Defeat by a nuclear explosion. Nuclear weapons and their damaging factors
Based on the creative reproduction of the surrounding world in artistic images. Moreover, in a broad sense, art can mean highest level mastery in any field of activity, even not directly related to creativity (for example, cooking, construction, martial arts, sports, etc.).
Object(or subject) art is the world in general and man in particular, and the form of existence is piece of art as a result creative activity. Piece of art - highest form result of creativity.
Purposes of art:
- distribution of spiritual benefits;
- author's self-expression.
Functions of art.
- Cognitive. Art acts as a source of information about the world or a person.
- Educational. Art influences the moral and ideological development of an individual.
- Aesthetic. Reflects a person’s spiritual need for harmony and beauty. Forms the concept of beauty.
- Hedonistic. Close to the aesthetic function, but does not form the concept of aesthetics, but provides the opportunity for aesthetic pleasure.
- Prognostic. The function of trying to predict the future.
- Compensatory. Serves to restore psychological balance; often used by psychologists and psychotherapists (fans of the program “Dom-2” compensate for the lack of their own personal life and emotions by watching it; although I would not classify this show as art).
- Social. It can simply provide communication between people (communicative), or it can call for something (propaganda).
- Entertaining(for example, popular culture).
Kinds of art.
Kinds of art are different - it all depends on what criterion to classify them by. Generally accepted classification examines three types of art.
- art:
- static (sculpture, painting, photography, decorative, etc.);
- dynamic (for example, silent films, pantomime).
- Expressive arts(or non-figurative):
- static (architecture and literature);
- dynamic (music, dance art, choreography).
- Spectacular art(theater, cinema, opera, circus).
According to the degree of application in everyday life art can be:
- applied (decorative and applied);
- graceful (music).
By creation time:
- traditional (sculpture, literature);
- new (cinema, television, photography).
According to the time-space relationship:
- spatial (architecture);
- temporary (music);
- spatio-temporal (cinema, theater).
By the number of components used:
- simple (music, sculpture);
- complex (also synthetic: cinema, theater).
There are many classifications, and the definition and role of art is still a cause for constant debate and discussion. The main thing is different. Art can destroy the human psyche or heal, corrupt or educate, oppress or give impetus to development. Task human society- to develop and encourage precisely “light” types of art.
Art concept
Word " art" both in Russian and in many other languages it is used in two senses:
- V narrow in a sense, this is a specific form of practical-spiritual exploration of the world;
- V wide- the highest level of skill, skill, regardless of how they are manifested (the art of a stove maker, doctor, baker, etc.).
- a special subsystem of the spiritual sphere of social life, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images.
Initially, art was called a high degree of mastery in any matter. This meaning of the word is still present in the language when we talk about the art of a doctor or teacher, about martial art or oratory. Later, the concept of “art” began to be increasingly used to describe special activities aimed at reflecting and transforming the world in accordance with aesthetic standards, i.e. according to the laws of beauty. At the same time, the original meaning of the word has been preserved, since the highest skill is required to create something beautiful.
Subject art is the world and man in the totality of their relationships with each other.
Form of existence art - a work of art (poem, painting, performance, film, etc.).
Art also uses special means for reproduction of real reality: for literature this is a word, for music - sound, for fine art - color, for sculpture - volume.
Target art is dual: for the creator it is artistic self-expression, for the viewer it is the enjoyment of beauty. In general, beauty is as closely related to art as truth is to science and goodness is to morality.
Art is important component spiritual culture of humanity, a form of knowledge and reflection surrounding a person reality. In terms of the potential for understanding and transforming reality, art is not inferior to science. However, the ways of understanding the world by science and art are different: if science uses strict and unambiguous concepts for this, then art does.
Art, as an independent branch of spiritual production, grew out of material production and was initially woven into it as an aesthetic, but purely utilitarian moment. He is an artist by nature, and he strives to bring beauty everywhere in one way or another. Human aesthetic activity is constantly manifested in everyday life, public life, and not just in art. Happening aesthetic exploration of the world a social person.
Functions of art
Art performs a series public functions.
