Will the Lena remain one of the cleanest rivers on the planet? §27. Our rivers Where the most serious danger is hidden
The source of the Lena is considered to be a small lake 12 kilometers from Lake Baikal, located at an altitude of 1470 meters. At the source on August 19, 1997, a chapel with a memorial plaque was installed. The entire upper reaches of the Lena up to the confluence of the Vitim, that is, almost a third of its length, falls in the mountainous Cisbaikalia region. Water flow in the Kirensk area is 1100 m 3 /sec. The middle current includes its section between the mouths of the Vitima and Aldana rivers, 1415 km long. Near the confluence of the Vitim, the Lena enters Yakutia and flows along it to the very mouth. Having accepted Vitim, Lena turns into a very large, high-water river. Depths increase to 10-12 m, the channel expands, and numerous islands appear in it, the valley expands to 20-30 km. The valley is asymmetrical: the left slope is lower; the right one, represented by the northern edge of the Patom Highlands, is steeper and higher. On both slopes there are dense coniferous forests, only occasionally replaced by meadows. From Olekma to Aldan, the Lena does not have a single significant tributary. For more than 500 km, the Lena flows in a deep and narrow valley cut into limestone. Below the city of Pokrovsk there is a sharp expansion of the Lena Valley. The current speed slows down greatly, nowhere does it exceed 1.3 m/s, and for the most part drops to 0.5-0.7 m/s. The floodplain alone is five to seven kilometers wide, and in some places even 15 kilometers wide, while the entire valley is 20 kilometers or more wide. Below Yakutsk, the Lena receives its two main tributaries - Aldan and Vilyui. Now it is a gigantic stream of water; even where it runs in one channel, its width reaches 10 km, and its depth exceeds 16-20 m. Where there are many islands, the Lena overflows for 20-30 km. The banks of the river are harsh and deserted. Settlements are very rare. In the lower reaches of the Lena, its basin is very narrow: from the east, the spurs of the Verkhoyansk Range, the watershed of the Lena and Yana rivers, advance; from the west, insignificant elevations of the Central Siberian Plateau separate the basins of the Lena and the Olenyok River. Below the village of Bulun, the river is compressed by the Kharaulakh ridges coming very close to it from the east and Chekanovsky from the west. About 150 km from the sea, the vast Lena delta begins.
The earliest, at the end of April, the spring flood begins in the Kirensk region - on the upper Lena - and, gradually moving north, advancing on the still ice-bound river, reaches the lower reaches in mid-June. During a flood, water rises 6-8 m above the low-water level. In the lower reaches, the water rise reaches 10 m. In the wide expanses of the Lena and in places where it narrows, the ice flow is menacing and beautiful. Large tributaries of the Lena significantly increase its water content, but, in general, the increase in flow rates occurs from top to bottom quite evenly. Economic use To this day, Lena remains the main transport artery of Yakutia, connecting its regions with the federal transport infrastructure. The main part of the “northern delivery” is carried out along the Lena River. The Kachug pier is considered the beginning of navigation, however, upstream from the port of Osetrova, only small ships pass through it. Below the city of Ust-Kut, right up to the confluence of the Vitim tributary on the Lena, there are still many difficult areas for navigation and relatively shallow places, forcing annual dredging work. The navigation period lasts from 125 to 170 days.
Many people living in the European part of Russia have a rather poor idea of what kind of natural resources the country has. We are talking about global resources of global importance. This is bad. Therefore, from time to time it is useful to conduct a “public inventory” so that at least some basics are fixed in the public consciousness. A society that knows its natural resources, uses them wisely and to its own delight, has a good chance of preserving its native nature and improving the quality of its own life. This article will focus on the plant that they want to build on our great river, the Lena. We will conduct a mini-investigation of this initiative, and at the same time we will tell you about the stunning pearl of Russia, which has planetary significance.
