The concept of household waste in legislation. Garbage laws - legal regulation in the Russian Federation
Municipal solid waste or MSW is all waste materials consumed in containers of apartment and private buildings.
Throughout Russia, more than 60 million tons of waste are generated annually.
There are even certain standards accumulation of solid household waste per person. Reliable information about the volume in which solid household waste accumulates, dividing it according to elemental composition– this is an opportunity to competently plan and organize the collection, transportation and disposal of waste.
Classification of municipal solid waste
What is household waste classification? All solid household waste is systematized according to composition, origin and level of harmful effects. The properties of household waste may vary depending on climatic features region, population welfare, season.
Classification of solid waste:
- Food leftovers
- Paper
- Textile
- Polymers
- Rubber
- Glass
- Ferrous and non-ferrous metals
According to the characteristics of their formation, waste materials are divided into two groups, each with its own properties:
- Organic origin
- Created artificially
The first option does not pose a threat to the environment. Most inorganic waste has a long decomposition period under natural conditions, during which harmful substances are released.
In a number of countries existing classification solid waste, it helps to group them according to their handling characteristics. For example, in Japan, a principle has been developed for separating waste into hazardous household waste that is subject to disposal (incineration, burial), and those that are subject to recycling. Solid waste of category 5 cannot be disposed of.
In Russia, the annual amount of mining in hazard classes 1-5 is significant - approximately 65 million tons.
Of this number, only 4% is processed, the rest of the raw materials are disposed of. This waste, belonging to different classes, is sent to landfills, where more than 80 billion tons have already been buried. Removing this amount of waste is impossible without the right approach. Disposal via landfills is not an option.
Based on the level of harmful impact on the environment and the properties they have, all waste is classified as municipal solid waste and is divided into 5 categories.
All these categories are found in solid waste:
- Hazard class I – materials that pose a real and serious threat to the environment and people. This includes the following types: mercury-containing materials (thermometers, batteries, fluorescent lamps).
- Category II – also destroys the environment and is dangerous to humans, but in this case nature can recover if such garbage is removed in a timely manner. These include batteries with electrolytes and engine oils.
- III category of danger is capable of causing less harm to humans and nature. But if damage is caused to nature, the period of restoration of the previous state will take at least 10 years. These are types of cement mortar, paint, acetone, metal objects.
- Hazard class IV solid waste is a slightly harmful waste material, practically not dangerous to humans. They contain valuable raw materials that can be used as secondary raw materials. These are wood, waste paper, car tires, plastic.
- Waste hazard class V – substances whose properties are absolutely harmless to humans. Shards of ceramic tiles and dishes, brick fragments, food debris, wood shavings.
Solid waste, the hazard class of which belongs to the most harmful substances, although infrequently, is still found in the household waste of the population. Sending such waste to landfills can be regarded as nothing other than an irresponsible attitude towards the environment and the health of the future generation.
Therefore, waste separation plays a huge role.
Measures to reduce waste materials The amount of solid waste is gradually increasing. A comprehensive waste reduction strategy can be achieved in two ways: waste removal and recycling. In the first case, solid waste is subject to disposal at landfills or incineration. On the scale of our country, the creation of new testing grounds is not technically difficult, but the problem cannot be solved using such methods. Burning is also not the best option
, since its process produces harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Processing of raw materials involves it reuse
In our country, the conditions for solving the garbage problem are just beginning to develop. The number of processing enterprises is increasing, waste incineration plants are being re-equipped with modern equipment, and multi-colored waste bins are appearing in courtyards. separate collection household waste, which can reduce waste collection fees.
Collection and handling standards for solid waste
A comprehensive strategy and standards by which solid waste must be collected are established by SanPiN:
- The temporary storage procedure should prevent the possibility of waste rotting and decomposition. In this regard, in winter time(temperature below - 5 °C) waste materials should be stored for no more than three days, and for summer - no more than a day. In populated areas, the period for which the collection is carried out is agreed upon with the local administration.
- The regulations require collection in standardized metal containers.
- Containers are installed at least 20 meters from residential complexes, but not more than 100 meters.
- In the summer, containers should be washed at least once every ten days.
- Sampling of waste from collection sites for use as secondary raw materials is strictly prohibited.
- Updated building regulations state that new residential buildings, starting from five floors, must install garbage chutes into which waste collection takes place.
- The garbage chute and waste collection point where collection is carried out must comply with all departmental requirements building regulations(VSN) class 8 - 72
- Collection and subsequent removal of oversized solid waste is carried out once a week. The institution in charge of the residential complex is responsible for this.
The presented comprehensive strategy according to which collection is carried out is mandatory. In case of non-compliance with SanPiN rules, penalties are imposed.
OKVED
The General Classifier of Types of Economic Activities (OKVED) is a document that reflects all types of economic activities and their description.
The OKVED structure is:
- Letter codes A - U OKVED. You could say that this is the title of the section. In OKVED 2 (from 2014), the letter encoding does not carry any semantic load and its use as a basis for notation is prohibited.
- Six-digit numeric code designation. These are the values assigned to each activity in OKVED.
According to OKVED, the collection of non-hazardous waste is included in section E: water supply, organization of waste collection and disposal, processing of waste materials. Code designation OKVED 38.11.
This group according to OKVED includes the collection of:
- Relatively safe municipal solid waste within the designated area
- Textile waste
- Recyclable material
Each organization whose activities are related to waste must register with government agencies in accordance with OKVED.
Waste disposal and treatment are in 90.00.2. Not every activity received its own individual code. OKVED has section S, which describes other services.
Garbage accumulation standards for the population
The accumulation rate is the amount of waste generated per person per unit of time, usually a day or a year. The rate of accumulation is measured in kilograms or volume.
- The following aspects influence accumulation standards:
- Construction of a house or other housing complex. This includes the presence of a garbage chute and sewerage system.
- Number of floors, heating type
Climate conditions. The most significant factor in this case is the difference in heating duration. It's hard enough to say specific numbers
- accumulation of waste materials for the population throughout the country, since it is different in each region. But it is still possible to establish approximate standards:
- Well-maintained residential complexes. The standard for waste accumulation is 200 - 300 kilograms per person per year. Private and government agencies
- . The accumulation rate for organizations is 50% of the standard for residential buildings. Approximately 160 kilograms per person.
General accumulation rate. Taking into account the standards described above, the average accumulation value for cities with a population above 100,000 is 260 - 330 kilograms per person.
Waste management logbook
The Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste” obliges persons operating in the field of waste management to maintain a kind of reporting journals on solid household waste. This journal is maintained by the responsible person of the enterprise.