Functions of art can be distinguished, summarizing what has been said:
- aesthetic function allows you to reproduce reality according to the laws of beauty, forms aesthetic taste;
- social function manifests itself in the fact that art has an ideological impact on society, thereby transforming social reality;
- compensatory functions allows you to restore mental balance, solve psychological problems, to “escape” for a while from the drab everyday life, to compensate for the lack of beauty and harmony in everyday life;
- hedonic function reflects the ability of art to bring pleasure to a person;
- cognitive function allows you to understand reality and analyze it with the help of artistic images;
- prognostic function reflects the ability of art to make forecasts and predict the future;
- educational function manifested in the ability of works of art to shape a person’s personality.
Cognitive function
First of all this educational function. Works of art are valuable sources of information about complex social processes.
Of course, not everything in the world around us is interested in art, and if it is, then to varying degrees, and the very approach of art to the object of its knowledge, the perspective of its vision is very specific in comparison with other forms of social consciousness. The main object of knowledge in art has always been and remains. This is why art in general and in particular fiction called human studies.
Educational function
Educational function - the ability to have an important impact on the ideological and moral development of a person, his self-improvement or fall.
And yet, cognitive and educational functions are not specific to art: other forms of social consciousness also perform these functions.
Aesthetic function
The specific function of art, which makes it art in the true sense of the word, is its aesthetic function.
Perceiving and comprehending a work of art, we not only assimilate its content (like the content of physics, biology, mathematics), but we pass this content through the heart, emotions, and give sensually specific images created by the artist an aesthetic assessment as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base , tragic or comic. Art shapes in us the ability to give such aesthetic assessments, to distinguish the truly beautiful and sublime from all kinds of ersatz.
Hedonic function
Cognitive, educational and aesthetic are merged into one in art. Thanks to the aesthetic moment, we enjoy the content of a work of art and it is in the process of enjoyment that we are enlightened and educated. In this regard, they talk about hedonistic(translated from Greek - pleasure) functions art.
For many centuries, the debate about the relationship between beauty in art and reality has continued in socio-philosophical and aesthetic literature. In this case, two main positions are revealed. According to one of them (in Russia it was supported by N.G. Chernyshevsky), the beautiful in life is always and in all respects higher than the beautiful in art. In this case, art appears as a copy of typical characters and objects of reality itself and as a surrogate for reality. Obviously, an alternative concept is preferable (G.V.F. Hegel, A.I. Herzen, etc.): the beautiful in art is higher than the beautiful in life, since the artist sees more accurately and deeper, feels stronger and brighter, and that is why he can inspire with his the art of others. Otherwise (being a surrogate or even a duplicate), art would not be needed by society.
Works of art, being the objective embodiment of human genius, become the most important spiritual and values passed on from generation to generation, the property of an aesthetic society. Mastering culture and aesthetic education are impossible without exposure to art. The works of art of past centuries capture the spiritual world of thousands of generations, without mastering which a person cannot become a person in the true meaning of the word. Each person is a kind of bridge between the past and the future. He must master what the previous generation left him, creatively comprehend his spiritual experience, understand his thoughts, feelings, joys and sufferings, ups and downs, and pass all this on to his descendants. This is the only way history moves, and in this movement a huge army belongs to art, expressing complexity and richness spiritual world person.
Kinds of art
The primary form of art was a special syncretic(undifferentiated) complex of creative activity. For primitive man there was no separate music, or literature, or theater. Everything was merged together in a single ritual action. Later, from this syncretic action began to stand out individual species art.
Kinds of art- these are historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, using special means to build an image - sound, color, body movement, words, etc. Each type of art has its own special varieties - genera and genres, which together provide a variety of artistic attitudes to reality. Let's briefly consider the main types of art and some of their varieties.
Literature uses verbal and written means to build images. There are three main types of literature - drama, epic and lyric poetry and numerous genres - tragedy, comedy, novel, story, poem, elegy, short story, essay, feuilleton, etc.
Music uses sound aids. Music is divided into vocal (intended for singing) and instrumental. Music genres - opera, symphony, overture, suite, romance, sonata, etc.
Dance uses plastic movements to construct images. There are ritual, folk, ballroom,
modern dance, ballet. Dance directions and styles - waltz, tango, foxtrot, samba, polonaise, etc.
Painting displays reality on a plane using color. Genres of painting - portrait, still life, landscape, as well as everyday, animalistic (depiction of animals), historical genres.
