which are caused by solar flares, are dangerous to their health.
Positive Impact
- The magnetic field is involved in maintaining daily biorhythms.
- Strengthens the immune system (a decrease in the magnetic field increases the tendency to frequent diseases).
- Improves the permeability of the vascular wall, the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to tissues.
- Improves the functioning of the central nervous system.
- Slows down the growth of tumors, in particular colon cancer.
Negative Impact
Geomagnetic storms that occur 2-4 times a month:
- They disrupt circadian biorhythms, in particular, disrupt the synthesis of hormones that control daily activity and cause insomnia.
- They change the emotional background - cause attacks of anger, depression, even suicidal thoughts.
- Slow down reaction speed and increase the risk of injury. At this time, the number of road accidents, accidents and incidents doubles.
- They interfere with heart function, causing tachycardia and increasing the risk of myocardial infarction (especially 1 day after the start of storms). The vascular system is the most vulnerable: receptors on the walls of blood vessels detect fluctuations in the magnetic field and resonate with them. This leads to a narrowing of the blood vessels in the brain, a slowdown in blood flow, an increase in blood pressure and blood viscosity, and these are the risks of dangerous acute heart diseases.
Some doctors and scientists believe that fluctuations in the magnetic field have a positive effect on biological processes: for many thousands of years, the human internal clock was coordinated with the rhythms of the sun and stars. Those. Magnetic field fluctuations and solar flares are a kind of wind-up for the body and internal clock and keep the body in good shape. But such a positive effect is realized only if the person is completely healthy, and, alas, there are few of them.
How to avoid negative influences during geomagnetic storms:
- take medications for preventive purposes;
- take acetylsalicylic acid preparations to reduce blood clotting;
- take tincture of motherwort or valerian;
- do not overeat, avoid fatty and difficult-to-digest foods, drink still mineral water, vegetable juices;
- Do not wear clothes made of natural fur or 100% synthetics during this period (they attract electricity);
- monitor meteorologists' forecasts: as a rule, they report the approach of a geomagnetic storm 2 days in advance.
Note to weather sensitive people! There are places where magnetic storms and solar activity are especially strong: the upper layers of the atmosphere at an altitude of 9-11 km above the ground (when traveling by plane) and in the north (Scandinavian Peninsula).
The influence of climate on children
Everyone knows that adaptive reactions to changes in climate and weather (acclimatization) in children are more complex and take a long period of time. A growing organism is the most vulnerable in this regard. Changes in geographic latitudes lead to a malfunction in the immune system, and the respiratory system is the first to be affected.
Many protective mechanisms in children are imperfect, and the younger the child, the stronger the reaction to temperature changes, the intensity of solar radiation, changes in humidity, atmospheric pressure and other natural factors. And most often such a “blow” to the body occurs during a long-awaited vacation.
To avoid ending up in a hospital ward instead of a pleasant stay, you should follow a number of recommendations:
- Climate. Seaside resorts with low humidity and temperatures that do not go through the roof are ideal: the northern shores of the Caspian Sea, Anapa, Gelendzhik, Italy, Greece and France.
These are the mildest conditions for acclimatization.
- Timezone . The time difference should not exceed 2 hours. It is especially dangerous when the clock hands are moved much forward - the excitability of the central nervous system increases and hormonal imbalance may develop.
- Duration of the trip. All pediatricians say that it is not worth going for less than 3 weeks. This is fair - at least 5 days will be needed for adaptation, even if it goes unnoticed.
How to reduce the negative impact of climatic factors on immunity
The influence of a combination of climatic factors affects the well-being of different people in different ways. In the body of relatively healthy people, when the weather changes, the restructuring of physiological processes to the changed conditions occurs in a timely manner. In people with chronic diseases, the elderly and those who are weather-sensitive, adaptive reactions are weakened, so the body reacts to climate change. However, weather dependence, even in its extreme manifestations, is not a disease, but requires increased attention to oneself and one’s health.