- General tips for keeping records:
- For structural divisions, the journal according to Appendix No. 1 is used
- An enterprise operating in the field of waste generation is obliged to annually submit a log in the form of Appendix No. 3 and No. 4. And for institutions - carriers - No. 2.
The log is filled in upon completion of each waste operation. That is, after education, transportation, reception. If the rules for filling it out are violated, the institution may be fined or closed. The title page of the magazine is filled out in free form. The accounting data in the journal is summarized based on the results of the next quarter.
Payment for removal of solid waste
A new law regulating fees for transporting waste from residential complexes came into force on December 1, 2015. Waste collection fees are now included in the utilities section.
Accordingly, according to the new rules, transportation fees are calculated according to the population of the house. The total amount is calculated as the number of population (number of residents) multiplied by the housing and communal services tariff. Back in 2014, the fee was calculated based on the area of living space. According to housing and communal services, innovations have led to a reduction in the cost of services, but this is far from the case. A few important notes:
- The fee for removal of the category of waste is described in the receipt under the section on maintenance and servicing of the premises. Depending on the number of removals, the fee may vary.
- The rules for transporting waste for private organizations have not changed. The fee and other treatment features in this case are established by the contract.
MSW (municipal solid waste) standards are calculated based on specific indicators. They are tied to the number of people who live in a housing complex, hotels or other facilities. In addition, for high traffic areas ( shopping centers, commercial and entertainment facilities) the area of the facility is taken into account.
In this article you will learn:
- What is solid waste?
- Why do you need to know solid waste standards?
- What are the established standards for solid waste accumulation?
- How is the rate of solid waste accumulation per person determined?
- How are standards for accumulation of solid waste determined?
- What factors influence the rate of accumulation of solid waste.
Calculation of standards for solid waste is produced based on its weight and volume per unit of time.
What you need to know to determine solid waste standards
Solid municipal waste includes a wide list of various types of waste: waste from industrial, municipal, residential, public and other facilities, fallen leaves, used construction materials, expired food, etc. In other words, everything that ends up in waste containers is considered solid waste. waste.
In turn, municipal solid waste differs in the level of danger and toxicity, method of processing, source of origin and composition, as well as other characteristics.
But not everything can be thrown into garbage containers installed in the courtyards of residential buildings. Legislative standards provide for separation municipal waste.
You can throw the following in trash cans:
- vegetable waste;
- garbage collected by a janitor - cigarette butts, pieces of paper, fallen leaves and more;
- expired products and food waste;
- things made of cotton and textiles;
- packaging materials - cardboard, paper, newspapers.
What is prohibited from throwing in the trash:
- voluminous waste of construction materials after repair work;
- products with liquid and oily consistency;
- pet feces;
- pharmaceuticals and expired drugs;
- toxic substances.
The waste listed here must be removed by special services. This is especially important for waste that poses a danger to human health, such as energy-saving and other lamps.
To handle such waste items, you need to know the rules of disposal, especially for items containing mercury and other toxic substances that are hazardous to human health.
Many people do not think about the consequences of violating the rules for recycling and handling toxic household waste. If such garbage lies in a container for at least a few days, it can cause infection ( organic waste), poisoning (mercury) or fire.
It is very important to teach children how to handle toxic waste, since the health of the whole family and ecological situation All in all.
All inconveniences associated with the call special services disposal of toxic substances cannot be compared with the danger to which people may be exposed.
- Solid waste landfill: an effective measure for disposal of waste or environmental pollution
Why you need to know solid waste standards
At the first stage, the calculation of solid waste accumulation rates per day is carried out:
G = G1 / (n × 7).
Here: G - estimated quantity per day; G1 - total amount of solid waste according to measurements taken; n is the number of accounting units.
The determination of average monthly standards for the accumulation of municipal solid waste is carried out using the formula:
G = G1 / 12.
Government Decree No. 269 provides for the use of other formulas to determine standards for the accumulation of solid waste. These are formulas for determining average daily indicators for the season, which are expressed in volume for an accounting unit per day.
Government Decree No. 1156 of November 12, 2016 regulates the activities of regional operators, who must report on the volume of accumulation and processing of solid waste based on the results of each month.
Commercial accounting of municipal waste is carried out in accordance with the rules determined by Government Decree No. 505 of June 3, 2016. This document states that commercial accounting is based on:
- on regulatory data and the number/volume of filled containers for solid waste;
- on the total weight of municipal waste, which is obtained using certain measurement technologies.
The 1st option is used for settlements with consumers, and the 2nd for operators.
The average rates of solid waste accumulation per year per employee are determined according to the formula provided in the 19th and 20th paragraphs of Resolution No. 269:
G = G1 × 365.
Here: G1 is an indicator in units of mass or volume.
It should be noted that the standards provided for by this resolution and Order of the Ministry of Construction No. 524/pr duplicate earlier provisions that were approved by the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the RSFSR on March 9, 1982.
Solid waste removal rate: cost calculation
The standards for the transportation of solid waste are determined by the “Rules for the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings,” which were approved by Government Decree No. 354 of May 6, 2011 (hereinafter referred to as the “Rules”):
1. Until the standards for accumulation of solid waste are determined, the cost of utility services for waste removal is calculated based on the amount garbage containers.
2. Previously, it was assumed that the standards for the accumulation of solid waste per inhabitant per month would be determined by June 1, 2017. After this, the formula will be used to calculate utility bills:
P = n × (N / 12) × T.
Here: n is the number of residents of the house/apartment; N - established standards; T - tariffs for the services of the regional operator.
3.According to new edition"Rules" the cost of providing services for the removal of solid waste is covered, including by the owners non-residential premises. Clause 9(5) of Appendix 2 to the “Rules” provides for the calculation of payments for them using the formula:
P = K × (N / 12) × T.
Here: K is the number of accounting units for non-residential premises.
Until solid waste standards are established, owners of non-residential premises pay for services based on the number of containers removed.
- Solid waste management and the main problems on the way to its optimization
How to determine standards for accumulation of solid waste
Standards for the accumulation of solid waste for certain categories of citizens are determined by relevant legislative acts. These categories include:
- property owners;
- owners of adjacent plots;
- Individual entrepreneurs who rent non-residential premises.
To determine solid waste standards, measurements are used that are carried out by a municipal waste removal operator once a season. To carry out measurements, an area with a population of at least:
- 0.5% of the total population for cities with a population of over a million;
- 1% of the total population for large cities;
- 2% of the total population of small settlements.
Measurements are carried out using special garbage containers or bags big size. At the same time, the sorting of solid waste into three categories is strictly observed (mixing is not allowed). A report on the measurements taken is compiled at the end of each day.
