Recycling and disposal of waste from heating systems. Effective waste disposal methods
In the context of modern growth of industry and urban population, the problem of waste disposal is becoming increasingly urgent. Landfills are limited and in short supply. In addition, they have a negative impact on the environment, which already suffers from gas pollution and emissions from large enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to build waste processing plants far from populated areas, as well as to use modern methods for obtaining recyclable materials and recycling.
Natural waste recycling
In the last century, recycling household waste through composting was popular. To do this, they dug pits and dumped organic waste there and covered it with earth. Through processes of rotting and decomposition, organic fertilizers were formed over time. Not long ago, this method was improved: special heated sealed installations began to be produced. When heated, organic waste decomposes faster, resulting in the formation of biogas (methane), which is used to produce biofuels.
Large companies began to produce mobile stations that are capable of providing processing to private farms and small villages. For large cities, large plants similar in operating principle could be used, but they are unprofitable, since it takes quite a lot of time to decompose, and the resulting fertilizers need to be put somewhere. In addition, such installations are not capable of processing other types of waste that will accumulate. These include construction waste, plastic and polyethylene products, etc. The solution would be to build specialized factories, but this is not economically viable.
Recycling waste by thermal action
Thermal processing is the combustion of municipal solid waste in order to reduce the volume of organic substances, neutralize them and subsequently dispose or dispose of them. In this case, as a result of combustion, the initial volumes are reduced several times, all bacteria are destroyed, and the released energy can be used to heat water in heating systems or generate electricity. Typically, such factories are located near large landfills where garbage removal from all over the city and there is an opportunity to bury waste from recycling at landfills.
Combustion can be direct or pyrolysis. Direct combustion produces only thermal energy, while pyrolysis produces two types of fuel: gas and liquid. Both methods have a significant drawback - harmful substances are released into the atmosphere during combustion, which causes significant harm to the environment. Even installing filters to retain solid volatile substances does not fundamentally change the situation for the better.
Plasma waste processing
Plasma recycling is currently the most modern method of waste disposal. The essence of the process is as follows:
- The waste is crushed, compressed and, if necessary, dried to obtain a granular structure;
- The granules are placed in a special reactor, where the required amount of energy is transferred to them using a plasma jet, and they turn into a gaseous state.
To prevent combustion, an oxidizer is introduced into the chamber. The result is a gas similar to natural gas, but with less energy content. It is collected in large sealed containers for subsequent processing and use as fuel for diesel generators, boilers, and gas turbines.
This method of waste disposal has long been used in the USA and Canada. They have learned not only to recycle waste, but also to effectively use the by-product - gas as fuel. All conditions have already been created for this in the West, but in the post-Soviet space the new technology has not become widespread due to expensive equipment and high requirements for the qualifications of operating personnel.
Conclusion
New waste processing technologies require financial investments and interest at the state level. But as long as there are factories with outdated equipment, and they cope with the volumes, no one will build a modern plant, or until an environmental disaster occurs.
Removal, processing and disposal of waste from hazard classes 1 to 5
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What is waste management? Waste disposal is a priority task for all humanity.
Along with the growth of the planet's population and the level of consumption, the amount of household waste in Russia is also growing. In the near future it may reach alarming proportions. The obvious question arises about disposal, and ideally subsequent recycling (reuse). But this is reflected in the lack of organizations that deal with the removal and disposal of household and industrial waste.
Naturally, this problem of household waste disposal cannot be solved at the local level; overcoming them is feasible by establishing clear norms and rules and strict control of their implementation at the state level. The legislation regulates the removal of household waste, but does not clearly monitor it. Therefore, it is unknown whether they are disposed of or simply stored in landfills, polluting the surrounding lands and residential areas.
Stages of household waste disposal
Before the final elimination of unnecessary waste from human life, you should clearly know the action plan and imagine the sequence of their implementation.
- Collection and removal of household waste. You can’t just collect and burn all the garbage without sorting it. You should first sort it by type; for this, near most residential areas there are containers with the name of the garbage corresponding to them. For each such container there must be an appropriate machine for loading and transporting the contents. Separate collection and disposal of waste is an effective method of collection. How things really happen can be observed from the outside. Often all containers are cleaned by the same machine, and the efforts of citizens are reduced to zero. After all, when arriving at the landfill, everything is probably dumped into one pile and, at best, sorted on the spot. A should be sent to appropriate places for disposal or processing of previously separately collected waste. Therefore, it is so important to develop legal documents that will specify the nuances and propose solutions that provide for the separate removal and collection of household waste.
