Where did the names of the rivers come from? The largest rivers of the Perm region The largest river of the Perm region
Perm region- a subject of the Federation in the European part of Russia, minor parts of the region’s territory are located in the Asian part of Russia. The region is located in the northeastern part of the East European Plain and on the western slopes of the Middle and Northern Urals. In the western and central regions, hilly flat terrain predominates, in the east it is large hilly and low-mountain. In the west of the flat part there is the Verkhnekamsk Upland and the Okhanskaya Upland, which continues it in the center of the region, in the northwest there are the weakly dissected Northern Uvals, in the south there is the Tulvin Upland, in the southeast there is the Sylvinsky Ridge on the outskirts of the Ufa Plateau. Karst is developed in the region, mainly in the southeast.
Perm Krai is part of the Volga Federal District. The administrative center is Perm.
The territory of the region is 160,236 km2, the population (as of January 1, 2017) is 2,632,097 people. Perm Territory is the largest region of the Volga Federal District.
Surface water resources
Almost all water bodies of the Perm Territory belong to the Caspian Sea basin - the Kama basin. Only minor territories of the region are located within the sea basin of the Arctic Ocean - the Northern Dvina basin in the north-west and the Pechora basin in the north of the region.
The river network of the Perm Territory is represented by 29,179 rivers with a total length of 90,014 km (the density of the river network is 0.56 km/km 2), most of which are small rivers and streams. The rivers of the region, originating from the slopes of the Urals, flow in their upper reaches between mountain ranges in wide valleys and have a slow flow; cutting through the ridges and ridges of the foothills they acquire the features of mountain rivers, and when reaching the plains - plain ones. The rivers of the south and southwest, as well as rivers flowing from the Upper Kama Upland and the Northern Uvals, are flat, characterized by wide valleys, winding channels and a slow flow. The rivers of the Perm region are characterized by mixed nutrition with a predominance of snow (50–60%). The rivers belong to the Eastern European type of water regime, which is characterized by spring floods with a sharp increase in water level, summer-autumn low water, interrupted by rain floods, and winter low water. The rivers freeze in the second half of November and open in late April - early May. The largest rivers in the region are the Kama with its tributaries of the first and second order: Vishera, Chusovaya, Kosaya (tributaries of the Kama), Kolva (tributary of the Vishera), Sylva (tributary of the Chusovaya) and others. The Pechora basin includes the upper reaches of the left tributaries of the river. Unya, Northern Dvina - parts of the basins of the Voch and Asynvozh rivers, the left tributaries of the Northern Ketelma. Among the regions of the federal district, the Perm Territory ranks first in terms of the length and density of the river network.
The functions of providing public services and managing federal property in the field of water resources in the territory of the region are carried out by the Water Resources Department of the Kama Bank of Water Resources for the Perm Territory.
The powers in the field of water relations transferred to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the functions of providing public services and managing regional property in the field of water resources in the region are carried out by the Ministry of Natural Resources, Forestry and Ecology of the Perm Territory.
The State Program “Reproduction and Use of Natural Resources” is being implemented on the territory of the region, the structure of which includes the subprogram “Development of the water management complex of the Perm Territory”. The objectives of the program in the development of the water management complex are to prevent potential damage from the negative impact of surface water and accidents at hydraulic structures.
When preparing the material, we used data from the State reports “On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2015”, “On the state and use of water resources of the Russian Federation in 2015”, “On the state and use of land in the Russian Federation in 2015”, “On the state and protection of the environment of the Perm region in 2015”, collection “Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2016" The ratings of regions for surface and underground water resources do not take into account the indicators of cities of federal significance - Moscow,
The largest river is Kama. In terms of length, the Kama occupies
6th place among the rivers of Europe, after the Volga, Danube, Ural, Don and Pechora.
The name of the river comes from the Udmurt word “kam”, which means “big, long river”.
It starts from a spring in Udmurtia, near the village of Kuliga. It is in this place that there is a pedestal with the inscription: “Here the Ural River Kama begins” |
At birch trees from under the roots A small stream flows. A bright, lively fontanel. Who among you could believe it? That the influx of the huge Kama begins here? So from a tiny spring The Kama river has grown! B.Shirshov |
At first, the Kama flows in the form of a stream, but gradually gains strength and becomes a high-water river.
The Kama majestically rolls its waters through forests, meadows and fields. Its length was 2032 km, and with the creation of reservoirs it decreased. Now its length is 1805 km. About half of its route, approximately 950 km, it flows within our region.
The Kama receives many tributaries both on the right and on the left. The right tributaries are flat, quiet, calm. These are Inva, Obva, Siva, etc. The left tributaries in the upper reaches are mountainous in nature, they are fast, impetuous, and noisy. These include Vishera with Yazva and Kolva, Kosva, Chusovaya. It is easy to notice that the names of rivers in the Perm region often end in “va”. It means "water, river".
