Weaning from breastfeeding after 2 years. It's time to become an adult - how to wean a two-year-old child from breastfeeding
How difficult is it to wean a 2 year old baby from breastfeeding? What does the famous pediatrician Evgeniy Olegovich Komarovsky think about feeding?
According to WHO, the optimal time for weaning is when a child is two years old or older. At the same time, there is an opinion that the later the baby is deprived of breastfeeding, the more difficult it will be for him to get used to this circumstance. Is this so, and how difficult is it to wean a child of 2 years old from breastfeeding?
Indeed, at this age, children already understand perfectly well what has been taken away from them, but they are not yet old enough to “negotiate.” But is it worth stopping breastfeeding ahead of time in order to “protect the psyche” of the baby in advance, when you can wait for natural self-weaning?
Physiological features of lactation
The ability of the female body to produce milk, i.e. lactation is controlled by hormones. It occurs in several stages.
Formation of lactation
The first stage begins at the end of a woman’s pregnancy, when hormones are just preparing the mammary gland, and continues in the first months of the baby. During this period, the mother learns to properly latch on to the baby, and the breasts adapt to the baby’s “appetites.”
Mature lactation
This stage lasts one and a half to two years, milk arrives in the quantity that the child needs. There is no need to pump or supplement your baby with formula.
Thematic material:
Involution
The final stage, according to WHO, occurs at 4.2 years. However, most often the cessation of milk production occurs much earlier - at 2-3 years.
During the period of involution, breast milk changes its composition and more closely resembles colostrum. It is distinguished by a large amount of immunoglobulin, hormones and ready-made antibodies. So, at a natural level, the mother’s body prepares the child’s immunity for a new life.
Numerous studies have confirmed that children weaned during this period practically do not get sick in the first months. At the same time, one-year-old babies and children of the second year of life often suffer a series of infectious diseases until their immunity learns to fully function.
How to recognize involution
Before you begin weaning, you need to make sure that lactation is at its completion stage. This can be recognized by certain signs.
- Duration of breastfeeding. Involution usually occurs by 2.5 years. The earliest date is one year and 3 months. If this period coincides with the second pregnancy, most likely the milk will run out by the 5th month.
- Sucking activity. Intuitively, the baby tries to increase the amount of milk produced by frequent feeding, although recently he asked for the breast less often.
- During breaks between feedings of more than 12 hours, the chest does not feel full or painful.
- Mom's well-being. Often after feeding, women feel tired, drowsy, and pain around the nipples. In rare cases, even migraine attacks and fainting are possible.
Having noticed signs of impending involution, do not rush to immediately wean the baby from the breast, because... It is at this time that immunoglobulins are actively produced, which will protect the child from diseases.
Advantages of breastfeeding up to 2 years
For a 2-year-old child, mother's milk is no longer a source of nutrition. However, in addition to emotional comfort, it still brings benefits to the growing body.
- Milk is a source of vitamins, beneficial microelements and enzymes (vitamin A and K, iron).
- Infants are less likely to experience allergic reactions.
- When sucking, the muscles of the soft palate are trained, which eliminates incorrect formation of the bite and promotes earlier development of speech.
The most correct way to break the “milk” connection is to wait for involution. Firstly, this method is the most painless for the child. Secondly, it’s easier for mom. After all, completing breastfeeding ahead of time, you have to deal with the issue of excess milk. Pills, bandaging and other methods can lead to mastitis and complications. Safer, but less effective methods include herbal medicine, restriction of fluids and foods that stimulate lactation.
Natural self-weaning
Simultaneously with involution, the process of natural weaning occurs. Even if you don’t artificially push the baby, he will forget about the breast by about 2-3 years. By this age, the baby already has a fairly wide range of interests; daytime attachments are a rare occurrence or have long since become a thing of the past. In addition, the taste of milk has also changed. It is no longer so sweet and contains a lot of fat.
How do you know when your child is ready? He doesn’t require or simply forgets about breastfeeding before bed, knows how to calm down without latching, and feeds no more than 3 times a day.
If it is not possible to wait for involution, the most painless way is to gradually reduce the number of feedings. First, daytime feedings are removed, then feeding at night. More details about this and other ways to complete GW can be found in the article “”.
