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It is no secret that modern students prefer to receive information in a simpler and more accessible form than lectures and seminars. New information educational technologies are a process of acquiring knowledge, built not on communication with a teacher, but on the use of the latest methods and techniques based on the use of computer audio and video programs. One of these techniques is the use of audiobooks, which allows you to improve the learning process, especially learning foreign languages.
Audiobooks present special kind literature, in which the text of the work is read by native speakers, for example, British or American radio or television announcers, or role-playing actors, using music and sound special effects. As a rule, such audiobooks are recorded using professional equipment in a studio. This is the most best option for learning a foreign language using similar technologies. There is an option when the text for the book is read by non-native speakers, for example, linguists or foreign language teachers. This option is almost in no way inferior to the previous one, except that when listening to such audiobooks, speech perception skills do not develop as actively. The least suitable version of an audiobook for learning is one created using computer programs. Such programs convert text into audio format, but they are not able to reproduce intonation and pronounce words smoothly. Therefore, such audiobooks are not very suitable for improving language skills.
The benefits of using audiobooks when learning foreign languages are obvious. Firstly, you can listen to them anywhere - at home, in the car, during a break between classes. Secondly, this great way practice listening skills. This type of activity usually intimidates students as they are not sure of their level of proficiency. foreign language will allow them to understand the text in full. However, audiobooks are created in such a way that the student himself can choose the level of complexity from which it would be easier for him to start learning. By listening to the reproduced information, the listener thereby trains his linguistic ear. Thirdly, with the help of audiobooks in a foreign language, vocabulary is replenished. Any book or story is, first of all, an interest in the events that the book tells about. And when a person is interested, he will use a dictionary to find the meaning of unfamiliar words so as not to miss the thread of the story, thereby expanding his vocabulary.
Often audiobooks are accompanied by a printed version of the spoken text, which allows you to simultaneously follow the text on the screen and listen to the narrator read the text. This helps to increase the perceived amount of knowledge and serves as an auxiliary technique for training speech memory. It's also a great way to practice your grammar skills. With this type of training, you see and hear real examples of the use of various grammatical structures.
Thus, audiobooks provide the possibility of expansion vocabulary listener, facilitate understanding of both oral and written speech. They can serve as a tool for achieving progress in the areas of pronunciation and diction. Audiobooks are a strong, flexible system, the structure of which promotes rapid understanding and assimilation of information. Today, more and more teachers are realizing the value of introducing audiobooks into the teaching process.
To the media library Scientific library TOGU first audiobooks arrived in 2006. Their fund is still small and consists of works of domestic and foreign classical literature, poetry, foreign science fiction, and modern bestsellers in the original language.
When studying a foreign language, and primarily English, it is necessary to note several audiobooks that represent the immortal classics of English and American literature. One of them is “Classic English Stories” [ Electronic resource] / read by B. Sargent and C. McDonald. - Moscow: Studio ARDIS, 2006). This collection presents the works of five classics of English and Irish literature: George Bernard Shaw, Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, Rudyard Kipling, Charles Dickens.
J.B. Shaw (1856 - 1950) - Anglo-Irish playwright, philosopher and prose writer, outstanding critic, laureate Nobel Prize on literature 1925 Virginia Woolf (1882 - 1941) - English writer and a critic in the spirit of modernism. As an experimental writer, she limited her task to depicting sensations and feelings, interpreting their world as genuine reality. James Joyce (1882 - 1941) - Anglo-Irish writer, psychoanalyst, one of the iconic figures of world literature of the 20th century. Rudyard Kipling (1865 - 1936) - English writer, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907. His works, with all their genre diversity, are distinguished by their refined style, simplicity, strength of artistic imagery and, most importantly, the author’s desire to serve as a word “ to the common man", help him overcome suffering and loneliness, teach him courage and perseverance. Charles Dickens (1812 - 1870) - English-language novelist, famous creator of bright comic characters and social critic. Painting a dramatic picture English life, he introduced softening fairy-tale-sentimental shades into it.
All works have been read correctly literary language and are examples of classic English story. The text is read by Benjamin Sargent and Cora MacDonald. Playing time 3 hours 12 minutes.