Rivers of the Perm region with a particle "va" - water
Velva - river starting on a hill
Vilva - fresh water
Ivan - divine river (women's tears)
Koiva - cold, icy (splashing) river
Kolva - hunting river
Kosva - shallow river (water)
Lysva - river through an area covered with coniferous forest
Capelin - beaver river
Obva - meadow snowy river
Oshva - bear water
Pozhva - muddy water
Syuzva - river flowing where eagle owls live
Urva - squirrel river
Usva - noise falling water
Chusovaya - fast water
The Kama itself is the largest left tributary of the Volga.
The Kama and its tributaries are full of water. They feed on rain, groundwater and melt water that comes in the spring during the melting of snow and ice. In winter, the Kama, like all its tributaries, freezes. In the south, ice on the river lasts approximately 140 days, that is, more than four and a half months, and in the north - 180 days.
The waters of the Kama serve as a source of energy. Construction was completed in 1954 Kamskaya hydroelectric power station. It is one of the largest power plants in our country. Its dam consists of two parts. On the right bank there is a reinforced concrete spillway part of the dam, combined with the hydroelectric power station building.
The length of the dam is 386 m, width 50 m, height 35 m. The water raised by the dam presses with its weight on the blades of machines called turbines. Under enormous water pressure, turbines rotate and transmit their motion to other machines - generators, which generate electric current.
Above the dam there was a large spill Kama Reservoir.
In the southwest of our region, in 1961, on the Kama River, the construction of the second hydroelectric power station, Votkinskaya, was completed. Its power is twice that of the Kama Hydroelectric Power Station. The water level in the Kama above the new dam rose by 23 meters. The Votkinsk reservoir was formed there. Its area is 1120 km2.
Our hydroelectric power stations are part of the Volga-Kama cascade of hydroelectric power stations (a cascade refers to hydroelectric power stations located along the river at some distance from each other, connected to each other). They are part of the RusHydro association.
Thanks to the creation of reservoirs on the Kama, conditions for the passage of ships have improved, and many tributaries of the Kama have become navigable.
River Yusva - Swan River,
The homeland is small, the homeland is bright.
Your right wing is your native field,
Your left wing is the treasured grove.
V. Radkevich
The Perm region is called the water region, because we have over 30 thousand reservoirs. They form a bizarre, branched, dense network.
The names of many rivers have the ending “va” (in Komi-Permyak “va” is water, river): Gayva, Kolva, Usva, Unva, Chelva, Kosva, Koiva, Lysva, Nizva, Pozhva, Sylva, Syuzva, Urva...
Perhaps you can’t list everything.
Such geographical names are not accidental. They come from Komi-Permyak, Komi-Zyryan, Udmurt, Mansi, Khanty, Bashkir words and tell about some features of the river that were noticed with amazing accuracy by the tribes who once lived here.
Thus, the Kolva, a river in the Cherdynsky district, the largest tributary of the Vishera, 490 km long, collects water from an area equal to the territory of Belgium. The modern name of the river is the Mansi "kol"ya, modified by the Komi-Permyaks, which means a fish river (for the Mansi, "kol" is a fish, "ya" is a river). In the past, the Mansi roamed and fished in the Kolva basin.
Chelva - this is the name of four rivers of the Perm region: tributaries of the Kama, Kosva, Nerdva and Obva. All of them are flat and quiet, which fully corresponds to the Komi-Permyak “chel” - quiet.
Ulva is a river in the Solikamsk region, a left tributary of the Urolka, 65 km long. The name of the river comes from the Komi "ul" I damp, wet and means damp, wet river, that is, a river that flows in the lowlands, with damp banks.
Unva is the name of two rivers of the Berezniki region, the left tributaries of the Yayva. Their name is also Komi-Permyak and comes from the word “una” - many; This means that Unva is a high-water river.
Gaiva is a river in the suburban area of Krasnokamsk, the right tributary of the Kama, 73 km long. “Gai” in Komi-Permyak means a response in the forest, and spruce “gaiva” can be translated as water with a good response, an echo.
But the name Inva, the right tributary of the Kama, in Komi-Permyak means female water, female river; a river as beautiful as a woman. The river has beautiful, picturesque banks, covered with a colorful carpet of forest and wildflowers. This feature is reflected in its name.
Vilva - several rivers in the Perm region have this name. It comes from the Komi-Permyak “vil”, that is, new, and means new water, river.