- Garbage storage. There are special landfills or landfills for the accumulation of waste; according to city standards, the terms of its maintenance, volumes and area allocated for them are stipulated.
- Naturally, the faster it is disposed of, the less land will be used for it.
- Transportation of waste from landfills. Loading mechanisms and machines are needed to deliver waste to specific places and enterprises for disposal.
Disposal. It is carried out differently in each region, based on the available firms and implementation resources. In developed countries, there are many ways to dispose of household and industrial waste. Based on the results they obtained and adopting their experience, it is possible to find the optimal solution to the environmental problem that has arisen. In the meantime, the most common types are: incineration, burial and briquetting. Each of them has its negative and positive sides. To understand the reasons for this, we need to consider each method separately.
Waste disposal methods
Before using them, you should clearly understand the scale of the various garbage stored first in a single apartment, and then in the region, city and in the whole country. It immediately becomes clear that it is necessary to create and develop alternative methods for processing this recyclable material, starting with establishing sorting and ensuring proper garbage disposal.
Burning
- It is a cheap and common disposal option. It can be produced in several ways:
- Chamber
- Sloev
In a fluidized bed
The application of this method is the thermal elimination of industrial waste at very high temperatures, which will ensure the combustion of industrial waste without residue and partially absorb toxic substances.
The problem with disposal in this way is that the remaining substances have a detrimental effect on the air in the vicinity of the place. Modern industrial waste incinerators are equipped with cleaning systems and electricity generators. As a rule, the ash remaining after the combustion of industrial raw materials is subject to further removal and burial.
- Advantages of the method:
- Small financial costs
- The released heat is used to generate electricity or for heating
Significant reduction in mining volume
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of waste without air; this method helps reduce harm to the environment.
Burial
The essence of the procedure is the usual burying of waste in the ground. This is done at special testing sites, the requirements for which are specified in the relevant documents. Landfills provide environmental protection. Special requirements apply to such areas, such as compliance with sanitary rules, as well as SNiP.
The following polygons are allowed:
- Outside residential area
- Medical institutions
- Recreational areas
- Water protection zones
- Public recreation areas
Radioactive, toxic waste, as well as those suitable for recycling, are not suitable for disposal at landfills. As a result of the decomposition of burial sites, harmful gases and vapors are formed. Due to their composition, these formations cause harm to the soil, ground and surface water, air and human life.
There is a possibility of fires, explosions and, less dangerously, the spread of odors. Based on the above, it is clear that landfill gas also requires collection and disposal, which is what is practiced at landfills.
Currently, cases of waste removal and burial at unauthorized landfills are being recorded, which is punishable by law. It is for this reason that the legislation clearly regulates the requirements for landfills.
This method is cheap, but requires the availability of land, which subsequently cannot be used for economic work. To restore them will require much more money and time than if they are contaminated.
Composting
The process of decomposition of the organic part of consumer waste by microorganisms occurs in two ways:
- Aerobic - in the presence of oxygen
- Anaerobic - in the absence of oxygen
The output is compost, an organic fertilizer, and carbon dioxide is also released. The composting site must be sufficiently moist and shady, and soil drainage must be ensured, i.e. removal of moisture.
Advantages:
- Easy to implement method
- Low cost
- Subsequent use of raw materials
- The number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil increases
Flaws:
Briquetting
This new method involves first sorting the waste, then arranging it into briquettes. And then they are stored in designated areas. Its feasibility has not yet been fully proven. It serves as the next step before processing and possibly further industrial use or sent for removal and disposal.
Advantages of the method:
- Reducing waste volume
- Reducing the likelihood of fire
- Reducing environmental damage
- Convenient further removal and storage at landfills
Removal and disposal of household waste require due attention. With their proper organization, you can not only significantly speed up the process of waste disposal, but also protect the environment and reduce the use of natural resources. Currently, this problem is relevant.
All waste, according to its classification, is divided into five types of hazard, according to its impact on the ecology of the natural environment around us.
This class includes extremely hazardous waste, which has a very high impact on irreversible impacts on the natural environment. There is simply no recovery period for the environment for such waste.