To reduce weather dependence and improve adaptive reactions to changing weather conditions, it is recommended:
- exercise regularly, at least 2-3 times a week, while reducing significant physical activity;
- spend more time outdoors in “clean” areas: in the forest, park;
- harden yourself by choosing the optimal method in accordance with your state of health;
- periodically take vitamin and mineral complexes (vitamins A, E, C are especially important) or monitor the vitamin and mineral content of food;
- get enough sleep, spending at least 7 hours a day;
- take a course of general massage once every six months;
- take soothing herbal medicines to reduce the excitability of the central nervous system (mint, lemon balm) or inhalation with mint and lavender, and in case of loss of strength - tinctures of eleutherococcus, lemongrass or ginseng;
- give up alcohol and smoking, limit coffee and strong tea, replace them with herbal teas or high-quality green teas with honey;
- include in the menu dishes from seaweed, fish, beans, lentils, beets, cranberries. 30 minutes before meals, it is recommended to drink freshly squeezed vegetable and fruit juices, clean water with the addition of lemon juice.
However, these measures do not always bring relief, and people have to change their place of residence or move to a different climate zone.
Humidity- the main environmental parameter, along with temperature and air speed, which affects the evaporation of water from a wet or wetted surface. The effect of humidity on the human body is especially noticeable during breathing: passing through the upper respiratory tract into the bronchi, the air heats up upon contact with the walls of the vessels of the respiratory tract . These walls are connected to the mucous membrane, which under normal conditions is covered with moisture.
Passing through the respiratory tract into the bronchi, the air is heated and humidified, almost reaching a state of saturation. The exhaled air becomes warm and humid, this is indicated by condensation of water vapor when breathing in a cold room or deposition in the form of droplets on cold surfaces.
The mucous membrane of the airways filters the air, freeing it from various impurities, bacteria, and viruses. The inner surface of the bronchi is covered with ciliated epithelium, which traps foreign particles. These particles are eliminated from the body through secretions, which are removed only if their viscosity with respect to water is not too high. If the humidity is low, then the evaporation of water from the mucous membrane will be too intense, which will lead to its drying out. The filtering ability of the ciliated epithelium in the bronchi also decreases and dirt contained in the air easily enters the respiratory tract. The feeling of dryness of the mucous membrane signals the presence of bacteria or viruses that affect the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, spreading through the bronchi and reaching the lungs.
The amount of evaporated moisture depends only on the humidity of the inhaled air, since the exhaled air is at body temperature and is saturated. It is also obvious that, for the same moisture content, air with a higher temperature will cause more intense drying of the mucous membrane than air with a low temperature.
Let's give an example: when inhaling air with a moisture content of 3 g/kg. dry air In winter conditions, the feeling of dryness will be less than when inhaling air with the same moisture content (relative air humidity 20%) at a temperature of 20-25 C. Since the temperature of the air in the lung cavity is 34 C, its moisture content under saturation conditions will be equal to 34 g/ kg. dry air.. The amount of water evaporated from the mucous membrane for each kg of inhaled air:
G exp = xlu— xamb=34,6-3=31,6 G kg dry air.
With little physical activity, a person inhales approximately 1 m3/h of air or 1.2 kg/h, thus losing approximately 35 g of water every hour.
In cold conditions this is not noticeable, but this cannot be said about being in high temperature conditions.
Dryness of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract limits its filtering ability, promotes the penetration of contaminants into the body and at the same time increases the amount of water evaporating from the bronchi. An increase in mucus viscosity limits or inhibits the mobility of the ciliated epithelium, reducing the infection barrier.
Drying of the respiratory tract leads to intense vasodilation and profuse sweating. To avoid these phenomena, warm air must be sufficiently humidified. Studies have shown that the minimum permissible relative air humidity is approximately 30%, the maximum permissible humidity is approximately 80-90%.