Great Lena
Before assessing the plant, it is important to understand the importance of this river. There is hardly a person in Russia who has not heard about the Volga, but with Lena things are much worse. Naturally, there is nothing to do with the conspiracy, it’s just that there are thousands of settlements on the Volga, including 4 million-plus cities, and the largest city on the Lena is Yakutsk, which is home to only about 300,000 people. The banks of the Lena are very sparsely populated; there are areas for hundreds and hundreds of kilometers where there is no one at all except hunters and desperate travelers with scientists.
Meanwhile, the Lena is longer than the Volga, it is among the TOP 10 world rivers in terms of length and in the TOP 8 in terms of fullness. Its length is 4400 kilometers. There are no hydroelectric power stations or large industries on the Lena. Thanks to this, the Lena is one of the world's cleanest rivers. In general, the phenomenon when a river of such a scale has a very insignificant anthropogenic load is unique. On the Lena there is a natural monument included in the UNESCO World Heritage List - the famous Lena Pillars. We don’t even need to talk about the ecological and economic significance of Lena - it is impossible to overestimate it. This is a huge natural storehouse: reserves of fresh water, fish, amazing tourism potential, which is currently used very modestly.
Photo: www.lifewomenstyle.ru
Factory
Now that we have made a short description of the river, let's move on to the plant. So, opposite Yakutsk, in the village of Nizhny Bestyakh, Megino-Kangala ulus, on the banks of the Lena River, they want to build an enterprise producing fertilizers, the raw material for which is natural gas. The initiators of the construction are the Indian corporation Global Steel Holdings Ltd and Rostec. The plant plans to produce methanol and urea, which will be exported to countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The logistics scheme is as follows: the company’s products are delivered by rail to the port and from there to the Asia-Pacific countries.
What will Yakutia get? - First of all, about 1,500 new jobs. In addition, the investment attractiveness of the region and the overall competitiveness of the republic at the international level should increase. When production reaches full capacity by 2030, the annual increase in gross regional product will be about 40 billion rubles. After a certain number of years, the tax holiday will end and the company will begin to pay serious taxes to both the federal and regional budgets. Of course, the construction of the plant should give a powerful impetus to the development of the region’s economy.
Why was this particular location chosen? Firstly, because of the unique and at the same time fairly cheap raw material - natural gas without sulfur impurities. Secondly, all necessary communications intersect at the construction site: there is a power line and the Lena federal highway, there is a railway line right there, and in addition, the place is more than provided with water resources.
However, Yakutia is not the Krasnodar region, the presence of all the above resources is wonderful, but the nature of these places is not only beautiful, but also harsh. In winter, the thermometer can drop to -50, and the soils are not very suitable for construction.
“We don’t have a queue of investors even for the development of natural deposits, of which we have a lot,” says the head of the State Budgetary Institution “Investment Development Agency of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)” Alexey Zagorenko.
Therefore, one of the most important impetuses for this kind of projects was Federal Law “On Territories of Rapid Socio-Economic Development in the Russian Federation”, which stipulates significant tax and other benefits for investors. The construction site is included in the Zarechye TASED. This fact is no less important than the combination of raw materials and infrastructure opportunities in the village of Nizhny Bestyakh.
The goal of the Federal Law “On PSEDA” is to implement the project at maximum speed and at the lowest cost for the investor. On the one hand, this is good and correct, but on the other hand, such a formula carries significant environmental risks. There is no guarantee that officials, in their zeal to “build at any cost,” will not commit many wrong actions that will cost both people and nature dearly. That is why it is worth directing public attention to such projects in order to reduce the likelihood of at least major mistakes.
By the way, with public attention to this project in Yakutia, everything is very good. People have already held two rallies against construction, which attracted about 5,000 people. For a sparsely populated republic, this is a significant result. At the moment, we do not identify with any of the opinions: “for” or “against”, we are simply stating the fact that citizens take an active position in protecting their own nature, and this, in itself, is excellent. However, in Yakutia there are, of course, supporters of the construction of the plant, there are quite a few of them. It would probably be correct to conduct a public opinion poll on this matter.
