Why is the sea blue but the river is not? Why is the sea blue? Why is sea water green?
Text: Sergey Balakin
Recently, the American “shipbuilding miracle”, the “dreadnought of the 21st century” DDG-1000 “Zumwalt”, took to sea for the first time. Much has already been said about this extravagant ship; we will not repeat it. But we will try to answer the question that involuntarily arises in any person who is even more or less familiar with the fleet: why on earth is this floating monster with a displacement of more than 14 thousand tons classified as a destroyer? Why is it not a cruiser - both in size and in tactical purpose Is Zamvolt closest to this class?
But here’s the paradox: according to the author, the decisive role in the issue of classifying the new ship was played not by technical characteristics or tactics, but by the peculiarities of English-language terminology. One might even say that linguistics is to blame. I'll try to explain.
The ancestors of the destroyer class appeared in England in the first half of the 90s of the 19th century. They were enlarged destroyers with enhanced artillery weapons. According to their plan the main task- fight enemy (then meant French) destroyers. Therefore, they were called “torpedoboat destroyers” - “destroyers” or “fighters” of destroyers (let me remind you that in Russia a torpedo was called a self-propelled mine for quite a long time, hence the name destroyers, not torpedo bombers). In practice, these fast ships have proven to be more versatile than their original specialization. Therefore, the word “torpedoboat” disappeared from the name of their class, and they began to be called simply “destroyers” - literally “destroyers”. This word was borrowed by other navies, and it spread widely around the world in different variations. For example, the Poles called ships of this class “destroyers” (niszczycieli), and the Yugoslavs called them “destroyers” (razaraci).
"Conflict" - one of the first destroyers of the British fleet, 1894.
In the Russian Imperial Navy, analogues of British destroyers appeared in late XIX century and by the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War there were already tens of units. Officially they belonged to the class of destroyers, but since they were still more capital ships, they were usually called fighters, and sometimes destroyers, but with the addition of the word “squadron”. Officially, the class of destroyers, or destroyers for short, appeared in our fleet in 1907. Ships of this class, both here and abroad, quickly developed and became an increasingly important part of the world's fleets. There are destroyers in the Russian Navy today, although this is purely a tribute to tradition. After all, modern multi-purpose rocket ships It’s been a long time since they’ve been squadron destroyers, and they’re not destroyers at all...
It should be noted that in modern fleets division surface ships the classes are generally very arbitrary. Because the warships are multi-purpose, then corvettes, frigates, destroyers and cruisers differ from each other only in size, and a look at the range of these sizes is very subjective. Almost identical ships are listed as destroyers in Italy, and as frigates in France. Or American destroyers of the Arleigh Burke type and cruisers of the Ticonderoga type: in terms of displacement and armament, they are approximately the same, but the former are destroyers, and the latter are cruisers. But why then is Zamvolt not a cruiser?
Cruiser CG-71 "Cape St. George - one of the Ticonderoga class ships
Yes, because the class of cruisers today is a dying class. Apart from one relict model in the Peruvian fleet, launched more than 70 years ago, there are only two countries left in the world with cruisers - Russia and the USA. Moreover, in the United States, cruisers are represented only by ships of the Ticonderoga type, which are already being withdrawn from combat personnel and will soon be written off. Thus, cruisers - the recent beauty and pride of the fleet - will remain a thing of the past. From what? And it’s simple: the reason for this is the cruise boom that began a quarter of a century ago. In English, cruiser is cruiser, and cruising is cruise. Cruise liner - cruise liner or cruise ship. A clear flaw in English terminology: a cruiser has become confused with a passenger ship! A typical example: on a website with the world’s largest collection of photographs of ships (I will not give its name so as not to be considered an advertisement), moderators almost every day have to transfer photographs of liners to the appropriate section. Since the authors regularly place them in the “Cruisers” directory - “Cruisers”.
Nowadays the word “cruiser” is often associated with a cruise ship...
Returning to the Zamvolt, it becomes clear why American sailors like destroyers more than cruisers. Agree: serving on a “cruiser” or on a “destroyer” sounds completely different. So it's made up more than a century ago the word “destroyer” (some attribute its authorship to the reforming admiral and “father of the Dreadnought” Jackie Fisher) turned out to be extremely successful. The versatility of its interpretation allows us to call any attack ship a destroyer. Even such a monster as “Zamvolt”.