Koiva is a river in the Chusovsky district 189 km long with a narrow valley and steep slopes. "Koi" - bird; Apparently, many birds flocked here in ancient times, leaving a memory of themselves in the name of the river.
Kosva is a large tributary of the Kama Reservoir with a length of 345 km. The word "kos" goes back to the Komi-Permyak "kes" and means dry (in the sense of small). The name well conveys the peculiarity of this reservoir - shallow water, a river with shallow depths and riffles.
Lysva is the name given to three rivers of our region: the tributaries of the Kama, Obva and Chusovaya. “Lys” in Komi-Permyak means pine needles, that is, Lysva is pine water, a pine river flowing through an area covered with pine forest. This was true in the past.
Nizva is a river in the Cherdyn region, a left tributary of the Kolva 125 km long. Its name is poetic: sable water, sable river, (“low” in the Komi language - sable).
Pozhva is a tributary of the Kama. This name comes from the Udmurt “pozh” - muddy; This means that the water in this river is muddy.
But the word “Sylva” (from the Komi-Permyak “sey” - clay) means clayey water, clayey river.
As you can see, the name of the river is its characteristic given by our distant ancestors.
Can be classified as large rivers (that is, rivers with a length of more than 500 km). This is the largest river in the region, the Kama (1805 km) and its left tributary Chusovaya (592 km).
Of the 29 thousand, only 40 rivers are medium-sized, that is, they have a length from 100 to 500 km. The largest of them:
- Sylva – 493 km,
- Vishera – 415 km,
- Colva – 460 km,
- Yaiva – 403 km,
- Kosva – 283 km,
- Spit – 267 km,
- Veslyana – 266 km
- Inva – 257 km,
- Obva - 247 km.
The rivers of the Perm region are fed more than 60% by melt water. They can experience prolonged freeze-up, high spring floods, and low summer and winter low water. The flood lasts longer in the north of the region, thanks to extensive forests and thick snow cover.
Most of the rivers of the Perm region are flat. They have a winding channel and a slow current.
Originating in the Ural Mountains, the left tributaries of the Kama in the upper reaches are typical mountain rivers. They have a fast current with rapids, riffles and waterfalls. On the banks there are picturesque cliffs and rock outcrops. The most interesting thing is that many of the mountain Perm rivers can only be reached from the Sverdlovsk region. Having descended from the mountains to the plain, these rivers in the middle and lower reaches lose their mountain character.
For centuries, the Permian rivers served not only as a water resource. In those days when there was neither air nor railway communication, rivers were the main roads throughout Russia, including in the Kama region.
Now the rivers are places for recreation and fishing. Of all types of recreation on the rivers of the Perm region, rafting is especially popular. From the first days of May until late autumn, a huge number of tourists go rafting using kayaks, catamarans and rafts.
Which rivers to choose for rafting? Rafting on each river is unique and inimitable. In the Perm region, rafting is carried out on the rivers Chusovaya, Vishera, Usva, Kosva and many others. River rafting is the best vacation!
- the largest left tributary of the Volga. The name comes from the Udmurt “kam” - “river, current”. Another interpretation of the name refers to the Udmurt “kema”, meaning “long”. According to one of the old theories, the ethnonym Komi (“people from the Kama”) came from the name of the Kama River.
The Kama is considered a tributary of the Volga. However, Permians believe that the Volga is a tributary of the Kama, and their opinion is shared by many scientists. A number of facts support this:
- The ancient Kama valley is much older than the Volga; figuratively speaking, when the ancient Kama (paleo-Kama) already existed, the Volga did not yet exist. And only then the Volga joined (at right angles) to the Kama in connection with geological transformations;
- The Kama basin is larger than the Volga basin, the Kama receives water from more rivers than the Volga;
- The source of the Kama is located above the source of the Volga, and this is one of the criteria for determining the primacy of a particular river;
- At the confluence of the Kama and Volga, in terms of water content, they are absolutely equivalent.
The length of the river is 1805 km. Previously, before the appearance of three reservoirs, it was even longer - more than two thousand kilometers. The territory of the Perm region is 910 km. Basin area 507,000 km²
The Kama originates from 4 springs in the center of the Verkhnekamsk Upland in Udmurtia, near the village of Kuliga. This is a return river, that is, it makes an arc and flows near the mouth in the direction opposite to the flow of the source. And although the river is 1805 km long, its source is only 445 km from its mouth, measured in a straight line.
The Kama is fed mainly by snow, as well as underground and rain. After freezing in November, the ice lasts until April. Ice drift in spring lasts from 2 to 15 days. The water level in the river can vary up to 8 meters. The basin includes 73,718 rivers, 94.5% of them are small rivers, no more than 10 km long. The river's flow over a considerable length is regulated by the dams of the Kama, Votkinsk and Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric power stations, above which reservoirs were created.
