The concepts of “danger” and “threat”. Lectures Danger

Statistics show that people die, become disabled and sick from dangers of natural, technogenic, anthropogenic, biological, environmental, and social origin. Emergency situations as such do not arise on their own, but are derivatives of such man-made or natural phenomena as accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters and other similar events.

Danger- this is a phenomenon, processes, objects that, under certain conditions, can cause damage to human health directly or indirectly. Danger is contained in all systems that have energy, chemically or biologically active components, etc. This definition of danger in life safety is the most general and includes such concepts as dangerous, harmful production factors, damaging factors, etc. The signs that define danger are: threat to life; possibility of harm to health; violation of the conditions for the normal functioning of human organs and systems. Danger is a relative concept. Threat, this is a danger at the stage of transition from possibility to reality, an expressed intention or demonstration of the readiness of some subjects to cause harm to others. The threat is always substantive in nature, filled with specific content, and in the case of a clearly defined dangerous condition, it often acquires a specific legal characteristic.

Due to the variety of hazards, threats and sources of their occurrence, their classification is required. As in any branch of science and technology, in life safety there is nomenclature hazards - a system of names and terms used in any branch of science and technology. In life safety, there are several levels of nomenclature: general, local, industry, local (for individual objects - production, workshops, workplaces, professions, processes, etc.). The significance of the nomenclatures is that they contain a list of potential hazards, facilitate their identification and have a preventive focus. And he does all this taxonomy– the science of classification and systematization of complex phenomena, concepts, events.

A perfect, fairly complete classification of hazards has not yet been developed. But it can be carried out according to the following criteria:

By origin - natural, technogenic, anthropogenic, environmental, biological, social;

By the nature of the impact on humans - mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, psychophysiological;

According to the time of manifestation of negative consequences - impulse and cumulative;

By localization - atmospheric, hydrosphere, lithospheric, space;

According to the consequences caused - fatigue, illness, injuries, accidents, crisis situations, catastrophes, deaths;

According to the damage caused - technical, economic, environmental, social;

By sphere of manifestation - household, industrial, sports, road transport, military;

In structure - simple and derivative, generated by the interaction of simple ones;

According to the energy realized - active and passive (which manifest themselves due to the energy the carrier of which is the person himself).

Or hazards as threats can be classified By:

Objects – person, society, state;

Directions – economic, social, political, information;

The amount of damage – marginal, significant, insignificant;

Probabilities of occurrence – very probable, probable, unlikely;

The reasons for the appearance are spontaneous, intentional;

The hierarchical principle – interplanetary, noospheric “global”, regional interstate, state “national”, regional internal, local “local”, personal.

All considered dangers and threats at the global level are external in relation to security objects located below the hierarchical levels: regional, state, public and individual.

TO internal dangers and threats of lower hierarchical levels include:

Regional and national social explosions and conflicts;

Hunger, spread of disease, degradation of people;

Increasing violence, terrorism, crime, drug addiction, drunkenness, etc.

Since many of the hazards are hidden, they need to be detected (identified). Under identification understands the process of detecting and establishing quantitative, temporal, spatial characteristics. Necessary and often sufficient for the development of preventive and operational measures aimed at ensuring normal life. It is during the identification process that the nomenclature of hazards, the likelihood of their occurrence, spatial localization (their coordinates), possible damage and, most importantly, their causes are revealed. Thus , identification is a qualitative analysis of hazards.

There are several ways classifications dangers to humans: By nature of origin: a) natural; b) technical; c) anthropogenic; d) environmental; d) mixed. By localization: a) associated with the lithosphere; b) related to the hydrosphere; c) related to the atmosphere; d) related to space. According to the consequences caused: a) fatigue; b) disease; c) injury; d) death, etc. ( tab. 8).

Table 8.

Hazard classification (according to Rusak O.N.)

According to the official standard, the hazards are divided into on physical, chemical, biological and psychophysical. Physical hazards – moving machines and mechanisms, increased dust and gas contamination in the air of the working area, abnormal air temperature, increased levels of noise, vibration, sound vibrations, etc. Chemical hazards – generally toxic, irritating, carcinogenic, mutagenic, etc. Biological hazards – pathogenic microorganisms (including viruses) and their metabolic products. Psychophysical dangers – physical and neuropsychic overload.

These classifications are of a private nature, since they classify only according to one criterion.

The following classification seems to be the most complete. It seems appropriate to divide all hazards (factors leading to the emergence of danger), according to the object of influence, time and space, into three groups:

1- factors that directly affect the individual, the degree of influence of which can accumulate or relax over time - factors of incubation action;

2- factors of instant action, which are random in nature, the impact of which extends to the individual or is localized by the noxosphere;

3- factors of environmental impact, usually of indirect action, manifesting themselves outside the individual, outside a given production, but resulting from the implementation of a specific technological process in a given production. This classification is most convenient when analyzing a specific production, because allows you to identify, predict and quantify possible hazards at the early stages of technological preparation of production.

By species sources of origin, hazards are distinguished: natural, technogenic and anthropogenic. Natural dangers are caused by natural phenomena, climatic conditions, terrain, etc. Dangers created by technical means are called man-made, A anthropogenic dangers arise as a result of erroneous or unauthorized actions of a person or group of people and are divided By:

- types of flows in living space hazards are divided into energy, mass and information.

- moment of occurrence dangers are divided into predictable and spontaneous.

- type of impact a distinction is made between harmful and traumatic hazards per person.

- objects of protection distinguish between hazards affecting humans, the natural environment and material resources.

- types of impact zones hazards are divided into industrial, domestic, urban (transport, etc.), and emergency zones.

Dangers by probability of impact on a person and the environment are divided into potential, real and realized.

Realized hazards are usually divided into incidents, accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters. Incident– an event consisting of a negative impact causing damage to human, natural or material resources. Emergency– an event that occurs short-term and has a high level of negative impact on people, natural and material resources. Emergencies include major accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters. Accident– an incident in a technical system is not accompanied by loss of life, and restoration of technical means is impossible or economically infeasible. Catastrophe– an incident in a technical system, accompanied by the death or disappearance of people. Disaster- an incident associated with natural phenomena on Earth and leading to the destruction of the biosphere, death or loss of health of people. Emergency– the state of an object, territory or water area, as a rule, after an emergency event in which there is a threat to life and health for a group of people, material damage is caused to the population and the economy, and the natural environment is degraded.

Causes of incidents in technical systems are failures and incidents. Refusal– an event consisting in disruption of the technical system. Incident– technical system failure caused by incorrect operator actions.

