Collective security policy definition. Collective Security
Without diminishing the importance of all other means of ensuring international security, listed in the previous section, the most important measures should still include the creation of collective security systems on a universal and regional basis.
Accordingly, international law distinguishes two types of collective security systems: universal and regional.
Collective Securityis a system of joint actions of states established by the UN Charter with the aim of maintaining international peace and security, preventing or suppressing acts of aggression.
The first steps towards the practical implementation of the idea of collective security at the interstate level were taken at the I and II Hague Peace Conferences in 1899 and 1907 gg. At these conferences, conventions were adopted on the peaceful resolution of international conflicts and The Permanent Court of Arbitration was established. The conferences were also an attempt to resolve disarmament issues on the basis of multilateral diplomacy.
The first universal model of a collective security system was created after the First World War with the formation of the League of Nations. The legal basis for this system was laid, first of all, in the Statute of the League. Although the Statute Leagues The Nations did not prohibit war as a means of resolving international disputes and disagreements, but it significantly limited the right of states to resort to it.
The Geneva Protocol on the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflicts, adopted within the framework of the League of Nations in 1924, declared aggressive war an international crime, and an attempt was made to define aggression.
But the Protocol did not receive the required number of ratifications and never entered into force.
Next a step in this direction is the adoption of 1928 Treaty of Paris on the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy(Briand-Kellogg Pact). It condemned resorting to war to settle all differences. The parties to the Treaty rejected this in their mutual relations as an instrument of national policy (Article 1). War, according to this document, is permissible only as an instrument of international politics, i.e. in the common interests of states.
A number of other international agreements, adopted taking into account the results of the First World War, significantly expanded the legal basis of the collective security mechanism. These are the London Convention on the Definition of Aggression of 1933, signed by the USSR and 10 neighboring states, the Inter-American Treaty on Non-Aggression and Conciliation of 1933, etc.
But practically the universal system of collective security was created only after World War II with education United Nations as the main instrument for maintaining and strengthening international peace and security based on the joint actions of all member states. The legal mechanism for ensuring security is based on the provisions of the UN Charter, in particular, paragraph 4 of Art. 2: “All members of the United Nations shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force, either against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.” Subsequently, this provision acquired the character of a peremptory norm of general international law.
In other words, in international relations and international law for a long time there was a concept of collective security, which was understood as a system of armed mutual assistance of the states parties to a particular agreement. This understanding of collective security was dictated by the threats of the 20th century: two world wars, a number of regional conflicts, both with and without the use of force.
Over time, in connection with the emergence of new threats to the existence of not only the states themselves, but also all of humanity associated with the emergence of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, the need to revise the entire range of measures aimed at ensuring universal security became obvious. In the mid-80s. XX century The concept of comprehensive international security is emerging, the idea of developing it belongs to the government of the USSR. The UN Charter did not take into account the dangers associated with the threat of a thermonuclear catastrophe, a general environmental crisis, acute economic problems of developing countries, etc. The concept of comprehensive international security, like this Thus, it became a response to new challenges of the time and proposed measures to improve, first of all, the international legal foundations of the collective security system. It was reflected in the UN General Assembly resolution of December 3, 1986 “General and complete disarmament” (A/RES/41/59). The resolution noted that “genuine and lasting peace can only be established through the effective application of the security system provided for in the UN Charter and the rapid and significant reduction of armaments and armed forces on the basis of international agreements and mutual example.” At the same time, the states expressed their readiness to take new measures for disarmament, including the destruction of nuclear weapons, to strengthen interaction in the political and economic fields, and to resolve the problem of overcoming the environmental crisis
Already at the end of the 20th century. it became clear that security of states depends less and less on the amount of accumulated him weapons. In other words, the traditional concept of collective security, which was based on mutual assistance between participants in the collective security system and considered it its main means, is losing relevance.
At the Millennium Summit, Kofi Annan highlighted the changing nature of threats to global peace and security: “The provisions of the Charter are based on the assumption that external aggression directed from one state to another constitutes the most serious threat, but in recent decades many more people have been killed in resulting from civil war, ethnic cleansing and acts of genocide, fueled by weapons that are readily available on the world market weapons" Armed conflicts of a new generation - conflicts on religious and ethnic grounds, occurring, as a rule, within the territory of one state, have long prevailed among all armed clashes on our planet. However, the mechanism for maintaining international peace and security, based on the UN Charter, aims to prevent war in its classical form, i.e. armed clashes between states. In this regard, the need arose to update and improve the UN mechanism.