Architecture forms the spatial environment in the form of structures and buildings for human life. It is divided into residential, public, gardening, industrial, etc. There are also architectural styles - Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, Art Nouveau, Classicism, etc.
Sculpture creates works of art that have volume and three-dimensional shape. The sculpture can be round (bust, statue) and relief (convex image). By size it is divided into easel, decorative and monumental.
Arts and crafts related to applied needs. This includes artistic objects that can be used in everyday life - dishes, fabrics, tools, furniture, clothing, jewelry, etc.
Theater organizes a special stage performance through the performance of actors. The theater can be dramatic, opera, puppet, etc.
Circus presents a spectacular and entertaining performance with unusual, risky and funny numbers in a special arena. These are acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, horse riding, juggling, magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, animal training, etc.
Movie is the development of theatrical performance based on modern technical audiovisual means. Types of cinema include feature films, documentaries, and animation. The genres include comedies, dramas, melodramas, adventure films, detective stories, thrillers, etc.
Photo captures documentary visual images using technical means- optical and chemical or digital. The genres of photography correspond to the genres of painting.
Stage includes small forms of stage art - drama, music, choreography, illusions, circus acts, original performances, etc.
To the listed types of art you can add graphics, radio art, etc.
To show common features different types arts and their differences, various grounds for their classification have been proposed. So, the types of art are distinguished:
- by the number of means used - simple (painting, sculpture, poetry, music) and complex or synthetic (ballet, theater, cinema);
- in terms of the relationship between works of art and reality - pictorial, depicting reality, copying it (realistic painting, sculpture, photography), and expressive, where the artist’s fantasy and imagination create a new reality (ornament, music);
- in relation to space and time - spatial (fine arts, sculpture, architecture), temporal (literature, music) and spatio-temporal (theater, cinema);
- by time of origin - traditional (poetry, dance, music) and new (photography, cinema, television, video), usually using quite complex technical means to build an image;
- according to the degree of applicability in everyday life - applied (decorative and applied arts) and fine (music, dance).
Each type, genus or genre displays a special side or facet human life, but collected together, these components of art provide a comprehensive artistic picture of the world.
Need in artistic creativity or enjoyment of works of art increases with the growth of a person’s cultural level. Art becomes more necessary the further a person is from the animal state.
Art (Latin experimentum - experience, test) - imaginative understanding of reality; the process or result of expressing the internal or external (in relation to the creator) world in an artistic image; creativity directed in such a way that it reflects interests not only of the author himself, but also of other people. Art (along with science) is one of the ways of cognition, both in the natural sciences and in the religious picture of perception of the world. The concept of art is extremely broad - it can manifest itself as extremely developed skill in a particular field. For a long time view was considered art cultural activities, satisfying a person’s love for beauty. Along with the evolution of social aesthetic norms and assessments, any activity aimed at creating aesthetically expressive forms has acquired the right to be called art. On a society-wide scale, art... special way knowledge and reflection of reality, one of the forms of artistic activity of public consciousness and part of the spiritual culture of both an individual and all humanity, a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations. In science, art is called the creative activity itself. artistic activity, and its result is a work of art. In the most in a general sense art is craftsmanship (Slovak: Umenie), the product of which gives aesthetic pleasure. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines it as: “The use of skill or imagination to create aesthetic objects, settings, or activities that can be shared with others.” Thus, the criterion of art is the ability to evoke a response in other people. TSB defines art as one of the forms of social consciousness, the most important component of human culture. The definition and evaluation of art as a phenomenon is a subject of ongoing debate. In the era of romanticism, the traditional understanding of art as skill of any kind gave way to a vision of it as “peculiarity.” human mind along with religion and science." In the 20th century in the understanding of the aesthetic, three main approaches have emerged: realistic, according to which the aesthetic qualities of an object are inherent in it immanently and do not depend on the observer, objectivist, which also considers the aesthetic properties of an object immanent, but to some extent dependent on the observer, and relativistic, according to which aesthetic the properties of an object depend only on what the observer sees in it, and different people may perceive different aesthetic qualities of the same object. WITH last point In view, an object can be characterized depending on the intentions of its creator (or lack of any intentions), for whatever function it was intended. For example, a cup, which in everyday life can be used as a container, can be considered a work of art if it was created only for applying an ornament, and the image can turn out to be a handicraft if it is produced on an assembly line.