The Kama River can be divided into 3 sections:
- upper reaches (from the source to the mouth of the Vishera),
- middle course (from the mouth of the Vishera to the mouth of the Belaya),
- lower reaches (from the mouth of the Belaya to the confluence of the Volga and Kama).
The Perm region includes areas of the middle and upper reaches.
Kama in the upper reaches It winds strongly, the channel is unstable and winding, many oxbow lakes, in which fish breed, form in the floodplain. It becomes a wide river with a strong current and picturesque banks near the village of Gayny. Near the village of Ust-Kosa at the mouth of the right tributary of the Kos, the Kama reaches 200 meters in width.
The banks of the Kama River on average flow change: the left bank becomes elevated and steep. the right one remains low-lying with a meadow character. Many islands, shoals and riffles appear.
The Kama becomes a full-fledged full-flowing river only after the confluence of the Vishera. The volume of water flow near Perm is 52 cubic kilometers per year. The average river gradient is 0.1%. The current speed ranges from 0.3 to 1 km/s.
The creation of reservoirs improved navigation conditions. From Perm there are regular passenger flights to Moscow, Gorky, Astrakhan and Ufa. The picturesque banks of the Kama attract many tourists. For active recreation and rafting, the upper reaches of the river are more interesting. The river is also attractive as a place for sport fishing. The upper reaches are best suited for this, since already below Solikamsk there are a huge number of industrial enterprises on the banks of the river. Therefore, the ecological situation in the middle and lower reaches is very unfavorable.
More than 40 species of fish live in Kama. The most numerous are pike perch, bream, pike, ruffe, burbot, bleak, roach, perch, ide, bluegill, asp, catfish, sabrefish, white-eye, gudgeon, dace, silver bream, chub, spined lance and crucian carp.
Before the construction of hydroelectric power stations, there were 3 species of herring, sturgeon, beluga, Caspian lamprey and white fish in the river. Now these fish are gone, but catfish and sprat have appeared, and rotan has appeared in floodplain reservoirs.
Grayling and taimen are found in the upper reaches and tributaries. In some areas of the Upper Kama, large numbers of sterlet are artificially maintained.
5 species of fish are listed in the Red Book of Russia, their catching is prohibited: sterlet of the Upper and Middle Kama, taimen, brook trout, sculpin, bystryanka.
Currently, the number of fish and fishermen is not so large, since the cost and difficulty of casting is not justified by the catch. Mostly residents of the villages closest to the Kama catch it.
Kama photo
Chusovaya River is the left tributary of the Kama. It originates in the Chelyabinsk region, then in the middle reaches it passes twice from the Sverdlovsk region to the Perm region and ends its journey near the city of Perm, flowing into the Kama Reservoir. Its interesting feature is that the Chusovaya originates in Asia, on the eastern slopes of the Ural ridge, crosses it and mainly flows in the European part of Russia, along the western slopes of the Ural Mountains, through the territory of the Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk regions and the Perm region, that is it flows through two parts of the world from Asia to Europe.
The length of Chusovaya is 592 km. Of these, it flows through the Chelyabinsk region - 20 km, through the Sverdlovsk region - 377 km, through the Perm Territory - 195 km. The average height of the catchment area is 356 m. The area of the drainage basin is 23,000 sq. m. km, average slope 0.4 m/km.
The water level on the river is unstable and changes quickly. In rainy summers it can rise 4-5 meters.
On its way, the water crosses many mountain ranges; at the intersections, numerous rocks (the so-called stones) rise on the banks, forming the most picturesque landscapes.
Of the more than 200 rock outcrops, many have the status of natural monuments. The river has more than 150 tributaries - from small streams to large rivers. There are more than 70 rapids on the river, the largest of which is Kashkinsky. In 2004, the Chusovaya River natural park was created on a 148-kilometer section of the river.
There are several versions of the origin of the name of the river. According to the most common hypothesis, the name comes from the Komi-Permyak words “chus” - fast and “va” - water, i.e. “chusva” – “fast water”. This river played a huge role in the history of the Perm region.
On Chusovaya there are hundreds of beautiful sights: rocks, caves, monuments...
In the summer, rafting along the Chusovaya River is very popular among tourists.
Many episodes of the famous Soviet musical comedy " Volga-Volga"directed by Grigory Alexandrov. The film by Yaropolk Lapshin was filmed in the village of Sloboda Gloomy River».
Chusovaya photo
Vishera is the fifth longest river in the Perm Territory, a left tributary of the Kama River (flows into the Vishera Bay of the Kama Reservoir). This is one of the most picturesque rivers of the Urals.