With the end of the Cold War, all UN member states are busy searching for new means of ensuring international security and strengthening the authority of the UN in this area. The modern concept of peacekeeping within the UN is expressed in the program approved in 1992 by the Security Council, set out in the report of the Secretary-General “An Agenda for Peace” (A/47/277 - S/24111), supplemented in 1995 (A/ 50/60 - S/1995/1), as well as a number of General Assembly resolutions specifying the provisions of the UN Charter (see paragraph 2.3).
Our time is characterized by the emergence of new threats to international peace and security, among which the greatest
poses a danger organized transnational
crime. Criminal communities use the latest technologies to carry out illegal trade in drugs, weapons and even people around the world. But,
Perhaps the most dangerous type of transnational crime is international terrorism. In resolution 1377
dated 12 November 2001 (S/RES/1377/(2001)) The UN Security Council called acts of international terrorism one of the “most serious threats to international peace and security
in the 21st century."
It is becoming increasingly clear that states need to find ways to harmonize their positions on combating new threats to peace and security within the framework of existing peacekeeping systems and, if necessary, supplement the latter with new mechanisms. The UN remains the center for coordinating such actions. In the Declaration adopted at the Millennium Summit on September 8, 2000, the heads of state and government reaffirmed their “commitment to the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, which have proven to be timeless and universal,” and also identified key development goals for the new millennium, including peace , security and disarmament, strengthening the United Nations.
Along with military threats, we should not forget about the threats of a different nature that Kofi Annan mentioned in his report. The security of states is no longer determined solely by their ability to repel an armed attack or aggression, to resist terrorism and organized crime, because the environmental threat and damage may exceed the damage from military operations; rapid population growth, environmental pollution and poverty give rise to economic stagnation, political instability, and sometimes the collapse of states. This once again demonstrates that the modern system of collective security covers the most diverse aspects of relations between states to ensure collective security, confirms the complexity of this concept and, of course, is manifested in the very content of the system.
a state of international relations that excludes the violation of universal peace or the creation of a threat to the security of peoples in any form and implemented through the efforts of states on a global or regional scale. Ensuring collective security is based on the principles of peaceful coexistence, equality and equal security, respect for the sovereignty and borders of states, mutually beneficial cooperation and military detente. The question of creating a collective security system was first raised in 1933-1934. at negotiations between the USSR and France on the conclusion of a multilateral regional European treaty of mutual assistance (later called the Eastern Pact) and negotiations between the USSR and the US government on the conclusion of a regional Pacific pact with the participation of the USSR, USA, China, Japan and other states. However, in Europe, the persistent opposition of Great Britain, the maneuvers of the French government, which tried to come to an agreement with Germany, and the tricks of A. Hitler, who demanded equal rights for Germany in the field of weapons - all this disrupted the conclusion of a regional pact and the discussion of the issue of collective security resulted in a fruitless discussion. The growing threat of aggression from Nazi Germany forced the USSR and France to begin creating a system of collective security with the conclusion of the Soviet-French mutual assistance treaty (May 2, 1935). Although it did not provide for the automatic operation of obligations of mutual assistance in the event of an unprovoked attack by any European state and was not accompanied by a military convention on specific forms, conditions and amounts of military assistance, it was nevertheless the first step in organizing a system of collective security on May 16, 1935 The Soviet-Czechoslovak treaty on mutual assistance was signed. However, in it, the possibility of providing assistance to Czechoslovakia from the USSR, as well as Czechoslovak assistance to the Soviet Union, was limited by the indispensable condition of extending a similar obligation to France. In the Far East, the USSR proposed concluding a Pacific regional pact between the USSR, USA, China and Japan in order to prevent the aggressive plans of Japanese militarism. It was supposed to sign a treaty of non-aggression and non-assistance to the aggressor. Initially, the United States welcomed this project, but, in turn, proposed expanding the list of participants in the pact to include Great Britain, France and Holland. However, the British government avoided a clear answer on the issue of creating a Pacific regional security pact, as it condoned Japanese aggression. The Kuomintang government of China did not show sufficient activity in supporting the Soviet proposal, as it hoped for an agreement with Japan. Given the growth of Japanese weapons, the United States embarked on the path of a naval arms race, declaring that “pacts will not be trusted” and that only a strong navy is an effective guarantor of security. As a result, by 1937, negotiations on concluding a regional pact to collectively ensure peace