Class II includes waste with a high degree of environmental damage, but for this waste there is a recovery period - about 30 years, after removing the source of impact. It is necessary to dispose of waste in accordance with all environmental protection legislation.
Class III - moderately hazardous waste, also has an impact on the environment, but the level of environmental pollution decreases within 10 years.
Class IV is low-hazard waste; the ecological system of this class is disrupted, but self-healing is possible in at least 3 years.
Class V includes non-hazardous waste that practically does not disturb the environment. They include waste recycling.
In addition to classification, types of waste are divided:
- - industrial,
- - construction,
- - household solids.
Industrial waste of the first three classes includes substances generated during the production process that are harmful to humans and the environment, and, in addition, for example, recycling waste from the nuclear industry is not only expensive, but sometimes impossible. This is mainly toxic industrial waste.
Class IV and V inert waste includes industrial waste. Waste processing mainly consists of its disposal at solid waste landfills - this is waste from the wood, light and food industries
Construction waste is practically harmless, but if, for example, wood is impregnated with paint, then when burned in waste factories or as a result of rotting in landfills, gas is formed with all sorts of harmful impurities.
Household waste has been, is and will always be; humanity is constantly looking for optimal ways to process it. In Russia, they have not yet come up with a better way than transporting waste to landfills, but all over the world, recycling of waste as a result of city life has long been put at a high level. Waste contains hidden energy resources that can and are already being used for the benefit of humanity.
Waste collection is often the most expensive component of the entire recycling process. Therefore, proper organization of waste collection can save significant money. The existing solid waste collection system in Russia should remain standardized from the point of view of efficiency. At the same time, additional planning is needed to address new problems (for example, waste from commercial kiosks, for which there are often insufficient resources to collect). Sometimes a remedy for these new problems can be found by introducing differentiated charges for waste collection.
In densely populated areas it is often necessary to transport waste over long distances. The solution in this case may be a temporary waste storage station, from which waste can be removed by large vehicles or by rail. It should be noted that intermediate storage stations are objects of increased environmental hazard and, if improperly located and operated, can cause no less criticism from local residents and public organizations than landfills and incineration plants (as is the case, for example, in Almaty).
Recycling. Quite a few components of solid waste can be processed into useful products
Glass usually processed by crushing and remelting (preferably the original glass is the same color). Low-quality broken glass after crushing is used as a filler for building materials (for example, the so-called “glassphalt”). In many Russian cities there are enterprises for laundering and reusing glassware. The same, of course, positive practice exists, for example, in Denmark.
Steel and aluminum cans melted down to obtain the corresponding metal. However, smelting aluminum from soft drink cans requires only 5% of the energy required to make the same amount of aluminum from ore, and is one of the most profitable types of recycling.
Paper waste Various types have been used for many decades along with conventional cellulose for the production of pulp - raw material for paper. Mixed or low-quality paper waste can be used to make toilet paper, wrapping paper and cardboard. Unfortunately, in Russia only on a small scale there is a technology for producing high-quality paper from high-quality waste (printing house scraps, used paper for copiers and laser printers, etc.). Paper waste can also be used in construction to produce insulation materials and in agriculture - instead of straw on farms.
Plastic- plastic recycling in general is a more expensive and complex process. Some types of plastic (for example, PET - two- and three-liter transparent bottles for soft drinks) can be used to produce high-quality plastic with the same properties; others (for example, PVC) after processing can only be used as construction materials. In Russia, plastic is not recycled.
Composting. Composting is a waste processing technology based on its natural biodegradation. Composting is most widely used to process waste of organic - primarily plant - origin, such as leaves, branches and grass clippings. There are technologies for composting food waste, as well as an unseparated stream of solid waste.
In Russia, composting using compost pits is often used by the population in individual homes or in garden plots. At the same time, the composting process can be centralized and carried out at special sites. There are several composting technologies, varying in cost and complexity. Simpler and cheaper technologies require more space and the composting process takes longer, as follows from the classification of composting technologies provided.
The end product of composting is compost, which can have various applications in urban and agricultural applications.
Composting, used in Russia on the so-called. mechanized waste processing plants, for example, in St. Petersburg, is a process of fermentation in bioreactors of the entire volume of solid waste, and not just its organic component. Although the characteristics of the final product can be significantly improved by extracting metal, plastic, etc. from waste, it is still a rather dangerous product and has very limited use (in the West, such “compost” is used only for covering landfills).