Its length is 415 km, the basin area is 31,200 km². The average slope of the river is 0.2 m/km. The average height of the catchment is 317 meters.
Vishera is characterized by high water, low summer low water and rain floods. The river is winding, there are many rocky rifts.
It flows into the Kama, and the Kama is inferior in width and water content at the confluence. There is even an opinion among experts that it is more reasonable to consider the Kama a tributary of the Vishera.
According to one version, it received its modern name from people from Veliky Novgorod, in honor of the river of the same name.
Has two sources. They are separated by the Vishersky Kamen ridge. The right branch, 16 km long, is called Malaya Vishera (Halsoriya), it originates on the Yana-Yemta ridge.
The left one, 24 km long, Bolshaya Vishera (Pazarya), begins on the spurs of one of the peaks of the Belt Stone - Porimongit-Ur ridge, or rather, from the southwestern slope of the mountain with an elevation of 1128.1 m, called by the Mansi Saklaimsori-Chakhl.
This is a unique point in the Urals, where seven borders converge:
Europe and Asia; Sverdlovsk region and Perm region; as well as the watershed areas of the three great rivers of Russia - the Pechora (Malaya Khozya), the Ob (Purma) and the Volga (Vishera).
In 1997, in honor of the 200th anniversary of the Perm region, a memorial pillar “Europe-Asia” was erected here.
Both sources of the Vishera always lie under the snow and merge at the northern foot of Mount Moonintump (Army, 924.1 m).
The entire course of the river can be divided into 3 sections:
Upper Vishera- the most turbulent part of the river. This is the section from the source to the mouth of the Uls River. The entire area is literally dotted with rifts, the riverbed winds strongly, and the depth is shallow. The width of the river here is up to 70 m. After the confluence of the Niols and Lopya, it becomes possible to raft along the river.
- The upper reaches are the least populated - only the village of Vels at the mouth of the tributary of the same name. There are mountain ranges here: Tulymsky Stone (up to 1469 meters - this is the highest point in the Perm region),
- Kurynsar – 896 meters,
- Larch – 862 meters.
Most of Upper Vishera is located on the territory of the Vishera Nature Reserve. Fishing in the reserve is prohibited.
Average Vishera- from the mouth of the Uls River to the confluence of the Kolva River (199 km). There are still a lot of riffles, but now there are also a lot of stretches. The width of the river reaches 150 m, the flow speed decreases. There are many picturesque coastal rocks: Pisanny, Stolby, Dyrovaty, Vetryanoy, Gostinovsky, Boets, Priton, Govorlivy, Vetlan.
The banks of the river here are the most populated; along the banks are located the villages and settlements of Sypuchi, Visherogorsk, Vaya, Akchim, Zagovorukha, Romanikha, Talitsa, Bahari, Ust-Yazva, as well as the regional center, the city of Krasnovishersk.
Timber harvesting is taking place along the banks, and the ecology is somewhat deteriorating.
Nizhnyaya Vishera– from the mouth of the Kolva River to its confluence with the Kama (34 km). A typically flat river, in some places it floods up to 900 m.
In the mid-twentieth century, due to timber rafting and water emissions from the pulp and paper plant in the city of Krasnovishersk, this area lost its fishing significance.
But in the upper reaches there is quite enough fish. The sculpin goby, listed in the Red Book, even lives in the tributaries of the Vishera, which is an indicator of the purity of the water.
In the upper reaches there is also the largest population of grayling and taimen in the region and Europe. Individuals reach 1.5-2 kg. Until 1958, the commercial grayling fishery flourished except for Vishera on the Berezovaya, Uls and Vels rivers. Up to 187 quintals of fish were caught annually (more than in Karelia, Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega combined). Due to poaching in the upper reaches of the river, the grayling population in Vishera began to rapidly decrease, and currently there is no commercial grayling fishing.
Animals in the Vishera region include bears, beavers, and wolverines. Among the birds, the golden eagle, merlin, osprey and white partridge are listed in the Red Book.
There is also a mysterious bird – the black stork, also listed in the Red Book. The legend says: whoever finds the nest of a black stork will inevitably die in the very near future.
Herds of reindeer live in the mountain tundras. In the upper reaches of the Vishera and its tributary Lypya, swans are found.
The yellowish-brown Ural sable lives on the mountain slopes in the dark coniferous taiga. This is the western border of its habitat. The marten and the large Ural sable produced a valuable cross - kidus (kidas). This type of fur-bearing animal is found only in the mountains of the Northern Urals; in the Perm region, the kidus lives in the upper reaches of the Vishera.
You can often hear the phrase “Vishera diamond”. The river is so called both for its fabulous beauty and for the diamond deposits in its basin.