MOSCOW, December 13 – RIA Novosti, Andrey Kots. The ultra-modern American destroyers "Zamvolt" seem to be haunted by a "family curse." No sooner had experts completed their discussion of last year’s breakdown of the lead ship DDG-1000 in the Panama Canal than this week its “younger brother”, DDG-1001 Michael Monsour, partially failed. . The ship's harmonic filters, which protect sensitive electrical equipment from power fluctuations, failed. As a result, "Michael Monsour" temporarily lost most of its high-tech electronic content. American sailors have an increased headache: ships, second in price only to aircraft carriers, stubbornly refuse to get rid of many “childhood diseases.” Read about why the project of the newest destroyers is still stalled in the RIA Novosti material.
Too advanced
The Zumwalt guided missile destroyers were supposed to become universal warships, but with an emphasis on combating coastal and ground targets. The Zamvolts were planned to be tasked with fire support for amphibious assault, precision weapons strikes against troops and infrastructure, as well as attacks on enemy surface ships. The program for the construction of promising destroyers started in 2007, when Congress allocated $2.6 billion for the creation of the first two Zamvolts. In total, the US Navy expected to receive 32 ships of this type and meet the cost of 40 billion.
However, the cost of the ships of this project, which American engineers tried to adapt to the high demands of the military, began to grow at an astronomical rate. First, the order was reduced to 24 destroyers, then to seven. As a result, in 2008, the fleet decided to limit itself to just three ships. Each of them, according to the latest data, cost the treasury $4.4 billion, not counting the cost of maintaining the ship throughout its life. life cycle(the total cost may exceed seven billion).
© AP Photo/Robert F. Bukaty
The first Zamvolt entered service with the US Navy on October 16, 2016. A month later - on November 21 - DDG-1000 stalled in the Panama Canal on its way to the port in San Diego. Seawater had penetrated two of the four bearings connecting the ship's induction engines to its drive shafts. Both shafts failed, and the Zamvolt crashed into the canal walls. The ultra-modern destroyer had to shamefully return to port in tow. Moreover, in San Diego, a leak was discovered on the ship in the lubricant cooling system, but its cause could not be determined at that time. As shown latest events, serious problems The second destroyer of the series is also testing the power plant.
“We must be aware that the Americans know how to build warships,” military expert Alexey Leonkov told RIA Novosti. “And the Zamvolt, in all its parameters, is a very interesting, original project. Especially its unusual power plant, similar to the one which is used on Ohio-class strategic submarines. The only difference is that on the Zamvolt, instead of a nuclear reactor, it is connected to electric motors, which are used at low and medium speed. In theory, this approach implies fuel economy. when the ship is cruising on electricity alone. In practice, such a system has sharply increased the cost of the propulsion system and reduced its reliability, hence the breakdowns.”
Alexey Leonkov recalled an old joke: “Americans always find correct solution, but only when they try all the wrong ones." The expert emphasized that the same story happened with the initially "raw" M-16 assault rifle and the F-16 fighter, which were eventually brought to almost perfection. There is no doubt that over time they will polish and "Zamvolta". But it is still unclear what niche these three ships will occupy in the Navy.
Hole for the budget
The strike capabilities of the Zamvolt are quite high, but not outstanding. Its main armament is 80 cruise missiles in vertical launch silos located along the sides. The destroyer's know-how was supposed to be artillery weapons. Initially it was planned to install two electromagnetic railgun. However, the project was doomed to failure, since this weapon would eat up all the energy capacity of the ship. The destroyer, armed with railguns, essentially turned into a floating gun carriage and “unplugged” after each shot.
Later, it was decided to settle on two 155-mm AGS artillery guns of an unconventional active-reactive design with a firing range of up to 148 kilometers. The LRLAP projectiles used in them, according to developers from the Lockheed Martin concern, are so accurate that they are capable of “hitting targets in canyons.” coastal cities with minimal collateral damage." Everything would be fine, but the cost of one ammunition of this type has already exceeded 800 thousand dollars. For comparison: the Tomahawk cruise missile, well tested in dozens of armed conflicts, has a range of 2.5 thousand kilometers and costs only slightly more - about a million. Since 2016, the US Navy command has been looking for an alternative to “golden” shells for the miracle gun, but so far without success.