Various composting technologies. Minimal technology. Compost heaps are 4 meters high and 6 meters wide. Turn over once a year. The composting process takes one to three years depending on the climate. A relatively large sanitary area is required.
The environment has always been a source of resources for humanity, but for a long time its life activity did not have a noticeable impact on nature. Only since the end of the last century, under the influence of economic activity, noticeable changes in the Earth’s biosphere began to occur. They have now reached alarming proportions.
The scale of the problem
The rapid growth of population and the level of consumption of natural resources, the modern pace of material production lead to thoughtless treatment of nature. With this attitude, a huge part of the resources taken from nature is returned to it in the form of waste, harmful and unsuitable for further use.
Scientists estimate that 5 tons of garbage are generated every day in the world, while its amount increases annually by 3% by volume. The accumulation of household waste on the surface harms the environment, polluting water, soil and atmosphere and threatening the existence of all life on the planet. Therefore, one of the important issues around the world is the disposal of household waste.
Classification of household waste
Household waste can be classified according to several criteria.
Thus, according to its composition, household waste is conventionally divided into biological residues and non-biological waste (garbage).
- rats;
- cockroaches
Cockroaches can be carriers of various types of diseases
Non-biological waste includes:
- paper;
- plastic;
- metal;
- textile;
- glass;
- rubber.
The process of decomposition of this waste can last about 2-3 years and in most cases is accompanied by the release of toxic substances, causing harm to the environment and humans.
According to their state of aggregation, waste is divided into:
- hard;
- liquid;
- gaseous;
- pastes;
- gels;
- suspensions;
- emulsions.
By origin, waste is divided into:
- Industrial – a type of household waste resulting from production.
- Construction - are formed during construction and installation work, repair of roads, buildings, as well as during their demolition.
- Radioactive waste.
- Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in the residential sector, trade enterprises, educational, healthcare and social facilities.
These are goods that have lost their consumer properties over time and turned into garbage, and also include road and yard waste as solid waste.
The most significant part of household waste is MSW. For each type of waste there are special waste disposal methods.
Recycling
The process of disposal of solid waste occurs in several stages:
- collection;
- transportation;
- accommodation;
- neutralization;
- burial;
- storage;
- recycling;
- disposal.
First of all, the process of getting rid of garbage involves its careful sorting. The task of preliminary waste sorting and disposal is greatly facilitated by separate waste collection, which is promoted in most European countries.
Methods for disposal of solid household waste
There are various options for its destruction. Thus, the main way to dispose of solid waste is burial at special sites (landfills).
At landfills, irrecoverable waste is destroyed - household waste is processed, as a result of which it almost completely ceases to exist as waste. The disposal method is not suitable for all types of solid waste, but only for non-combustible waste or for substances that emit toxic substances when burned.
The advantage of this method is that it does not require significant financial costs and the presence of large plots of land. But there are also disadvantages in using this method - the accumulation of gas during underground decay of waste.
Briquetting is a new, not yet widely used in practice, method of disposal of solid waste. It includes preliminary sorting and packaging of homogeneous waste into separate briquettes, and then their storage in specially designated areas (landfills).
Briquetting waste makes it possible to significantly save space
Garbage packaged in this way is pressed, which greatly facilitates its transportation due to a significant reduction in volume.
Briquetted waste is intended for further processing and possible use for industrial purposes. Along with such a method as recycling municipal solid waste, when briquetting they can be transported for burial or disposal by heat treatment.
In essence, this method is similar to the burial method, but in practice it has a number of advantages over it. The disadvantages of the method are that the heterogeneity of the emitted waste and preliminary heavy contamination in garbage containers and changes in some components of the waste create greater difficulty in briquetting.
And the high abrasiveness of components such as stone, sand and glass interfere with the pressing process.
Since these methods of waste processing have a number of disadvantages, despite their cheapness, the best option would be to completely get rid of waste when processing it into recyclable materials and fuel, as well as its possible reuse.
A new way to recycle waste
Garbage disposal
When recycling waste (Latin root utilis - useful), waste can later be used for various purposes.
Waste to be disposed of includes:
- all types of metals;
- glass;
- polymers;
- products from yarn and fabric;
- paper;
- rubber;
- organic household and agricultural waste.
The most effective method of disposal today is recycling.
In other words, recycling is a special case of the concept of “disposal of solid household waste”.