In the next collection "Favorites" (Byron George Gordon. Selected Poems [Electronic resource] / Byron George Gordon; read by M. Wighton. - Moscow: Studio ARDIS, 2007) presents a selection of poems, poems, sonnets by the great English poet George Noel Gordon Byron in English. Byron was a legend in his time and remains so today. His poems reflected the poet’s entire life, rich in thoughts and feelings:
Poetry knows no middle
Here is the one at the bottom who has not reached the top,
Everyone despises the little gray poet,
From God, from people and from newspapers...
(Translated by N. Volpin)
Pushkin called Byron a genius. The great Russian poet compared Byron's personality and character to the elements of the sea. The audiobook will be of interest to anyone who knows the basics of English and is improving their skills in it. The text is read by Yuri Zaborovsky and Vyacheslav Gerasimov. Playing time 10 hours.
Another collection: “Love of Life” (London Jack. Love Life [Electronic resource] / London Jack; read by C. McDonald. - Moscow: ARDIS Studio, 2005), is an audio version of the stories of Jack London, an American writer, a classic of world literature of the twentieth century. In less than 20 years literary activity Jack London created over 200 stories, 20 novels and 3 plays. The themes of his works are no less diverse than his life. By the time London began writing, he had tried a dozen occupations: he was a tramp, he was a student, he sailed as a sailor, he was a member of socialist party, participated in the march of the unemployed, looked for gold in the Klondike. All these impressions are reflected in his work. The collection presents best stories from the northern cycle: “Love of Life”, “The Story of Keesh”, “The White Silence”, “Grit of Women”, “The Marriage of Lit-lit”, “The White Man's Way”, “The Story of Jees” Uck." Read by Cora MacDonald. Playing time 4 hours 58 minutes.
Another original English course based on books by popular foreign authors is “English Reading Club”. This is a real electronic library designed for different levels foreign language skills - Beginner, Elementary and Intermediate. The set includes 12 books in English, including works by Oscar Wilde, Arthur Conan Doyle, Bram Stoker and others. Each work is designed so that a person who wants to practice English can do it. You can, firstly, read the text, secondly, listen (all texts are voiced by native English speakers), thirdly, correct the pronunciation using the built-in well-known Re-Wise technique. After each chapter you can find special exercises aimed at developing basic speech skills - testing reading comprehension, consolidating grammatical structures, activating new words, predicting the plot, etc. In essence, this program is not just a library, but an entire training course with which you can easily and unobtrusively significantly improve your English.
Our library collection contains two levels - Beginner and Intermediate (English Reading Club [Electronic resource]: Beginner. - Wilmington: Macmillan Heinemann, [B.g.], English Reading Club [Electronic resource]: Intermediate. - Wilmington: Macmillan Heinemann , [B.g.]).
Foreign science fiction is represented by the stories of the founders of classical American science fiction: Frederik Pohl - “The Middle of Nowhere”, Isaac Asintov - “Take a Match”, Murray Leinster - “ Keyhole" The collection is called "The Golden Age of American Science Fiction" (The Golden Age of American Science Fiction [Electronic resource] / read by M. Wightion. - Moscow: ARDIS Studio, 2007). Read by Michael Wighton. Playing time 2 hours 23 minutes.
From modern literature A collection of short humorous stories deserves attention, funny stories and dialogues, jokes and anecdotes, aphorisms, proverbs and sayings “Funny Stories and Humor” ( Funny stories and jokes [Electronic resource]: collection of humorists. stories: trans. from English / cheat V. Samoilov. - Moscow: Studio ARDIS, 2007). The text is read in English and Russian and will be of interest to all connoisseurs of subtle humor who are learning English. Playing time 2 hours 25 minutes.
I would also like to note a new product from our foundation - books from the “Domonoes” series. This series is an adapted leveled picture book from Oxford University Press. Each book usually comes with an audio version in the form of an interactive disc, and exercises are integrated into the texts. A wonderful language adapted to different levels, interesting content, various exercises - all this helps to activate and better remember language material. These books can be used for both classroom and self-study. The subject matter of the books will satisfy anyone's interest.
For foreign students who want to improve their knowledge of the Russian language, you can also offer several audiobooks on Russian classics.