© AP Photo/Robert F. BukatyThe newest US destroyer of the Zumwalt class
![](https://i2.wp.com/cdn21.img.ria.ru/images/133968/35/1339683510_0:200:2000:1332_600x0_80_0_0_fde8aeaf9f61a97abc1a337b48925957.jpg)
© AP Photo/Robert F. Bukaty
“Thus, the Zamvolts have only 80 Tomahawks left per ship,” said Alexey Leonkov. “Now let’s do some simple calculations. One destroyer with 80 missiles costs 4.4 billion dollars. A Ticonderoga-class cruiser (up to 122 Tomahawks) costs American taxpayers about a billion. An Arleigh Burke-class destroyer (up to 56 Tomahawks plus). anti-ship missiles and the Aegis missile defense system), according to the latest data, costs about 1.8 billion. Both of these ships have been perfectly tested in combat conditions and have been perfected a long time ago. Yes, "Zamvolt" is made using stealth technology. But any radar specialist will tell you that all these stealth games are just games. You can only partially reduce visibility within a certain range. So wouldn’t it be easier for the same money to build two Ohio-class nuclear submarines, each of which, in a non-strategic version, can carry 154 Tomahawks? Such a submarine cruiser is certainly less noticeable than the Zamvolt, and in its own way striking power doubles it."
According to the expert, Zamvolt will never go into large-scale production, remaining an expensive and useless “toy.” As Leonkov emphasized, the implementation of at least three ships of this type “in metal” is a direct consequence of the efforts of the project’s lobbyists in the ruling circles of the United States. American industry has long been able to build cheaper and more efficient ships. Even if they are not so high-tech and original in appearance.
3× UAV MQ-8 Fire Scout
Zamvolt-class destroyers (English Zumwalt class guide missile destroyers) - new type destroyers US Navy With missile weapons(also formerly known as DD(X)), with an emphasis on attacking coastal and ground targets. This type is a smaller version of the ships of the DD-21 program, the funding of which was stopped. The first Zumwalt-class destroyer, DDG-1000, was launched on October 29, 2013.
The main weapons of this series of destroyers are 80 cruise missiles Tomahawk and artillery systems, which determines the main task of destroyers to support ground forces attacks on coastal targets.
The ship uses a promising system for controlling all weapons through TSCE-I Raytheon with the abandonment of the concept of local computer systems. The destroyer has stealth capabilities that reduce its EPR 50 times.
The program is named after the admiral, director of naval operations Elmo R. Zumwalt.
History of design and construction
Sketch: launching missiles from the vertical silos of the destroyer Zumwalt
Among the US warships under development, the DDG-1000 should precede Littoral Combat Ship and perhaps follow the cruiser CG(X), competing with the anti-aircraft CVN-21. The DDG-1000 program is the result of a significant reorganization of the DD21 program, the budget of which was cut by Congress by more than 50% (as part of the SC21 program of the 1990s).
Initially naval forces they hoped to build 32 of these destroyers. This number was later reduced to 24, and then to seven, due to the high cost of new experimental technologies that must be included in the destroyer. US House of Representatives is still skeptical about this program due to the ship’s problems with missile defense systems, as discussed below, as well as the lower stealth and much lower load of cruise missiles like submarines.” Ohio" Although the old converted Ohio class submarines are capable of carrying 154 cruise missiles instead of the Zamvolt’s 80 missiles, the cost of converting an old nuclear submarine is more than half as expensive. Therefore, initially money was allocated only for the construction of one DDG-1000 for “technology demonstration”.
Initial funding for the destroyer was included in the 2007 National Defense Authorization Act. In 2007, $2.6 billion was allocated to finance and build two Zumwalt-class destroyers.
February 14, 2008 corporation Bath Iron Works was selected to build the USS Zumwalt number DDG-1000, and Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding- for the construction of DDG-1001 at a cost of $1.4 billion each. According to Defense Industry Daily, the cost could rise to $3.2 billion per ship, plus $4.0 billion in life cycle costs for each ship.
On July 22, 2008, a decision was made to build only two similar destroyers. A few weeks later, a decision was made to build a third destroyer of this type.
Name | Number | Shipyard | Bookmark | Launching | Commissioning |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zamvolt USS Zumwalt (DDG-1000) |
1000 | Bath Iron Works | November 17, 2011 | October 29, 2013 | October 16, 2016 |
Michael Monsour
USS Michael Monsoor (DDG-1001) |
1001 | Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding | May 23, 2013 | June 21, 2016 | April 24, 2018 |
Lyndon B. Johnson USS Lyndon B. Johnson (DDG-1002) |
1002 | Bath Iron Works | January 30, 2017 | 2017 (plan) | 2018 (plan) |
After commissioning, Zamvolt-class destroyers will operate together with " Arlie Burke ».
On December 7, 2015, the first of three destroyers, Zamvolt, valued at $4.4 billion by this time, went to sea for sea trials.
The cost of construction of all three destroyers is estimated at $12.73 billion. The total cost of the program, which includes research and development costs in addition to ship construction costs, is estimated at approximately $22.5 billion.