In the sphere of power, there is also no single point of view on the plant. If the executive branch is more likely to be focused on construction, the legislative branch expresses a different point of view. Deputies of the District Council of the Megino-Kangalassky district oppose the construction of the enterprise; in this they are supported by the people's representatives of the Khangalassky district. In addition, the chairman of the Public Chamber of Yakutia, Vyacheslav Alekseev, spoke on this matter:
“Taking into account the insufficient attention by the initiators of the project to the physical and geographical features of this area and the poor level of information to the population, the Public Chamber of Yakutia calls on the republican authorities to abandon the construction of a gas chemical plant on the territory of the Megino-Kangalassky district and proposes to determine a more suitable place for this, based on environmental and physical geographical features and availability of labor resources.”
It turns out that a broad public discussion is a necessity. In our opinion, the discussion should take place not only at the regional, but also at the federal level with the involvement of experts. Yes, Lena is not as widely known as the great lake of Russia - Baikal, but she is no less important for the nature of the country.
One of the best ways to understand how building a plant will affect the environment is to consider its counterpart. This is what the Yakut deputies did when they visited the OJSC Novomoskovskaya AK Azot enterprise, which also produces urea, where they met with the director of the plant, Alexander Savenkov, who had worked at this production for 40 years. He spoke about the construction as follows:
“Firstly, these are unfavorable climatic conditions - frozen rocks and low temperatures, it will be difficult to maintain the temperature necessary for production, which should not fall below 130 degrees Celsius, otherwise ammonia and urea will crystallize and clog the pipe, which will lead to stagnation of production if not for an accident. Any soil movements, and they will happen, because... The permafrost soils of Yakutia are also fraught with serious problems for equipment.
The next problem is expensive electricity - 6 rubles kW/hour, for comparison in the European part of Russia its cost is 2 rubles kW/hour.
Thirdly, the potential construction site has sandy, water-saturated soils. And it is impossible to create such tailings dumps as in the Tula region. Filtration will go straight to Lena.”
In addition, Savenkov noted that open sewage treatment plants can simply freeze in winter and therefore not work. In addition, he doubted that specialists would go to Yakutia. According to him, his company is building 5 factories, and they are experiencing a shortage of personnel. Savenkov questioned the fact that an Indian company would be able to independently prepare a feasibility study (feasibility study) due to the specifics of Russian legislation. As the director of the plant said, the only designer carrying out this work in Russia is the Urea Research Institute, located in the city of Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod region. By the way, the question arises: why doesn’t an Indian company that wants to build in Russia transfer the order for the creation of a feasibility study to a Russian research institute?
However, the director of the urea production plant can hardly be called an independent expert. In the end, the enterprise planned for construction will produce the same products as Savenkov’s company. They may be direct competitors. However, all the words of a specialist, especially in the field of ecology, should not only be taken into account, but also forwarded in the form of questions to the initiators of construction.
Let us now turn to the extent of possible environmental impact. For example, the production group of OJSC Novomoskovsk AK Azot annually “donates” about 30 million cubic meters of wastewater to the environment. The release into the atmosphere amounts to 8 thousand tons of polluted substances. In addition, about 144 thousand tons of waste of the first and fifth classes are transferred to third parties or processed. From these figures it becomes clear that Lena and the surrounding lands will be subject to quite powerful man-made impacts.
It is also interesting to quote the opinion of the head of the Department of Oil and Gas Business and Petrochemistry of the Far Eastern Federal University, Alexander Gulkov:
“It is much easier to lay a pipe and organize gas processing in the Amur region. In Yakutia, transport costs are much higher, even taking into account the existing railway - which is not yet operational. In addition, Yakut minus fifty is not minus twenty. The cost of heat supply to the plant will also contribute to the final cost of the product.”
Where is the most serious danger hidden?
Often people see environmental danger where the threat is, in fact, minimal, and at the same time do not notice the main risks. To prevent this from happening, we carried out a small investigation into the products of the planned plant: urea and methanol.