Rafting along the Vishera is very popular among tourists. The river is ideal for family rafting and for rafting in large groups: it is quite calm, without rapids.
It is best to start rafting from the villages of Vels or Vaya, and end in the city of Krasnovishersk. In this section the river is suitable for rafting throughout the summer. The beauty of the Vishera River, picturesque banks, and unique nature will give you many pleasant moments.
Vishera photo
There is another version of the origin of the name, according to which Yaiva is the name of the daughter of the forest king. The hero Tulum fell in love with her, and she reciprocated. But the river king did not want to give his daughter to Tulum, and during a thunderstorm he threw the palace in which the lovers lived into the water. The broken body of Tulum turned into boulders, and Yayva became a fast mountain river. And since then, as if hugging and mourning the beloved hero Tulum, the beautiful Yaiva has been rapidly rushing through the Tulum boulders with its crystal clear waters.
These boulders are now called the Yaivinsky tulums, and begin 20 km before the confluence of the Kad River. The largest rapids of the Yaivinsky tulums even have their own names (Slant Head, Birch Head, Bear Head, Ravines, etc.).
After the confluence of the Kad River, Yayva becomes noticeably calmer, the flow is slower, the riverbed is deeper, and there are rocky outcrops along the banks.
After the dam at the reservoir of the Yaivinskaya State District Power Plant, the river is very picturesque, wide, deep and calm.
The river and its tributaries are inhabited by taimen and grayling. The oxbow lakes hold pike and large perch. After the village of the same name, asp, bream and chub are caught. In the village itself there is a fish farm at the Yaivinskaya State District Power Plant, so local fishermen downstream have adapted to catch fish that escaped from the cages - carp, trout, taimen, etc.
The river is interesting for rafting, during which tourists visit picturesque cliffs with caves along the banks. The Quiet Stone tract is especially popular.
The Chanva is a left tributary of the Yayva, flowing in the Perm region through the territory of the Aleksandrovsky district. Length 70 km, drainage basin area 733 km².
It is formed on the northern slope of the Bely Spoy ridge from the confluence of the Rassokha and Tsenva rivers. The mouth of the river is located 183 km along the left bank of the Yayva River.
The name comes from the Komi word “chan” - foal, which in relation to the river means frisky, fast. Thus, Chanwa is a “fast river” or “swift river”.
Changwu is called the “cave river”. There are many known and unknown caves in the coastal cliffs and rock outcrops in the forest.
The riverbed runs through a deep rocky valley. There are steep elevation changes throughout the river.
Rafting on Changwe is popular among tourists. The best time for rafting is the first 2-3 weeks after the ice drift (from mid to late May). Then the river is full enough, and there is no need to drag rubber boats and especially catamarans over the rifts.
On the banks there are the most interesting rocks and caves, which are natural monuments of federal significance. Among them are the Anyusha tract and the Chanvin caves.
At the confluence of the Berezovaya River there is a trail (2 km) to the Tain Cave.
The mouth of Chanva is located just below the village of Verkhnyaya Yaiva.
The Lytva River flows in the Perm region. It flows into the Votkinsk Reservoir near the city of Osa, forming a bay more than 20 km long and up to 5 km wide. The length of the river is 118 km, the average slope is 0.8 m/km, the catchment area is 3.5 thousand square meters. km at an average altitude of 200 meters above sea level. 110 tributaries less than 10 km long flow into the river.
The spring flood, lasting about 25-30 days, begins in April. Typically, the highest water levels occur in late April. When there is heavy rainfall, there may be rain floods, accompanied by a significant rise in water levels.
Although the Tulva begins its journey in the Uinsky District and flows into the Kama in the Osinsky District, most of the river's 118 km length is located in the Bardymsky District. Therefore, the Bardym people consider it theirs, and call their region Pritulvinsky.
It is not known for certain where the name of the Tulva River came from. The part “va” indicates the Komi-Permyak “water”; a significant number of names of rivers in the Perm region end in “va”. But “Tul” can be translated in different ways: either from Mansi “tul” - fog, or from Komi-Permyak as “nail”, “wedge”, or from Tatar “tula” - complete.
Local Tatars call the river Tol, and in historical documents another name is found - Tolbui. Legends tell about the origin of this name: “The village of Tanyp is the oldest settlement in the upper reaches of Tulva, in ancient times one person, Gainetdin, moved here and built a house. After a while, his younger brother came and settled downstream of the river, in the place where the village of Ishimovo is. And then he saw wood chips floating down the river and found his older brother. Then the younger brother drowned, and his wife told the river that you have brought me such grief, let your name be “Tol” - widow.” This is how the Tatar name of the Tulva River appeared.
- a river in the European part of Russia, the left and largest tributary of the Volga River.