Our life is full of different events and experiences. Every person has an instinct of self-preservation and, at the moment of an impending threat, looks for ways to protect themselves. There are sources of danger that we may not even be aware of. Safety is important to preserve life and health. Each person reacts to circumstances and the world around them differently. Not many are able to take risks, thereby exposing themselves to danger and violating their safety. This is what makes us different from each other. Let's consider what is included in the concept of danger and safety, what types exist, and what are their features.

What does this concept mean?

This phenomenon can be viewed and characterized from several angles.

The most common concept of danger looks like this: these are events that could possibly happen. In doing so, they will cause terrible or extreme consequences.

In Russian, the concept of danger is necessarily associated with the likelihood of very bad events occurring.

For medicine, this phenomenon is associated with causing harm to the body. This may be due to incorrect or untimely treatment. Various dangerous injuries or deterioration of the condition, as well as the risk of death.

If they ask: “Define the concept of danger from a technical point of view,” then we can say that this is a phenomenon associated with the properties of objects, objects, tools that can harm human health.

Reaction to danger

It is important to note how a person can react to a difficult situation. And what changes in the body are possible:

• Severe fear and feeling of panic.
• State of shock.
• Feeling of discomfort.
• Extreme fatigue.
• Quality of life indicators are declining.
• Chronic and occupational diseases are getting worse.
• Possible injury.
• Death.

Let's consider the basic concept. Danger can affect people in different ways. Highlight:

• Minimal. Isolated deaths.
• Absolute. Death.
• Medium lethal. 50% of deaths.

You can also distinguish danger thresholds:

• Acute action.
• Specific.
• Chronic.

If it is necessary to define the concept of danger, then the question of what is its source will certainly arise.

We identify dangerous sources

These include processes that can have a negative impact on humans, nature, and objects.

Sources can be divided into:

1. Natural.
2. Actions of people.
3. Combined.

• Floods.

• Earthquakes.
• Global warming.
• Cosmic bodies.
• Solar Activity.

• Military conflicts.
• Ecological disasters.
• Technogenic hazards.
• Radioactive radiation.

Technogenic sources include:

• Vehicles.
• Equipment.
• Combustible and flammable liquids and substances.
• Chemicals and working with them.
• Working with electricity.

Social and political sources can also be identified.

Social ones include:

• Unfavorable living conditions.
• Crime.
• Vagrancy.
• Drinking alcoholic beverages.
• Prostitution.
• Clashes at the international level.
• Strikes, protests.

Political ones include:

• International conflicts.
• Terrorism.
• Armed conflicts, wars.
• Ideological conflicts.

Combined sources include:

• Natural hazards caused by human activities and natural disasters.
• Social. Epidemics of diseases and infections. Addiction. Oncological diseases.
• Technogenic. Occupational diseases. Massive mental disorders. The impact on the subconscious of the mass media and special technical means.

Hazard classification

How can this concept be classified? Let us highlight the main characteristic features:

• Origin. Danger can be of natural origin or created by the technological sphere. It can also be the result of the wrong actions of a person or group of people.
• Streams of danger. Permissible flows increased several times create dangerous situations. They are typical for natural disaster zones and emergency situations.
• Duration of exposure. The constant influence of negative factors is observed in hazardous production. Periodic influence is typical for noisy airports and vibration of vehicles. Impulse influence is typical for avalanches, thunderstorms, and rocket launches.
• Action zones. Industrial zones, domestic and urban. Also emergency zones, transport.
• Dimensions of influence zones. Interregional, global, local.
• The extent of the completeness of the influence of the hazard. Potential and real.

It is imperative to consider the field of influence of this state with basic concepts.

Danger field

Depending on the impact, several fields of influence on a person can be identified:

• The first field affects the person himself. This may include the impact of natural disasters, climate, food, and the presence of harmful substances in the air. As well as man-made accidents and disasters that occur due to human fault.
• The second hazard field affects the sources of the first. Equipment and buildings are in poor condition and present a source of danger. Poor level of training of managers and workers in terms of safe work performance.
• The third field has no clear boundaries. Employees do not have the necessary safety knowledge. Poor staff training. There is no effective system for ensuring a safe production process.

Impact on human health

Any type of danger causes damage to health to one degree or another. Let's consider the factors that are of great importance for human life:

It is worth noting that the long-term influence of any of these factors can be dangerous. For example, prolonged exposure to such a harmful factor as smog on the body can cause a sharp deterioration in health, which can subsequently lead to death. The basic concepts of the phenomenon being studied include its forms such as potential, heightened and social, more on this later.

Increased danger

A person encounters this phenomenon quite often, especially when working in hazardous industries.

Let's consider the concept of increased danger. This includes the operation of vehicles, equipment, explosives, potent poisons, drugs, work with high voltage electrical energy, nuclear energy, also construction activities, work at heights and much more.

The source could be:

• Physical influence. These are transport, electrical installations, industrial enterprises.

• Physico-chemical influence: radioactive radiation.
• Biological influence: dangerous strains of diseases, dangerous animals.
• Chemical exposure: poisonous, explosive, flammable substances.

Public threats

The concept of public danger is as follows. These are actions that harm the interests protected by criminal law.

The sign is actions that create a threat or harm social relations protected at the legislative level.

The nature of the danger is determined:

• An action against a person or object.
• The amount of damage caused.
• A form of guilt.

It is expressed in the strictest regulations of the criminal code.

The characteristics of public danger can be given both qualitative and quantitative.

The quality of the social lies in the nature of the social relations that are being attacked, as well as in the nature of the damage caused and the type of attempt.

The quantitative characteristic is the degree of damage caused. It is determined taking into account the following factors:

• The severity of the damage caused.
• Method of committing a crime.
• A form of guilt.
• Done with intent or negligence.
• Motives for the crime.
• Goals.

Potential danger

The concept is that this is a universal property of all human life processes, both in the industrial and social spheres. All activities are potentially dangerous. It is this conclusion that provides the basis for the formation of a security system:

• No activity can be completely safe.
• It is impossible to develop absolutely safe technology.

The influence of unfavorable and incompatible factors on a person is also a potential danger. All factors are divided:

• Harmful. They cause illness and affect performance.
• Dangerous. Lead to injury or severe deterioration in health.

Harmful factors can become dangerous.

If a person is engaged in a dangerous activity or is in a dangerous situation, but reacts and organizes his work correctly, then the likelihood of an accident is reduced. We can conclude that accidents are most often a violation of the rules of human behavior in a dangerous area or situation. It is important to prevent a potential threat from becoming an accident.

Examples

Having examined the definition of the concept of danger, we can easily give many examples of one or another form of this phenomenon:

• The impact of external factors on a person, such as too hot or cold air.
• Toxic substances can cause suffocation or death if inhaled.
• With oxygen starvation, brain death can occur.
• Failure to comply with safety precautions at work increases the risk of injury, especially when working with dangerous mechanisms and machines.
• Solar activity can be useful, but its excess can already be dangerous. Causes skin cancer.