In its first and broadest sense, the term "art" remains close to its Latin equivalent (ars), which can also be translated as "skill" or "craft", as well as to the Indo-European root "composing" or "to compose" In this sense, art can be called anything that was created in the process of deliberately composing a certain composition. There are some examples to illustrate broad meaning this term: "artificial", " military art", "artillery", "artifact". Many other commonly used words have similar etymologies. Artist Ma Lin, example of Song era painting, around 1250 24.8 H 25.2 cm art antiquity knowledge
Until the 19th century, the fine arts referred to the ability of an artist or performer to express his talent, awaken aesthetic feelings in his audience, and engage in the contemplation of “fine” things.
The term art can be used in different senses: the process of using talent, the work of a gifted master, the consumption of works of art by an audience, and the study of art (art criticism). " Fine arts"is a set of disciplines (arts) that produce works of art (objects) created by gifted masters (art as an activity) and evoke a response, a mood, transmitting symbolism and other information to the public (art as consumption). Works of art are deliberate, talented interpretations of an unlimited variety of concepts and ideas with the goal of communicating them to others. They may be created specifically for a specified purpose or represented by images and objects. Art stimulates thoughts, feelings, ideas and ideas through sensations. It expresses ideas, takes many different forms, and serves many different purposes. Art is a skill that can inspire admiration. Art that evokes its harmony positive emotions and mental satisfaction can also cause a creative response in the perceiver, inspiration, incentive and desire to create in a positive way. This is what the artist Valery Rybakov, a member of the Professional Union of Artists, said about art: “Art can destroy and heal human soul, corrupt and educate. And only bright art can save humanity: it heals spiritual wounds, gives hope for the future, brings love and happiness to the world."
The concept of "art"
What is "art"? This term does not have a simple or intuitive meaning. Most people understand this word as completely different, contradictory meanings. And at the same time, it is a very important entity that surrounds us from all sides.
Let's try to figure it out. First, let's look at the meaning of this word in the most popular source of information - in the computer encyclopedia Wikipedia: ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art
Art(from “the arts of creation”) - the process or result of expressing the inner world in an (artistic) image, a creative combination of elements in a way that reflects feelings or emotions.
For a long time art was considered a form cultural activities that satisfy a person’s love for beauty. Along with the evolution of social aesthetic norms and assessments, any activity aimed at creating expressive forms in accordance with aesthetic ideals has the right to be called art.
On the scale of the entire society, art is a special way of knowing and reflecting reality, one of the forms of social consciousness and part of the spiritual culture both man and all humanity, a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations.
The concept of art is extremely broad - it can manifest itself as extremely developed skill in a particular area.
Agree, it is quite difficult to understand. It’s as if they specially encrypted and hid the meaning from all the uninitiated. Now let’s try to interpret this term in a human way: simpler and more concise.
Art is a tool of culture
It skips in the description keyword, but it is buried in a mass of nonsense. This important word- “culture”. Art is the main instrument of culture. It is through culture that the term “art” is easiest to understand.
Culture is what distinguishes a person from an animal; it is all the accumulated information of humanity, passed on from generation to generation. Animals are in constant development, passing changes to their descendants through genes. Humanity, in addition to genetic development, uses information development. People are born and die, but the information they record remains forever in the culture, and is constantly available to new generations. Art is specific intellectual or physical objects through which culture is transmitted.
There is no need to understand culture only as something lyrical, opposed to the scientific and technical. Official science is only one of the sections of culture. In science information about outside world carefully disassembled, sorted, put on shelves, and turned into formulas. Culture contains not only formulas, but also poorly structured information that has not yet been amenable to scientific analysis. People have already grabbed hold of this information, but have not yet fully realized it, so they do not use exact words to describe it, but numerous examples, situations, actions, and similar images.
Doesn't remind you of anything? This poorly structured information is what art is based on.
Art is the transmission of unstructured information.
Filtering art
Does the stingy scientific formulation not suit you? Not surprising. For most people, the word “art” is clearly associated with words such as “beautiful”, “creativity”, “skill”, “skill”, “masterpiece”, but not with the term “unstructured information”. All this can be explained in a little more detail by understanding the process of creating works of art.
