Yamal lakes names. Dictionary of geographical names of Yanao ………………….………………
Water resources of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
The water resources of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are rich and diverse and are distinguished by large reserves of underground and surface waters. In total, there are about 300,000 lakes and 48,000 rivers in the district. Surface water resources are represented by the rivers Ob, Pur, Taz, Nadym, Gulf of Ob, and the coast Kara Sea, bays, numerous swamps and lakes.
The coast of the Kara Sea is flat, strongly indented, the waters near the shore are shallow and slightly salty. The area of the Kara Bay (Gulf of Ob) is 44 square kilometers, it is one of the largest bays in the northern part of Russia. Ob Bay gradually becomes shallow due to sand deposits brought by rivers.
Most of the rivers are of the flat type. These rivers have a slow flow, wide floodplains, a large number of channels and channel lakes. There are about 200 rivers in the district, each with a length of more than 100 kilometers. The rivers are fed mainly by precipitation, mainly snow, to a lesser extent rain, and also by swamp-ground method. Due to the feeding habits and melting of the snow cover, in June there is a flood on the rivers, lasting up to 2 months. Freeze-up on rivers begins in October, during the winter small rivers and the lakes freeze to the bottom. Ice drift occurs from early May to early June.
The largest river is the Ob, which has 2 powerful branches - the Bolshaya and Malaya Ob. The width of the Bolshaya Ob channel ranges from 0.4 to 5 kilometers, the depth is 15 – 18 meters, and the river is rich in riffles, shoals and islands. The depth of the Malaya Ob is less, only 6-9 meters, but at the same time there are fewer shoals and riffles on the river. The Ob has many tributaries: the Poluy and Kunovat are lowland rivers, and the Voykar, Shchuchya, Sob and Synya are mountain rivers.
Also large rivers The Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are Nyda, Taz, Pur and Nadym. Both branches of the Nadym River (Paulinsky and Khorovinsky) are navigable; in the lower and middle reaches of the Nadym River, the movement of small boats is possible in the spring.
The average annual river flow is approximately 450 cubic kilometers. Currently, only 0.03% of the water resources available in the district are used, of which 0.014% is surface water and 12% is groundwater.
In District great amount lakes, most of which has a shallow depth (1-3 meters) and small dimensions. The largest lakes are Shuryshkarsky Sor and Yarroto, whose area is approximately 200 square kilometers. The most deep lake– Bolshoye Shchuchye, its depth reaches 136 meters.
Most lakes are of glacial origin; there are also lakes of floodplain, thermokarst, coastal-lagoonal, and western origin. Fish are found in lakes connected to the river network. Lake Chasel, Lake Kozherel-Tu, and Lake Numto are considered the most fishy. In addition to fish, the lakes contain a lot of game birds.
Huge areas are occupied by swamps, most of which have a polygonal and flat-hilly structure.
On the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug there are huge reserves of artesian and thermal waters. The area of the artesian basin, located within the boundaries of the West Siberian Lowland, is approximately 3 million square kilometers. This underground ocean is fed by surface water flowing from the mountains.
Yamalo-Nenets autonomous region(Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) is a distant northern region, harsh and beautiful, a land where the traditions of indigenous peoples and the achievements of modern science are closely intertwined. unique, it bizarrely combines severity northern climate and the kindness of the local residents, the stinginess of the polar sun and the generosity northern nature, the endless whiteness of winter days and the fantastic colors of autumn.
Yamal has always attracted travelers and scientists with its uniqueness, natural and cultural riches, clean air and pristine nature. But in order to see all the beauties of Yamal, you need to devote a lot of time to the trip, and in our fast-paced age this is very difficult to do. With the help of this site, everyone can make a virtual, but exciting journey into the world of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
(obsolete - Samoyeds, Yuracs) - Samoyed people in Russia, inhabiting the Eurasian coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr. The Nenets are divided into European and Asian (Siberian). European Nenets are settled in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Arkhangelsk Region, and Siberian Nenets are settled in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Tyumen Region and in the Dolgano-Nenets Taimyr Municipal District Krasnoyarsk Territory. Small groups Nenets live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, and the Komi Republic.
Of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North, the Nenets are the most numerous. According to the results of the 2002 census, 41,302 Nenets lived in Russia, of which about 27,000 lived in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
The traditional occupation is large-scale reindeer herding. On the Yamal Peninsula, several thousand Nenets reindeer herders, keeping about 500,000 reindeer, lead nomadic image life. The home of the Nenets is a conical tent (mya).
The names of two autonomous districts of Russia (Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets) mention the Nenets as the titular ethnic group of the district; another such district (Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug) was abolished in 2007 and transformed into the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The Nenets are divided into two groups: tundra and forest. Tundra Nenets are the majority. They live in two autonomous okrugs. Forest Nenets - 1500 people. They live in the basin of the Pur and Taz rivers in the southeast of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.
carries a child from the maternity hospital
Due to the presence on the territory of the Sayan Highlands of tribes whose language in the recent past was classified as Samoyed, Stralenberg suggested that the Samoyeds of the Sayan Highlands are descendants of the Samoyeds of the circumpolar zone, where they were aborigines, that from the north some of the Samoyeds, under the influence of some reasons, moved to south, settling the Sayan Highlands.