Risk

This concept is very similar to danger. How can you characterize risk? This is the probability of an event, a negative situation or an unfavorable result of production or economic activity.

An unfavorable situation could be as follows:

• Loss of personal funds.
• Lack of funds.
• Actions that led to losses.
• Failed profitable deal.
• Lack of the desired result.

Risk assessment is the most popular hazard characterization.

How to give a rating

First of all, risks are assessed by the nature of the danger:

• Technogenic. It is based on human activity.
• Natural. Does not depend on the human factor.
• Mixed. Natural in nature, but associated with human activity.

It is very important to assess the risk depending on its source of origin:

• Systematic. It does not matter what activity the company is engaged in. This could be currency fluctuations, inflation.
• Specific. Depends on the operating methods of production or enterprise. Ineffective management, underestimation of partners, incorrect calculation of risks.

Depending on the area in which the risks are calculated, they are:

• Social. Social crises have an impact.
• Political. The political situation affects the shortfall in profits or losses.
• Commercial. Related to production and finance. Financial, production, economic losses.
• Ecological. Associated with damage to the environment.

• Professional. Associated with the performance of professional activities.

There are also risks:

• Predictable. Which can be calculated and predicted based on competition, market conditions, and the economy.
• Unpredictable. Unpredictable force majeure and tax risks.

The concept of danger is inextricably linked to risk assessment, as well as safety.

Safety

When a person works to the limit of his physical and psychological capabilities, an extreme situation arises. This has a devastating effect on the human body. The concepts of danger and safety are always nearby. Humanity has developed methods for ensuring safety at work and interacting with the environment.

Any element in the environment can be protected from hazards. This could be: the state, people, society, technosphere. The level of negative influence, if reduced to maximum values, reaches a state of safety in which the impact on the object of energies, information, substances does not exceed the maximum permissible values.

To evaluate the quality of a hazard source, the term safety is used. It has many definitions:

• These are the conditions under which the rights of citizens, objects, the environment and material assets are protected from accidents, disasters, and accidents.
• This is when the interests of society, the state, and the individual are protected from existing and potential threats, real or lack thereof.
• For a person, security is a state in which neither external nor internal factors cause harm to health, do not lead to death, or are an obstacle to achieving goals.

The main concept of security is set out in the law of the Russian Federation. This is a state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and state from internal and external threats. The concepts of danger, safety, risk will always be nearby. After all, any business is potentially dangerous, so we think about our safety, not wanting to risk anything.

The concept of "Danger".

Difficulties in developing the scientific foundations of life safety arose at the very beginning of the journey, since even the basic concept of “danger” has not yet been given a uniform interpretation in scientific works.

According to S. V. Belov, in real conditions, for the occurrence and implementation of hazards, four conditions must be met:

• the presence of a system “object of protection – source of influence”;
• the presence of a source of danger capable of creating flows of matter, energy and information;
• whether the protected object has a maximum permissible impact value for each of these flows;
• coincidence in time and location of the source of danger and the protected object in the living space.

If the flows do not cause damage to the protected object, then a normal life process occurs, and such flows are usually called permissible. If flows cause damage (impair human health, lead to degradation of nature, etc.), then the flows are called unacceptable or dangerous. The maximum values ​​of flows at which damage does not yet occur are called maximum permissible.

Based on the above, it is advisable to formulate the concept of “danger” in the following form:

Danger is a negative property of living and inanimate matter that can cause damage to the matter itself: to humans, society, the natural environment, and material values.

From the definition it follows that danger is realized only in conditions of interaction between the source of danger and the protected object.

The definition of the concept “danger” proposed above reveals the nature of dangers, the conditions for their occurrence and the features of their implementation. In our opinion, this definition is comprehensive for constructing a scientific approach to identifying the world of dangers, assessing its impact on people and the environment, developing methods and means of ensuring the safety of human life.

In recent years, a number of scientific publications have proposed other interpretations of the concept of “danger”. Thus, A. A. Kiryushkin believes that “danger is the fact that a certain quantitative parameter of an influencing factor is at a level that takes the state of the body beyond the limits of optimum stability” or “danger is the fact that an object has a basic quantitative characteristic at a level that can cause harm the human body."

S. V. Belov believes that the author, when formulating the concept of “danger,” proceeds from the presence of the system “object of protection - source of danger,” which is quite legitimate. It is also rightly noted that the magnitude of the impact, interpreted as a danger, must be capable of causing harm (damage) to the object of protection.

Unfortunately, in the formulation of A. A. Kiryushkin, danger is interpreted as “the fact that the object has a source of influence of the main quantitative characteristic,” but the type of this object is not specified. Meanwhile, this is very important, since when talking about danger, it is necessary to assess not only its magnitude, but also to know the characteristic features of the object - the source of danger. The danger is only fully defined when the coordinates of its source and the time of manifestation of the danger are known. Moreover, they must coincide with the coordinates and time of stay of the protected object.

K.V. Chernov in his article formulates the concept of “danger” as follows: “The impact of matter, energy, information on a person, which can lead to negative consequences, is called a dangerous technogenic impact or a danger of a technogenic system.” According to S.V. Belov, in this formulation there is also no explicit source of danger, there is no indication of its specific signs.

In Ozhegov’s dictionary, the word “danger” is interpreted as “an opportunity, a threat of something very bad.”

The term “hazard” is also defined in the ISO 9000 standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the field of quality management:

Hazard is a set of conditions of a product or system under which there is a possibility of emergency situations.

That is, this definition does not precisely identify the object and source of danger.

As a positive example, A.I. Grazhdankin cites GOST 12.3.047-98 “SSBT. Fire safety of technological processes. General requirements. Control methods". The term “danger” is defined as “... the possibility of processes and phenomena occurring that can... cause material damage” to potential victims, although the object of safety is still only these same victims of danger.

However, according to S. V. Belov, the discrepancies in the formulation of the concept of “danger” proposed in works and documents do not detract from the common views of their authors on the causes of dangers - flows of matter, energy, information and on the result of the impact of danger on humans - harm , damage, negative consequences.

The concept of "Security".

The problem of security has now become of great importance.

According to F. S. Klebanov, the large number of types of danger (safety) and the frequency of references to this topic create a misleading impression of the initial clarity of the concept of “safety”. In reality, this is not so: the concept of security (any) has only apparent simplicity and obviousness. Despite the fact that all industries have their own systems for ensuring labor safety, the number of dangerous events, as well as accidents and injuries at work and in other areas of human life and activity, is not decreasing. One of the main reasons for this situation is the lack of a system-wide approach to security and the absence of a clear concept of “security”.