The tactics for weaning one-year-olds and two-year-olds remains virtually unchanged. At 2 years old, you can no longer focus on the season of the planned completion of breastfeeding. Whether it happens in summer or winter, it doesn’t matter. The main thing is that the child feels good and is not whiny and capricious.
Cunning Tricks
You can “bargain” with some children. For example, ask your baby to wait to feed until dad comes home from work, or to treat him only after a walk.
You can also offer breasts at the most inopportune moment. For example, when the little one is very busy playing.
In Komarovsky’s recommendations you can find advice in which mothers are asked to “spoil” the taste of milk with garlic or seasonings. Good idea, but don't overdo it. After all, for a child, the breast is symbolized with protection and stability, and spoiled milk can undermine his trust.
Once you decide to complete the GW, be firm. Both at 2 and 3 years old, a child can demand his own to the last, accompanying everything with crying and whims. Do not show weakness, otherwise the planned weaning from breastfeeding will have to be postponed. In addition, concessions of this kind inevitably lead to disruption of personality formation, because The child quickly learns to use crying in other situations.
Remember! For a 2-year-old baby, breastfeeding is, first of all, emotional closeness with his mother. Fill it up with games, caresses, kisses, and then the withdrawal in any way will be much smoother.
The topic of today's article worries almost every nursing mother. And this is no coincidence, because weaning a baby from the breast is a very responsible process. It is important to organize it so that it is as gentle and painless as possible for the baby. Erroneous actions by the mother can lead to disruption of the baby’s psychological comfort and even cause bad habits, such as sucking fingers or surrounding objects. Therefore, before starting this important event, it is better to immediately understand the main issues.
When should you start weaning your baby?
Let's start with the fact that It is highly undesirable to stop breastfeeding your baby before one year of age. . For a child who has not yet turned one year old, mother’s milk is the main source of nutrition (complementary feeding at this time plays more of an introductory role), provides the child with so-called passive immunity and contributes to the maturation of his own immune system, central nervous system and other organs. Breast milk contains substances that a child needs for active development and which are missing even in the best artificial formulas. Of course, there are situations when you need to stop breastfeeding urgently (for example, a mother’s illness that requires treatment with serious medications), but in other cases you should try to maintain breastfeeding for up to a year.
Many psychologists consider the age from 1 to 2 years to be the most optimal period for weaning a child. . At this age, feeding for a child becomes not so much a physiological need as a psychological one. The baby is increasingly putting himself to the breast just to communicate with his mother, to be closer to her. However, if the mother can, instead of communicating during feeding, provide the baby with more other types of time together (games, conversations, hugs) and maintain her role as a protector and comforter in the child’s mind, then weaning at this age will be painless for the baby.
Previously, it was believed that feeding before a year was beneficial, but after a year it was harmful. It was as if the composition of breast milk changed overnight, and with it all the benefits of breastfeeding disappeared. It doesn't sound convincing. Do not listen to grandmothers and other advisers who urge you to stop feeding your baby as soon as possible. If you think your baby still needs breastfeeding, continue to breastfeed for as long as you need. Each mother has the right to make her own decision, based on her beliefs and priorities and paying attention to her own condition. The only thing you need to focus on is the physical and psychological state of the baby : how often does he get sick, how strongly is he attached to the breast, can he go without his mother for quite a long time, does he calmly skip daytime feedings.
What NOT to do while weaning off breastfeeding?
One of the quite popular methods of weaning a child from breastfeeding is separation of mother and baby . In practice, this happens like this: the child is sent to live with his grandmother for a week or two, after which it is assumed that the child will not even remember about the breast. This is a rather harsh and painful method for the child, since he is simultaneously deprived of contact with both his mother’s breast and the mother herself. Weaning itself is a serious stress for the baby; during this period, the mother, on the contrary, must make up for such a significant loss for the child in every possible way: take the baby in her arms more, massage him, hug him. In other words, the child must learn to receive psychological support and comfort from his mother not through the breast, but in another, more “adult” way. If mom is not around, then this becomes impossible.
It is highly undesirable to wean a child from breastfeeding, when he is sick or when major changes occur in his life : entering kindergarten, moving, mother going to work. Too many changes can be very difficult for a child's psyche. If you know that changes are coming in your baby's life, start weaning your baby several months before or after the planned event.