Fischer-Castrena theory
The opposite point of view was expressed by the historian Fischer, who assumed that the northern Samoyeds (the ancestors of the modern Nenets, Nganasan, Entsy, Selkup and Yuraks) are the descendants of the Samoyed tribes of the Sayan Highlands, who advanced from Southern Siberia to more northern areas. This is Fisher's assumption in the 19th century. was supported by enormous linguistic material and substantiated by Castrén, who assumed that in the first millennium AD. e., in connection with the so-called great movement of peoples, the Samoyed tribes were forced out by the Turks from the Sayan Highlands to the north. In 1919, A. A. Zhilinsky, a researcher of the Arkhangelsk north, spoke out sharply against this theory. The main argument is that such a resettlement would require a sharp change in the type of environmental management, which is impossible in short time. Modern Nenets are reindeer herders, and the peoples living on the Sayan Highlands are farmers (about 97.2%)
KHANTY
The Khanty are a people who have lived in the north since ancient times. Russian Federation, mainly in the territories of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. Khanty is not the only name of a given people, in the West it is known as Ostyaks or Ugras, but the more accurate self-name “Khanty” (from the Khanty “kantakh” - person, people) was established as the official name in Soviet times.
In historical chronicles, the first written mentions of the Khanty people are found in Russian and Arabic sources of the 10th century AD, but it is known for certain that the ancestors of the Khanty lived in the Urals and Western Siberia already in the 6-5 millennium BC; subsequently they were displaced nomads to the lands of Northern Siberia.
Usually Khanty are people short, about 1.5-1.6 m, with straight black or dark brown hair, dark skin, dark eyes. The type of face can be described as Mongolian, but with the eye shape of the correct shape - a slightly flat face, cheekbones noticeably protruding, lips thick, but not full.
People's culture, language and spiritual world not homogeneous. This is explained by the fact that the Khanty settled quite widely and in different climatic conditions different cultures were formed. The southern Khanty were mainly engaged in fishing, but they were also known for farming and cattle breeding. The main occupations of the northern Khanty were reindeer herding and hunting, and less often fishing.
The Khanty, who were engaged in hunting and fishing, had 3-4 dwellings in different seasonal settlements, which changed depending on the season. Such dwellings were made of logs and placed directly on the ground, sometimes a hole was first dug (like a dugout). Khanty reindeer herders lived in tents - a portable dwelling consisting of poles placed in a circle, fastened in the center, covered with birch bark (in summer) or skins (in winter).
Since ancient times, the Khanty have revered the elements of nature: the sun, moon, fire, water, wind. The Khanty also had totemic patrons, family deities and ancestor patrons. Each clan had its own totem animal, it was revered, considered one of the distant relatives. This animal could not be killed or eaten.
The bear was revered everywhere, he was considered a protector, he helped hunters, protected against diseases, and resolved disputes. At the same time, the bear, unlike other totem animals, could be hunted. In order to reconcile the spirit of the bear and the hunter who killed it, the Khanty organized a bear festival. The frog was revered as the guardian of family happiness and an assistant to women in labor. There were also sacred places, the place where the patron lives. Hunting and fishing were prohibited in such places, since the animals were protected by the patron himself.
Traditional rituals and holidays have survived to this day in a modified form; they have been adapted to modern views and timed to coincide with certain events (for example, a bear festival is held before the issuance of licenses to shoot bears). Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
KOMI
It is known that the Komi people live on northern lands from the 1st millennium BC. The name Komi comes from the self-name of the people - Komi Voityr, which translated means Komi people. Komi are often called Zyryans; the word Zyryans, translated from the Komi language, means living on the border. As a result of gradual settlement, the Komi people were conditionally divided into northern (Komi-Izhemtsy) and southern (Sysoltsy, Prilutsy) ethnic groups.
Komi mainly live on the territory of the Komi Republic, some Komi live in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.
The Komi language (Komi language, Komi-Zyryan language) belongs to the Uralic language family. The Komi writing system is based on the Cyrillic alphabet. In the northern regions of the Russian Federation, television programs and printed publications are published in the Komi language.
Typically, Zyryans have average or slightly above average height (about 165-170 cm) and a regular physique. The low, slightly flattened face is framed by dark or black hair, the bridge of the nose is wide, and the eyes are gray or brown. Closer to the south, the Komi have Blue eyes and blond hair.
Northern Komi were reindeer herders, hunters and fishermen, southern Komi were engaged in hunting and fishing, knew cattle breeding and agriculture, but until the 18th century these were rather auxiliary industries. In the 18th century, due to an increase in the production of game animals, there was a sharp reduction in their numbers; from that time on, cattle breeding, reindeer husbandry and agriculture became the main occupations of the Komi.