In November 2017, it became known that the United States was partially reducing funding for the project by refusing to create some systems for subsequent ships in the series. In particular, they will abandon the common ship computing environment and vertical missile launch system Mk57.
Video on the topic
Design
General design diagram of the Zamvolt, where its main parts are visible: a single power plant, radar, missile launchers, sonar, and artillery system
Ship control system
Zamvolt's command bridge.
Power plant
Zamvolt used the universal method power plant"turbine-generator-electric motor", known from submarines " Ohio": the engine rotates only electric generators and then all energy consumers, from radar to movers The vessels are electric, that is, the vessel is driven by electric motors. Instead of nuclear reactor used by Zamvoltov diesel -gas turbine engine.
However, such a system sharply increases the cost of the propulsion system, reduces its Efficiency and reliability, therefore in the Ohio submarines it was used only for moving at low speeds in sneak mode to reduce acoustic noise on gearboxes propeller shaft. Stealth means for the Zamvolt were the core concept of the project, so the same design solution was chosen [ clarify ] . However, it was not taken into account that for movement on cruising speed such a system proved to be insufficiently reliable and powerful, so the Ohio switched at cruising speed to the traditional direct supply of force from the turbine to the propeller shaft gearboxes, bypassing two stages of energy conversion. The Zamvolt designers convinced US Navy customers that they had managed to solve the problems of reliability of an installation of this class and that direct mode through gearboxes was not required. But in practice, when trying to use the Zamvolt at full speed, the power plant broke down in less than 1 month of operation and required the ship, deprived of power supply, to be towed for repairs.
Some analysts indicate that it is possible that the choice of a single power plant was associated with an experimental gun based on railgun, which required an extremely large amount of electrical energy. But this weapon has not yet been tested and has not been installed on the ship - a traditional cannon has been used.
Armament
Cruise missilesTesting of the Zamvolta artillery mount
The main armament of the ship is 20 universal launchers Mk-57 with a total capacity of 80 missiles. The main rocket is supposed to be Tomahawk. The missiles are placed along the sides in vertical launch systems PVLS. According to the designers, this increases survivability ship, since in the event of an emergency rocket explosion, it does not occur inside the ship, but on board with the release of the main energy of the explosion overboard. Critics note that, on the other hand, anti-ship missiles will almost always hit the Zamvolt's ammunition load and the explosion of the anti-ship missiles will be enhanced by the partial detonation of the Tomahawks.
Land-caliber artillery mount
Prototypes of the most exotic artillery system technologies were discussed for the destroyer, including railgun, but eventually settled on 155-mm non-traditional artillery mounts active-reactive schemes, which provides an increased range of up to 148 km ( LRLAP). At such a distance, artillery can accurately hit the target only guided missiles, and the accuracy required is higher than that of cruise missiles, since the mass of the warhead is much less.
To achieve a range of 148 km it was necessary to lengthen missile unit active missile artillery systems and therefore it does not fit entirely into the cradle artillery bolt. The Zamvolta gun must take a vertical position each time for reloading.
But the main reason for criticism from the Pentagon is that the cost of one guided projectile for the gun reached 0.8-1.2 million dollars, and taking into account depreciation and ongoing repairs of the gun, the cost of the shot reached 2 million dollars. In other words, Zamvolt’s projectile has become more expensive than a cruise missile Tomahawk, which has an order of magnitude greater range and power (weight) of the delivered ammunition. The US Navy command also doubted the LRLAP program and did not include the purchase of shells for artillery system and all three planned destroyers of the Zamvolt series have access to only 100 shells produced by the manufacturer for $120 million in 2009. In 2016, the US Navy was considering abandoning the LRLAP guns or changing ammunition, as the current cost of the projectiles was “unacceptable”.
Stealth means
Zamvolt's floating model, on which the designers proved to the US Navy that the destroyer would not capsize in a strong wave
The ship is made with flat beveled surfaces to reflect radiation from enemy radars into the sky, the bow of the ship is beveled like breakwater also into the sky, since the sharp edge of the ship's bow is strong reflector radio waves. Many American shipbuilding experts immediately stated that the profile with collapsed sides (tumblehome) makes the Zamvolt dangerous for the crew due to the reduced stability and with strong airborne pitching the ship may capsize. Therefore, trouble-free operation is critical power plant ship for "dynamic stability of the vessel" due to movement, since if the engine fails, a stationary vessel may be unstable. In response to this criticism, the ship's designers created a smaller copy of the Zamvolt with electric motor and demonstrated this model to US Navy customers, proving that the ship was stable.
Zamvolta superstructure. In the photograph, shields made of balsa wood for thermal insulation of the structure.