At the next stage, settlement operations are carried out according to established formulas. In this case, additional coefficients are calculated:
- daily average;
- average norms for all seasons;
- average annual standard (the daily average is multiplied by the number of days in a year);
- average monthly norms.
After filling the experimental containers, the weight and volume of solid waste are measured. To carry out measurements, the following actions are carried out:
- All solid waste is leveled.
- Using a special one and a half meter measuring ruler, the volume of accumulated solid waste is measured. Measurements are taken from top to bottom.
- Weighing of solid waste is carried out using a dynamometer (the weight of the container should be subtracted from the general readings).
- Loaders can be used to weigh solid waste up to 10 kg.
The measurement results are entered into a table, and average indicators are calculated for each category of solid waste (residential, household, industrial).
For the reliability of measurements and the correctness of further work with solid waste standards, the operator working with municipal waste of a particular facility bears legal responsibility.
Factors influencing the rate of accumulation of solid waste
It will be useful for apartment building residents to know what the amounts for solid waste removal in receipts depend on and why the calculated rates for solid waste accumulation may change. Standard values depend on factors such as:
- Improvement of housing facilities (connection to central heating networks, sewerage and other utilities).
- Availability of separate tanks for different categories Solid waste (plastic, paper, glass). In such cases, the weight of municipal waste is significantly reduced.
- Climatic conditions (in the northern regions heating season longer).
- The presence of green spaces in the local area.
To make the calculation of solid waste standards more accurate, it is necessary to take measurements in areas with varying degrees of amenities. In addition, the option of heating systems is taken into account.
After completing the research, sanitary passports are issued for each type of object. This document specifies the number of people living in the apartment building, places in a hotel or catering facility, as well as the level of amenities in the adjacent area. For facilities where solid waste collection is organized by type of waste, separate measurement data is indicated.
- Payment for solid waste removal: provision and calculation of a new utility service
Temporary standards for solid waste
For the period of measurement activities and while the standards for accumulation of solid waste are being approved, temporary standards are applied for individual entrepreneurs. Such indicators are calculated taking into account the type commercial activities. As a rule, average solid waste standards are used. According to current recommendations, temporary standards are subject to adjustment once every 12 months.
For various types commercial activities apply separate coefficients to calculate standard values. According to these standards, shops, kiosks, trays, and entrepreneurs providing various types of services, including transport, currently operate. The temporary standards for solid waste accumulation do not include bulky waste. When it appears, an additional coefficient of 1.5 is applied. In large cities, temporary standards for the accumulation of solid waste for production facilities are 2 times less than for apartment buildings.
Solid waste standards according to SanPiN rules
SanPiN regulations provide for the following rules for the collection of municipal waste:
- The conditions for collecting solid waste must be organized in such a way that they do not have time to decompose. Storage periods of solid waste in winter months at temperatures below -5 °C should be less than 3 days, and in summer - no more than 1 day. The frequency of removal of household waste is established by the administrative bodies of settlements.
- Containers of established types are used for collecting and storing solid waste.
- Containers for collecting solid waste should be located no closer than 20 meters from residential buildings.
- Garbage bins are washed at least once every 10 days.
- It is strictly prohibited to collect waste from containers for use as recyclable materials.
- Building codes provide for the installation of garbage chutes for apartment buildings with a height of more than 4 floors.
- Garbage receptacles and chutes for the collection of solid waste must be equipped in accordance with building codes Class 8-72.
- Companies servicing apartment buildings must collect and dispose of solid waste at least once a week.
The rules listed here are mandatory. If violations are detected, administrative fines may be applied to those responsible.
How they deal with garbage and set standards for solid waste in foreign countries
The history of the issue of organizing the collection and recycling of household waste reflects a change in ideas about the rules of hygiene, social order, and urban planning. This problem is reflected even in the formation of international relations. Over time, the composition of solid waste has changed and waste processing technologies have developed. The history of garbage has gone from clay containers found outside ancient settlements to multi-ton nuclear “burial grounds.” The world's population constantly learned to collect and dispose of waste. There are different forms of manifestation of these processes: a Chinese village of waste collectors, areas in Ghana littered with old electronic devices, an Indian burial place of shipping equipment, etc.
Historians note the presence of information about garbage collectors as early as 400 BC. In ancient Athens, garbage was placed in baskets and taken to special places outside the city. The ancient Romans did roughly the same thing. Such a landfill near the Eternal City in the form of the Monte Testaccio hill is the largest in the world that has survived to this day. This “hill” consists of fragments of millions of amphorae and is about 50 meters high.
In medieval Europe, garbage waste often provoked epidemics. In the fifteenth century, after an outbreak of plague, many cities began to think about the need to pave city streets. This was necessary to get rid of the stinking puddles of mud and food waste. Drainage systems appeared much later. The first sewage structure appeared only in the nineteenth century in London, in the flooded Thames estuary. It was designed by the engineer Bazeljet and included 10 channels through which liquid waste was sent to the North Sea (previously the waste was discharged directly into the Thames). Under the influence of industrialization, a change in the composition of household waste occurred: cardboard and plastic products began to appear in the garbage. chemical industry, but the technologies for its disposal remained the same. The waste was buried, burned or dumped into the seas and oceans. Only in the middle of the last century did humanity begin to think about environmental problems. On April 22, 1970, an event called “Earth Day” took place. Many people took part in it educational establishments USA. The purpose of the action was to call for the creation effective methods on environmental protection.
Currently in different countries Various approaches to the collection and disposal of solid waste are used. Some states even import waste from neighboring countries for processing at own enterprises. There are also examples of landfills where, under the guise of humanitarian aid, waste from America and European countries is transported in containers.
- Switzerland
All Swiss citizens must pay a fee, the amount of which depends on the volume of the rubbish bin. In order to avoid paying for additional containers, local companies purchase special compacting devices for compacting waste. In this country, solid waste collection processes are so optimized that in order to load technologically advanced waste incineration plants we have to import waste from other countries.
- Japan
Standards for the collection of solid waste in the Land of the Rising Sun are determined by municipal authorities in agreement with their waste processing enterprises. The Japanese must sort their waste, separating plastic, paper, glass, cardboard and metal. In addition, waste is sorted depending on its ability to burn. For example, washed plastic food packaging should be placed in a plastic container. If it is not washed, then it belongs to the category of combustible solid waste. Before throwing away household electrical equipment, residents of this country must buy a special stamp that is affixed to the discarded appliance. The price of this brand depends on the type of equipment. For example, for different types of refrigerators, the cost of a brand can range from 50 to 100 US dollars. Considering this circumstance, the Japanese try not to throw away large items, but to give them to those who need them.