What to do, where is the way out of the ambiguity of understanding the term “security”? According to S.V. Belov, in order to correctly solve a problem, one should always proceed from the structure of the original system “protected object - source of danger” for which the analysis is being carried out.

Security is the state of the object of protection in which the impact on it of all flows of matter, energy and information does not exceed the maximum permissible values.

It should be noted that the term “safety” is often used to assess the quality of a hazard source, referring to the source’s inability to generate hazards. The time has come when, to describe this property of sources of danger, it is necessary to find another term, for example: “non-hazardous” or “compatibility”, or “environmental friendliness”, etc.

In S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary, the term “security” is interpreted as “a state in which there is no threat of danger, there is protection from danger,” that is, the concept of “security” is directly associated only with potential victims of danger.

An analysis of legislative acts of the Russian Federation shows, according to A.I. Grazhdankin, that the more modern the law, the more meaningful and less logically contradictory the definitions used in it. For example, the term “security” in the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security” dated March 5, 92 No. 2446-1, 2446/1-1 (as amended on December 24, 1993, as of April 1, 1994) is the object of protection is not a person, citizens or people, but the interests of the individual, society and the state, which, due to subjectivity and extreme variability, cannot be determined with the accuracy required for legal practice (for example, not every child is an individual, and many individuals tend to have a lot of negative from the point of view of a society of interests: just look at the personality of the criminal and his interests).

Thus, A.I. Grazhdankin agrees with S.V. Belov that when talking about security, we are dealing with a systemic characteristic that takes into account the ability of some objects to threaten, and others to fend off these threats, evading, defending against them, and then by destroying their carrier preventively.

The term “safety” is also reflected in the ISO 9000 standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the field of quality management as “a condition in which the risk of harm (to personnel) or damage is limited to an acceptable level.”

On January 1, 2003, a new state standard for the system of occupational safety standards GOST 12.0.006-2002 was introduced, which defines the general requirements for the management of occupational safety and health in an organization. Section 3 of the standard defines security as follows:

Safety is a state in which the risk to the health and safety of personnel is at an acceptable level.

Thus, with regard to this term, our legislation is consistent with the definition of safety in ISO International Standards, which, of course, is a positive example.

The concept of "Accident".

An accident is defined by law as the destruction of structures and (or) technical devices used at a hazardous production facility, an uncontrolled explosion and (or) release of hazardous substances.

However, this definition is highly specialized, since accidents occur not only at hazardous facilities. In addition, this definition does not clarify the consequences of this incident and the areas where accidents may occur.

A more complete definition is given by S. V. Belov in an example lecture:

An accident is an incident in a technical system that is not accompanied by loss of life, in which the restoration of technical means is impossible or economically infeasible.

This definition also does not specify the territories affected by this man-made incident, and it does not take into account the economic component.

The most complete definition of the term “accident” is given in the textbook “Life Safety”:

An accident is a dangerous man-made incident that creates a threat to the life and health of people at an object, territory or water area and leads to the destruction of buildings, structures, equipment and vehicles, disruption of the production or transport process, as well as damage to the natural environment.

The concept of "Risk".

The article by V.K. Shalaev states that the term “accident” is closely related to the concept of “accident risk,” which, in accordance with the law, is assessed when developing an industrial safety declaration.

According to the guidelines for conducting risk analysis of hazardous production facilities (RD 03-418-01), accident risk is a measure of danger that characterizes the possibility of an accident occurring at a hazardous production facility and the severity of its consequences.

It should be noted that according to the current RD 03-357-00, the measure of danger, which characterizes the likelihood of possible accidents occurring and the severity of their consequences, is not the risk of an accident, but simply a risk. It is advisable to harmonize the terminology used in two different but similar documents. I would like the title of RD 03-418-01 not to use the obviously slangy and incomprehensible phrase “risk of a hazardous production facility,” which, however, could not be found in the text of the document itself.

In the article “On the Modern Concept of Safety,” F. S. Klebanov says that the goal of safety is to reduce the frequency (risk) of dangerous events occurring, that is, reducing the frequency of coincidences in time of dangerous situations. Quantitative guidelines in this case are acceptable and unacceptable frequencies (risks) of dangerous events. Acceptable risk is the maximum, normatively defined, that is, established by an official regulatory document (task of the future), amount of risk of a dangerous event. Unacceptable risk – the magnitude of the risk of a dangerous event exceeding the permissible maximum norm.

However, often when using the term “risk” they do not give a sufficiently strict definition and quantitative assessment of this value, using it only as a synonym for the word “danger”, which, of course, is not entirely correct.

The term “risk” is also defined in the ISO 9000 standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the field of quality management:

Risk is a cumulative factor in the likelihood of an undesirable event occurring and its consequences.

In the new standard GOST 12.0.006-2002, the risk to the health and safety of personnel is the probability and consequences of an event hazardous to the health and safety of personnel, which is consistent with ISO standards.

The concept of “Industrial safety”.

The law establishes industrial safety of hazardous production facilities, as a state of protection of vital interests, individuals and society from accidents at hazardous production facilities and their consequences.

However, it should be noted that even in different federal laws the concept of “industrial safety” is interpreted differently. For example, if we compare the definitions of “industrial safety” from the federal law “On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities” dated July 21, 97 No. 116-FZ (as amended on August 7, 2000) and “safety of hydraulic structures” from the Federal Law “On safety of hydraulic structures" dated July 21, 97 No. 117-FZ (as amended as of December 30, 2001), then it can be noted that in the first case, safety is associated mainly with potential victims, and in the second - with the source of danger, but this is not entirely correct, since in this case the entire system “source of danger – potential victim” should be considered.

As V.K. Shalaev writes, in the field of protection against emergency situations, industrial safety is determined by GOST R22.0.05-94 “Safety in emergency situations. Man-made emergencies. Terms and definitions” as a state of protection of the population, production personnel, national economic facilities and the natural environment from the dangers arising from industrial accidents and disasters in emergency zones. This definition is more specific than that used in the field of industrial safety, since it is associated with the protection of the interests of specific individuals (the population and production personnel) and those interests of society that are established by the functioning of national economic facilities and the preservation of the environment, specifically in the emergency zone.

Basic concepts and terms

Let's consider some fundamental concepts of the discipline "BJD". These include the following:

danger– these are phenomena, processes, objects, properties of objects that can, in certain cases, cause damage to human health or the environment.

Danger lies in all systems that have energy, chemically or biologically active components, as well as characteristics that do not correspond to human living conditions. It is also said that such systems have the so-called residual risk , i.e. the ability to lose stability or have a long-term negative impact on humans and the environment.