Doctors, as a rule, offer a “medical” method of stopping breastfeeding. For this they appoint hormonal drugs , reducing the production of the hormone prolactin, which is responsible for lactation. Here, firstly, you need to remember that such drugs have serious side effects: nausea, vomiting, headache, depression. Moreover, it happens that these medications have a prolonged effect and complicate lactation with the next child. And, secondly, if at the same time as taking the drug you do not reduce the number of times the baby is put to the breast, the medicine will not be effective enough, so the introduction of hormonal drugs does not replace other methods of weaning.
You should also avoid the once popular method chest tugs . It has now been established that this method is not only ineffective, but also very dangerous! Tugging in itself does not help reduce the amount of milk; it only causes poor circulation in the breast tissue. As a result, the ducts become clogged with milk clots and stagnation occurs. It is as a result of breast tightening that the largest percentage of lactostasis and mastitis occurs.
It is also believed that it is not necessary to wean a child from breastfeeding in the summer . This is due to the fact that in the summer the baby is more susceptible to various infections during his explorations in the sandbox and other games outside, in addition, a lot of fresh vegetables and fruits appear in the baby’s diet, all this increases the likelihood of gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, in the summer, more than ever, a child needs strong immunity, which he receives thanks to breast milk. However, it is worth noting that if weaning occurs after two years, the time of year does not play a big role.
How to painlessly wean a child from breastfeeding?
So, in order for weaning to take place with minimal negative impact on the psyche and health of the child, so that there is no lactostasis in the mother, a “soft” method is best suited, based on a gradual reduction in the number of times the baby is put to the breast. This process is not fast, but it is the most natural. It can be divided into several stages:
1. Gradually reduce and then cancel all breastfeeding by the baby during the daytime (we leave only feeding before naptime and at night)
To do this, it is necessary to minimize all situations that remind the child of feeding: walk and play more, do not change clothes in front of the baby, do not walk in underwear, avoid clothes with fasteners, maintain a lot of physical contact without feeding - hugging, massage, carrying in your arms. If a child wants to breastfeed, it is better to pretend that the mother did not notice or did not understand. You need to try to distract the child with something: offer some kind of game, an interesting book or the baby’s favorite food (cookies, fruit, etc.)
2. We get used to going to bed without breastfeeding.
This is perhaps the most difficult moment. Although children, of course, are different, some, even if they have a breast, calmly rock themselves to sleep, while others refuse to recognize anything other than the breast.
What can you offer your child instead of the breast before bed? Firstly, before going to bed there must be a clear and unchanging ritual, for example, washing, singing (For more information about the ritual, read the article “”). Well, then, until the baby falls asleep, you can stroke his back, recite rhymes, rock the baby, sing songs, and give a massage. A bottle of diluted juice or tea will also come to the rescue. Well, and most importantly, you need to be patient, because in the first days the baby will most likely be worried and, perhaps, the laying down process will take longer than before.
The most important thing during this difficult period is to be with the baby all the time and support him, in every possible way to compensate for the lack of breasts with other bodily contact.
3. Gradually reduce night applications
To begin with, try to take the breast from the baby if he, having eaten, quietly sucks on it in his sleep and does not wake up from trying to take it. Try sometimes replacing the breast with another drink or simply rocking or stroking your baby when he wakes up. Since you do not breastfeed your baby before bed, he will subsequently wake up less and less at night.
It is possible that the second and third stages of weaning will have to be combined. Especially if you use a trick and explain to your baby that something is wrong with the breast. The most common examples of tricks are smear the chest with brilliant green or cover it with a band-aid , present it to the baby and say that the milk has spoiled. As a rule, children after 1.5 years old become imbued with it and refuse to take “breasts with spoiled milk”; younger children may find such tricks unconvincing.
Mom also needs to pay attention to her well-being. If you feel your breasts are full, express milk (by hand or with a breast pump). But always remember that you need to express only until you feel relief; if you try to empty your breasts to the last drop, this, on the contrary, will stimulate the production of new milk. By expressing less and less milk, you let the body understand that so much milk is no longer needed, and the body slowly begins to adapt, reducing lactation.
Also, if there are no contraindications, you can drink herbal infusions. Sage and mint are very helpful for reducing lactation.