The Komi lived in villages and villages located on the banks of the river. They tried to place houses along the river in one row. The northern settlements were located at considerable distances from each other and consisted of several houses. Up to several hundred people could live in the southern settlements; often such settlements were formed due to the merger of neighboring villages.
The dwellings were log-framed rectangular huts with a high basement (the lower floor, most often non-residential), covered with a pitched roof. In the courtyard there were outbuildings and a two-story barn.
The clothing of the southern Komi was reminiscent of Russian clothing in style and cut. Women wore shirts, sundresses, fur coats; the men's wardrobe consisted of a shirt, canvas pants, a caftan and a fur coat. The difference from Russian costumes was in the colors of the fabrics used and the finishing features. Northern Komi often wore clothes typical of the Nenets. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
SELKUPY
The Selkups are the most small people north of Russia. According to the results of the latest population census, the number of Selkups is only about 1,700 people. The largest number of representatives of the people live on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the northwestern territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and in the Tomsk region.
The official name of the people - Selkups - was approved only in the 30s of the 20th century; it comes from the self-name of the northern ethnographic group and is translated as forest people. However, this is not the only self-name of the people; the southern Selkups called themselves chumylkup (earthman), the Ob - sysyokup (taiga man).
The Selkups belong to the Ural small race, which means that their appearance contains Mongoloid and Caucasian features. Selkups have dark straight hair, Brown eyes, slightly darkish skin, small nose, strongly concave at the bridge of the nose, the face is most often flat.
The Selkup language belongs to the Uralic language family. Among the Selkups for a long time there was no written language; the first attempt to create a written language based on the Cyrillic alphabet dates back to the 19th century, but this attempt was not very successful since the Russian alphabet did not allow the sound of the language to be correctly conveyed.
The second attempt took place in the 30s of the 20th century, they adopted the Latin alphabet as a basis, and published a large amount of educational literature in the Selkup language. But just 7 years later, in 1930, the Selkup writing was again transferred to the Cyrillic alphabet, which is why big confusion. Currently, the Selkup language is practically not used in printed sources; the main areas of application of the language remain folk crafts, family communication, and folklore.
The traditional occupations of the Selkups are fishing and hunting. The northern Selkups were engaged in reindeer husbandry mainly as an auxiliary industry (transport, skins, etc.).
The southern Selkups knew how to make ceramics, process metals, weave canvas, and achieved great success blacksmithing, grew grain and tobacco. These industries actively developed until the 17th century, when they were replaced by higher quality imported goods.
ATTRACTIONS OF YNAO
The sights of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are unique and can bring a smile to a person unfamiliar with the life of the region. For example, here you can see a monument... to a mosquito. A veteran in the Far North is considered a person who not only survived polar night, but also suffered a terrible test in the form of mosquitoes, which are especially evil here. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
The list of attractions of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug includes another sculpture dedicated to the animal: at the entrance to Salekhard there is a 10-meter monument to a mammoth. The remains of these extinct animals are often discovered in the region. 9-ton tusks were found here, and a century later scientists unearthed a perfectly preserved mammoth, whose age is close to 46 thousand years.
Flows through Yamal beautiful river Yuribey, which ends its journey by flowing into the Kara Sea, namely into its Baydaratskaya Bay.
An intricate four-kilometer bridge on stilts was built across Yuribey - a local architectural landmark.
In the village New Port You can visit the largest “natural refrigerator” in Russia - a complex of ice underground caves. The length of the tunnels exceeds a kilometer, the caves are constantly looked after, which allows them not to lose their cold, icy shine even in summer.
The Yamalo-Nenets District is famous for its natural areas; there are 13 nature reserves and two reserves in the area - Verkhne-Tazovsky and Gydansky. The territory of the first is dominated by taiga areas, while the second is famous for its tundra “lunar” landscapes. The Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve is one of the largest natural parks in Russia; reindeer and the unique Kondo-Sosvinsky beaver are found here.
On the territory of the Gydansky Nature Reserve there are the most beautiful peninsulas of Yavai, Oleniy, Rovny, as well as the islands of the Kara Sea. There are many “Red Book” fish, animals and birds here: sturgeon, polar bear, white-tailed eagle, walrus, narwhal, seal and many others.
Of all the reserves in the region, the most interesting is the Kunovatsky Park, located in the Shuryshkarsky district of the region in the floodplain of the Ob and Malaya Ob. The incredibly rare white crane lives here - a special type of crane that is listed in all the Red Books of the world. Many other species of migratory birds can be observed in the reserve.
One of the main archaeological monuments of the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug is the Nadymskoye settlement - the remains of a settlement of the end XVI-early XVII centuries, discovered on the territory of the city of Nadym. Children's toys made of wood, jewelry made of tin and copper, hunting skis and much more were found here.