Modern authors sometimes create things that are terrible in quality and content, but are nevertheless considered part of art. For real connoisseurs, these facts do not fit in their heads. Art critics even came up with special categories “ modern Art" And " high art" to separate one from the other. The good, the kind, the eternal should not be on the same level as the bad, the evil and the momentary.
But both are art. And you don’t need to think that “modern” is a designation only for what has appeared in our 21st century. Obscene paintings, books, and statues have been sold in markets since time immemorial. Perhaps even in the Stone Age there were cave paintings of this kind. Only all these creations, aimed at satisfying current needs, have not survived to this day. When the foam of modernity settles, everything temporary evaporates, leaving only the dry residue of the best masterpieces.
This is how art works: creators create works of the most different styles, directions, quality, but only the best specimens – masterpieces – end up in the treasury of culture. Masters of their craft are initially aimed at this result - to leave a mark on culture, therefore they consider eternal themes in their works that will be relevant to both contemporaries and descendants. In people's memory, unpleasant and insignificant events are quickly forgotten, for purely psychophysiological reasons; only pleasant or vivid memories are remembered for a long time, giving emotional strength with each memory. This is why all classical works seem so wonderful to us, and for the same reason we associate the words “art” and “beautiful” together. The input filters of culture are designed in such a way that only that which corresponds to universal human values and contributes to further development humanity.
From this point of view, the entire dispute among art critics comes down to what part of art should be considered art: the whole variety of unstructured information, or only what has already passed through the filters of universal human values.
The pace of our lives accelerates every year. The period by which one can determine whether a work has become a classic has been reduced to literally 10-20 years. It is definitely necessary to separate the eternal from the momentary, but for this it is necessary to study both sides of art, and not isolate yourself from modern trends. After all, we, as a whole human community, decide what descendants will watch and what will dissolve in the abyss of time. Every year more and more information appears, and less and less time is given to sort it. Because of this, strange and awkward works suddenly receive the high title of classics. It is worth putting things in order in the structure and assessment of the arts so that large quantity people could participate in this process, and so that cultural filters could do their job as well as they did before the advent of the digital age.
Art is the ability to create beauty
Let's consider that very “filtered art” that will ultimately remain in the memory of mankind. To designate it, you can come up with a more elegant and concise formulation:
Art is the ability to create beauty Source of art - Creation(creation).Medium of art - skill(craft).
The purpose of art is beautiful(spiritual pleasure).
Only three words were needed for the definition, but at the same time the whole meaning fits in them: the source, the means, and the goal.
There are also three actions that are important for art: comprehension new (to motivate creativity), expression thoughts and feelings (to use skills, mastery), belief(to reach the consciousness of connoisseurs). The first three components - the very essence of art, these other three components - do not relate to art, but are necessary for it. In pure, disinterested art one never pays any attention Special attention for these actions. If an emphasis is placed on some element (comprehension, expression, belief), then art becomes a tool for some other action, and ceases to be itself.
Focus on comprehension. The goal is the fame of the author, or notification of the event described, the delivery of information (science, news, PR campaigns, advertising).
Focus on expression. The goal is the trusting relationship necessary for beliefs(deception, exploitation of human weaknesses).
Focus on conviction. The goal is to impose one’s values, one’s point of view, change one’s worldview (authority, religion).
The figure shows a diagram of the art in the form regular hexagon. In this diagram, one similarity can be seen, if you move counterclockwise: comprehension, creativity, expression, craft, belief, enjoyment. This is reminiscent of the cycle of any product: study, modeling, design, production, distribution, consumption. It turns out:
Art - the cycle of production of goods for the soul
A hexagon is a closed figure; there is tension inside it. Each face is opposed to its opposite face.
Expression is the opposite of pleasure.
Pleasure is a need, a craving for the beautiful and spiritual. Expression is a possibility, something a person can do. Often there are not enough opportunities to meet needs. To obtain new needs you need to change opportunities.
Craft is opposed to comprehension.