Urea (urea) is a substance of hazard class 3 (moderately hazardous). It can enter the human body through the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. It does not cause acute toxic effects. Long-term inhalation of urea in concentrations above the maximum permissible leads to chronic inflammation of the bronchi and trachea (tracheobronchitis), in addition, the functions of the kidneys and liver change. Meanwhile, modern technologies make it possible to prevent exceeding standard concentrations.
It should be noted that urea decomposes quite easily, resulting in the release of ammonia and carbon dioxide. Aquatic organisms are not prone to bioaccumulation.
Methanol is also a moderately dangerous substance. Among its negative properties, it is worth noting that it is easily flammable, as well as the fact that it can cause poisoning, characterized by headache, general weakness, chills, nausea, malaise, and vomiting. However, modern technologies for working with this substance make it possible to prevent such developments. There have been no recorded cases of poisoning in production even by methanol vapors: for this purpose, factories have strict safety rules and special protective measures, and permissible concentrations of harmful substances are monitored. In the environment, methanol decomposes to water and carbon dioxide, that is, substances common to nature.
Thus, the products that are going to be produced at the enterprise pose a fairly moderate danger to people and nature, but the same cannot be said about production waste, which can bring great harm to both citizens and Lena. At the moment, neither the planned technologies nor the amount of pollutants are known. However, by analogy with OJSC Novomoskovskaya AK Azot, there will be a lot of them.
conclusions
Firstly, it is worth submitting the project for the construction of a urea and methanol production plant on the Lena River for all-Russian discussion, since the river is no less important for Russia than Baikal. Perhaps we should completely abandon the construction of any dangerous industries on this waterway. The Lena is a huge and at the same time uniquely clean river that needs a special regime of protection. It is important to discuss its fate at the federal level, possibly assigning it a special legal status.
Secondly, alternatives to this plant should be considered. Today there are many technologies and industries that will allow us to develop the economy and at the same time minimize harm to the environment. In addition, the tourism potential of Lena is very poorly used. With a well-structured strategy, the tourism sector can bring very serious money to the republic.
1. What is the water content of a river? What indicators characterize it?
Water content (water content) of a river is the amount of water carried by a certain river during the year. The average long-term volume of annual flow serves as an indicator (index) of the river’s water content. The concept of “water content” is usually used to compare the average water flow of different rivers.
2. Give definitions of water consumption and annual runoff.
Water flow (in a watercourse) is the volume of water (liquid) flowing through the cross section of a watercourse per unit of time. Measured in flow units (m³/s). Annual runoff is the total volume of water flowing in a year, usually assigned to the outlet of a watershed or river basin.
3. What is the fall and slope of a river? What do they depend on?
The fall of a river is the difference in elevations of the water surface at the source and mouth of the river or in a separate section of it. The slope of a river is the ratio of the fall of a river (or other watercourse) in any section of it to the length of this section. The slope of a river is expressed in ppm or percentage, and also as the amount of fall per length of the section. Both of these concepts depend on the terrain; the steeper the terrain, the greater the slope and fall of the river.
4. Choose the correct answer. The following rivers are predominantly fed by rain: a) Amur; b) Yenisei; c) Lena; d) Terek.
5. Choose the correct answer. The following depends on the climate: a) current speed; b) river regime; c) direction of flow.
6. Choose the correct answers. The rivers of Russia belong to the basin of: a) the Indian Ocean; b) Pacific Ocean; c) the Arctic Ocean; d) Atlantic Ocean; e) internal drainage.
Answer: B, C, D.
7. List the features of Russian rivers.
The rivers of Russia are characterized by two distinctive feeding features: 1) due to the country’s position in temperate and high latitudes and the continental climate, snow cover almost everywhere takes part in the feeding of the rivers; 2) most rivers are characterized by three sources of nutrition: melted snow, rain and groundwater. A significantly smaller number of rivers have either all four sources of power, or two in various combinations (snow + rain, snow + ground, rain + ground).