To prevent reflections from small protrusions on surfaces, the vessel is painted ferrite paint with partial properties of a radio-absorbing material.
Service
Incidentssee also
Notes
- DDG 1000 Zumwalt Class Destroyer
- Andrew Tarantola. America's Newest and Deadliest Destroyer Has Finally Set Sail (English). Gizmodo(29 October 2013). Retrieved December 12, 2017.
- Losses in Iraq // " Foreign Military Review": magazine. - 2008. - No. 8. - P. 76.
- "Zumwalts" today will be like battleships during the Second World War - US Navy command // October 16, 2013
- The admiral called the newest destroyer accepted into the US Navy the Batman ship // Lenta.ru
- Third Zumwalt-class destroyer to be named Lyndon B. Johnson
- David Sharp. Largest Destroyer Built for Navy Headed to Sea for Testing. Associated Press(7 December 2015). Retrieved December 9, 2015.
- Documents were signed on the transfer of the lead destroyer of the DDG-1000 class Zumwalt to the US Navy. Center for Analysis of the Global Arms Trade (TSAMTO)(May 23, 2016). Retrieved May 23, 2016.
- Navy Requires $450 Million More to Complete Zumwalt-Class Due to Shipyard Performance. USNI News (6 April 2016). Retrieved November 27, 2016.
DDG-1000 Zumwalt
DDG-1000 Zumwalt
Historical data
Total information
EU
real
doc
Booking
Armament
Air group
- 1 × SH-60 LAMPS helicopter;
- 3 × MQ-8 Fire Scout UAVs.
Missile weapons
- 80 TPK (20 UVP Mk 57, 4 TPK each) for the Tomahawk missile defense system, the Harpoon anti-ship missile system;
- SAM "Advanced Sea Sparrow" and "Standard";
- PLUR "Asrok".
Artillery
- 2 × 155 mm AGS guns (920 rounds, of which 600 are in an automated ammunition rack).
Flak
- 2 × 57 mm Mk. 110.
Anti-submarine weapons
- RUM-139 VL-ASROC.
Radar weapons
- AN/SPY-3.
Same type ships
USS Michael Monsoor (DDG-1001), USS Lyndon B. Johnson (DDG-1002)
Zumwalt-class destroyers- a series of three ships under construction for the US Navy. The ships have an expanded range of electronic weapons, completely new form hulls of the “wave-cutting” type and are optimized for solving the tasks of striking coastal targets. Due to financial restrictions and changes in the geopolitical situation, the large series of more than three dozen ships of this type planned for construction was limited to only three units.
General information
Absolutely new type US Navy destroyers with missile armament and optimization for attacks on coastal targets (at the stage of early preliminary studies known as DD-21, later DD (X)).
History of creation
A story in itself of this project- a history of constant struggle with the continuously rising price and reduction of its serial number, as well as simplification of the design and reduction of tactical and technical characteristics (performance characteristics). It all started, probably, back in the late 70s, when the minds at the headquarters of the US Navy were captured by the idea of an “arsenal ship” - a ship with a minimum of superstructures, with a reduced ESR, but filled with the maximum number of cells of standardized silo launchers for various weapons, in mainly shock, for attacking ground targets.
The new concept of promising heavy ships of the US Navy SC-21 appeared after 1991. It consisted of the promising cruiser CG21 (then CG(X)) and the promising destroyer DD21 (then DD(X)). The main idea was versatility - it was assumed that both the cruiser and the destroyer should have the ability to perform any mission, both combat (supporting landings, striking ground targets or fighting surface ships, submarines, providing air defense for a naval formation) and non-combat ( for example, evacuation civilians from a “problem” country).
The need for these ships was not obvious in the new conditions, and the price began to rise explosively. Of course, an increase in price led to a reduction in the series, and a reduction in the series led to an increase in price, since the total costs were distributed over a smaller number of cases. The first victim of the Congress was the cruiser, which was first postponed and now is not remembered at all. It is believed that there will be no replacement for Ticonderoga-class cruisers; more precisely, they will be replaced by Arleigh Burke-class destroyers of the latest series.
Then they began to cut down the destroyer. At first, the series, planned to consist of 32 ships, was reduced by eight. Then there were 11 of them, then seven, and eventually the series was reduced to two ships. And then the lobbyists for the project managed to beg for another one. The price, of course, has also increased. About $10 billion was spent on the development of the project alone. Together with the distribution of development costs over three hulls, the price per ship is about $7 billion for the first unit, not counting the life cycle cost.