The oldest surviving buildings of the district center were erected in late XIX century. These include, for example, small one-story buildings on Republic Street and the Musical Drama Theater. In the city center, in the early 1990s, the Nikolskaya Tower of the Obdorsky fort, a monument of wooden architecture of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, was restored. It is decorated with a double-headed eagle, and from the tower there is a descent to the Poluy River. It is believed that Salekhard was founded on this site.
For more than twenty years, the ecological and methodological center “House of Nature” has been operating in Nadym, where you can get acquainted with the nature and ecology of the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug, as well as with the ethnographic heritage of the region’s indigenous inhabitants - the Nenets.
In Noyabrsk you can visit the first Children's Museum in Russia, where you can play with most of the exhibits, and even make some of them yourself. The museum is open winter Garden and a children's workshop, from where, among other things, you can take a virtual tour of exhibitions around the world.
In Labytnangi you can visit the cross-shaped Znamensky church-chapel - one of the most interesting in the area. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
SACRED SITES OF YNAO
1 Settlement (sacrificial place) Ust-Poluy. Salekhard. Located on a high cape of the river's bedrock terrace. Poluy, approximately 2 km upstream from its confluence with the river. Ob. 0.2 km southwest from the building of the Aviator sports complex. V century BC. to the 3rd century AD B.C. Adrianov 1932
2 Mangazeya settlement, Krasnoselkup district.
The right bank of the Taz River, at the mouth of the river. Mangazeika. 8.5 km north of the village of Sidorovsk. 17th century AD V.N. Chernetsov
3. A complex of ethnic cultural objects on the north-eastern shore of the lake. Maloe Muzykantovo Purovsky district, north-eastern shore of Lake Maloe Muzykantovo.
4. Cult place “Tareznzyakha-hekhe” Yamal district, left bank of the river. Yuribey, 3.9 km west of the projected route railway.
3. Cult place “Lamzento-syo” Yamal region, on the watershed of the rivers Lamzento-syo (3.5 km to the west) and Ya-yakha (11.5 km to the east) between lakes Lamzento (14 km to the south) and Syavta- then (12.5 km north).
4. Holy place on the left bank of the Seyakha river, Yamal region, left indigenous bank of the river. Seyakha, coordinates N. 70°23"02.7", east. 068°35"06.7"
5. Sanctuary of Nyakharyakh Priuralsky district, r. Nyaharyakha, coordinates N 69°25"34.3", E 68°23"07.9"
6. Sidyapelyato Sanctuary, Priuralsky District, north shore Lake Sidyapelyato, coordinates N. 69 °19"34.5", east 68°15"04.0"
7. A complex of log-type buildings in the village. Khanty-Muzhi Shuryshkarsky district, village. Khanty-Muzhi, natural park-museum "Zhivun" Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
VERKHNE-TAZOVSKY RESERVE
The reserve is located on West Siberian Plain, in the Krasnoselkupsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Russia. Its length is 150 km from north to south and 70 km from west to east. The territory is divided into two forest districts - Pokolskoye and Tazovskoye, bordering each other along a water protection clearing along the left bank of the Ratta River.
The reserve was established in 1986 for conservation and study natural complexes an area unique to the West Siberian Plain and characteristic of its highlands - the Siberian Uvaly. The territory of the reserve is important for the protection of the declining population of taiga reindeer, and is promising for the re-acclimatization of the Sosvinsky beaver.
The fauna of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Reserve is typical for the northern taiga, however, it has not been sufficiently studied. Large animals include bear, elk, and wolverine. The latter occurs rarely, but constantly. Wolves rarely come here from the tundra. The Arctic fox comes to the Upper Taz during migrations. Foxes live along river valleys.
In the Verkhnee-Tazovsky Nature Reserve there are 310 species of vascular plants, 111 leaf-stemmed bryophytes, and 91 species of lichens. Forests with a predominance of pine in the reserve account for 59.4% of the forested area. Found in areas of river terraces. Dark coniferous forests do not occupy such large areas, but they are more diverse in their composition. They are dominated by cedar and spruce with an admixture of fir. The shrub layer is represented by rosehip, juniper, and rowan. The moss cover is continuous or almost continuous; in some places, foliose lichens are found, which gives the cover a northern appearance.
149 species of birds have been recorded in the reserve. About 310 species of vascular plants are found on its territory. The fauna of the reserve includes about 35 species of mammals. There are 20 species of fish. The animal world is represented by such species of animals and birds as brown bear, weasel, sable, wood grouse, and black grouse.
The main attraction of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve is the relatively rare park-type pine forests with rich reindeer moss forests. The reserve is the largest reserve of valuable fur-bearing animals - sable and ermine. Consists of one plot with an area of 631.3 thousand hectares; extends from north to south for 150 km, from east to west - 70 km.
The climate is continental, with a long cold winter and quite warm summers. The range of minimum winter and maximum summer temperatures reaches 100 degrees. Average duration The frost-free period is 83 days. The reserve is located in a zone of discontinuous permafrost.