For example, the works of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” and “Masquerade” (Lermontov Mikhail Yuryevich. Hero of our time; Masquerade [Electronic resource]: 10 hours of playing / Lermontov Mikhail Yuryevich; read by: Yu. Zaborsky; V. Gerasimov. - Electron . text data. and prog. (698 MB). - [M.]: ARDIS-CONSULTING, 2003). In his less than 27 years, Mikhail Lermontov created a number of works that have become classics of Russian literature. The novel “A Hero of Our Time” is one of the brightest pages of his work. It consists of five separate stories (“Bela”, “Maksim Maksimych”, “Taman”, “Princess Mary”, “Fatalist”), connected together by the image of the main character - Grigory Pechorin.
The drama in verse “Masquerade” is imbued with lyricism and romance, lightness and sonority of the syllable. This is a story about how destinies are broken and lives are destroyed, a story of love and jealousy, games and depravity, loneliness and the value of life.
The list of audiobooks is available in the electronic catalog of the TSU library. All audiobooks can be obtained for work at the Linguistic and Regional Studies Center (218pa). There, using automated workstations available to users, you can listen to fragments of a particular audiobook, or its entirety. If the reader does not have time to listen to the book in the electronic information room, there is an opportunity to take the book home.
Oksana Stepanova,
Deputy Director of the National Library of Tomsk State University
Photos
Parents are greatly distressed when their child refuses to read books on their own, perceiving reading as an unpleasant chore. Nevertheless, he is ready to listen to your reading for hours, each time begging you to read the story to the end. Unfortunately, the heavy workload and fatigue of parents does not allow them to devote much time to reading the most interesting fairy tales and classical works. A possible alternative to such reading is audio fairy tales for children.
Audio fairy tales for children are not know-how at all; they have existed for a long time, only in a slightly different form. Remember how your parents played vinyl records that played on a music player. In fact, those fairy tales are practically no different from modern audio fairy tales; only the method of reproduction and the quality of the media have changed. Cumbersome players have been replaced by audio files for computers and MP3 players. There is now an opportunity to listen to children's fairy tales online on the Internet.
Benefits of listening to children's audiobooks
Audiobooks are very convenient not only for children, but also for parents. While your child is listening to a fairy tale online, you can manage to do the necessary things, and the child will spend this time usefully.
2. Children's fairy tales are voiced by professional actors, therefore they promote speech development and increase vocabulary. By imitating competent speech, well-executed diction and acting, the child begins to speak correctly and show artistic abilities. Some audio tales contain excerpts from classical musical works, which develops musicality in the child, good taste and love for music.
3. Children's audiobooks protect a child's eyes. Every year the workload at school increases, and the child often has no time to read fiction For general development. In addition to this, in modern world, children spend a lot of time on the computer and TV, which is detrimental to eye health. Thanks to audiobooks, a child gets acquainted with classical literature, while maintaining clear and precise vision.
4. You can always download bedtime stories; in addition, children's audio stories help keep your child occupied on the road or in line. Holding a book in transport is extremely inconvenient and even harmful, but listening to the player is available to everyone under different circumstances. You just have to buy headphones so as not to disturb others, and your baby will spend the allotted time usefully, without tears and screams.
Disadvantages of Listening to Children's Audiobooks
1. Children's audiobooks can discourage reading books - once a child gets used to listening, they will almost completely stop reading. The ability to perceive information by ear will be well developed, and with visual perception problems may arise.
2. Some parents mistakenly believe that audiobooks for children can compensate for the lack of attention from parents, distract and occupy the child. Of course, work takes a lot of effort and time, but is it really difficult to carve out half an hour a day and read aloud to your child before bed? If a child has to choose between the voice of the announcer and the voice of the mother, you can be sure that he will choose the mother.
3. Excessive listening through headphones can lead to hearing impairment. The best option- output sound to speakers, but then those around you will have to listen to the audiobook with the child. At the same time, with moderate use of headphones, there is no harm from them, but if you use headphones too often at high volume, a visit to the otolaryngologist cannot be avoided.
You can combine listening to an audiobook with reading a regular book. This way the child will perceive information both auditorily and visually. This is especially useful if the child has difficulties with one of the types of information perception - the second type will be “in the wings,” as it were.
A children's audiobook should not replace reading (both by parents out loud and by the child himself), but complement it. Don't use audiobooks as a way to get rid of your child. And if possible, let your child listen to audiobooks not through headphones, but through speakers; If you do use headphones, they should be of high quality.