Naturally, over time, not only the price increased, but also the capabilities of the project decreased. The DD(X) was eventually renamed DDG1000, while reducing displacement and armament. Moreover, the results of these cuts evoke a rather ambivalent attitude.
Design
When developing EM URO type Zumwalt special attention was paid to increasing the level of automation and creating a ship-wide hierarchical information management infrastructure built on the principles of distributed computer networks (with a central computer - servers located in special containers, managing the distribution of resources and centralized access to data, using common data exchange protocols), using fiber-optic communication lines (single data bus).
Such a system provides for coordinated functioning automated systems air, surface and underwater lighting, combat control, communications, electronic reconnaissance and warfare, monitoring the condition of systems and mechanisms, as well as control of the ship and its technical means.
The unified combat information and control system (CIUS) is the first large-scale project electronic system with an open architecture implemented on a US Navy surface ship.
The implementation of this system will significantly increase the level of automation, as a result of which the workload on the crew will be reduced by 70%, and its number will be reduced to 148 people, including personnel of the air group (AG), which, compared to the AG of the URO-class destroyer "O. Burke" subseries 2A will increase from 22 to 28 people.
Description of design
Frame
When designing EM URO type Zumwalt to reduce visibility in various wavelength ranges was used general principle construction of equipment for the upper deck and superstructure of the ship, called INTOP (integrated Topside).
To reduce the ESR of a destroyer, its hull was given special shape- “piercing wave”, with the sides falling above the waterline by approximately 8°. The stem also has a wave-cutting shape at an angle of about 45°. An anti-radar coating will be applied to the hull above the waterline. All deck devices and mechanisms on the destroyer are stowed as much as possible below deck. IN stowed position gun barrels artillery installations large and small calibers are closed with flaps. According to preliminary estimates, under equal conditions, the EPR of the new generation Zamvolt type EM URO is 50 times less than that of the O. Burke class destroyers (it is often compared with the EPR of the 14th fishing schooner).
The ship's hull consists of five decks average height 3 m and the hold - 1.75 m. A helipad with a length of about 46 m is located in the stern on the second deck. The hull has a bulbous bow, which improves the seaworthiness of the vessel.
Pyramidal smooth, without protruding parts and usual mast structures, the superstructure is located at an angle of 10-16° to the vertical. Adjacent to its aft part is a hangar made of composite materials. The superstructure is also made of these materials. WITH outside The superstructure and hangar have an anti-radar coating - they are lined with rectangular panels made of special radar-absorbing material. As in the hull, the holes in the superstructure are closed with lapports. Antenna devices of radar systems (active phased arrays) are integrated into it.
The decks of the superstructure, also made of composite materials, are a single unit with the sides of the superstructure and its bulkheads, which eliminates the need to use special fasteners. The superstructure and deck flooring are made using vacuum injection molding compound technology (VARTM - Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding), widely used not only in shipbuilding, but also in the automobile and aircraft manufacturing, as well as in other areas.
To ensure structural strength, layers of carbon fiber fabric are laid in a mold and reinforced with a stiffer material in the middle, then vacuum-filled with a composite. WITH inside the superstructure is covered with cork sheets for heat and sound insulation. The superstructure, designed as a monolithic structure, has the following dimensions: length 48.8 m (with a hangar of about 61 m), width 21.3 m, height 21 m. It consists of six levels. The top four, with a total height of 12.2 m, contain ship control posts and radar systems. The gas duct of the power plant, as well as its water and air cooling systems, pass through the middle part of the superstructure.
To reduce the ship's IR field, a thermal field suppression system (ISEE & HSS - Infrared Suppression Engine Exhaust and Heat Suppression System) is used. It provides irrigation of the superstructure and hull with sea water.
Compared to other types of modern ships, the low noise level of this destroyer was achieved through the introduction of an electric propulsion system and the use of the experience of nuclear submarine shipbuilding in shock absorption and sound insulation of mechanisms and assemblies. Thanks to the use of these technologies, the developers managed to reach a maximum (one-third octave) noise level corresponding to that of the first Los Angeles-class submarines built in the late 1970s, which was 65-72 dB. For comparison, for an EM URO of the “O. Burke” type it is less than 100 dB. In addition, new propellers and rudders were developed for the destroyer.
The ship's total displacement is 15,365 tons, which is on average 55% more than that of the Ticonderoga-type missile launcher (9,957 tons) in service with the US Navy, and 69-73% higher than the displacement of the Burke-type EM missile launcher subseries 1, 2 and 2A (8,950-9,155 tons).