The objective basis of the danger is the heterogeneity of the “man - environment” system.

The dangers are potential. Actualization or realization of dangers occurs under certain conditions called causes. For living organisms, danger is realized in the form of injury, disease, death.

Signs of danger may include:

Life-threatening;

Possibility of harm to health;

Violation of the conditions for the normal functioning of human organs and systems.

Violation of the conditions for the normal functioning of ecological systems

The number of signs characterizing hazard can be increased or decreased depending on the purposes of the analysis.

Sources of hazards in a specific activity can be:

- the man himself as a complex system “organism - personality”, in which heredity unfavorable for human health, physiological limitations of the body’s capabilities, psychological disorders and anthropometric indicators of a person may be unsuitable for the implementation of specific activities;

- elements of the habitat, which for any activity are: objects, means and products of labor, energy used, climatic living conditions or microclimatic working conditions (temperature, humidity and air speed), flora and fauna, a group of people, an individual;

- interaction processes people and the environment.

The potential nature of the dangers is also manifested in the fact that for a person the danger can only be realized in those cases when the zone of influence of the dangers intersects with the zone of human activity (location). For example, a person finds himself in the area of ​​electric current, noise, vibrations, criminal structures, traffic, etc.

noxosphere (<лат. nox: опасность) - область, зона, в которой проявляются опасности;

homosphere (<лат. homo: человек) - область, зона, в которой пребывает человек.

As mentioned above, danger is realized in the presence of certain reasons, driving forces, called factors danger.

Safety- this is a state of protection of a person, society, and the environment from dangers of various origins. This means that conditions are provided under which the emergence of hazards or the excess of scientifically based permissible levels of hazardous factors is excluded. In a narrower sense, the concept of safety is interpreted as a state of activity in which, with a certain probability, the possibility of potential dangers being realized is excluded, i.e. causing harm (damage to human health). If we talk about the safety of the “Man-machine-environment” system, then we must keep in mind that its parameters are not constant and can lead the system to both a safe and dangerous state. In this case, it is appropriate to talk about security as property systems. Thus, the following definition can be given:

safety- This the property of “Man-machine-environment” systems to maintain, when operating under certain conditions, a state in which, with a given probability, accidents caused by the impact of danger on unprotected components of the systems and the environment are excluded, and damage from the inevitable continuous energy and material emissions is not exceeds permissible .

3. Principles, methods and means of ensuring safety.

Life Safety Principles– these are the main areas of activity, the elementary components of the security process.

The theoretical and cognitive significance of the principles lies in the fact that with their help the level of knowledge about the dangers of the surrounding world is determined and, consequently, requirements for carrying out protective measures and methods for their calculation are formed. The principles of safety and security make it possible to find optimal solutions for protecting against hazards based on a comparative analysis of competing options. They reflect the variety of ways and methods of ensuring safety in the “Man-Environment” system, including both purely organizational measures, specific technical solutions, and ensuring adequate management that guarantees the stability of the system, as well as some methodological provisions indicating the direction of searching for solutions. The principles of BJD can be applied in various fields: technology, medicine, organization of work and leisure. By area of ​​implementation, i.e. depending on Where They apply the principles of life safety can be divided into engineering, methodological, medical and biological.

Based on implementation, i.e. That's why how, in what way They are implemented by the principles of BJD are divided into the following groups:

· orienting , i.e. giving a general direction for the search for security solutions; The guiding principles include, in particular, the principle of a systematic approach, professional selection, the principle of normalizing negative impacts, etc.

· managerial ; These include the principle of control, the principle of stimulating activities aimed at increasing safety, the principles of responsibility, feedback, etc.

· organizational ; Among these principles one can name the so-called protection by time, when the time during which exposure to negative factors is allowed on a person is regulated, the principle of rational organization of labor, rational operating modes, organization of sanitary protection zones, etc.

· technical; this group of principles involves the use of specific technical solutions to improve safety.

The last group of principles should be discussed as particularly numerous and diverse. Technical principles include:

protection by numbers(reduction of quantitative characteristics of negative impacts, for example, noise intensity), or the so-called reduction of the negative factor at the source through the design of more advanced, environmentally friendly technical devices (car engines with a low content of harmful substances in exhaust gases, computer monitors with low levels of electromagnetic radiation into the environment, etc.);

protection by distance, which uses the fact that the intensity of a number of negative impacts decreases with distance;

protection using fences;

shielding;

blocking;

sealing;

weak link principle(use of fuses, for example, fuses in an electrical circuit that open the circuit when an emergency occurs, safety valves, membranes that relieve excess pressure in a dangerous situation, etc.).

In the future, you will see how certain principles are implemented when protecting against specific dangers.

Security principles must be considered in conjunction, i.e., as elements that complement each other.

Some principles belong to several classes at the same time. The principles of ensuring safety and security form a system, and at the same time, each principle has relative independence.

Introduction

Life safety is a scientific discipline that studies dangers and protection against them. The concept of danger in this discipline is fundamental. Let us consider some definitions of the concept of “danger”.

Danger:

phenomena, processes, objects that, under certain conditions, can cause damage to human health directly or indirectly, i.e. cause undesirable consequences; processes, phenomena, objects that have a negative impact on human life and health; a negative property of the “man – environment” system, capable of causing damage and caused by the energy state of the environment and human action.

A hazard is a process, phenomenon, object, anthropogenic impact or a combination thereof that disrupts or can disrupt the stable state of the habitat, reduce its orderliness, and also threaten human health and life. The sustainable state of the habitat here means the preservation of its structure and ability to function, both in space and time.

The influence of social factors on the health of society is studied by social hygiene. Social dangers arise in society, they are carried by certain social groups, and they threaten the life and health of people. The behavior and actions of certain groups turn out to be extremely dangerous for others. This manifests itself in various illegal forms of violence, the use of substances that impair mental and physiological development (alcohol, drugs), smoking, suicide, fraud, quackery, banditry, terrorism, domestic violence, prostitution, sex and slave trade, which can harm human health. . .

Question 1

social danger bug man

It is difficult to answer this question unambiguously, because... it includes the most diverse aspects of modern society. You can consider in detail each moment of the answer to this question. But I only considered the most basic points.

First of all, danger is considered to be the possibility of circumstances arising or the occurrence of undesirable events that can affect or sharply worsen the condition of society. There are main types of hazards: natural and man-made hazards; natural-social and socio-technogenic hazards. Naturally -social dangers - drug addiction, disease epidemics, sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS, cancer, etc. . Socio-technogenic hazards - occupational diseases; injuries; neuropsychiatric diseases caused by industrial activities.