When recycling, waste is returned to the process of technogenesis. There are two options for waste recycling:
- Reuse of waste for its intended purpose after appropriate safe handling and labeling. For example, reusing glass and plastic containers.
- Return of waste after processing to the production cycle. For example, tin containers go into steel production, waste paper goes into paper and cardboard production.
Some types of waste that can no longer be used for their intended purpose are processed, after which it is more expedient to return them to the production cycle as secondary raw materials. Thus, part of the waste can be used to generate thermal and electrical energy.
In addition to those already listed, solid waste disposal can be carried out by several other methods. Each of them is applicable to a specific type of waste, and has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Thermal waste treatment
Thermal processing refers to several methods:
- burning;
- low temperature pyrolysis;
- plasma treatment (high temperature pyrolysis).
The method of simple waste incineration is the most common and one of the cheapest methods of waste disposal. It is during combustion that large volumes of waste are disposed of, and the resulting ash takes up less space, does not undergo decay processes and does not emit harmful gases into the atmosphere. It is non-toxic and does not require specially equipped burial sites.
The main thing about this method is that when burning waste, a large amount of thermal energy is released, which they have recently learned to use for autonomous operation of enterprises involved in burning waste. And its surplus is redirected to city stations, which makes it possible to provide electricity and heat to entire areas.
The disadvantage of this method is that during combustion, in addition to safe components, smoke is formed, saturated with toxic substances, which creates a dense curtain over the surface of the earth and leads to significant disruption of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, contributing to its thinning and the formation of ozone holes.
High and low temperature pyrolysis
is a technological process of waste gasification that occurs at a melting temperature higher than in a conventional processing plant (over 900°C).
As a result, the output is a vitrified product, which is absolutely harmless and does not require further disposal costs. The design of this process makes it possible to obtain gas from the organic components of the waste, which is then used to produce electricity and steam.
The main advantage of this method is that it allows you to successfully solve the problem of environmentally friendly waste disposal without extra costs for preliminary preparation, sorting, and drying.
The advantages of low-temperature pyrolysis (temperatures from 450 to 900°C) are:
- use for recycling of almost all types of household waste, carefully selected in advance;
- obtaining pyrolysis oils used in the production of plastics;
- release of pyrolysis gas suitable for further use.
In addition, there is a waste disposal method called composting. Since most of the waste consists of various organic residues, they are subject to rapid rotting in the natural environment.
The composting method is based on this property of organic substances. The process of composting not only gets rid of a huge part of the waste that pollutes the environment, but also produces substances useful for agriculture - fertilizers.
The presented waste disposal methods allow waste to be processed with the least negative impact on the environment.
Video: Modern approach to waste disposal
Removal, processing and disposal of waste from hazard classes 1 to 5
We work with all regions of Russia. Valid license. A complete set of closing documents. Individual approach to the client and flexible pricing policy.
Using this form, you can submit a request for services, request a commercial offer, or receive a free consultation from our specialists.
Various methods of waste disposal are used around the world. In our country, the most popular method of disposal is burial.
In highly developed countries, the recycling of waste materials is carried out by 50 - 90%, in Russia only 5 - 17%.
Classification
Industrial and household waste are the main source of pollution. The classification of household waste is presented in several options.
There is a division of garbage into two classes:
- Production - industrial
- Consumption - household
The classification of waste depends on the method of its disposal. Household waste, the hazard class of which is determined by specialized services, must be disposed of using various methods. Toxic waste that is hazardous must be disposed of in accordance with established regulations.
Solid waste landfills accept only waste materials of hazard class 3 - 4, and certain types of these wastes are accepted in limited quantities and disposed of in strict compliance with special conditions. To destroy waste, various methods of waste disposal and processing are used.
In the process of human activity, household waste is generated; its hazard class is determined by the degree of harmful impact on nature:
- Excavations carrying extreme danger
- Highly dangerous
- Moderately dangerous
- Low hazard
- Virtually harmless
How is the hazard class of waste determined?
To determine this, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of waste is usually carried out (if it is not possible to establish them, then a model method is used, this method is also called experimental), on the basis of which a conclusion is made and a hazard class is established. If the qualitative and quantitative composition is known, then the calculation method is used.
Legislative standards for hazard classes are established by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources No. 511. The main criterion for determining the hazard class is the potential threat to the environment and the severity of the consequences of improper storage, transportation or disposal.