As befits a woman who has reached 30 summer age, I'm in a book club. Once at a meeting of our group, a certain lady mentioned that she had not read the books intended for discussion that month, but listened to them. Our group unanimously considered this behavior to be a typical scam. It didn't matter that neither of us could articulate what exactly the cutting of corners was, we just felt that this was it.
However, the question remains in the air:
- Is "reading with your ears" some kind of cheating?
We addressed this question to Professor at the University of Virginia, Doctor of Psychology, Daniel Willingham. Raising children
who read
Daniel Willingham
Quite a popular researcher, author of the 2015 bestseller "The Science of Reading".
Dr. Willingham, as it turned out, was already pretty tired answering this and similar questions, however, he made an exception for our publication:
- From the point of view of cognitive psychology, mental processes, involved in processing the information received when listening to audio or reading a printed book, are exactly the same
- no, audiobooks are not a scam way to make your life easier while reading
Reasoning on this subject is not without interesting details in regards to the brain's ability to perceive language, whether written or spoken.
First, consider the claim that listening to audiobooks is cheating. This assumption implies receiving some kind of reward based on the results of the work done. A fairly typical argument, to which Willingham responds as follows:
The point is not that you are losing something, not that some hypothetical experience of “reading” carries a positive charge of development and personal growth, but precisely that by avoiding reading, you somehow save hidden internal resources. Your brain supposedly works less. And you know, that’s how it is!In total, there are two main stages in consciousness associated with reading or listening to an audio book.
Although by about the fifth grade of school the effect ceases to exist.
- The first step is to build chains meaningful words from a set of letters and symbols
- on the second - awareness of the semantic forms behind syntactic blocks
Researchers who have been studying reading comprehension for decades argue that there is, at a minimum, a very significant correlation between the process of reading and listening to a book.
So Olga Kazan in his 2011 work he writes:
Based on a study of 1985 cases and a comparison of the experience of understanding and assimilating text, we can confidently assert that every person capable of perceiving printed text with a certain ease will be capable of perceiving this material in audio format.Similarly, a university study from 1977 on a large sample of students who were asked to read or listen to several short stories and then lay them out summary, showed that fundamental differences there is simply no information in understanding and interpreting
Decoding printed information is a complex process.
By by and large, it is he who disappears during the listening process, but it should be remembered that this is an action in the learning process becomes an automatic skill and does not require additional cognitive resources of consciousness.
Based on our simplified reading model, we cannot claim that reading is in any way more difficult than listening. In addition to processing, there are differences in the field of perception. They note that during the listening process the brain can very easily " step aside“To put it simply, to distract yourself from the plot, passing by the sound of words, sentences and entire semantic passages. However, remember if this has ever happened in your reading practice when you literally skimmed through entire passages that were not very entertaining story, without skipping paragraphs, but formally continuing reading, without realizing the meaning of what was read?
It is quite difficult to empirically test this reader behavior. Daniel Willingham
PhD University of Virginia
But there is a completely quantifiable indicator of how the body’s resources are mechanically consumed in the process of returning through the text to a passage that has been read but lost to consciousness.
From 10 to 20 percent of the movement of the pupil during the reading process is actually regression, that is, moving backward along the letters already covered. This happens when you think that you have grasped the essence of the word without actually reading it, but guessing it, but at the same time you realize that you were mistaken and are forced to go back. And events develop in the same way when you are perplexed by sophisticated syntactic structures.
Something similar happens in the auditory system of the brain. This refers to the phenomenon of the so-called onomatopoeic memory or echo of memory Surely this has happened to you, someone said something to you, and you didn’t really listen to the interlocutor, but you caught the interrogative intonation at the end of the sentence, immediately thinking to yourself: “ Hell yes I am
completely passed out"Then you make a guilty face and say:
- - Sorry, I didn’t hear what you said?
- You didn't listen, but you heard.
This whole procedure is quite comparable to the practice of regressive eye movements during the reading process. And both of them give almost the same load to your brain.
Let's return again to our simplified model of mental processing of reading.
The decoding process, as we already know, very quickly becomes automatic, independent of consciousness, this occurs when certain reading skills are achieved. Once you reach the age of majority, you are already a true master in the applied automation of consciousness processes, but over time you can further develop this ability, speed up the process of information processing and increase the pace of reading without compromising its understanding. This is achieved, as always, only by practice.