The rivers of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve are characterized by moderate currents, high tortuosity, the presence of numerous sandbanks and relatively high banks. There are blockages in some sections of the rivers. In river valleys there are processes of shedding and sliding of high banks. The main river of the reserve is the Taz River - one of the most important spawning rivers in Western Siberia for such valuable species of salmon and whitefish as nelma, muksun, whitefish, broad whitefish, peled, tugun. It begins on the Verkhne-Tazovskaya Upland. Other rivers flowing through the reserve, such as the Pokolka, Ratta, and Kellogg, also originate here.
On the territory of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve there are two types of lakes that differ in genesis - lakes of glacial origin and floodplain origin. The formation of the former is associated with the processes of formation of moraine deposits by the erosion of land areas by glacial waters; they are located in interfluves and usually have rounded shape. Floodplain lakes are oxbow lakes of rivers, usually elongated, small in width, with marshy banks and a muddy bottom.
On the “ancient” floodplain terraces, which in some places are found in the middle and downstream Ratty and Pokolki are common raised bogs. The tree stand in the swamps is sparse, represented by pine and birch. The shrub layer is sparse and consists of dwarf birch and low-growing willows. Against the background of a continuous moss cover, cassandra, pommel, cranberry, blueberry, cloudberry, cinquefoil, marsh sedge, and cotton grass dominate.
Ecological tourism:
The reserve has developed an interesting ecological trail, there is a small nature museum and a visitor center.
MYSTERIOUS HOLE IN YAMAL
Scientists are exploring a giant hole in the ground that appeared in Yamal. A funnel with a diameter of 60 (and according to other sources - up to 80) meters was discovered on last week(July 2014) - she was accidentally spotted from a helicopter. All sorts of versions of its origin have already appeared on the Internet. Scientists have to find out whether it is the result of a man-made impact or the fall of a cosmic body.
Some media even suggested that the crater appeared as a result of alien intervention. But for precise definition To determine why it appears, you need to take soil samples. As Rossiya 24 reports, this is not yet possible, since the edges of the crater are constantly crumbling, and it is dangerous to approach it. The first expedition had already visited the site, and the chief told about what the scientists saw there. Researcher Institute of the Earth's Cryosphere, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Marina Leibman.
“There are simply no traces of a person with any kind of equipment here,” she said. “We can assume something fantastic: a hot meteorite fell and everything melted here. But when a meteorite falls, there are traces of charring, that is, high temperature. And There are no signs of being affected by high temperatures. There are traces of water flows, there is some accumulation of water."
According to the Rossiyskaya Gazeta portal, scientists are considering several versions of the formation of this hole. The version that this is an ordinary karst failure is unlikely, because the crater is surrounded by soil emissions. If a meteorite formed a hole in the ground, then such a powerful blow could not go unnoticed.
Executive Director of the Subarctic Research and Training Site, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences Anna Kurchatova suggested that a not very strong underground explosion occurred here. Gas had probably accumulated underground; at a depth of about 15 meters, pressure began to build. As a result, the gas-water mixture burst out, throwing out ice and sand, like a cork from a champagne bottle. Fortunately, this happened far from a pipeline or gas production and processing facility.
Reindeer herders of the Tazovsky district of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug discovered a second crater, outwardly similar to the recently famous “bottomless pit” 30 kilometers from the Bovanenkovskoye deposit.
The new crater is located on another peninsula - Gydansky, not far from the coast of Tazovskaya Bay. The diameter of the crater is significantly smaller than that of the first one - approximately 15 meters. The other day, the deputy director of the state farm, Mikhail Lapsui, became convinced of its existence.
However, there is no need to talk about a discovery as such. According to the nomads, the crater appeared at the end of September last year. They just didn't make this fact widely public. And when they heard about a similar phenomenon on the neighboring peninsula, they told the local authorities about it.
The “hole” in Yamal could have appeared due to swamp gas
Mikhail Lapsui confirms the identity of the Gydan and Yamal natural formations. By the way, they differ little in distance from the Arctic Circle. Externally, except for the size, everything is very similar.
Judging by the surrounding upper limits soil, it was released to the surface from the depths of permafrost rocks. True, those reindeer herders who call themselves witnesses to the phenomenon claim that there was first a haze over the area where the ejection occurred, then a fiery flash followed and the earth shook.
At first glance, this is speculation. However, this version of the release should not be dismissed out of hand, says Anna Kurchatova, executive director of the Subarctic Research and Training Site, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, since when methane is mixed with air in certain proportions, an explosive mixture is formed.
SACRED SITES IN YAMAL
SACRED SITES IN YAMAL
Despite the many ancestral sacred places in Yamal, Taimyr and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, central places of worship, common to the entire Nenets ethnic group, such as Bolvansky Nos on Vaigach, Kozmin pereselok in the area of the river. Nes (Nenets Autonomous Okrug), Yav'mal hekhe (Yamal), Sir Iri (Bely Island), Minisey in the Polar Urals.