in the Far East had reached a dead end. In the second half of the 1930s. the issue of a collective security system was discussed more than once at the Council of the League of Nations in connection with the Italian attack on Ethiopia (1935), the entry of German troops into the demilitarized Rhineland (1936), the discussion on changing the regime of the Black Sea Straits (1936) and the safety of navigation in the Mediterranean Sea ( 1937). The Western powers pursued a policy of “pacifying” Germany and pitting it against the USSR on the eve of World War II 1939-1945. led to the delay by the British and French governments of negotiations on concluding an agreement with the USSR on mutual assistance and on a military convention in the event of an attack on one of the three countries. Poland and Romania also showed reluctance to help organize a collective resistance to fascist aggression. Fruitless negotiations between the military missions of the USSR, Great Britain and France (Moscow, August 13-17, 1939) became the last attempt in the interwar period to create a system of collective security in Europe. In the post-war period, the United Nations was created to maintain peace and international security. However, achieving a system of collective security was difficult due to the unfolding of the Cold War and the creation of two opposing military-political groupings - NATO and the Warsaw Division. At the Geneva meeting in 1955, the USSR introduced a draft Pan-European Treaty on Collective Security, which provided that states participating in military-political blocs would undertake obligations not to use armed force against each other. However, the Western powers rejected this proposal. The relaxation of international tension, achieved in the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s, contributed to the creation of political guarantees of international security. An important outcome in this process was the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE, since 1990 - OSCE) in August 1975. The “Final Act...” of the CSCE included a Declaration of Principles on the Relations Between States: Sovereign Equality; non-use of force or threat of force; territorial integrity of states; peaceful settlement of disputes; non-interference in internal affairs, etc. states; development of mutually beneficial cooperation in the political, economic, cultural and humanitarian spheres. The implementation of these principles in practice opens up broad opportunities for solving the most important ||rkdu people's task - strengthening the peace and security of peoples.
On March 31 of this year, an agreement on the mutual protection of rights to the results of intellectual activity obtained and used in the course of military-economic cooperation within the CSTO came into force. In accordance with the Agreement, cooperation in this area will be carried out by agreeing on issues related to the protection of rights to the results of intellectual activity used and obtained, taking measures to prevent violations in the field of intellectual property, exchanging experience on the protection of rights to the results of intellectual activity, and other forms.
At the same time, participants in military-economic cooperation in the CSTO format must provide in all agreements (contracts) that the use of the results of intellectual activity used and obtained will be carried out only after ensuring their legal protection.
The agreement imposes on its participants the obligation not to produce or export from the territory of their state to third countries military products (MP) made using the results of intellectual activity, the rights to which belong to the other party or participants in military-economic cooperation from this party, without written consent of the said party.
It is planned to intensify interaction between the intelligence services of the CSTO member states, solving the problems of combating crime in the field of information technology to ensure the defense capability of the CSTO member states in general and critical infrastructure facilities in particular. In addition, much attention will be paid to countering the use of information technologies for the preparation of terrorist attacks and criminal acts, and information support for state policy.
According to CSTO Secretary General Nikolai Bordyuzha, the prevention and detection of crimes in the field of information technology is closely related to countering terrorism and preventing emergency situations.
One of the first practical steps will be the training and retraining within the organization of law enforcement officers specializing in the prevention and detection of crimes in the field of information technology.
The agreement on the peacekeeping activities of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) has entered into force - the document provides for the creation of the Organization's peacekeeping forces, based on the peacekeeping contingents of the member states.
The agreement on the peacekeeping activities of the CSTO was signed by the heads of member states of the Organization on October 6, 2007 at the summit in Dushanbe. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Armenia ratified the document on July 14, November 18 and December 29, 2008. The fourth state to complete the internal procedures necessary for the entry into force of the Agreement was the Russian Federation.
“The agreement provides for the creation on a permanent basis of the CSTO Peacekeeping Forces from peacekeeping contingents allocated by the member states on a permanent basis. The latter will undergo training according to common programs, be equipped with common or compatible types of weapons and communications, and take part in regular joint exercises.”