It originates in the central part of the Verkhnekamsk Upland from four springs near the former village of Karpushata, now part of the village of Kuliga, Kezsky district of the Udmurt Republic. It flows mainly between the heights of the High Trans-Volga region along a wide, sometimes narrowing valley. In the upper reaches (from the source to the mouth of the Pilva River) the channel is unstable and winding, on the floodplain of an oxbow lake. After the confluence of the Vishera River it becomes a high-water river; the banks change: the right one remains low and is predominantly meadow in nature, the left one almost everywhere becomes elevated and in places steep. There are many islands in this area, and there are shoals and rifts. Below the confluence of the Belaya River at the Kama, the right bank becomes high and the left bank low. In the lower reaches of the Kama flows in a wide (up to 15 km) valley, the width of the channel is 450-1200 m; breaks into sleeves. Below the mouth of the Vyatka, the river flows into the Kama Bay of the Kuibyshev Reservoir.
The main tributaries on the left are the South Keltma, Vishera with Kolva, Chusovaya with Sylva, Belaya with Ufa, Ik, Zai, Sheshma, Menzelya; on the right - Kosa, Obva, Vyatka, Toima, Mesha. All the right tributaries of the Kama (Kosa, Urolka, Kondas, Inva, Lysva, Obva) and some of the left ones (Veslyana, Lunya, Leman, South Keltma) are lowland rivers flowing from the north. Mountain, cold and fast-moving rivers originate in the Ural Mountains and flow into the Kama from the left (Vishera, Yaiva, Kosva, Chusovaya).
The river is inhabited by: sterlet, sturgeon, carp, crucian carp, asp, silver bream, ide, chub, bleak, ruff, burbot, catfish, etc.
- a river in the Middle Urals, a left tributary of the Kama.
It flows through the territory of the Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk regions and the Perm region of Russia. The river is interesting because it originates on the eastern slopes of the Ural ridge, in Asia, crosses it and mainly flows along its western slopes, in the European part of Russia, twice crossing from the Sverdlovsk region to the Perm region.
The length of Chusovaya is 592 km. Of these, the Chusovaya flows through the Chelyabinsk region - 20 km, through the Sverdlovsk region - 377 km, through the Perm Territory - 195 km. The river's drainage basin area is 23,000 km².
The river originates on the eastern slopes of the Ural ridge, in Asia, crosses it and mainly flows along its western slopes, in the European part of Russia, twice crossing from the Sverdlovsk region to the Perm region. The decoration of Chusovaya is the numerous rocks (stones) standing in places where the river crosses mountain ranges. The picturesque banks of Chusovaya and the presence of numerous attractions have made it a popular tourist attraction in the Urals. Chusovaya takes its source in a swampy area in the north of the Chelyabinsk region, according to some sources, from Bolshoi Chusovskoye Lake, according to others, from Lake Surny, near the Ufaley station and flows to the north. After 45 km, the river merges with Western Chusovaya (it originates on the Ufaleysky Ridge, after which it flows for about 150 km along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains). Here, the width of the river bed ranges from 10 to 13 m. In the upper reaches of the Chusovaya it receives many tributaries, and the right ones are generally larger and full-flowing. The river valley in the upper reaches is wide, the slopes are gentle. Between the Revda tributary and the village of Sloboda on the banks of the Chusovaya there are outcrops of crystalline schists formed as a result of the interaction of igneous and sedimentary rocks.
The width of the river in the middle reaches is 120-140 m. In the lower reaches, after the city of Chusovoy, after leaving the Ural Mountains, the river has a typically flat character. The speed of the river slows down, the channel widens in places up to 300 m: Chusovaya flows leisurely, surrounded by water meadows, swamps, deciduous and mixed forests, at times describing wide bends. The river flows into the Chusovskaya Bay of the Kama Reservoir, formed during the construction of the Kama Hydroelectric Power Station, 693 km from the mouth of the Kama, slightly above the city of Perm. The river's food supply is mixed, with a predominance of snow (55%). Rainwater accounts for 29%, underground 18%. The river bottom along its entire length is mostly rocky and pebbly. Chusovaya usually freezes in late October-early December, and opens in April-early May. The lower reaches of the river are characterized by ice jams and ice jams with the water level rising to 2.8 m.
- a river in the Sverdlovsk region and Perm region of Russia.
Length 493 km, basin area 19,700 km². It originates on the western slope of the Middle Urals and flows mainly to the west. It flows into the Chusovsky Bay of the Kama Reservoir.
The river is full of water, the water is clean, the current is moderate, and in the lower reaches it is calm. The riverbed is very winding, with many riffles and shoals. Karst is widely developed in the lower Sylva basin (for example, Kungurskaya, Zakuryinskaya, Serginskaya caves, etc.). In the area of the village of Serga, the Sylvensky Bay of the Kama Reservoir begins.