The most revered among the Nenets were two idol stones on Vaygach - Vesoko and Khadako (Old Man and Old Woman). The island itself was named by the Nenets “Hebidya Ngo” - sacred land. The Vesoko Sanctuary is located on Cape Dyakonov. One of the first descriptions of this sacred place was left by skipper Stephen Borrow in 1556. He noted that on the cape there was a sanctuary of about 300 idols, made roughly and primitively, sometimes they were simply sticks with cuts indicating eyes and mouth. The mouths and eyes of the idols and some other parts were smeared with blood. In the “Notes” of Jan Huygens van Linschotten we find a description of a cape on the southern shore of Vaygach, on which there were about 300 idols [Linschotten, 1915].
In 1826, the Vesoko sanctuary was visited by Archimandrite Veniamin, who led the activities of the mission to convert the Nenets (Samoyeds) of the Arkhangelsk province to Christianity. By order of Benjamin, the Vasoko sanctuary was completely destroyed and the idols were burned to the ground. Despite the complete destruction of the most revered sacred place, the Nenets have repeatedly made attempts to restore it. In 1837, biologist A. Schrenk, who visited the island. Vaigach reported that the Samoyeds who returned to their places chose a place for sacrifices not far from the cross erected by the mission of Archimandrite Veniamin, and again placed their wooden idols here [Shrenk, 1855]. A.E. Nordenskiöld, who visited Vaygach in 1887, also wrote about Nenets idols with a bunch of deer antlers and skulls standing on the top of the cape six hundred meters from the cross [Nordenskiöld, 1936].
In 1984-1987 under the leadership of L.P. Khlobystin, a thorough archaeological study of this cultural site was carried out. In 1986, the Arkhangelsk Arctic expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, led by O. V. Ovsyannikov, examined the monument of spiritual culture of the Nenets - the Kozmin Pereselok sanctuary (Kharv Pod - the road to the larch thicket). In 1986-1997 The Marine Arctic Complex Expedition (MAE) under the leadership of P.V. Boyarsky carried out research on the island. Vaygach. Based on these materials, a map of sacred places of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug was created.
The main shrine of Neva-hehe-mother idol is located in the north of the island. Vaygach in the upper reaches of the river. Heheyaha, between lakes Yangoto and Heheto. Judging by the data of V.A. Islavin and A.A. Borisov, the Nenets called the highest rock with a crack resembling a female sign “Neva-hege”.
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. There is an active interest in sacred places in Yamal. In his work “The Yamal Peninsula,” B. Zhitkov gives a description of the sacrificial place Yav’mal Hekhe, revered by the Nenets, a place of worship for various clans living on Yamal.
Ethnographer-researcher V.P. Evladov devoted a lot of time and effort to studying and describing sacred places, who organized a scientific expedition together with the Ural Committee of the North in 1928-1929. across the tundra of Yamal. He recorded basically all the major religious places of the Nenets. He also managed to visit and describe the main shrine of the Nenets, Sir Iri (White Old Man) on the island. Bel. The Nenets call it the island of the White Old Man (Sir Iri Ngo). Since ancient times, this island has been a kind of gateway to Yamal.
In July-August 2000, with the financial support of the administration of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, an ethnographic expedition was conducted to the Yamal region. Its purpose was to research, record and collect information about sacred and ritual places, describe historical and cultural monuments, sacred and religious places, national burial sites (certification, registration, recommendations for establishing the boundaries of protective zones and creating a map of sacred places).
The collected materials were processed, analyzed and a map of sacred places was compiled. Many of the points indicated on the map were examined by the author personally. Some designations of sacred places are recorded from the words of informants living in the area.
The sacred place of Sir Iri is located in the depths of Bely Island, 25-30 km from the Malygin Strait. It apparently has not been visited for a long time and seems neglected. In the center of the sanctuary there is a figure about 2-2.5 m high. There are logs of different sizes lying around, perhaps these are idols. Time and weather took their toll, some of them were destroyed under the influence of water and wind. The figure of Sir Iri is made of round wood, the master carefully processed the front part, the neck and the transition to the shoulder girdle are outlined, small arms are outlined, apparently, there were tree branches in this place, which made the task easier for the master. During our expeditions to Yamal, we often saw a similar figure in the sacred sledges of the Nenets. At the same time, the figure of Sir Iri was always dressed in a malitsa, but in the descriptions of researchers and travelers we do not find any mention of such an attribute of this image. Although informants claim that during the sacrifice, Sir Iri was dressed in the skin of a sacrificial deer (khan you) (Yaptik Ya.) or a bear (Sir Vark) (Khudi V.).
According to informants, at the sacred site of Ilebyampertya (Bely Island, Cape Malygina, 15-20 km from the strait), sacrifices of a polar bear or a white deer were carried out. The skin of a sacrificial animal was used to wrap the central figure of the syadeya (idol). During our examination of this sacred place, no fresh sacrifices were found, but the remains of rotten skins and skins were lying around. Many skulls of polar bears and deer were scattered around the altar, and a whole mountain of skulls was piled near the central figure.