Production is focused on creating ready-made ideas, they are honed to perfection, a lot of effort is put into the finished production. Therefore, the emergence of new knowledge is not beneficial to production: everything will have to be rebuilt to accommodate new ideas, resources will have to be spent on it, and the ideal will have to be achieved again. Changes in production never occur voluntarily, only under the pressure of external circumstances (example: the successful role of an actor closes all other roles for him, he is forced to play what he does best). To comprehend the new you need to distract yourself from the old.
Persuasion is the opposite of creativity.
With the help of persuasion, production products are distributed and consolidated. “Belief” is the same ossified structure as “craft”. It opposes new creations and does not allow them to reach the consumer. (example: true fans of a series of computer games are always met with hostility new game series, no matter how good it is). To create something new, you need to be disappointed in the old.
This internal tension causes the entire system to almost always stand still. Only when one of the three elements of movement (enjoyment, comprehension, creativity) becomes stronger than its opposite (elements of inertia: conviction, craft, expression), only then changes occur in the entire cycle. Changes occur, and immediately the elements of inertia begin to ossify again, until the next change.
Art goods
Now let’s look at what kind of “goods for the soul” art produces.
All art products are sensations with the help of which a person perceives the world, namely: smells, tastes, touches, colors, movements, sounds, thoughts. In general, all our sensations about the world can be divided into two groups: sensations of form and sensations of movement. The sense of color, which is at the junction of these two groups, gives us the most complete information about the world.
As can be seen from the diagram, movement and form are two opposites from which the whole world consists. Perhaps consciousness is the third full-fledged component of the world, then the diagram can again be presented in the form of a regular hexagon, but so far this cannot be achieved, there are not enough facts. Try it, maybe you will be able to prove this theory.
Let's consider each sensation separately.
Smell - analysis chemical composition forms at a distance (using gas analysis (individual atoms separated from the analyzed object)).
Taste is a direct analysis of the chemical composition of the form.
Touch is the sensation of encountering form. But the form itself cannot be directly felt.
Acceleration is the sensation of changing speed. If we move with uniform constant speed, then there is simply nothing to feel it with. The sensation of movement itself is inaccessible to consciousness.
Sound is the sensation of waves of air density emitted by the movement of a form. In this case, sound itself is a movement (wave). The hearing that perceives sounds, as it were, analyzes the movements that have occurred around.
Thought - long-term analysis of movements. Represents assumptions about what movements may occur after some time. Assumptions are made on the basis of movements that have already occurred (experience). The more experience, the more complex and closer to the truth the thoughts. It's like a sense of smell, but not for objects and their atoms, but for events and their consequences.
The movement of form is light. As stated above, we cannot directly sense shape and movement. Also, we cannot fully feel their fusion - light. Only a small part of it (called color) is accessible to perception.
All sensations of movement and the sensation of color are simulated by a person using a computer. A new one is practically being created virtual world, for the completeness of which only the sensations of taste, smell, and touch are missing. And people are constantly trying to make virtuality more and more like the real world.
God, who created the world, created man in his own image and likeness. Man’s desire to create and create is that piece of God that he has endowed us with, possessing which we become like gods. Art is a manifestation of the desire to create and create your own world like God. Previously, creators created only separate parts of the world they conceived, now well-coordinated teams of creators create entire imagined worlds.
There is a universal rule: “90% of everything created in the world is complete nonsense and is not worth your attention.” This rule applies to art and all its types separately. In every form: in music, in films, and in computer games - only about 10% of all works created are real masterpieces, everything else is slag, making up 90%. There's nothing good in it, but it's necessary, it's trash dark background, on which the remaining 10% of the works shine brightly.
Classification, types and forms of art
Let us analyze all the forms of art created by mankind according to their composition of sensations.
Let's start looking at the diagram from bottom to top. We look at a person and highlight all his senses: nose (smell), tongue (taste), skin (touch), eyes (vision), ears (hearing). There is also something with which it evokes feelings: the whole body and the mouth (vocal cords). Well, what ultimately processes all the received feelings is the brain.
Encoding. All senses can be encoded: thought can be encoded into text, sound, movement, color and shape; sound can be encoded into text or image; shape is encoded as color; and in general, everything that does not have a form, everything that consists only of waves - color (as well as form encoded into color), movement, sound, thought - everything can be encoded as a sequence of “0” and “1”.