According to the document, the CSTO Peacekeeping Forces will be able to take part in peacekeeping operations both on the territory of the Organization’s member states and, by decision of the UN Security Council, in other regions. The CSTO includes Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
Currently, the CSTO is pursuing a very active policy, developing the areas of its activities. President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev said that the rapid reaction forces will be no worse in combat potential than similar NATO structures.
2. The concept of collective security and its concept
2.1 The concept and essence of security
Safety - 1. A state in which there is no threat of danger, there is protection from danger.
State security, protection of state security - a set of measures to protect the existing state and social system, territorial integrity and independence of the state from the subversive activities of intelligence and other special services of hostile states, as well as from opponents of the existing system within the country.
The protection of State security includes a set of measures of a political, economic, military and legal nature aimed at identifying, preventing and suppressing the activities of forces and intelligence agencies seeking to undermine and weaken the state and social system, and violate the territorial integrity of the relevant country. Elements of the State Security protection system also include measures for the general prevention of subversive activities, fencing of special-purpose facilities, etc.
The essence of security is that ensuring military security is the most important activity of the state. The main goals of ensuring military security are the prevention, localization and neutralization of military threats.
Russia considers ensuring its military security in the context of building a democratic rule of law state, implementing socio-economic reforms, mutually beneficial cooperation and good neighborliness in international relations, the consistent formation of a common and comprehensive system of international security, preserving and strengthening universal peace.
Russia maintains the status of a nuclear power to deter (prevent) aggression against it and (or) its allies, and gives priority to strengthening the collective security system within the CIS based on the development and strengthening of the Collective Security Treaty.
Other countries of the Collective Security Treaty Organization do not have nuclear potential, like the Russian Federation, but, in turn, are also building a security system based on good neighborliness in international relations, while simultaneously strengthening their military power and armies, but exclusively for the purpose of protection from the aggressor.
2.2 Security concept of the states parties to the Collective Security Treaty
The concept of collective security of the states parties to the Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992 (hereinafter referred to as the Concept) is a set of views of the states parties to the Collective Security Treaty (hereinafter referred to as the participating states) on the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, joint defense against aggression , ensuring their sovereignty and territorial integrity.
The concept is based on the principles of the UN, OSCE, the Collective Security Treaty, as well as the provisions of other documents adopted by the participating states in its development.
The concept includes: the fundamentals of the military policy of the participating states, the fundamentals of ensuring collective security, the main directions and stages of creating a collective security system.
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Report
The concept of universal collective security
international agreement security collective
In the second half of the 20th century. international security has become universal. This is explained by a number of facts:
1) the world has become truly interconnected;
2) an increasing number of problems have become global;
3) the qualitative characteristics of modern weapons require the efforts of members of the international community to maintain peace.
Based on the understanding of the universal nature of security, measures aimed at ensuring a stable and non-violent peace must be comprehensive. They should concern various areas of interaction between states - political, military, socio-economic, environmental, humanitarian. Recently, there has been more and more talk about the environmental and humanitarian aspects of universal security. Indeed, it is now impossible to ensure global security without environmental security and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. At the same time, the basis of the system of universal security is collective security. This term is usually understood as a set of measures by members of the international community or a particular region, carried out by them in order to prevent and eliminate a threat to peace or to enforce peace in the event of an act of aggression or other violations in accordance with international law.
The concept of collective security is based on the fact that the world in modern conditions of development of international relations is indivisible, that is, the security of any state is directly related to the security of the entire international community. This means that any violation of peace, including local ones, threatens global peace and security.
The concept of collective security includes the following elements:
1) a system of generally recognized principles and norms of international law enshrined in the UN Charter, the most important of which are the equality of states; respect for sovereignty; prohibition of the use of force or threat of force; resolution of international disputes exclusively by peaceful means; non-interference in the internal affairs of states, etc.;
2) a system for peaceful resolution of disputes;
3) a system of collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace, violations of peace and acts of aggression;
4) a system of collective disarmament measures.
Collective security is based on the requirement for the states of the world:
React to any act of violation of peace and security in any region of the Earth;
Cooperate with each other in maintaining and strengthening international peace and security;
Provide all possible assistance, including with armed forces, to the victim of aggression and refrain from providing assistance to the aggressor state;
Participate in joint actions provided for by the UN Charter in order to prevent or eliminate threats to peace, violations of peace and aggression.