The diet is mixed, with a predominance of snow. The average water flow 45 km from the mouth is 139 m³/s. It freezes in late October - early November, is characterized by frostbites, and opens in the second half of April.
The main left tributaries: Vogulka, Irgina, Iren, Babka and Kishertka; right - Barda, Shakva, Lek and Molebka.
Navigable 74 km from the mouth.
On the left bank of the Sylva there is the so-called “Molyob anomalous zone”.
- a river in the Perm region of Russia, a left tributary of the Kama River (flows into the Vishera Bay of the Kama Reservoir).
Length - 415 km, basin area - 31,200 km². The average height of the river's catchment is 317 meters. The average slope of the river is 0.2 m/km.
The fifth longest river in the Perm region, one of the most picturesque rivers in the Urals. It begins in the northeast of the region, on the border with the Komi Republic and the Sverdlovsk region. It flows mainly through the foothills of the Urals, mostly having the character of a fast mountain river flowing in a narrow valley; many shoals and rapids. Karst phenomena are common in the basin.
The right source of the Vishera - Malaya Vishera - originates on the Yana-Yemty ridge, the left - Bolshaya Vishera - from the spurs of Porimongit-Ur, one of the peaks of the Belt Stone ridge, on the very border of the Komi Republic, the Sverdlovsk region and the Perm region. The sources are separated by the Vishera Stone and merge at the northern foot of Mount Armii.
The Vishera, from its source to the mouth of the Uls River, is a stormy mountain river with a large number of riffles. Its width here is up to 70 meters.
The Middle Vishera - from the mouth of the Ulsa to the mouth of the Kolva - is a river up to 150 meters wide with many riffles and reaches. The river valley here widens significantly, but many coastal cliffs remain.
The Lower Vishera (from the confluence of the Kolva to the confluence of the Vishera and the Kama) is a flat river, flooding in places up to 900 meters.
Along the entire course there are rocks and stones in the channel and along the banks, and there are many riffles. Vishera is characterized by high floods, rain floods and low summer low water. The main left tributaries of the Vishera are Niols, Moyva, Vels, Uls, Yazva, Akchim; the main right ones are Lopya, Lypya, Vaya, Kolva.
The diet is mixed, with a predominance of snow. It freezes at the end of October - beginning of November, opens at the end of April. Splavnaya. Regular passenger service to the city of Krasnovishersk. There are diamond deposits in the Vishera basin.
In the upper reaches there is the Vishera Nature Reserve.
- a river in the Perm region of Russia, flows through the territory of the Cherdynsky district, the fourth in length and the largest right tributary of the Vishera (Kama basin).
It begins in the northeast of the region near the border of the Komi Republic, on the southeastern slope of Mount Kolvinsky Kamen (575 m above sea level), flows mainly along the western slope of the Northern Urals and flows into the Vishera above Ryabinino, 34 km from the mouth. The length of the river is 460 km.
Main tributaries: left: Berezovaya, right: Visherka.
The river is inhabited by grayling.
- mountain taiga river in the Perm region, the left tributary of the Kama.
It starts from the confluence of Northern Yaiva and Poludennaya Yaiva near the border of the Sverdlovsk region, west of the Typyl River valley. It flows into the Kama Reservoir south of the city of Berezniki, forming a bay.
Length - 304 km.
In the upper reaches of the Yayva there is a shallow mountain river with rifts and rapids. Along the banks there is spruce-fir taiga, pine forests, and swamps.
Main tributaries: left: Gub, Abia, Kad, Chikman, Chanva, Vilva, Usolka, right: Ulvich, Ik.
The river is inhabited by grayling, taimen, chub, asp...
- a river in the Perm region, the left tributary of the Kama.
It begins in the west of the Sverdlovsk region from the confluence of two sources: Bolshaya Kosva, flowing from Pavdinsky Kamen, and Malaya Kosva, flowing from the southern slope of Kosvinsky Kamen. It flows into the Kama Reservoir, forming a bay. The length of the river is 283 km. Main tributaries: left: Kyrya, Bolshaya Oslyanka, Vilva. right: Tylay, Typyl, Nyar.
Kosva is a mountain river with a fast flow, numerous riffles and rapids, among which the Tulymsky rapid, more than 6 km long, stands out.
The banks are covered with forest. The right one is steep and rocky, the left one is cut by bays.
The river is inhabited by grayling, taimen, and ruff.
- a river in the Perm region, the right tributary of the Kama. Length - 267 km. The mouth of the river is located near the village of Ust-Kosa. The river is inhabited by
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