The nose perceives smells, and the only form of human activity that works on these senses is perfumery. It is very controversial to call perfumery art, but calling it low art (as opposed to the expression “high art”) is quite possible. Smells in physical sense- This is the recognition of chemical elements in a gaseous state.
The tongue perceives tastes, and again there is only one form of human activity that works on these feelings - cooking. But cooking is more complex, it includes the creation of smells, tastes, and shapes. The same applies to lower art. Taste in the physical sense is the recognition of chemical elements that are in any state, unlike odors, but only in close proximity.
The skin perceives the touch of other physical objects. Shape sensations are used in design of all varieties, in fine arts, V sports(the art of sports includes cybersport , military art). The form is directly felt only in the immediate vicinity, so most often its sensations are perceived at a distance using color coding.
The eyes perceive color that carries most information about the surrounding world. As already mentioned, form and movement are encoded in it, and all types of art related to them also apply to color. But the main thing for the eyes is fine art, which, with the advent of special devices, was continued in the form photographic art And animations.
At the intersection of movements and sounds is theater. Sounds themselves are used in more complex types arts, and at the same time are divided according to their form into music , singing, speech. Speech is sounds that carry thought, and includes calligraphy. But the main thing is what thoughts are contained in this text. A special type of thought is humor. Controversial point, is it art at all? But in our country this is true special kind art. Includes such forms as jokes, parodies, gags. The text is used in more complex forms: in literature(books) and press(newspapers, magazines), while additionally using images in the form of photographs.
The higher in the diagram, the newer media information containing works of art.
With the advent of video recording, the old arts were transformed. The theater was transformed into movie. Musical compositions in video clips. Other types of art of movement and sound: animation, sports, dance, concerts - have not changed, but have become available in the form of recordings.
With the advent of computers and the binary storage system, most previous storage media (such as image, video, audio, text) can be encoded and stored in this binary system without modification. Some old forms of art have been transformed into new ones on the computer: design + animation in modeling, text + movement in programming. And on the basis of these new arts even more complex ones appeared - computer and video games(modeling(design, image, animation), theater(movement, sound, music, speech), programming(movement, text)) and sites(programming (motion, text), press, animation).
At the very top of the diagram are information intermediaries.
Designs, images and photographs can be found at exhibitions.
Animations and films are created and reproduced in film studios.
Musical compositions are replicated in music studios.
Literature and press are published in book publishing houses.
Computer games are created and published in computer studios and publishing houses.
Television distributes everything that can be encoded in video.
Radio distributes everything that can be encoded into audio.
The Internet distributes everything that can be encoded into a binary system.
A more correct, but also more difficult to understand, diagram of the arts
To enlarge the image, click on it
Conclusion
Thus, computer games are composite view art, consisting of many previous arts. And the Internet is a huge public museum of almost everyone known species creativity.
The only difference from classical art is that this is new and not yet filtered information. Masterpieces on the Internet are placed on the same shelves next to low-grade works that will be forgotten in a week. So far, only individual specialists can understand the information diversity of the oversaturated market. We, on this site, will help you navigate turbulent stream himself modern look art.
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Since ancient times, art has shaped humanity, its worldview and value system. Key role in this case, there was always a certain act of creation at play, which allowed a representative of the human race to penetrate beyond the boundaries of everyday life, to add to reality an additional layer woven from his own worldview, talent and imagination.
The problem of art awareness
Absolutely every person on planet Earth is familiar with the term “art” and actively uses it in everyday life, but not everyone asks the question of what art actually is. The concept itself is already multifaceted and controversial. An even greater number of arguments and points of view produce the question “what can be called art.” First of all, this concerns, of course, modernity, because no one doubts that the paintings of Pieter Bruegel or Vincent Van Gogh can be called masterpieces.
First of all, let's figure out what the meaning of the word art is.
The essence of the term itself
There are quite a lot of points of view on this matter, but today humanity has managed to form a common basic understanding of this term. Most often, art means a certain set of cultural, spiritual, aesthetic knowledge of a person, embodied in artistic objects. In this case we're talking about not about any specific form creativity, but about creation as a whole.
In the most general sense, art is man's attempt to comprehend the world through the act of creation. Of course, over time, such attempts become more and more numerous, they accumulate and an attentive, inquisitive mind gets the opportunity to track a certain pattern in existing aesthetic objects. Thus, over time, art of a particular era appears, reflecting the consciousness of a person in a certain time period.