Hazard classes differ in the degree of negative impact on the environment:
- Extremely hazardous waste of the first class causes irreversible and global changes in the ecosystem over a large area. Once such waste enters an ecosystem, its restoration, even over time, is impossible.
- Hazardous waste causes imbalance in the ecosystem. It is estimated that with modern technologies, it will be possible to eliminate the negative consequences only after 30 years, and the self-healing of the system will take even longer. If Class 2 waste enters the ecosystem, animal populations will suffer irreversible damage associated with the extinction of individual species.
- It takes at least 10 years to restore the ecosystem after exposure to class 3 waste. Modern technologies can speed up recovery slightly. As for the impact on fauna, animal populations may suffer.
- When exposed to class 4 waste, the system self-heales within 3 years.
- Contacts of class 5 waste with the environment have virtually no effect on the environmental situation.
Processing methods
Today the following disposal methods are used:
- Disposal at landfills - sorting, earth filling.
- Natural methods of decomposition are composting.
- Thermal processing - combustion, pyrolysis: low-temperature and high-temperature.
Recycling is not just garbage, it is a cheap material for production. The main thing is to learn how to manage it correctly.
Burial
This type of recycling is the most common in the world. It applies to non-combustible waste, as well as to waste that releases toxic substances when burned.
A solid waste landfill is not an ordinary landfill, but a complex structure equipped with systems that prevent contamination of groundwater and air.
Some landfills process gas that is formed when waste rots into heat or electricity. Russian testing grounds to a small extent correspond to these characteristics. The main disadvantage of burial is that it does not eliminate rotting and the odors released during this process, which are hazardous to the environment.
Composting
This technology is based on the natural decomposition of waste. It is used for the disposal of organic waste. Food waste, as well as unseparated solid waste stream, are subject to composting. In Russia, composting is not common, since waste classification is not applied depending on the hazard class; organics are not separated from inorganics, which poses a danger to the environment. Composting is used only in gardens and summer cottages; it can be carried out at special sites.
– the final product of this type of recycling is used in agriculture.
Thermal processing
Industrial and household waste are also subject to thermal processing, its advantages:
- Complete disposal of waste.
- Reducing waste volume by 10 times.
- Using the energy potential from organic substances.
The use of combustion is beneficial in obtaining electrical and thermal energy. The result of pyrolysis is a vitrified product + energy. The slag formed during high-temperature pyrolysis is not dangerous.
How to dispose of household waste to prevent danger? The best option is pyrolysis, which is the thermal decomposition of waste that occurs without access to oxygen. Pyrolysis promotes waste-free waste disposal technology, as well as the most rational use of missing natural resources.
- Low temperature pyrolysis is characterized by the formation of a small amount of gas and a large volume of oils, resins and solid residue. It is performed at a temperature of 450 - 900°C.
- High temperature pyrolysis is characterized by the formation of a minimum amount of resins and solid residues, and the gas yield is maximum. Combustion is carried out at temperatures above 900°C.
Foreign experience
All developed countries have separate waste collection. People independently classify garbage in their apartments. In Russia, unfortunately, this method is not used in practice. For example, in Germany, the process of introducing this method to the masses took 18 years. In their apartments they have at least 3 garbage containers, their number can reach 8 pieces.
There is the following classification: packaging, paper, food and other waste. Citizens must sort their waste, and manufacturers are responsible for disposing of their packaging material. In apartment buildings there are, as a rule, 3 types of containers.
- Blue - paper containers.
- Yellow - for packaging.
- Gray ones are for food waste.
The manufacturer of any product, formally, bears the costs of processing packaging material, but in reality everything happens differently. The manufacturer includes these costs in the price of its product, and ultimately they are passed on to the consumer. On average, this costs each German resident 11 euros per year, which is not much for Germany.
This increased attention to waste sorting and recycling in Germany is explained not only by a love of cleanliness, but also by saving resources. It is worth considering that 14% of all raw materials used in German industry are obtained from waste.
Garbage removal
Payment for the removal of household waste, as well as construction waste, is calculated by the hour or depending on the volume. For removal, companies use specialized vehicles. Next, the waste materials are transported to landfills, of which there are about 11,000 in Russia. They dispose of 96% of waste materials and only 4% are recycled. Proper handling of hazardous waste materials helps to save natural resources, as well as reduce environmental pollution.