- China
In the capital of the Celestial Empire, recyclable types of solid waste do not even have to be delivered to collection points. They only need to be taken out onto the street in order to be sold to collectors who take the garbage to the suburbs of Beijing. There is an entire village of waste collectors called Dong Xiao Kou. People living in this place, as well as visitors from poor regions, spend their days sorting out piles of cardboard waste, old tires and other solid waste. However, some of them live in shacks assembled from old boards and sheets of metal found here.
- Ghana
Near the Ghanaian capital in the town of Agbogbloshie there is the largest “cemetery” of computers. Electronic devices, televisions, stereos, phones and other devices are brought here from all over the world and dumped in one huge landfill.
Discarded electronics are becoming a source of income for Ghanaians. Landfill workers, who come here from all over the country, break down devices or burn their components to collect copper and aluminum. Collected metals can be returned for money directly at the landfill at special collection points. Earning no more than $3 a day, many workers at the Agbogbloshie landfill suffer from serious illnesses that are often fatal.
- India
The Indian town of Alang, located on the northwestern coast, has become famous as a burial site sea vessels. 10 kilometers coastline became the final resting place for passenger and cargo ships. This kind of landfill was formed more than 20 years ago, and during this time more than 6.5 thousand ships were dismantled here. Some of the sea transport that comes here does not undergo a special disinfection procedure, so local workers often die from poisoning chemicals or from fires. On average, about 40 accidents occur per year.
- Maldives
The local government decided to create an artificial island from solid waste left behind by tourists. Hundreds of tons of waste from other islands have been transported to Thilafushi (the name of the garbage island) since 1992. Since the height of the island is only 1 meter above sea level, there is a danger environmental disaster, which can destroy the local ecosystem.
One of the most widespread components of solid waste in the United States of America is food. They are thrown away at all stages from production to consumption. Security Council natural resources America provided information according to which more than 40 percent of all products produced in this country are thrown away. The average family here throws away about $2,000 worth of food. Another interesting fact in relation to food production is due to the fact that parts of the United States are experiencing enormous difficulties due to severe drought, while in some states ¼ of the water is used to irrigate grain crops. As a result, part of the grown crop is simply thrown away.
US landfills containing a large number of food products are places where various gases are formed, which cause great harm to the environment.
- What is a license for the removal of solid waste and how to obtain it in 2017
- Most in mass form The trash on Earth are cigarette butts. Every year, smokers throw away more than 4.5 billion cigarette butts.
- The list of advanced countries in terms of solid waste recycling is headed by Sweden, where about 52% of all waste is recycled. The top three also include Austria and Germany (49.7 and 48 percent, respectively). In our country this figure is almost 2 times lower.
- The science whose object is the processing of solid waste is called garbology (garbage translated from English as “garbage”). In addition, the section of archeology has the same name, which is devoted to the study of the life of people from other eras based on the study of garbage dumps.
- In just one second, almost 4 kg of garbage is produced on the globe, which does not pose an environmental hazard. Such waste accounts for almost 30% of the total volume of solid waste. ¼ of the average statistical trash can consists of cardboard and paper waste, 13% is glass, plastic trash is in the range of 11%, and metal is 18%.
- The most problematic issue in the field of solid waste is the recycling of computer equipment. Computer components contain environmentally harmful components. In Europe, there are closed landfills for old equipment, which are under strict protection.
- Recycling scrap metal in all countries provides energy savings that can provide heat and light to more than 150 million homes. Energy saved from recycling is only 1 glass bottle enough for a 4-hour glow of a hundred-watt light bulb.
- The largest solid waste landfill is located in the United States in Freshkills Park. Its area is 1.2 thousand hectares (the size of 1,700 football fields). More than 13,000 tons of garbage are dumped here every day.
- Disposal of solid waste in ocean waters is carried out in closed containers, but such a process cannot guarantee the absence of the risk of water pollution. Under the influence of corrosion, metal containers can collapse in just 10 years; for concrete capsules, this period increases to only 30 years.
- In the USSR, a police officer was called “garbage” in slang, but this has nothing to do with solid waste. This name comes from the abbreviation MUS (Moscow Criminal Investigation).
- A paper napkin completely dissolves in the sea in 90 days; for matches this period will be 2 times longer. A cigarette butt can remain unharmed for up to five years, polyethylene for up to 20 years. Nylon will degrade into sea water about 40 years, a can - 500 years, and a glass bottle - 1000 years!
Dispelling myths about garbage and solid waste standards
1. The solid waste recycling business is highly profitable
Enter the words “garbage disposal” into the search bar and you will see a lot of identical articles with outdated statistics and threats of a garbage cataclysm. Such essays say a lot about the fact that the whole world has already learned how to make good money from waste recycling, but we still have fires in landfills. All this is summed up by complaints against the country's leaders, complaints about the lack of regulatory framework and investment programs. But if you can earn huge money from solid waste, then what does the lack of government support have to do with it? Websites dedicated to startups and entrepreneurship have articles and business projects on building an incinerator for as little as $50,000. But these projects are very far from reality. The budget for the construction of a standard waste processing plant exceeds 20 billion rubles (in any case, this is the amount of investment advertised by Rostec in Kazan). The cost includes the purchase of technology, land, equipment, organizing logistics, obtaining permits, etc.
Several years ago, representatives of RAO UES of Russia drew attention to this business. 16 billion rubles were invested in the Ecosystem Group corporation. The profitability of the project, according to experts, is at the level of 30 percent. Considering the need for huge investments, we can say that this direction is not suitable even for medium-sized businesses. Despite the “nice articles,” even in European countries, the construction of waste processing plants is the prerogative of large energy concerns. The largest enterprises of this kind are being built by a company from Germany, E.ON, in Cardiff.
2. It is not profitable to burn garbage
Experts from the Ecosystem Group of Companies often claim in their statements that the process of burning municipal solid waste is unprofitable. The same idea was voiced by the Deputy Minister of Ecology. According to him, after burning solid waste, almost 40 percent of waste remains that needs disposal. The current tariffs actually make it more profitable to transport waste to landfills. For comparison: in the United States this disposal option costs 1000 $/t, and in the Russian Federation 1000 rubles/t. This speaks of lobbying and subsidies for enterprises servicing landfills.
The reason why the business of processing and burning solid waste is unattractive in our country is the excessive bureaucratization of many issues. Its development is disadvantageous for monopolists in the energy market. In essence, a solid waste incineration plant is a thermal power plant. With little consumption of natural gas or refined petroleum products, they can efficiently produce heat and electricity. The resulting types of energy can be used in offline mode(this involves disconnecting consumers from central systems) or should be transferred to monopolists. But large suppliers of electricity and heat do not want to buy “other people’s” products at market value. And if we talk about electricity, large operators are not interested in capacities up to 50 megawatts.