Our weaning experience
I weaned Taisiya at 1 year 2 months. By this time, she was already quite comfortable without daytime feedings (with the exception of feeding before nap time). We spent our days actively, played a lot and walked together, ate complementary foods 3 times a day (+ cookies, apples), so during the day she didn’t even think about her breasts. But we couldn’t go to bed without sucking on the breast, and at night she was “hanging” on the chest almost all the time. As soon as the breast was taken from her, she immediately woke up and demanded that the “banquet” be continued. This whole situation was very exhausting for me, and my neck started to hurt a lot from the uncomfortable, motionless position in my sleep. Then I decided to try to give up the remaining feedings.
So, one fine day before bedtime, I told my daughter that the tita had run out of milk. Even though I offered her juice, massage, songs, swings in return, she still demanded her own. I tried to outwit my daughter by covering her chest with a plaster, but she didn’t find this very convincing (apparently, she was still too young for such tricks). In general, the first day was quite difficult, both during the day and in the evening, she could not fall asleep for a long time and even cried a little. All this time I did not leave her side for a minute and convinced myself that I needed to be patient for a couple more days. And on the second day the process went much easier. Well, on the fourth day she didn’t even remember about her breasts!
Unfortunately, I was unable to separate the second stage from the third; I had to immediately remove both the “pre-sleep” and night feedings. Well, I couldn’t first convince Taisiya that the milk in her tit had run out, and at night put her to the breast again.
How did I put my baby to sleep without breastfeeding? Of course, she sang songs, recited rhymes in a soporific voice, and did “Rails, rails, sleepers, sleepers” (by the way, they became so firmly established in our ritual that they are still used today). My daughter calmed down best when I lay on my back, put her on my chest and stomach, stroked her back and said something in a quiet voice. When she woke up in the middle of the night, I rocked her.
That's all I wanted to tell you today, I wish you success in this difficult task! And, dear mothers, share your experience of weaning your baby, it will be very useful to all of us!
Your baby is now 2 years old, exactly the period until which pediatricians advise breastfeeding, but how to wean a child from breastfeeding at 2 years old, there is very little information.
How to wean a child from breastfeeding at 2 years old correctly?
Someone will think, what is the difference? After all, the process is the same at 3 months and a year and at 2. I beg to differ with you. At 2 years of age, a child’s development differs from that of an infant. If at the beginning of feeding the goal was proper breastfeeding (), we were all worried that our babies would gain weight well (), then at 2 years the mother’s goal is to wean the child from breastfeeding at 2 years as smoothly and as least traumatic as possible.
All children are different, some stop breastfeeding on their own at about a year, others a little later, but what if your baby is emotionally very dependent on the breast? For some children it is both a sleeping pill (an established ritual) and a sedative, and for children with poor appetite it is also a source of additional calories. Of course, previously children were fed until they were 3 years old, but frankly speaking, the toddler is already quite capable of getting everything useful from food, so why once again deplete the body of a nursing mother?
In the process of weaning a 2-year-old child from breastfeeding, it may seem that the invisible connection between you and your toddler is being lost. This is not so, don't be upset. How to wean a child from breastfeeding at 2 years old painlessly for his psyche? After all, you can just as easily lay your baby down in your arms in the evenings, reading him fairy tales, and he will gently cuddle up to you. This will remain, you just need to avoid such poses that provoke the “sucking instinct” during weaning.
Features of weaning a 2 year old child
- The habit has already taken root
- Emotional need is stronger than physical need,
- At 2 years old, children already consciously demand the breast,
- For easily excitable children, the breast is a source of calm.
Where to start weaning off breastfeeding?
From my own mood. If you doubt the timeliness and necessity of this step, it is better to wait. In just a week, you will either “mature” and gain determination, or you will finally change your mind. If the decision has matured, I recommend doing it gradually.
How to wean a 2 year old baby without hysterics
First of all, don't go anywhere. Don't add stress to your baby. There is no need to smear anything on your breasts so that the baby becomes disgusted with the taste of milk, otherwise you can only provoke hysterics. Do you need it?
- Agree with family members about who will help you and how,
- Stock up on suitable closed T-shirts, and a wide elastic bandage if you plan to bandage it.
- Bribe in advance (new books, plasticine) something new that will be guaranteed to distract the baby. There will definitely not be the desired reaction to old toys,
- Think in advance about how and where the baby will fall asleep without breastfeeding during the day,
- Buy several packs of soothing herbs to add to baths,
- Buy baby soothing tea to give to your baby before bed for the first couple of days.