During listening, a similar tool for improving perception is accelerated playback, which essentially gives the same results as skill quick reading. In the process, your “echo memory” will develop, you will less and less resort to a short fifteen-second rewind on your player, you simply won’t need it, because you should think for a split second about how you can play the sound in your head again.
There is, of course, an additional aspect:
- Are you interpreting the book exactly as the author intended?
(and how much does it even matter)
By the way, listening to individual genre books by default is a great advantage compared to traditional reading, because a professional actor will be able to perform
high drama or sparkling comedy with much greater artistry and degree of immersion in the atmosphere of the story than is possible" average"to the reader.
- The purely literary advantage of audiobooks over printed ones comes down to the variety of interpretations.
Returning to the question of “fair play” in the reading process, which, according to some, is not observed when we're talking about O talking publications, the obvious nuance in the assessments, which is not entirely complimentary to the orthodoxies of the printed word, is this:
- Some people have formed the belief that reading is a beneficial activity. Moreover, it’s almost a feat. At the very least, this is a significant achievement and a reason for pride.
I read the book - well done! I’ve worked, I have a new achievement in sight, which I can brag about on occasion.
There is a certain reading list, which is mandatory, and another additional list, familiarity with which is noted by the teacher and given credit to the student.
Melissa Dahl
Translation:
Iudushka Often for each “optional” book you can get a formal reward in the form of, for example, an asterisk in your diary. It is significant that a similar system is used even in grocery retail; remember the Pizza Hut program that promises free pizza to the best readers.
Is it worth taking criticism of such dubious nature in such retrospective dynamics seriously?
Even for people who passionately love to read, it can be difficult to find the time and opportunity for their favorite hobby. In such a situation, many rely on audiobooks, a convenient alternative to old-fashioned reading. You can easily listen to the latest bestseller while traveling or cleaning the house.
But is listening to audiobooks the same as reading?
“I was a fan of audiobooks, but I always saw them as cheating,” says Beth Rogowski, a professor at Bloomsburg University in Pennsylvania.
In 2016, Rogowski proposed a study this issue. In the study, one group listened to parts of Irresistible, a non-fiction book about World War II by Laura Hillenbrand, while the other group read the same parts using an e-reader. The third group read and listened at the same time. Subsequently, all subjects answered a series of questions on a questionnaire that was designed to determine how well they had learned the material. “We found no significant differences in perception between reading, listening, or reading and listening at the same time,” says Rogowski.
Plus for audiobooks? May be. But Rogowski's study used e-books rather than traditional printed ones, and some evidence suggests that reading on a screen reduces comprehension and understanding compared to reading printed text. Therefore, it is quite possible that if the study involved traditional books, then the Conservatives could be ahead.
If you're wondering why printed books might be better than e-books, it's worth checking out interesting feature: it is difficult for a person to assess where exactly he is in e-book. “When you're reading a story, the sequence of events is important, and knowing where you are in the book helps you line it up,” says Daniel Willingham, a professor of psychology at the University of Virginia and author of Growing Up Kids Who Read. While readers electronic literature focus on percentage of volume read, this does not seem to have the same narrative-orienting effect as reading a traditional book.
The fact that printed text is tied to specific place on a page also appears to help people remember it better than on-screen text, according to more detailed studies of the spatial attributes of traditional print media. All of this may be relevant to discussions about audiobooks and books in general because, like digital screens, audiobooks prevent users from using the spatial cues they use when reading printed text.
The self-directed rhythms associated with reading also distinguish traditional books from audiobooks
"About 10 to 15 percent of eye movements during reading are actually regressive, meaning [the eyes] go back and scan the text again," Willingham explains. "It's happening very quickly." He says that this quirk of reading almost certainly promotes understanding, in an analogy when listening to audio is like listening to a lecturer and then asking him about something. “When you ask, you pay extra attention to what the speaker just said,” he says. In theory, you can also pause or go back while listening to an audio file. “But it’s quite troublesome,” he adds.
Another consideration is that, both while reading and listening, our thoughts sometimes wander. According to David Daniel, a professor of psychology at James Madison University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences' Learning Project, it can take seconds (or minutes) before we snap out of our fantasies and refocus our attention.