3. Waste incineration plants pose a threat to the environment and public health
Fires at landfills have become a symbol of the dangers of the waste incineration process for environmental situation. This stereotype arises due to a misunderstanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur during combustion. An example is the confrontation between the Greenpeace organization and a waste incineration plant in St. Petersburg. “Experts” on environmental protection argue that the process of burning solid waste produces heavy metals and other hazardous substances in the air that are harmful to human health and the environment. They indicate that such substances can accumulate in the body for years, causing various diseases and a malfunction of the immune system.
In reality, all of the above is untrue. Modern technologies combustion of solid waste allows for the afterburning of organic matter to such an extent that the output concentration of harmful substances does not exceed the maximum permissible level. To neutralize harmful emissions from combustion processes, the latest plasma and catalytic technological processes.
As an argument for such defenders of the domestic environment, one can cite the example of the Austrian waste incineration plant Spittelau. This plant in the capital of Austria was built back in 1989. Today there is a popular restaurant on its roof. The plant's capacity allows it to burn about 265 thousand tons of solid waste and supply thermal energy for heating 60 thousand apartments. Near the enterprise there is a kindergarten, an elite village, office centers and other facilities. The city itself is home to 1.65 million people. At the same time, there are no protests from environmentalists. The plant does not pollute the environment at all. The ash remaining after burning garbage is freed from metals (this is not a very complex technological process) and can be used for various purposes. Artificial sand is produced from it for road construction. The ash is applicable for the manufacture of ceramic and concrete products, as well as construction products. As a result, waste combustion products allow you to earn additional income.
4. The Russian Federation has not developed technological processes for efficient recycling MSW
Nevertheless, foreign specialists are working on these projects in different regions of the country (from Korea and the Czech Republic in Novosibirsk, from Germany in Vologda, etc.). Hitachi Zosen Inova equipment was delivered to Kazan, which is a product joint development Japanese and Swiss researchers. In addition, back in the Soviet Union, industry research institutes dealt with the problems of solid waste processing, and some of them are still working on these issues.
Attached files
- Agreement for the provision of services for the management of municipal solid waste.doc
Legislation now refers to the removal of solid waste as an area where it will be a public service, and not part of household services. Let's try to figure out what legal norms This service is regulated.
Changes in the law on the removal of MSW in 2018 - 2019
Major changes in the waste management procedure occurred back in 2017, when the concept of municipal solid waste (MSW) itself appeared and regions were ordered to identify regional operators for MSW management.
Note! During 2018 and the beginning of 2019, new rules in the field of MSW management appeared again:
- From 01/01/2018, electronic auctions conducted by regional operators were introduced. Based on the results of the auctions, prices for the collection and transportation of MSW are determined (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 20, 2017 No. 1280).
- From January 5, 2019, a transition period is provided for the refurbishment of waste disposal sites - old landfills that do not have special documentation can be operated without it until January 1, 2023.
- In Art. 29.1 of the Law “On Waste...” dated June 24, 1998 No. 89-FZ, clause 6 was added from January 1, 2019. It allows regional authorities, if it was not possible to hold a competition to select a regional operator, to appoint another regional operator operating in a given region as such. subject of the Russian Federation, or another organization with a license for waste removal.
- In 2019, regarding the determination of standards and limits, it was canceled different approach to small and large businesses. Now the applicability of a specific rule to an enterprise is determined by its assignment to one or another category, determined by the degree of negative impact on the environment (see Article 4.2 of the Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection”). Thus, a category I enterprise determines standards on the basis of a comprehensive environmental permit.
With whom is the contract for the collection and removal of MSW concluded?
Note! According to paragraph 2 of Art. 9 of Law No. 89-FZ, you must have a license to handle waste. It can be received by both an organization and an individual entrepreneur.
In the Rules for the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings, approved. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2011 N 354, specifies that the agreement is concluded with consumers, which include:
- owner of premises in an apartment building, incl. non-residential;
- owner of a residential building/household;
- tenant/tenant of housing.
The agreement can also be concluded with organizations representing the interests of these consumers:
- management company;
- homeowners' association/cooperative;
- an organization, including a non-profit organization, representing the interests of owners of private houses.
Other owners of MSW may be individual entrepreneurs and companies engaged in entrepreneurial activities.
The owners of MSW, in turn, are responsible for concluding an agreement with a waste collection organization (see letter of the Ministry of Natural Resources “On the implementation of the provisions of Law No. 89-FZ” dated November 29, 2018 No. 12-50/09872-OG).
Important! Owners of waste - legal entities (and entrepreneurs) have the right to remove waste on their own only if they have a license for waste removal.
Note! MSW management services are not provided for general house needs (clause 148 (29) of rules No. 354).
Who can become a regional operator
According to paragraph 4 of Art. 24.6 of Law No. 89-FZ, the status of a regional operator is assigned to an organization that wins a competition organized by the executive authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation according to the rules approved. by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 5, 2016 No. 881 (hereinafter referred to as the Rules). Only a legal entity can participate in the competition (clause 4 of Article 24.6 of Law No. 89-FZ). To do this, a legal entity must meet the following requirements:
- be registered in the Russian Federation;
- have a license for all types of waste-related activities;
- have no debts to the Federal Tax Service and are not under receivership or liquidation procedures;
- provide an irrevocable bank guarantee valid for 1 year from the date of signing the agreement with subsequent extension;
- hire as managers or members of a collegial executive body, chief accountant of people who do not have an unexpunged/unexpunged criminal record.
The competition participant sends a written application sealed in an envelope, which contains:
- fresh extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities;
- an order appointing the applicant to a position, giving him the right to act on behalf and in the interests of the organization - that is, a document confirming eligibility;
- copies of constituent documents, certified by the signatures of management;
- a decision to approve a major transaction, if required by law or constituent documents, etc.
The procedure for opening envelopes, examining them, evaluating them, and comparing them is regulated in detail in the Rules.
The competition is won by the company that sent the application with the most favorable conditions for the execution of the agreement.
MSW removal agreement for private sector residents
Currently, regional operators in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have been identified.
Note! According to the letter of the Ministry of Construction dated December 30, 2016 No. 45067-ACh/04, several regional operators can be elected in one constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which can provide the full range of services themselves or attract help from other operators. In any case, these organizations must enter into agreements with consumers - residents of apartment buildings or private houses.
The agreement is concluded in writing or by performing implied actions (clause 148 (1) of rules No. 354).
The form of the contract for the provision of services for the management of MSW was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 12, 2016 No. 1156 (hereinafter referred to as Rules No. 1156).