The main prerequisites for the emergence of social dangers (SD) can be considered: low spiritual and cultural level; alcoholism; vagrancy; unsatisfactory financial condition; poor living conditions; the problem of abandoned children and orphans; social vulnerability; political and economic instability; unemployment and other factors.

Hazard characteristics:

1. drug addiction is a chronic disease caused by constant use and dependence on narcotic and psychotropic substances. It is characterized by a very strong effect on the entire body. The person has no control over his actions. For the sake of obtaining pleasure from drug use, a person engages in illegal actions (criminal acts).

2. disease epidemics, cancer - the most common diseases: influenza; heart disease; disorders in the musculoskeletal system; allergy; tuberculosis, etc. They claim a lot of people's lives. What is more dangerous is not the disease itself, but the complication it can cause.

3. sexually transmitted diseases are the result of promiscuity. They influence the demographic situation. This type of danger relates rather to moral and ethical standards of behavior.

4. AIDS - this type of danger combines drug addiction and sexually transmitted diseases. In society, people with AIDS are treated as outcasts. Sick people feel disadvantaged, and hence social tension in society.

5. political and economic instability - frequent changes of government officials. Lack of a clear economic program. Serving the goals and interests of a narrow circle of people interested only in obtaining personal benefits. A shortage of funds in the state budget and, as a result, a reduction in spending on social assistance measures and programs. High inflation is also considered a social danger of an economic nature. A radical change in political course leads to a revision of values ​​and a change in the mood in society; can lead to revolution or rebellion, unrest, riot.

6. unemployment - when a person loses his job due to various circumstances and cannot get a new job, he cannot self-realize. Against this background, his self-esteem drops and he is capable of illegal actions. And this leads to a worsening of the crime situation. A high level of unemployment can cause a “social explosion” - demonstrations, rallies and other mass protests that disrupt the order and work of certain structures (organizations).

7. unsatisfactory material condition, poor living conditions - they are very closely related to political and economic upheavals (crises). These dangers are the root cause of mass protests, rallies, and the deterioration of the crime situation. Also, these dangers contribute to vagrancy and prostitution, because a means of subsistence and an attempt to escape from reality and problems (alcoholism) are necessary.

8. terrorism - when carrying out a terrorist act, its organizers set themselves the goal of intimidating the civilian population, dissatisfaction of the population with the authorities, unable to protect their citizens in the face of a common danger. After the act has been committed, the authorities of the country (state) begin to find out why it happened and who is to blame. And the population feels defenseless and is indignant at the inaction of the authorities to protect and protect their citizens. This danger has taken on a global scale in the last decade.

The hazards listed and described above are present throughout the world, and therefore work is underway everywhere to reduce the impact of the hazards or neutralize them. A huge amount of work is being done to improve the social security of the population. All this work can be called social protection of the population.

The main components of social protection are:

· protection from unemployment;

· providing benefits for the disabled, disabled, disadvantaged;

· wages and benefits that ensure a normal lifestyle;

· minimal provision of housing, cultural services, healthcare, education, etc.

Measures for social protection of the population are carried out at all levels: at the federal, regional and local levels.

The main measure of social protection at the federal level is state social insurance. Social insurance is a type of social protection aimed at providing social guarantees to protect citizens from social and professional risks. This type of state insurance includes pensions, payment of state social insurance benefits in case of unemployment, compulsory health insurance, etc.

The state has begun to devote much more time and attention to issues of maternal and child health. The state indexes and increases benefits and payments at the birth of a child. The birth of a second and subsequent children is stimulated and encouraged (benefits amount to a significant amount). For large families, the state covers the cost of paying for a child in kindergarten; helps prepare children for school by providing stationery and school supplies. When orphans reach their 18th birthday, the state provides them with living space.

The system of benefits under the social security system provided by the state is addressed to veterans, military personnel and their families, employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and their families and certain other categories of citizens.

The provision of state social assistance is carried out by social protection authorities at the place of residence or stay in the form of cash payments, such as social benefits, subsidies, compensation, or in kind - vital goods.

In addition to the listed social support measures, additional measures for social protection of the population are provided - housing subsidies. They provide for partial compensation of citizens' costs for housing and communal services.

By providing assistance in cash and in kind, local governments also play a leading role in the provision of social services. However, federal legislation establishes the principles of social services for the population, defining the main types of services:

1) Social services at home. Provided to single citizens and citizens who have partially lost the ability to self-care due to old age, illness, disability, in the form of social, social and medical services, etc.

2) Social services in inpatient institutions. It is carried out by providing social services to citizens who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-care and need constant outside care, ensures the creation of living conditions appropriate to their age and state of health, carrying out measures of a medical, psychological, social nature, nutrition and care, as well as organizing feasible labor activities, recreation and leisure.

3) Temporary shelter. Provided to orphans, children without parental care, neglected minors, children in difficult life situations, citizens without a fixed place of residence and certain occupations, citizens affected by physical or mental violence, natural disasters, as a result of armed and interethnic conflicts , other social service clients in need of temporary shelter.

4) Daytime stay in social service institutions. Social, social, medical and other services are provided to elderly and disabled citizens who have retained the ability for self-care and active movement, as well as other persons, including minors, who are in difficult life situations.

5) Advisory assistance. Consultations are provided on issues of social, social and medical support for life, psychological and pedagogical assistance, and social and legal protection.

6) Rehabilitation services. Assistance in professional, social, psychological rehabilitation to disabled people, persons with disabilities, juvenile delinquents, and other citizens who find themselves in difficult life situations and need rehabilitation services.

Social security systems create some conditions for the growth of cyclical unemployment. It is known that in most cases the amount of unemployment benefits directly depends on the amount of salary received by the employee. However, the period for payment of benefits is limited. Therefore, for both the employer and the employee, in some cases it seems preferable to periodically lay off some workers and then hire them rather than reducing the wages of employees.

Youth unemployment - occurs at two stages of a person’s life path: after graduating from high school (if you were unable to immediately enter a university, technical school or vocational school, or get a job at an enterprise) and after receiving vocational education (if there is no guaranteed job placement, or it does not suit the young person person).

Lack of prospects for the future at a young age is especially dangerous. It is because of this layer that the ranks of criminals, drug addicts, and members of extremist political movements are replenished.

Therefore, youth employment should be the object of priority economic and legal measures. It is necessary to take care of creating jobs that meet the aspirations of young people and their level of qualifications, establish a quota for young people when creating new jobs in the enterprise, and support youth entrepreneurship.

Female unemployment is one of the most common types of unemployment, which arises due to the lower competitiveness of women in the labor market: women carry with them a greater social burden than men (maternity leave, sick leave for child care, provision of nurseries, orphanages, etc. .). The principle of justice requires that men and women have equal access to paid work and family work. The state must apply a number of measures of both administrative and legal regulation: quotas for jobs for women, tax penalties and incentives for employers in order to increase women's employment.