Particularly noteworthy is the innovative solution for the peripheral location of the UVP (PVLS - Peripheral Vertical Launch System). The installation blocks are located “peripherally” (along the sides) - 12 in the bow of the ship (in front of the superstructure, six each on the starboard and left sides) and eight in the stern (behind the superstructure, further than the hangar, four blocks each to the right and left of the helipad).
A similar design and schematic solution made it possible to arrange the nasal tip in this way; to free up space inside the hull to accommodate two AU towers with elevators and ammunition cellars sequentially one after another along the center plane. In addition, the applied layout scheme reduces the likelihood of detonation and, consequently, the loss of the entire ammunition load of a missile battery when one of the four missile magazines is detonated. This also increases the survivability of EVs by reducing the power of the explosion when weapons hit individual batteries.
Booking
Basically the ship is lightly armored, but in some parts it is armored. For example, the cofferdams of the below-deck space, in which the air defense devices are located, are reinforced with armor plates. This design, according to the developers, should prevent the spread of the blast wave towards the internal space of the ship's hull when anti-ship missiles or enemy shells hit the air defense system.
To test the new UVP, a full-scale module weighing 162 tons and a supporting structure were manufactured, simulating part of the skin and internal volume of the ship's hull. During them, the survivability of the installation in the event of an ammunition explosion was assessed and recommendations were given for optimizing the design of the air defense system and the hull. Tests of the system have shown that during an internal explosion of ammunition, the main part of the energy generated in this case is directed away from the hull, which allows minimizing damage to equipment located in the internal compartments of the ship adjacent to the damaged cofferdam.
In general, the emphasis is on structural protection and the location of important elements (armoring is now found only on aircraft carriers and heavy cruisers, and then extremely sparingly). Structural protection refers to the placement of UVP missiles in four groups along the sides and various unimportant rooms along the perimeter of the ship, shielding important ones located inside. It is also possible to use various armored composites in critical areas - such as Kevlar or high molecular weight polyethylene.
Power plant and driving performance
A scheme has been implemented here in which British Rolls-Royce Marine Trent-30 gas turbines (one of the most powerful in their class) drive electric generators - after Electric Energy again converted into mechanical energy by means of propulsion electric motors.
Electric ships are widely known in civil shipbuilding, but have not received great development in the navy (where the power of ship power plants often exceeds 100 thousand hp). “Zamvolt” is the second after the British “Daring”, where a scheme with full electric propulsion (FEP) was used.
The elimination of direct mechanical connection between the gas turbine engine and the propellers made it possible to reduce hull vibrations, which in turn had a positive effect on reducing the noise of the destroyer. In addition, this simplified the power supply of energy-consuming equipment and “freed the hands” of designers.
Crew and habitability
The ship project used a number of modern technologies, allowing to reduce the cost of its life cycle of the ship. One of them is a new generation power plant - OEES with high efficiency and reliability, which will ensure a reduction in fuel consumption and, accordingly, operating costs throughout the entire service life of the NK. In addition, UEPS implies a reduction in the number of primary energy sources (heat engines), which, in turn, will reduce the cost of power plants and the number of operating personnel.
Another innovation is the deep automation of the processes of monitoring and control of combat and general ship systems (including the main power plant), which will reduce the crew size of 300-350 people, as on modern ships of the same class, to 148, which, in turn, will give opportunity to reduce life cycle costs.
Armament
Aviation weapons
The vessel is located Sikorsky helicopter Sea-based SH-60 Seahawk, as well as MQ-8 Fire Scout multi-role unmanned aerial vehicles in triplicate.
Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk- American multi-purpose helicopter. The SH-60 was developed on the basis of the UH-60 helicopter in accordance with competitive program US Navy LAMPS Mk.3 (Light Airborne Multipurpose System - light aircraft multi-purpose system) for operation from warships. The helicopter's first flight took place in 1979 and was adopted by the US Navy in 1984.
MQ-8 Fire Scout- multi-purpose unmanned aerial vehicle aircraft(unmanned helicopter). Work on the creation of an unmanned vertical take-off vehicle RQ/MQ-8 "Fire Scout" based on the design civil helicopter Schweizer 330 was launched in February 2000 by Schweitzer USA (a subsidiary of Sikorsky).
Anti-submarine weapons
RUM-139 VL-Asroc
On this ship they decided to install RUM-139 VL-Asroc- an anti-submarine missile developed by the United States, a modification of the RUR-5 ASROC missile, using the universal Mk 41 UVP as a launcher. It is the main means of destroying submarines for surface ships of the American Navy.