It must indicate:
- time and place of his imprisonment;
- name of the regional operator, full name his official representative indicating the position;
- FULL NAME. consumer, his passport data;
- subject of the contract: services provided regional operator, consumer’s obligation to pay for them, volume, method and frequency of MSW removal, method of storing MSW (garbage chutes, containers, etc.),
- start date of services;
- term and procedure for payment under the contract;
- rights, obligations, responsibilities of the parties, etc.
The agreement is concluded in 2 copies.
Procedure for handling MSW
Rules No. 1156 name services for the management of MSW and provide the essential terms of contracts for their provision. These are the services:
- waste collection and transportation;
- processing, recycling, neutralization and disposal of MSW.
Features of the provision of these services in accordance with rules No. 1156 are reflected in our table.
Waste collection and transportation services |
Services for processing, recycling, neutralization and disposal of MSW |
The contract determines the place of waste collection and storage in accordance with the approved scheme. executive authority |
priority is given to technologies for automated sorting of MSW |
the regional operator removes, among other things, bulky waste in accordance with the law and at the request of consumers |
When processing MSW, waste of hazard classes I and II is removed; it is not allowed to enter MSW disposal sites |
The regional operator is responsible for the management of MSW from the moment the waste is loaded into the garbage truck |
operators neutralizing and disposing of MSW in the area of operation of the regional operator enter into an agreement with the latter, etc. |
Subjects of the Russian Federation may impose on consumers the obligation to separate MSW by type and store them separately |
Note! According to clause 39 of rules No. 1156, an agreement for the disposal of MSW can be concluded not only with a regional operator, but also with individual entrepreneurs and organizations that have such a license.
So, the legislation on the removal of solid waste in 2018 - 2019 contains a number of innovations; regulations are being adopted at all levels to develop and consolidate it. The implementation of a new system for the collection, transportation, and disposal of MSW is currently underway and will continue until the end of 2019.
Municipal solid waste(solid waste, household waste) - unsuitable for further use food products and household items or goods that have lost consumer properties, the largest part of consumer waste. Solid waste is also divided into waste (biological waste) and household waste itself (non-biological waste, artificial or natural origin), and the latter is often called simply garbage at the everyday level.
Municipal solid waste and its classification
Every year the amount of garbage increases by approximately 3% by volume. The amount of solid waste in the CIS is about 100 million tons/year, with Russia accounting for more than a quarter of this volume (according to other data for 2007 for the Russian Federation - about 63 million tons/year).
The composition of solid household waste depends on many factors: the level of development of the country and region, the cultural level of the population and its customs, the time of year and other reasons. More than a third of solid waste consists of packaging materials, the amount of which is constantly increasing. Solid waste is characterized by multicomponent and heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (ability to rot). The sources of solid waste generation can be both residential and public buildings, trade, entertainment, sports and other enterprises. In foreign practice, the name "MSW" corresponds to the term "municipal solid waste" (Municipal Solid Waste).
MSW includes the following types of important waste:
- paper (cardboard);
- large materials;
- food (organic) waste;
- plastic;
- metals;
- rubber;
- leather;
- textile;
- glass;
- tree and others.
Hazardous solid waste includes:
- waste batteries and accumulators;
- electrical appliances;
- varnishes;
- paints and cosmetics;
- fertilizers and pesticides;
- household chemicals;
- medical waste;
- mercury-containing thermometers;
- barometers;
- tonometers;
- lamps.
Some waste (for example, medical, toxic chemicals, residues of paints, varnishes, adhesives, cosmetics, anti-corrosion agents, household chemicals) pose a danger to the environment if they fall through sewage into water bodies or as soon as they are washed out of a landfill and end up in ground or surface water. Batteries and mercury-containing devices will be safe until the case is damaged: glass cases of devices break easily on the way to a landfill, and corrosion will corrode the battery case over time. Then mercury, alkali, lead, zinc will become elements of secondary pollution of atmospheric air, ground and surface waters.
According to the nature and degree of impact on natural environment they are divided into:
- industrial; waste consisting of inert materials, the disposal of which is currently economically unjustified;
- recyclable materials (recycled raw materials);
- waste of hazard class 3;
- waste of hazard class 2;
- waste of hazard class 1.
In Russia, the volume of solid waste generation in 2007 amounted to 56.8 million tons
Table No. 1: Solid waste management in Russia
Russian regulatory framework for waste management
Current national standards of the Russian Federation in the field of resource conservation. During 1994-2003, the following 13 standards were developed and adopted by the IGU of the CIS countries and the State Standard of Russia:
- GOST 30166-95 Resource saving. Basic provisions;
- GOST 30167-95 Resource saving. The procedure for establishing indicators in product documentation;
- GOST 30772-2001 Resource saving. Waste management. Terms and Definitions;
- GOST 30773-2001 Resource saving. Waste management. Stages of the waste technological cycle;
- GOST 30774-2001 Resource conservation. Waste management. Waste hazard certificate. Primary requirements;
- GOST 30775-2001 Resource saving. Waste management. Classification, identification and coding of waste. Basic provisions;
- GOST R 51768-2001 Resource conservation. Waste management. Determination of mercury in mercury-containing industrial and consumer waste. Basic provisions;
- GOST R 51769-2001 Resource saving. Waste management. Documentation and regulation of industrial and consumer waste management activities. Basic provisions;
- GOST R 52106-2003 Resource saving. Basic provisions;
- GOST R 52104-2003 Resource saving. Terms and Definitions;
- GOST R 52107-2003 Resource saving. Classification and definition of indicators;
- GOST R 52108-2003 Resource saving. Waste management. Basic provisions;
- GOST R 52105-2003 Resource saving. Waste management. Classification and methods of processing mercury-containing waste.
All of these standards are aimed at solving problems of resource conservation through the effective involvement of waste into industrial circulation, the use of modern methods and means of standardization and metrology necessary to regulate these activities, including the use of tools such as certification, registration, certification, licensing, as well as identification, coding, classification, information support, determination of hazardous and commercial (inert) characteristics of waste.
Improving Russian environmental legislation in the field of waste management The Russian regulatory framework in the field of waste management21 today is largely outdated and lags behind the norms international law and requires modernization. The government does little to encourage waste recycling. Modern environmental principles, approaches and requirements are not properly taken into account when placing government orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, and provision of services for state and municipal needs. The manufacture of products from recycled materials is not a priority criterion for government procurement. Developed countries have come to understand the need to strengthen government regulation in the field of waste management. Their recycling is considered as an independent branch of the economy, closely related to those industries where the corresponding types of waste are generated. Revisions of approaches to the problem of waste management in European countries are carried out regularly and entail changes in legislation. In Russia, the fundamental Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste” was adopted almost 15 years ago - in 1998, and for this reason alone requires adjustment. It is this law that most subjects involved in the waste management process are guided by. Experts note that it does not include:
- priority of disposal over disposal;
- manufacturer's responsibility for end-of-life disposal;
- prohibition of the import of non-recyclable packaging;
- the need to use the best available technologies. The fundamental EU legal act in the field of waste management is the Waste Framework Directive.