In fact, the question of whether a definition can be given ad infinitum, since in this case each individual’s own understanding of the issue simply plays a huge role. In some cases, this term refers to realities that are completely unrelated to the objects of aesthetics. Surgeons, programmers, postmen, teachers and an endless list of people in other specialties are quite capable of turning their own work into art, although this has absolutely nothing to do with aesthetics.
Types of arts
One can talk endlessly about the manifestations of art in the life of mankind, but centuries-old traditions make it possible to highlight several basic words that appear to humanity in the form of The experience of millennia is reflected in it in metaphors, epithets, hidden and explicit meanings, which the reader thinks about again and again, picking up one or another another book.
Since ancient times, folk art has accompanied man in his life and exploration of reality. Initially presented as syncretic rituals and actions, and then transformed into a purely aesthetic form, it is still developing, improving and expanding its boundaries. Lyrical songs, frescoes, elegant embroidered shirts, ditties and even well-known jokes about Vovochka - all this is a manifestation of the creativity of the people themselves, reflecting their consciousness and worldview.
Conveys in colors and shades human consciousness art. This kind of creativity is special in every sense. Every stroke, every bend of one form or another is aimed at conveying an image. A holistic, complete object, embodied in the smallest details.
Of course, we must not forget about music - the most synesthetic art form of all. From time immemorial, it has accompanied a person, serving first to introduce a kind of trance, and then moving into the realm of aesthetics itself.
Views on the classification of arts
In addition to the eternal question “what is art,” the definition of the concept itself also provides for a number of aspects for considering this component of human existence. In particular, dividing it into types, an attempt at some classification.
Reflection of reality
The origins of this problem go back to Aristotle himself, who considered art to be an imitation of nature. It was from his theory that the theory of mimesis as the main component emerged.
In his classification, Aristotle relied directly on the method of imitation. was determined precisely by the author of “Poetics”.
Being status
Lessing built his classification on a different principle. The philosopher divided the arts into temporal and spatial. The first included literature and music, and the second - painting and sculpture. Of course, in this case it is quite difficult to draw a sharp dividing line, since the plan of content and the plan of expression of a particular work can differ radically.
Interaction with consciousness
Humanity owes its division into fine and expressive arts to the era of Romanticism. The meaning of the word “art” was understood in a very unique way at that time. TO fine arts could include both literature and painting, not to mention sculpture and theater. However, any type: musical art, sculpture or architecture - a priori affects a person, and therefore is expressive. This especially applies, of course, to music.
Nationality, culture, own aesthetics
What is art, the definition of which has not yet been fully understood, if not a reflection of the worldview of a certain category of people within a specific time? If you think about it, it is the general existential consciousness that determines the basic principles of creation. Folk art gives impetus to original art, which develops into something more. These features are formed depending on various aspects: political, historical situation on the territory of a particular country, its population, interaction with other cultures.
Fine art, like any other, is determined by several factors. First of all, this is the awareness of the concept of beauty by a specific nationality. It is quite obvious that the aesthetic standards of Asia are completely incompatible with the ideals of the Slavs or Native Americans. The second component is the global context. In most cases, art nevertheless focuses on certain trends in world culture, borrows from it specific elements and basic principles, which subsequently makes it possible to determine the worldview of humanity at one or another stage of its development.
Art and responsibility
Any aesthetic object is first and foremost an act of creation. In different eras, attitudes towards this process were completely different. In the era of Antiquity and the Middle Ages, the poet, for example, was considered a kind of mediator, connected between heaven and reality, a kind of messiah. Later, with the advent of the individual author era, a poet, musician or artist began to be viewed as creators. Entire worlds came from the pens of masters, new realities were created with the help of paints, new feelings were born with the sound of music.
Him), if not responsibility in this case? If not self-awareness as a creator? It is not for nothing that the meaning of the word “art” is etymologically and morphologically similar to the word “temptation”. In apocryphal literature, the plot of the competition between God and the devil in creation is often mentioned, when God created a woman, and his opponent - a snake. Even then, creation implied responsibility for itself, since there is no force more comprehensive than the art of music, and no platform more powerful than literature. Humanity itself is determined by creation, exists in it, develops and improves.