The Yamal hehe ya sacrificial place is a place of worship and sacrifice for seven clans living on the Yamal Peninsula. According to reindeer herders, anyone can come here, regardless of clan and tribe. The seven ancestral sacrificial places are located at a great distance from each other. The central sacred place is about 2.5 m high and several meters wide. Sacrifices were found on all altars. On each of them there are figures of idols of different sizes stuck, there are small freshly cut syadei, and traces of deer blood are visible on their faces, and sacred poles (sims) were also found, tied to them different color scraps of fabric. Not far from the altars, traces of a fire and burnt logs are visible.
Syur’nya hehe I is located 25 km from the village. Syunai-Sale behind the small river Kharvuta. The base is made up of five larches. Under them there are several chests (caskets). There are antlers of sacrificial deer, ribbons of different colors, and a lot of dishes hanging everywhere. According to the legend told by the village residents, the owner sometimes appears at this sacred place and scares people who have come not for sacrifice, but for pampering. Women are generally prohibited from appearing here.
The sacred narta of Kharvut hehe khan is located on high bank Kharvuta River. Apparently, it has been here for a long time, since part of it has gone underground. The sledge is three-toothed, gray-greenish in color, and in some places overgrown with yellowish-white moss. On the sledge there is a casket, the right side of which is broken. There are boards from the casket and pieces of birch bark lying around; perhaps cult objects were previously wrapped in it. A cult sculpture measuring 50 cm in size was discovered in the sledge. The front part is clearly processed, the neck is marked, downwards the figure becomes narrow and less detailed. During the examination of the sacred sledge, two more cult sculptures were discovered: one about 25 cm, most likely male (the figure has been destroyed by time and there are no clear contours), the second is about 30 cm, more complex in processing, the front part is very clearly detailed, the neck and shoulder parts are marked . Most likely, this is a female figure, since it is very detailed Bottom part body: legs, waist. The master was not without interest in working on female genitalia.
Hebidya to Hehe I is located 15 km from the village. Syunai-Sale, on the high bank big lake. Previously, this cult place was very often visited by reindeer herders, who drove herds of reindeer from the Han side to summer pastures on Yamal. But several years ago this place was partially destroyed (a large larch tree on which many sacrificial skulls hung was demolished by a tractor). According to informants, a small larch grew not far from the broken larch, and the Nenets began to make sacrifices to this place. Traces of sacrifices, deer skulls, and colored scraps of fabric were found here. A very modest sacred place, there are no bulky piles of sacrificial skulls, as happens in Northern Yamal.
During the expedition, new, previously unexplored religious places were discovered: Limbya Ngudui hehe ya; Nyarme hehe I; Sarmik yara hehe ya; Munota yaram hehe ya; Parne Sale (mouth of the Mordyyakha River); Yasavey hehe I; Tomboy hehe me; Si'iv Serpiva Khoy (r. Turmayakha); Serotetto seda (Yuribey river, Yamal); Tirs Seda (upper reaches of the Yakhadyyakha River); Varnge yakha hehe ya (Varngeto district); Labahey then (upper reaches of the Sebesyakha River).
Nenets ancestral burial grounds are scattered throughout the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Many travelers and researchers described Nenets burials and burial methods [Zavalishin, 1862; Zuev, 1947; Bakhrushin, 1955; Gracheva, 1971; Khomich, 1966, 1976, 1995; Susoy, 1994; Lehtisalo, 1998]. Since ancient times, the Nenets tried to locate cemeteries (halmer’) on ancestral territories near summer pastures. Usually these were dry places and high hills on the banks of lakes and rivers. We discovered burials in Yamal various forms. These are burials in a kaldanka (khoi ngano), the sharp ends of which are processed to the size of the figure; burials in logs, in elongated shapes resembling barrels for salting fish; burials on sledges, in structures similar to shipwrecks (large boats); in structures similar to sacred sledges (with caskets), perhaps this is how shamans were buried in ancient times.
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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Kushelevsky Yu. I. North Pole and the land of Yalmal: Travel notes. - SPb.: Type. Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1868. - II, 155 p.
http://regionyamal.ru/
Brief report on the trip to the Yamal Peninsula: (Read in the general collection of I. R. G. O. February 19, 1909) / B. M. Zhitkov p. 20. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Evladov V.P. In the tundra I am small. - Sverdlovsk: Gosizdat, 1930. - 68 p. — 5,000 copies.
Vasiliev V.I. Historical legends of the Nenets as a source in the study of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Northern Samoyed peoples // Ethnic history and folklore. M.: Nauka, 1977. pp. 113-126.
Vasiliev V.I., Simchenko Yu.B. Modern Samoyed population of Taimyr // SE. 1963. No. 3. P. 9-20.
Golovnev A.V., Zaitsev G.S., Pribylsky Yu.P. History of Yamal. Tobolsk; Yar-Sale: Ethnographic Bureau, 1994.