- If the little one does not drink this tea, make an aroma bag from motherwort, valerian roots, oregano, mint (4 * 1 * 2 * 1) and place it in the place where the baby sleeps for a more peaceful bedtime.
In the next article I will describe in more detail the nuances of weaning a 2-year-old baby from breastfeeding in practice.
Your baby is now 2 years old, exactly the period until which pediatricians advise breastfeeding, but how to wean a child from breastfeeding at 2 years old, there is very little information.
How to wean a child from breastfeeding at 2 years old correctly?
Someone will think, what is the difference? After all, the process is the same at 3 months and a year and at 2. I beg to differ with you. At 2 years of age, a child’s development differs from that of an infant. If at the beginning of feeding the goal was proper breastfeeding (), we were all worried that our babies would gain weight well (), then at 2 years the mother’s goal is to wean the child from breastfeeding at 2 years as smoothly and as least traumatic as possible.
All children are different, some stop breastfeeding on their own at about a year, others a little later, but what if your baby is emotionally very dependent on the breast? For some children it is both a sleeping pill (an established ritual) and a sedative, and for children with poor appetite it is also a source of additional calories. Of course, previously children were fed until they were 3 years old, but frankly speaking, the toddler is already quite capable of getting everything useful from food, so why once again deplete the body of a nursing mother?
In the process of weaning a 2-year-old child from breastfeeding, it may seem that the invisible connection between you and your toddler is being lost. This is not so, don't be upset. How to wean a child from breastfeeding at 2 years old painlessly for his psyche? After all, you can just as easily lay your baby down in your arms in the evenings, reading him fairy tales, and he will gently cuddle up to you. This will remain, you just need to avoid such poses that provoke the “sucking instinct” during weaning.
Features of weaning a 2 year old child
- The habit has already taken root
- Emotional need is stronger than physical need,
- At 2 years old, children already consciously demand the breast,
- For easily excitable children, the breast is a source of calm.
Where to start weaning off breastfeeding?
From my own mood. If you doubt the timeliness and necessity of this step, it is better to wait. In just a week, you will either “mature” and gain determination, or you will finally change your mind. If the decision has matured, I recommend doing it gradually.
How to wean a 2 year old baby without hysterics
First of all, don't go anywhere. Don't add stress to your baby. There is no need to smear anything on your breasts so that the baby becomes disgusted with the taste of milk, otherwise you can only provoke hysterics. Do you need it?
- Agree with family members about who will help you and how,
- Stock up on suitable closed T-shirts, and a wide elastic bandage if you plan to bandage it.
- Bribe in advance (new books, plasticine) something new that will be guaranteed to distract the baby. There will definitely not be the desired reaction to old toys,
- Think in advance about how and where the baby will fall asleep without breastfeeding during the day,
- Buy several packs of soothing herbs to add to baths,
- Buy baby soothing tea to give to your baby before bed for the first couple of days.
- If the little one does not drink this tea, make an aroma bag from motherwort, valerian roots, oregano, mint (4 * 1 * 2 * 1) and place it in the place where the baby sleeps for a more peaceful bedtime.
In the next article I will describe in more detail the nuances of weaning a 2-year-old baby from breastfeeding in practice.
Making the decision to wean your baby off breastfeeding is not an easy task. But sooner or later you will still have to do this. It is worth approaching this issue responsibly. Here are some tips to help you.
When should you wean your baby off breastfeeding?
Ideally, it is best to wait for natural weaning. And here it is impossible to name an unambiguous time. For every mother, the period comes at its own time. However, on average, lactation involution occurs at 2.5 years. It is at this age that the baby's sucking reflex begins to fade.Is your baby ready to wean? Mom must answer this question herself. And she will definitely understand this. After all, no one knows the needs of her own child better than a mother. If you still have doubts, then you should watch the child. If he is easily distracted from the breast and the number of feedings per day has already reached three, and the baby does not suckle anything else, then it’s time to begin gradual weaning.
The readiness of the mother's body is also easy to understand. At this time, the breasts are no longer overfilled with milk. The baby has not been latched for more than 12 hours, and the mother feels comfortable. After the onset of lactation involution, you can breastfeed your baby for another 2-3 months. During this time, the child will receive a supply of immunoglobulins with milk, which will last him for 5-6 months.