Youth and female unemployment are the most acute social problems for almost all countries where a market economy is developing.

The problem of unemployment is one of the fundamental ones in the development and functioning of human society. Unemployment is a phenomenon characteristic of the stage of commodity production. The transition to a market inevitably causes a significant increase in the unemployment rate, as evidenced, in particular, by the experience of Eastern European countries that have passed or are passing through the formation of market relations. This is also confirmed by the practice of social transformations in Russia.

Unemployment is predetermined by various factors: scientific and technological progress causes a reduction, first of all, of manual workers; structural changes in the economy cause a decrease in the number of employees in certain sectors of production; an increase in labor productivity also leads to a decrease in the number of people employed; The reduction of living labor is facilitated by the law of saving time. In the context of worsening economic problems, some production facilities that pollute the environment are also being closed. All these are objective factors that occur in all countries, regardless of their economic system.

People are acutely aware of the lack of demand for their knowledge, production experience, and the transition from one social group to another. Research has documented the main psychological qualities of the unemployed: low level of social courage, compliance, conformity, pessimism and caution in behavior; distrust or skepticism, a persistent marginal emotional state.

In my opinion, the main thing in social policy is (that is, it should be) the prevention of mass unemployment, which is ensured, first of all, by the normal functioning of society, its evolutionary development. It is necessary to expand the network of training centers for vocational training, vocational training, retraining and advancement of qualified redundant workers and unemployed citizens.

Today, local governments play a significant role in almost all issues of social protection. They are primarily responsible for providing federal benefits, housing subsidies, and local benefits. The exception is a few types of assistance directly provided by federal authorities; child benefits (in some cases they are provided through municipal social protection authorities, and in others - by social protection authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation), as well as a number of regional benefits. Currently, the main work on social protection of the population is carried out by the following bodies:

1. State bodies for social protection of the population;

2. Specialized public and professional organizations;

3. Non-state commercial structures;

4. Charity and charity foundations;

5. Religious organizations;

6. Professional organizations of teachers, lawyers, social workers;

7. Political parties and social movements.

Reforming wages should be carried out using economic methods, through the tax system. The mechanism of social partnership between entrepreneurs and employees should also be used. In the extra-budgetary sphere, it is necessary to create a system of guaranteeing minimum earnings, strengthen state regulation of wages for managers of state, government, municipal enterprises, and enterprises with mixed forms of ownership, and also tighten responsibility for violation of labor laws. In the public sector, it is necessary to increase wage rates, while taking into account the increase in wages in the non-budgetary sector of the economy. It is necessary to ensure that the average wage in the public sector is not lower than 85% of the average wage in industry.

Reform of the labor protection system should be based on increasing the responsibility of employers in this area and on the transition from a system of benefits for harmful working conditions to a system that would encourage employers to improve the safety of workers. To do this, it is necessary to introduce a system of rewarding employers who systematically improve working conditions at the enterprise. To ensure state guarantees in the field of labor protection it is necessary:

· Conduct certification of production facilities for compliance with safety requirements;

· Organize a system for training specialists in this industry;

· Continue developments to improve the legislative framework and labor safety standards;

· Ratify the conventions of the International Labor Organization;

· Streamline the system of monitoring compliance with labor protection requirements;

· Complete the formation of the state labor protection management system.

On June 25, 1999, the State Duma adopted, on July 2, 1999, approved by the Federation Council, and on July 17, 1999, signed by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On State Social Assistance,” which is designed to support the standard of living of families and single citizens whose incomes are below the subsistence level. The law contains basic norms, the need for legislative reinforcement of which follows from the Federal Law of October 24, 1997 No. 134-FZ “On the subsistence minimum in the Russian Federation” (the latter stipulates that a family or single citizen whose average per capita income is below the subsistence minimum established in corresponding subject of the Russian Federation, are considered low-income and have the right to receive state social assistance).

In the field of social insurance, it is necessary to create a stable financial system that provides citizens with government guarantees. Reform of the social benefits system should be carried out in two directions:

· Establishing economically justified amounts of social benefits in accordance with salary levels. The length of service, the amount of the transferred insurance premiums.

· Implementation of the principle in accordance with which, upon the occurrence of an insured event, insurance payments are made only in the event of loss of earnings.

The current pension system does not ensure a close relationship between the size of the pension and the employee’s labor contribution and, therefore, the employee’s interest in the formation of the pension fund budget.

In the field of pension provision it is necessary:

· Intensify efforts to mobilize funds for the pension fund.

· Index pensions not only taking into account rising prices, but also taking into account the growth of average monthly wages, ensuring that the minimum pension corresponds to the minimum subsistence level.

· Develop a salary accounting mechanism for calculating and recalculating pensions.

· Development of non-state pension funds, with increased state support and protection of contribution payers.

Forecasting the standard of living and social protection of the population is an important function of the state. The market itself cannot regulate this area, so the responsibility for regulation in this area rests with the state. Ill-conceived government policy in this area can lead to increased social tension.

Funding for this area is clearly insufficient. To solve this problem, it is necessary to transfer the shadow economy to a legal position, including by reducing the tax burden. It is necessary to improve the economy and increase the level of real wages, which should stimulate the growth of labor productivity and economic activity of the population. This, on the one hand, will lead to an increase in tax deductions and, consequently, an increase in budget revenues. And on the other hand, to reduce the proportion of citizens who really need state help.

Currently, socially vulnerable sections of society who need and receive social assistance have the right to independently choose the type of receipt of this assistance: in the form of benefits or to receive the cash equivalent of this assistance. This right is defined and enshrined in federal legislation.

Question 2

A system is understood as an integral set of objects interconnected by certain relationships and interacting in such a way as to ensure that the system performs some rather complex function (achieving a goal).

Technical systems become interconnected only thanks to the presence of such a basic link as a person. According to data, approximately 20-30% of failures are directly or indirectly related to human errors; 10-15% of all failures are directly related to human errors.

Human error is defined as failure to complete a specified task (or perform a prohibited action) that may result in damage to equipment or property or disruption of the normal course of planned operations.

In real conditions, most systems, regardless of their degree of automation, require human participation to one degree or another. Many accidents occur due to human error.