The most important principles of the strategy chosen in the EU in the field of resource conservation, waste recycling and waste management are:
- preference for preventing the generation of waste rather than placing it in landfills and landfills;
- the principle of sufficiency of production capacity and equipment for waste disposal and disposal;
- implementation of the best available technologies without excessive financial costs for enterprises;
- rational placement of recycling facilities closer to the production facilities that are the source of their formation (which significantly reduces transport costs of moving waste);
- expansion of manufacturer responsibility for the entire cycle of manufactured products;
- compliance with the “polluter pays” principle, according to which the polluter covers the costs of removing waste or minimizing the adverse effects of it;
- attention to preventive measures to prevent damage to the environment and public health.
In Russia, an effectively working legal framework has not yet been formed in the field of best available technologies, although it is precisely this area that can stimulate the technological renewal of production.
IN Federal law dated January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection”, the term “best existing technology” is fixed, which causes concern among experts due to the fact that it is impossible to introduce the best existing technology due to its possible inaccessibility, it is difficult, including economically. It is therefore proposed to use the term “best available technology”, which is common in European legislation. Another shortcoming of the existing legislation is that the law does not clarify the criteria for classifying technologies into this category and does not provide a rationale for the selection of these technologies. In the European Union, best available technology has been introduced into industry since Directive 96/61/EC on integrated pollution prevention and control came into force in 1996. This directive obliges EU member states to regulate industrial activity through a permitting procedure based on technological standards using “best available technologies”. In general, European legislation in this industry is becoming more systematic and comprehensive. Thus, this directive was replaced by the Directive European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2008/1/EC of 15 January 2008. The new directive incorporates the provisions of Council Directive 96/61/EC, as well as several major changes introduced by subsequent directives in this area, in particular Directive 2003/4/EC.
The key element of modern pan-European regulatory mechanisms, based on the principle of using the best available technologies, is not only the legislative norms themselves, but also the infrastructure, including specialized government institutions involved in their analysis, monitoring, informing stakeholders, introducing appropriate technological and environmental standards, issuing and updating relevant industry reference books. In the bill “On amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation in terms of improving regulation in the field of environmental protection and introducing measures economic stimulation economic entities for the implementation of the best technologies" all this is implicitly assigned to the "authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation federal body executive power". Today, the need to bring the norms of Russian state environmental policy in the field of waste management closer to the main directions of European lawmaking is of paramount importance. Therefore, the “direct implementation” of EU standards into current legislation in the field of ecology, resource conservation and waste management and recycling is currently being considered. Poor knowledge of the EU regulatory framework is already having a negative impact on the export of Russian products. In the future, the importance of environmental friendliness as a competitive advantage will only increase.
Legislation and practice of household waste management in European countries
The issue of household waste management is currently one of the most acute problems modern cities. European countries have accumulated extensive experience in collecting, transporting and processing waste. The main measures taken are aimed at reducing the volume of waste subject to disposal, processing waste and converting it into secondary raw materials. This material is devoted to the organization of work on the management of household waste, the responsibility of executive authorities, and the activities of private companies.
The principle of waste management using the example of Poland
Responsibility for organizing the collection of household garbage and waste local authorities authorities. Their main functions include:
- issuing rules that homeowners must follow (for example, the obligation to collect household waste and hand it over to an authorized waste collection company);
- issuing licenses to companies for collecting and transporting waste;
- definition maximum size tax for waste removal (payment for waste collection companies charged to homeowners depends on the market situation, but should not exceed the maximum established amount).
The average Polish municipality (especially in rural areas of the country) occupies a small area, which does not allow the creation of complete and cost-effective waste collection and disposal systems. Therefore, the creation by local authorities of regional associations on waste management. However, since such association is not mandatory, few such associations have been created in the country. All homeowners (owners and managers) are required to enter into an agreement with a company that collects, transports and disposes of waste. They have the right to choose from firms of a given profile operating on the market. The firm must inform the relevant local authorities of all contracts entered into (the local authorities maintain a register of contracts). This ensures that all householders are handling waste properly. Local authorities determine the conditions for issuing licenses. These could be, for example, requirements for equipment that the company has and uses. Formally, there are no restrictions on the issuance of licenses. The number of companies operating in the waste market is significant. As a result, it often happens that waste from different buildings on the same street is collected by several different companies. Proponents of such a system argue that it is beneficial for homeowners (they can choose the operator offering the most low prices). However, according to local authorities, there are complaints about such a system because environmental costs increase and complete control of waste streams becomes more difficult. In such a system, the transport of waste collection companies is used inefficiently; some of the secondary raw materials are lost and not used, since the companies themselves choose a solution that is convenient for them, and burying waste, for example, turns out to be the cheapest. As a result, in Poland more than 95% of household waste ends up in landfills. As a result, Parliament empowered local authorities to specify in the license what the end result of the waste management work should be. Despite protests from the private sector (waste firms, for example, argue that such regulation is a violation of free market rules), the new regulations are likely to increase control over waste streams and encourage the development of recycling systems. Another measure is aimed at significantly increasing the level of fees for landfilling. Thus, in the future, landfilling will be less competitive in comparison with various options for recycling and recycling waste.
All major litter laws This article is collected for ease of understanding the current situation in the Russian Federation. These documents are official and taken from the legal directory "Garant". You need to understand that they are all relevant to certain moment(February 2012), but in most cases nothing fundamentally new appears in this area.
Regulatory regulation of the provision of garbage and solid waste removal services in the Russian Federation is carried out using federal laws, government regulations, sanitary rules and other regulatory documents.
Any organization engaged in production or other activities must assess the impact of its activities (positive or negative, active or passive) on the state of the environment around us. Moreover, any negative impact entails a fee. Requirements for permissible emissions and production waste, rules for assessing the impact of various activities on the environment, as well as requirements relating to environmental protection during certain activities (construction, operation, etc.) are set out in the Federal Law of January 10, 2002 . N7-FZ "On Environmental Protection". The amount of payment (standards) for the emission of various harmful and hazardous substances V atmospheric air, reservoirs, disposal of production and consumption waste have been established.
Enterprises and organizations that produce harmful emissions into the environment as a result of their activities are subject to state registration, and their activities are subject to state control. The responsibilities of such legal and individuals on compliance with the rules for the protection of atmospheric air are covered by the Federal Law of May 4, 1999 N 96-FZ “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”.