There are two types of collective security systems: universal and regional. The universal system of collective security is based on the provisions of the Charter and includes:
Means of peaceful resolution of disputes (Chapter 1), joint actions (preventive and coercive) in the event of an act of aggression (Chapter VII) and disarmament measures (Articles 11, 26, 47). As already noted, in accordance with the UN Charter, the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security within the framework of universal systems of collective security is assigned to the Security Council. This is the only body of the UN system competent to make decisions on the use of preventive and coercive actions up to the creation of multinational armed forces.
Paragraph 1 of the UN General Assembly resolution “on a comprehensive system of international security of 1986” emphasizes that “the system of collective security embodied in the Charter of the United Nations continues to be a fundamental and indispensable instrument for the preservation of international peace and security.”
General provisions on the regional security system are contained in Chapter VIII (Articles 52 - 54) of the UN Charter. the means for organizations to maintain peace and security in the region are to resolve such issues relating to the maintenance of peace and security as may be appropriate for regional action, the joint purposes and principles of the United Nations; peaceful resolution of local disputes before referring these disputes to the UN Security Council (Article 52, paragraph 2) and, where appropriate, the use of enforcement actions under the leadership of the Security Council on the basis of powers from it (Article 53, paragraph 1).
More detailed provisions concerning regional security systems are contained in the constituent acts of regional organizations that provide for collective security measures. Such organizations, in particular, are: LAS, OAS, OAU, NATO. The North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 contains certain discrepancies with the provisions of Art. 53 of the UN Charter. Therefore, in the process of revising the role of NATO, due to the peculiarities of modern international relations, this treaty should be brought into conformity with the UN Charter.
The founding document of the OSCE, the Helsinki Final Act of August 1, 1975, laid the foundation for the creation of a pan-European system of security and cooperation. The main links of collective security within the OSCE are:
a) compliance with the provisions of the Declaration of Principles of the Helsinki Final Act, including those relating to the territorial integrity of Member States, the inviolability of their borders and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms;
b) diverse cooperation in political, socio-economic, scientific, technical, humanitarian and other spheres;
c) a set of measures to reduce the level of armaments and strengthen confidence among member states;
d) mechanisms for peaceful resolution of disputes;
e) organizational measures to monitor the implementation of the provisions of OSCE documents, carried out at the unilateral, bilateral and multilateral levels. An example of the latter are the meetings of the states participating in the Helsinki Process in Belgrade (1977-1978), Madrid (1980-1982), Vienna (1986-1989), Paris (1990), the Stockholm Conference on Strengthening Measures trust, security and disarmament 1986, etc.
On November 21, 1990, the Charter for a New Europe was adopted in Paris, which stated that “the era of confrontation and division of Europe has come to an end.” The right to equal security for everyone and the freedom to choose to ensure one’s own security were reaffirmed.
In 1992, in Helsinki, the CSCE participating states adopted the document “The Challenge of a Time of Change,” which states that the CSCE is a regional agreement consistent with the provisions of Chapter VIII of the UN Charter. This document pays much attention to issues of collective regional security: prevention and peaceful resolution of disputes, CSCE peacekeeping operations, etc. In accordance with the Helsinki Document of 1992, the Forum for Security Co-operation (FSC) was established, whose competence includes: holding negotiations on arms control, disarmament, confidence- and security-building measures; organizing regular consultations and intensive cooperation in the security field; helping to limit the risk of conflict.
On December 15, 1992, the Agreement on Arbitration and Magistrate Proceedings within the CSCE was signed. The OSCE Commission for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes is also called upon to deal with the problem of peaceful resolution of disputes.
At the meeting of heads of state and government of the OSCE participating States in Lisbon in December 1996, a declaration was adopted on the model of a common, comprehensive, secure Europe of the 21st century (Lisbon Declaration), which notes that “the OSCE plays a central role in achieving the further goal of a common security space "(clause 4). This document also notes the need to develop a European security that can meet the needs of the peoples of Europe in the new century.
Thus, a multi-level system for maintaining peace and security has been created within the OSCE. The task is to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of its components.
The CIS Charter, in contrast to the Agreement on the creation of the CIS, contains Section III, dedicated to collective security and military-political cooperation of member states (Articles 11-15). So, in Art. 11 states: "Member states enter into coherent policies on international security, disarmament and arms control, and the representation of armed forces and maintain security in the Commonwealth, including through military monitoring collective peacekeeping forces." The CIS Charter provides for a mechanism for mutual consultations with a threat to the sovereignty of any member state, the use of peacekeeping operations or collective armed forces in accordance with Art. 51 of the UN Charter. Specific issues of military-political cooperation between the CIS member states are regulated by special agreements. The effectiveness of mechanisms to ensure collective security within the CIS is low.