The basis of the control system is a digital autopilot, which uses thrust vector control to bring the rocket to the desired elevation angle (40° in the initial phase, 29° in the sustaining phase). In order to reduce the influence of wind drift at high altitudes, the rocket trajectory is made flatter. As in the classic ASROC, the flight range is regulated by turning off the engine and separating the warhead at the desired point on the trajectory. The missile is delivered in a Mk 15 Mod 0 VLS transport and launch container, which eliminates the need for Maintenance on board the ship.
After launch, the rocket is autonomous and its trajectory is not adjusted from the launch vehicle. The firing range is determined by the burning time of the solid propellant charge of the main engine, which is entered into the time relay before launch. At the calculated point of the trajectory, the main engine is separated and the parachute is deployed, providing braking and splashdown of the torpedo. Upon entering the water, the parachute detaches and the torpedo engine starts, which begins searching for the target.
Auxiliary/anti-aircraft artillery
2 × 155 mm AGS guns
The ship is armed with two bow turrets with 155-mm latest AGS (Advanced Gun System) artillery systems. For a long time After the war, it was believed that universal medium-caliber artillery had lost its importance. But after a series local wars It turned out that guns were needed, for example, to support landings and for many other tasks.
The system is a turret-mounted 155 mm gun (barrel length 62 caliber) with an under-deck automatic loading system. The turret was created taking into account the requirements of radar stealth; the gun is hidden in a non-combat position for the same purpose. The shots are split-case, firing is fully automatic until the ammunition is completely depleted.
The ammunition load of the two towers is 920 rounds, of which 600 are in automated ammunition racks. However, the rate of fire is stated to be very low - 10 rounds per minute, which is explained by the fact that the projectile is very long and the loading system only works with the barrel positioned vertically. This gun does not fire conventional 155 mm shells, even adjustable ones.
It only has special guided ultra-long-range LRLAP projectiles. In fact, this very long projectile with an engine and wings is better called a rocket both in design and in the ratio of the total mass to the mass of the warhead. The length of the projectile is 2.24 m, weight - 102 kg, weight explosive– 11 kg. There are four control wings in the bow, and an eight-bladed stabilizer in the tail. The projectile control system is inertial using NAVSTAR GPS. The range is promised to be up to 150 km, but so far they have fired at a range of 80–120 km. The accuracy is stated to be 10–20 meters, which, in general, is good for such a range, but not enough, given the low power of such a projectile at the target.
Installation of the gun
155 mm AGS gun
2 × 57 mm Mk. 110
Short-range self-defense anti-aircraft artillery systems are represented on the Zamvolt by a pair of 57-mm Swedish Bofors Mk.110 artillery systems with a rate of fire of 220 rounds per minute and an anti-aircraft projectile range of up to 15 km. The transition to such a large caliber from the 20 mm used in the USA on such systems (in Europe, China and Russia - 30 mm) is explained, among other things, by the fact that neither 20 mm nor 30 mm projectiles are capable of knocking down heavy supersonic anti-ship missiles - even in the event of a direct hit from armor-piercing shells, the warhead of the rocket does not penetrate or detonate, but still reaches the target like a heavy projectile. The Mk.110 also provides a greater interception range and the use of adjustable projectiles, which will try to compensate for the drop in rate of fire from several thousand rounds per minute to a couple of hundred. How effective this will be is still difficult to judge.
Missile and tactical strike weapons
Illustration of Tomahawk missile launch
The DDG1000 uses a new type of universal vertical launcher (UVP) Mk.57 instead of the widely used UVP Mk.41. Each section consists of four cells, for a total of 20 sections and 80 missile cells. The DD(X) was supposed to have a larger number of cells - 117-128, but the ship itself would be 16,000 tons, having, however, increased capabilities. Moreover, the Zamvolta used an original solution - unlike previous projects, the air defense systems are placed not in two places (in front and behind the superstructures), but in groups along the sides throughout the ship. These compartments contain primarily Tomahawk sea-launched cruise missiles of various modifications for striking ground targets in conventional equipment, and can also be used anti-submarine missiles ASROC-VLS.
Communications, detection, auxiliary equipment
Initially, the newest DBR radar complex with six AFARs operating in the centimeter and decimeter ranges was created for Zamvolt. This provided unprecedented range and accuracy in detecting any type of air, sea or transatmospheric target in Earth orbit - within the DBR radar's field of view.
By 2010, when it became clear that the Zamvolts were too expensive and could not replace existing destroyers, the DBR radar concept was radically reduced. The Zamvolt's detection equipment includes only the AN/SPY-3 multifunctional centimeter-range radar with three flat active phased arrays located on the walls of the destroyer's superstructure.
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