It is worth noting that there is no need to wean your baby off breastfeeding immediately after an illness, after experiencing stress, or during important life changes, for example, going to kindergarten. It happens, of course, when a child urgently needs to be weaned. This includes cases of serious illness in the mother, when she begins to use medications that are incompatible with breastfeeding.
And here you need to act smoothly and carefully, following all the rules, but in a short time.
Finishing breastfeeding
By the way, the mother going back to work or entering kindergarten are not at all reasons to wean the baby off breastfeeding. On the contrary, it will be easier for the child to adapt to new conditions if the breast is not taken away. You shouldn’t wean your baby off in the summer either, since there are plenty of fresh vegetables and fruits at this time of year. The temptation to feed the baby will be great, and this, in turn, can lead to an upset stomach.
How to wean?
It must be remembered that abruptly weaning a baby from the breast is a huge stress. You need to act smoothly and carefully, constantly observing the baby’s reaction. It happens that you have to start all over again. This is normal and there is no need to despair at such moments.
While weaning your beloved child, try to give him maximum attention. At least more than before. Constantly hug him, kiss him, squeeze him, tickle him, throw him up, in a word, give the baby as many tactile sensations as possible. This is very important because it lets the baby know that despite the fact that the breast is missing, the mother is not going anywhere. And besides, it gives more love and attention.
During this time, the child must be closely monitored. If he starts putting foreign objects into his mouth, for example a finger, it means he is stressed and worried. And that means he is not ready to stop breastfeeding yet.
Methods for weaning a child from breastfeeding
The easiest way is to leave home for a few days or take the baby to grandma. However, this method can only be used if the child has previously been left without his mother for at least a day. During the period of mother's absence, the child will understand that it is possible to live and fall asleep even without breast milk. And upon returning, the child should be informed that the milk is missing.How to wean a child from breastfeeding? Doctor Komarovsky
You can tell an interesting story about how the milk went to a poor homeless dog or the fox took the milk to the forest for her cubs. When your daughter or son remembers the breast, then remember the story, worry and regret with him. You must definitely be on his side.
However, this method of weaning a child from the breast can lead to stress in the child. After all, not only the breasts and milk disappeared for several days, but also the beloved mother. This method should only be used if you are sure that the baby will handle the separation well.
The most optimal and correct way to wean your baby off breast milk is to gradually reduce the number of breastfeedings during the day. It is worth gradually giving up night and evening feedings. The main thing is to be decisive, because children feel the mood, mood, and confidence of their mother.
Gradual weaning from breastfeeding
Reduce the number of daily applications. You should not say “no” to your child. It's better to distract him by any means. For example, interesting books, active games or fairy tales. At the same time, you need to dress in such a way that it is difficult for the baby to reach the chest, for example, knitted bodysuits or simple T-shirts. Forget about robes, shirts and sweaters with cutouts for a while. In addition, there is no need to change clothes around the child.Make it a rule to allow breastfeeding only in a certain place and position, for example, lying on the bed. Then in some situations (in the car) it will be easy to explain to the child why he is not breastfeeding. By the way, it wouldn’t hurt to introduce this rule already when the baby has already celebrated his first birthday.
Avoid breastfeeding before naps and after waking up. Let a relative put your baby to bed, or simply come up with a new bedtime ritual. For example, turn on an audio story or read a book. In this case, at first it is better to hold the child in your arms.
And immediately after waking up, distract your baby with games and interesting tasks. And under no circumstances lie in bed together. Use the same technique before bed. Let dad put the baby to bed at night.
First, it is worth reducing, and then completely eliminating, night feedings. This is one of the most important stages. The main thing here is not to fuss and take your time. First, reduce the time of night feeding and do not let your baby fall asleep with the breast. And if the child wakes up and reaches for the breast, then it is better to offer him something to drink. At the same time, you can tell a story that the “titya” is tired, sleeping and cannot come to the baby. And in the morning, when it’s time to wake up, mom shouldn’t be there. Wake up before your child and distract him.
As a result, at one point you will realize that the baby has not taken the breast for several days. It turns out that feeding is completed.
Please note that the time it takes to wean your baby is different for everyone. For some, a week may be enough, for others it may take a couple of months. One way or another, after 2.5 years this process is less painful.
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