The main instrument for maintaining peace and preventing the outbreak of war is the universal system of collective security provided for by the UN Charter. The Charter establishes the foundations of the modern world legal order, the principles of relations between states in the international arena and provides for a whole range of measures to preserve international peace and suppress acts of aggression. Among them:
Means of peaceful resolution of international disputes; measures to ensure peace using regional security organizations;
Enforcement measures against violating states without the use of armed forces;
Coercive measures against aggressor states using armed forces.
One of the most important elements of the universal system of collective security is the peaceful resolution of international disputes, which is determined by Chapter. VI UN Charter “Peaceful Settlement of Disputes”. In accordance with this chapter of the UN Charter, parties to any dispute, the continuation of which might threaten the maintenance of international peace and security, shall first endeavor to resolve the dispute through negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial proceedings, recourse to regional authorities or agreements or other peaceful means of their choice. The UN Security Council, when it considers it necessary, requires the parties to resolve their dispute through such means. It is authorized to investigate any dispute or any situation which may give rise to international friction or give rise to a dispute, to determine whether the continuation of that dispute or situation is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security.
In addition, any UN member can bring any dispute to the attention of the Security Council or the General Assembly. A State which is not a Member of the Organization may also bring to the attention of the Security Council or the General Assembly any dispute to which it is a party if it undertakes in advance with respect to that dispute an obligation for the peaceful settlement of disputes.
In accordance with the UN Charter, measures can be taken to ensure international peace using regional security organizations. In accordance with Art. 53 of the Charter, the UN Security Council uses, where appropriate, such regional agreements or bodies for enforcement action under its authority. However, regional organizations cannot take any coercive action without authority from the Security Council, with the exception of measures related to repelling an armed attack on one of the states participating in the regional collective security system.
An important element of the general system of collective security is also actions regarding threats to peace, violations of peace and acts of aggression, provided for in Chapter. VII of the UN Charter.
Thus, the Security Council determines the existence of any threat to the peace, any breach of the peace or act of aggression and makes recommendations or decides what measures should be taken to maintain or restore international peace and security. To prevent the situation from worsening, the Security Council is authorized, before making recommendations or deciding to take action, to require the parties concerned to implement such temporary measures as it finds necessary or desirable. Such temporary measures must not prejudice the rights, claims or position of the parties concerned. The Security Council takes due account of the failure to comply with these temporary measures.
The Security Council has the power to decide what measures, other than the use of military force, should be used to implement its decisions, and it may require Members to apply these measures. These measures may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations, rail, sea, air, postal, telegraph, radio or other means of communication, as well as severance of diplomatic relations.
If the Security Council considers that the said measures may be insufficient or have already proven insufficient, it is authorized to take such action by air, sea or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such actions may include demonstrations, blockades and other operations by air, sea or ground forces of Members of the Organization. All Members of the Organization, in order to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security, undertake to place at the disposal of the Security Council, upon its request and in accordance with a special agreement or agreements, the armed forces, assistance and related facilities necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security. , including the right of way. Such agreement or agreements shall determine the number and type of troops, their degree of readiness and their general disposition, and the nature of the facilities and assistance to be provided.
Plans for the use of armed forces are drawn up by the Security Council with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee, which is created to advise and assist the Security Council on all matters relating to the military requirements of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security, to the use of troops provided at his disposal, and to the command of them, as well as to the regulation of weapons and to possible disarmament. The Military Staff Committee consists of the chiefs of staff of the permanent members of the Security Council or their representatives. Any member of the Organization not permanently represented on the Committee shall be invited by the Committee to cooperate with it if the effective performance of the duties of the Committee requires the participation of that member of the Organization in the work of the Committee. The Military Staff Committee, subordinate to the Security Council, is responsible for the strategic direction of any armed forces placed at the disposal of the Security Council. Issues relating to the command of such forces will have to be worked out later.
The UN Charter does not affect the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs on a Member of the Organization until the Security Council takes measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members of the Organization in the exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately communicated to the Security Council and shall in no way affect the power and responsibility of the Security Council, in accordance with this Charter, to take at any time such action as it considers necessary. mi to maintain or restore international peace and security.
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