Dunin-Gorkavich A.A. Tobolsk North. M.: Liberea, 1995. T. 1.
Evladov V.P. Across the Yamal tundra to White Island. Tyumen: IPOS SB RAS, 1992.
Zhitkov B.M. Yamal Peninsula / West. IRGO. T. 49. St. Petersburg: Type. MM. Stasyulevich, 1913.
Kurilovich A. Gydan Peninsula and its inhabitants // Soviet North. 1934. No. 1. P. 129-140.
Lar L.A. Shamans and gods. Tyumen: IPOS SB RAS, 1998.
Minenko N.A. Northwestern Siberia in the 17th - first half of the 19th century. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1975.
Obdorsky region and Mangazeya in the 17th century: Sat. documents / Author-comp. E.V. Vershinin, G.P. Vizgalov. Ekaterinburg: “Thesis”, 2004.
http://www.photosight.ru/
photo by S. Vagaev, S. Anisimov, A. Snegirev.
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - Yugra (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) - is located in the Far North region on the West Siberian Plain, washed by the waters of the Kara Sea. From the west, a narrow strip of eastern slopes enters the district Polar Urals. A characteristic feature of the local landscape is ancient drainage valleys, numerous moraine ridges, and an abundance of lakes, mainly of glacial origin.
The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is part of the Ural Federal District. Administrative center– Salekhard. It is part of the Tyumen region.
The region's water resources are rich and diverse. They include: the coast of the Kara Sea, numerous bays and lips, rivers, lakes, swamps and The groundwater. Nature amazingly created 70% of the world's reserves here whitefish(muksun, shokur, nelma).
The water surface of the district is more than 21 thousand square kilometers, 50 thousand rivers, rivers and streams are included in the water cadastre of the district. Their total length is 291 thousand kilometers. According to the Institute of Lake Science Russian Academy Sciences in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug there are more than 1.05 million lakes and artificial reservoirs with a total area of about 39 thousand sq. km., including more than 350 thousand lakes with an area of more than 0.01 sq. km. and a number of smaller lakes.
On the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug there are about 300 thousand lakes and 48 thousand rivers, the largest of which are the Ob at its mouth, as well as the Nadym, Taz and Pur rivers. The lakes of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug have different origins; glacial, thermokarst, floodplain, swamp, coastal lagoon and others are common on the plains of the region; tectonic lakes are found on the mountain slopes of the Polar Urals.
The main part of the lakes is located in the north of the district, the largest of them are Periptaveto, Yambuto (Gydan Peninsula), Yarroto 1st, Yarroto 2nd, Yambuto (Yamal Peninsula) and many others. Among the regions of the federal district, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ranks first in the total area of lakes and artificial reservoirs and lake content; among the regions of Russia, it ranks third in the total area of lakes and artificial reservoirs after Yakutia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Map of lakes of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
Map of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Russia) - satellite view.
Using Google maps is not difficult: to change the scale, use the mouse scroll wheel or the “+ -” slider on the left of the map; to switch to a vector map, select the appropriate item in the upper right corner.
Yuribey is a river in Russia, flows through the territory of the Yamal region of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, on the Yamal Peninsula. Local residents call Yuribey a miracle river. The river is famous for the fact that historical treasures of world scale are found here every spring: sanctuaries of the ancient peoples of Yamal, the remains of mammoths, etc. In the 17th century, a trade route passed along the Yuribey (then the Mutnaya River).
The length of the river is 340 km, its area drainage basin- 9740 km². It is formed at the confluence of the Left Yuribey and Right Yuribey rivers, then flows into the Baydaratskaya Bay of the Kara Sea. The food is predominantly snowy. From October to June the river is covered with ice.
In June 2009, one of the longest 4-kilometer railway bridges across the floodplain of the Yuribey River was opened and put into operation in Russia. The bridge is part of the Obskaya - Bovanenkovo railway. The bridge stands on stilts; it is considered to be a lace bridge so as not to interfere with the spawning of fish and the walking of deer.
On the banks of the Yuribey River there are 263 sacred places of the indigenous people of Yamal, which must be visited twice a year (in spring and winter). For the indigenous inhabitants of the tundra, the Yuribey River is a river of life, the main rule of which is to take care of their land.
In winter, it becomes a narrow ice ribbon, and in summer, when the snow melts in the tundra, Yuribey spreads several kilometers wide for only 5-6 days. From October to June the river is covered with ice.
The banks of the Yuribey River are steep. In the cross-section of centuries-old frozen rocks and transparent, crystal-like layers of ice, you can see permafrost. On cliffs reaching 25-30 meters in height, royal birds nest - peregrine falcons and red-breasted geese, listed in the Red Book of Russia and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, as well as other species of rare birds: common scoter, tundra swan, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, gyrfalcon, lesser lesser white-fronted eagle, osprey. Among the large animals, the polar bear lives here. In the spring, the great northern whitefish spawns in the Yuribey River: muksun, nelma, and chekur.
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