If you're reading, it's quite easy to go back and find the point where you lost a thought. Daniel points out that it's not so easy if you're listening to a recording. Especially with complex text, the ability to quickly step back and revise material can aid learning, and this is probably easier to do while reading than while listening. “Flipping the page of a book also gives you a little break,” he says. This brief pause can create space for your brain to store or analyze the information you are absorbing.
Daniel co-authored a 2010 study that looked at students who listened to lessons as podcasts and ended up learning worse than students who learned the lessons on paper. “And the group of podcast listeners performed significantly worse,” he points out. Compared to readers, listeners scored 28% worse—the difference between the highest and lowest scores.
Interestingly, at the beginning of the experiment, almost all students wanted to be in the podcast group. “But before taking the final test, most of them changed their minds - they noted that it would be better to choose reading,” says Daniel. “They realized that they couldn’t learn a lot.”
He says it's possible that with practice, listeners can compete with readers. “We're good at what we do, and it's possible that we can become better at listening by learning to listen more critically,” he says. (The same can be said for screen reading; some studies show that people who practice e-learning become better at absorbing such information over time.)
But there may also be some “structural barriers” that prevent learning from audio materials, Daniels notes. First, you cannot emphasize or emphasize what you hear. And many of important points that appear in text books—things like bold words or pieces of critical information are harder to emphasize when listening to audio.
But audiobooks also have their own strengths. Willingham says people have been transmitting information orally for tens of thousands of years, while the written word is a much more recent invention. “When we read, we use parts of the brain that evolved for other purposes,” he explains. Listeners, on the other hand, can derive much of their information from the speaker's speech timbre or intonation. Sarcasm is much easier to convey through audio than through printed text. And people who hear "Shakespeare" spoken out loud tend to pick up additional meaning from the actor's performance.
However, there is another factor in favor of reading, and that is multitasking. “If you're trying to learn by doing two things, you're not going to succeed,” Willingham says. Even activities that you can more or less do on autopilot, such as driving or cooking, take up enough attention to hinder learning. “I listen to audiobooks all the time while I'm driving, but I wouldn't listen to anything important for my work,” he says.
But if we are talking about light, entertaining literature, then the differences in reading and listening to audiobooks are insignificant, the specialist adds. “I think there is a huge overlap in understanding audio text versus understanding print text.”
So in this case, you can continue to be “deceived.” Your book club friends will never know the difference.
Reading books and listening to audiobooks are very different processes.
When you read a book, you yourself give birth to the world of the book based on what you read. Images of people, interpretation of events, everything belongs to you. Hence the completely different perceptions of the same books by different people.
I recently came across old original illustrations for “One Hundred Years Ahead” on the internet (you Google it - they are black and white, you can recognize them by this feature). This is the story that became the film "Guest from the Future." I completely forgot them, but when I saw them, I immediately felt how much they influenced the perception, the memory of the work as a whole.
And I always associate Tolkien with the illustrations from my first book stylized as medieval engravings. Neither subsequent books nor films change this.
Anna Karenina, do you imagine her as a brunette or a blonde? Isn't it important?) She should be a brunette, but I changed her to a blonde. I gave her the voice I wanted. This won't work with an audiobook.
An audiobook, if it’s not a sexton’s reading, but a real audio performance, it can be brilliant. I remember a lot interesting books, which I first heard on the radio in the eighties.
But this is always the view of the director and actor, this is different. Not worse and not better, different.
Easier with the example of poems and songs. Have you ever heard how brilliantly actors can recite poetry? How many new things can be revealed in a poem?
For example, there was a program dedicated to Christmas.
I don’t quite understand how you can figure out Anna’s hair color from an audiobook?
If you use an audio channel to receive information, is your imagination turned off?
The only problem, in my opinion, is the speed of obtaining information when reading independently. You have the opportunity to adjust the speed, and in the case of an audiobook, the speed is deliberately set by the reader.
On the other hand, the duration of the audio recording allows you to predict and more conveniently distribute your time. For example, the journey home and to work is 2 hours, and the book contains 32 hours, which is 16 working days or 3 weeks.
You can do the same with a book, but this will require a certain accumulation of reading statistics.
In general, there is another problem in an audiobook - sympathy for the reader's voice, but today audiobook readers are excellent (they have excellent pronunciation, clear speech and good pronunciation).
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