The concept of production and consumption waste is given in the Federal Law of June 24, 1998 N 89-FZ "On production and consumption waste" . In addition, this law establishes the need to license the activities of business entities when handling hazardous waste, and also introduced general requirements for the construction, design, liquidation, and conservation of buildings and structures; requirements for the use of waste in cities, towns and other populated areas. The same normative act a ban has been established on the import of waste for neutralization and disposal in Russia.
The classification of waste by degree of hazard (5 classes) can be found in Art. 4.1. Federal Law No. 89-FZ.
Only the activities of legal entities and entrepreneurs dealing with waste management of hazard classes 1 to 4 are subject to licensing. This is a requirement of Art. 12 of the Federal Law of May 4, 2011 N 99-FZ "On licensing of certain types of activities" Features of obtaining a license to carry out specialized activities for the collection, use, neutralization, transportation and disposal of waste of hazard classes 1-4 presented by the organizations or individual enterprises for a period of 5 years, is provided for by the Regulations on licensing activities for the collection, use, neutralization, transportation, disposal of waste of I - IV hazard classes (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 26, 2006 N 524).
When applying for waste removal services, the consumer should know that the contractor is obliged to provide him with a document used to place the order. Such a document must necessarily contain information about the name of the contractor, his location, as well as the full name of the customer, the type of service provided, the place of provision of solid waste removal services, the timing and procedure for their execution and other information. There are no regulated tariffs for solid waste removal services. Their cost is determined by the contractor independently, or by agreement with the consumer, and the conditions for the provision of services must be the same for all individuals and legal entities. Such features are enshrined in the Rules for the provision of services for the removal of solid and liquid household waste (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 10, 1997 N 155) .
Producers of radioactive waste should be guided by special standards in their activities. The rules for the accumulation, storage and disposal of such types of waste are contained in the Federal Law of July 11, 2011 N 190-FZ “On the management of radioactive waste and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”.
In connection with the decommissioning of the need to dispose of electric lamps and lighting devices with a mercury content of at least one hundredth of a percent, consumers should be aware that it is prohibited to store, neutralize and transport such used lamps themselves. If necessary, please contact specialized organizations. More detailed information on the rules for handling such waste can be found in · Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 3, 2010 N 681 “On approval of the Rules for the management of production and consumption waste in terms of lighting devices, electric lamps, improper collection, accumulation, use, neutralization, transportation and disposal of which may cause harm to the life and health of citizens harm to animals, plants and the environment" .
Special municipal solid waste landfills are used to isolate and neutralize solid waste. The use of such territories is mandatory, paid and official. Strict requirements are imposed both on the maintenance of the landfill itself and on the quality of the garbage and various household waste imported to it. On May 30, 2001, the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation approved Sanitary Rules SP 2.1.7.1038-01 “Hygienic requirements for the design and maintenance of landfills for solid household waste.” N 16 .
A special type of waste is medical. They have their own classification (from epidemiologically safe waste to radioactive). Different classes of waste cannot be mixed. Only persons over 18 years of age and who have undergone special training are allowed to work with such waste. More detailed requirements for handling rules medical waste are set out in the Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules and Standards SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10 “Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for the Management of Medical Waste” (approved by Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated December 9, 2010 N 163) .
Moscow and the Moscow region are huge territories that are striking in their pollution. In Moscow alone, about 18 million tons of waste are generated annually, 80% of which are located in the Moscow region. In 2005, the Concept of the project of the regional target program “Management of industrial and consumer waste in the Moscow region for 2006-2015” was adopted, approved by the Decision of the Moscow Regional Duma of March 2, 2005 N 6/131. It lists the main measures for the management of solid waste and methods solving problems related to unauthorized waste removal in the Moscow region. In addition, the Concept provides a detailed list of regulatory documents regulating waste management throughout the Russian Federation.
Law of the city of Moscow “On production and consumption waste in the city of Moscow” dated November 30, 2005. No. 68 regulates the specifics of waste use in the capital. It established general requirements for various waste producers, as well as requirements that must be observed during collection, storage, processing, transportation and other actions with waste produced in Moscow and the Moscow region.
The basic rules for handling a special type of waste - construction waste - are regulated by a separate act - Moscow Government Decree dated 06/25/02 469-PP “On the procedure for handling construction and demolition waste in Moscow” . It covers in detail the issues of storage, transportation, and processing of waste resulting from the construction, demolition or conservation of various buildings and structures in Moscow.
In general, the main regulation of this area of activity is carried out at the federal level, since the list of powers of all subjects of the Russian Federation is closed. However, it is possible to adopt various regional programs aimed at maintaining a favorable environment and minimizing the harmful effects of various types of waste in a particular subject.
The main regulatory documents in force in the Russian Federation in the field of waste management:
- Federal Law of January 10, 2002 N7-FZ "On Environmental Protection" (with amendments and additions).
- Federal Law of May 4, 1999 N 96-FZ “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air” (as amended and supplemented).
- Federal Law of June 24, 1998 N 89-FZ “On Production and Consumption Waste” (as amended and supplemented).
- Federal Law of May 4, 2011 N 99-FZ
"About licensing individual species activities" - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 26, 2006 N 524
"On approval of the Regulations on licensing activities for the collection, use, neutralization, transportation, disposal of waste of I - IV hazard class" - Federal Law of July 11, 2011 N 190-FZ "On the treatment of radioactive waste and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation"
- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 10, 1997 N 155 “On approval of the Rules for the provision of services for the removal of solid and liquid household waste” (with amendments and additions)
- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 12, 2003 N 344
"On payment standards for emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air by stationary and mobile sources, discharges of pollutants into surface and underground water bodies, disposal of production and consumption waste" - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 3, 2010 N 681 “On approval of the Rules for the management of production and consumption waste in terms of lighting devices, electric lamps, improper collection, accumulation, use, neutralization, transportation and disposal of which may cause harm to the life and health of citizens harm to animals, plants and the environment"
- Regional project concept target program“Management of industrial and consumption waste in the Moscow region for 2006-2015”, approved by the Decision of the Moscow Regional Duma of 03/02/2005 N 6/131.
- Law of the city of Moscow “On production and consumption waste in the city of Moscow” dated November 30, 2005. No. 68
- Decree of the Moscow Government dated June 25, 2002 469-PP “ON THE PROCEDURE FOR MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTES in MOSCOW”
- Sanitary rules SP 2.1.7.1038-01 “Hygienic requirements for the design and maintenance of landfills for solid household waste” (approved by Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated May 30, 2001 N 16)
- Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations
SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the management of medical waste"
(approved by Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated December 9, 2010 N 163)