For example, an incident occurred in the mechanical section of a valve-flange plant. In connection with the large production plan and to increase the efficiency of personnel and equipment management, the plant management organized a shift work schedule: some workers worked on a day shift from 7.30 to 16.00, a 5-day work week; the other part of the workers worked from 20.00 to 6.00 only 4 night shifts. Together with the workers there was an immediate supervisor - the foreman. During one night shift, while carrying out turning work on metal-cutting equipment, an accident occurred - the hand of turner P was wrapped around the lathe chuck. While blunting the sharp edges of the parts with a file, the tool jumped off the part, and the free edge of the clothing was caught by the lathe chuck. He managed to quickly turn off the machine. The victim was moved to a safe place and an ambulance was called. Before the ambulance arrived, turner P. was lying on a bench. The victim was hospitalized for 45 days.

The reasons for the accident were: lack of an ambulance team on duty (paramedic station) at the plant at night; low and unsatisfactory organization of work process at night; the presence in the workshop of only 1 foreman, who bears great responsibility for the health and life of workers; lack of instruction on safe methods and techniques of work, as well as lack of control on the part of the foreman over compliance with labor safety requirements by workers; lack of an emergency first aid kit in the workshop; unsatisfactory illumination of workplaces and workshop premises at night.

Another example is the major accident that occurred on August 17, 2009 at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station. This is the largest man-made emergency in at least 25 years. The largest in all respects - in terms of the scale of its destruction, in terms of the scale of the losses in our energy sector and in the economy that it entails. The cause of the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP was the “exorbitant operating modes” of the second hydraulic unit and the “incorrect” operation of automatic safety and control systems - such conclusions were published by Rostechnadzor.

Due to chronic overload, the turbine of unit No. 2, shortly before the disaster, began to operate with dangerous vibration, which intensified day by day. When these vibrations began to reach critical values, the station decided to stop the turbine. To do this, it was necessary to first slow down its rotation, while simultaneously closing the valves on the 150-meter water pipeline. But something didn't work. A mass of water falling from a height knocked out a unit weighing 1.5 thousand tons, embedded in the floor of the turbine hall. But technical reasons are not the only or even the main ones. Back on August 19, when publishing the first block of materials about this tragedy, the pursuit of excess profits was named as one of the prerequisites. This year, this hydroelectric power station operated with incredible power, setting an absolute record for electricity production in its entire 30-year history. No matter what other reasons for the accident the investigation commission names, all of them can one way or another be reduced to one thing - underfunding. Moreover, they saved on prevention, inspections, flaw detection, training and payment of personnel. That is, the human factor also played a role in this accident.

Thus, it can be argued that where a person works, errors appear. They occur regardless of training level, qualifications or experience. Therefore, predicting the reliability of equipment without taking into account the reliability of human performance cannot give a true picture. It is necessary to take this factor into account, and take into account previous experience, human mistakes, and accidents that occur.

All those responsible for such accidents, when equipment is damaged, its normal operation is disrupted, and people die, must be punished. So that situations like this don't happen. So that people are more attentive and take their responsibilities responsibly.

Practical task

Test 1. According to the class of chemical compounds, harmful substances in drinking water are classified as:

1. Carcinogenic.

2. Organic.

3. Inorganic.

4. Generally toxic.

Answer No. 2 and No. 3: Based on the class of chemical compounds, harmful substances in drinking water are classified into organic and inorganic. Among water pollutants, the most dangerous are phenols, oil and petroleum products, salts of heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides and other organic poisons, biogenic organic matter saturated with bacteria, and mineral fertilizers.

Test 2. Microclimate parameters in production are:

1. atmospheric pressure and temperature;

2.temperature, speed of movement and air dust, spatial arrangement of workplaces;

3.temperature, relative humidity and air speed, dust content;

4. air speed and external lighting.

Correct answer No. 3: temperature, relative humidity and air speed, dust. In the process of working in a production facility, a person is under the influence of meteorological conditions, or microclimate - the climate of the internal environment of these premises. The main standardized indicators of air microclimate include temperature (t, ˚С), relative humidity (%), air speed (V, m/s) and dust content.

Test 3. A work injury is:

1. The total number of industrial diseases for a certain period of time.

2. Long-term exposure to harmful production factors on the body.

3. Instant impact of a dangerous factor on the body.

The answer is 3.

According to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, workers in the process of performing their work activities are exposed to 2 main factors: dangerous and harmful production factors . Harmful factor- if exposed to an employee, it can lead to illness. Dangerous factor - may cause injury if exposed to a worker. An industrial injury is an immediate impact of a hazardous factor on the body.

As an example of the impact of a dangerous (harmful) factor on the body and protection from it, the following can be given:

1. When performing work at height, there is a possibility of falling from a height. This will be a dangerous factor. Protection methods will be the use of a mounting belt, as well as the installation of scaffolding.

2. Performing work on metal-cutting machines will also be a dangerous factor - it is possible to get your hands wrapped around the rotating parts of the machine. Protection against this factor will be strict compliance with safety requirements - all buttons of clothing sleeves must be fastened, there should be no loose ends.

3. An example of a harmful production factor could be a workshop in which compressor units are operated, which affect workers through vibration and noise. Methods of protection against these factors will be: from noise - the use of headphones (earplugs); from vibration - reduce to a minimum the time workers spend in the machine room.

Test 4. Indicate international organizations that specialize in emergency situations:

1. International Civil Defense Organization.

2. International Ecological Council of the CIS countries.

3. European Disaster Preparedness Training Centre.

4. International Atomic Energy Agency.

1 - The International Civil Defense Organization - ICDO was formed in 1931. The goal is to develop and improve civil defense, methods and technical means to prevent or reduce the consequences of dangers in peacetime and war. ICDO cooperates with the UN disaster relief department. Since 1992, the Russian Federation has become a full member of the ICDO. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia cooperates with ICDO.

4 - International Atomic Energy Agency - in 1957, the UN established this special organization - the IAEA. It includes 120 states. The main area of ​​activity is the problem of safety of nuclear power plants. IAEA experts conduct inspections and draw conclusions on the safety level of specific nuclear power plants. Special tasks are assigned to the IAEA in the field of control, in particular to ensure that the assistance provided by the agency is not used for any military action or for military purposes. The IAEA is charged with verifying the fulfillment of obligations by parties to the arms non-proliferation treaty. The IAEA holds international conferences and other meetings to discuss the use of nuclear energy. It sends specialists to various countries to assist in research work, and provides interstate intermediary services for the transfer of nuclear equipment and materials.

List References

1) Morozova T.G., Pikulkin A.V. "State regulation of the economy and social complex", M.: 1997

2) Meshkov P.Ya. "Social initiatives of modern Russia"

3) Trubin V.V. "Strategy for reforming the social protection system in the Russian Federation", M.: 2000

4) Federal Law "On State Social Assistance"

5) Losev K.S. "Water", L.: 1989

6) “On some issues of maintaining water quality and its self-purification” // Water Resources Vol. 32, 2005