9. To determine the fall of a river, it is necessary to calculate the difference between the height of its source and the height of its mouth. Rivers flowing into the sea have a mouth height of 0 m (with the exception of the Caspian Sea-lake, where river mouths lie at an altitude of -27 m). If a river flows into a lake, then the surface level of the water in the lake is the height of its mouth. If a river flows out of a lake (for example, the Angara from Lake Baikal), then the height of the source is the water surface level in the lake. Calculate the fall of the Pechora (source height 676 m), Kama (source height 331 m, mouth height 36 m) rivers.
Pechora source - 676m, mouth - 0m, let's measure the fall: fall = source-mouth: 676-0 = 630m. Kama: source – 331m, mouth – 36m: fall = source-mouth: 331-36=295m.
10. Using the thematic maps of the atlas, describe one of the Russian rivers (optional) according to plan: a) geographical location; b) length, height of source and mouth; c) nutrition and regimen; d) adverse events on the river and their causes; e) economic use.
Characteristics of the Volga River:
A) The river is located in the European part of Russia, one of the largest rivers on Earth and the largest in Europe. The Volga originates on the Valdai Hills and flows into the Caspian Sea.
B) Length – 3530 km. The source is at an altitude of 229 m, the mouth lies 28 m below sea level.
C) The Volga is mainly fed by snow (60% of the annual runoff), ground (30%) and rain (10%) waters. The natural regime is characterized by spring floods (April - June), low water availability during the summer and winter low water periods and autumn rain floods (October).
D) In the river area there is a death of fish, overgrowth of the reservoir, as a result of which the river becomes shallow, becomes less navigable and polluted. Also, every spring there are water spills in the river - floods as a result of high water.
D) Oil, petroleum products, salt, gravel, coal, bread, cement, metal, vegetables, fish, etc. are supplied up the Volga; down – timber, lumber, mineral and construction materials, industrial materials. Down the Kama - coal, timber, lumber, sulfur pyrites, metals, chemical cargo, mineral construction materials, oil, petroleum products; up – salt, vegetables, industrial and food products.
On the issue of creating information support for assessing climate-related changes in the frequency of dangerous and unfavorable hydrological phenomena on rivers
V.A. Semenov, G.L. Kobozeva, A.A. Korshunov, A.A. Volkov, S.I. Shamin
Introduction
Dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena, the frequency and duration of which, with modern climate changes, change mainly in the direction of increase, include floods and high waters, ice jams, ice jams, surges of water in sea estuaries, mudflows in mountainous areas, and the most unfavorable for water consumption and use , the existence of aquatic ecosystems is low water during low water periods.
The main sources of information on the basis of which one can assess the direction of changes in dangerous and unfavorable hydrological phenomena are the results of stationary observations of the hydrological regime of rivers by Roshydromet and official information on natural phenomena that caused economic and social damage provided to Roshydromet by the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation whose territories were affected hazardous phenomena, as well as information from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. But, despite the scientific and practical importance of information about floods, mudflows and other dangerous hydrological phenomena, there is no systematized information about them in databases or regulated publications. In the materials of the state water cadastre, information on floods and mudflows is not provided, and only materials on extreme values of the hydrological regime of rivers in hydrological yearbooks and specialized arrays presented in the State Fund database and the Hydrology data bank can serve as indirect indicators of changes in the possibility of dangerous and unfavorable hydrological phenomena - rivers and canals” State Institution “VNIIGMI-MCD”. Information about dangerous and unfavorable phenomena on rivers that caused damage is not systematized or generalized, which makes it difficult to use.
This article describes possible methodological approaches to the composition of information in the database being created on hazardous and unfavorable hydrological phenomena that caused economic damage, proposed forms and types of generalization of this information, software for maintaining the database and obtaining generalized materials on its basis for serving consumers.
Composition, technology for creating and maintaining a database of information about dangerous and unfavorable hydrological phenomena
Information about the damage caused by hydrological phenomena to the population and sectors of the economy should be collected in the “Hydrology Damage” database (DB “Hydrological Damage”) and entered into it for replenishment as they are recorded by the departments of Roshydromet in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and transferred to the State Institution “VNIIGMI-WCD” . Such information has already been accumulated at the State Institution “VNIIGMI-MCD” since 1991.
The initial data for the Gidroushcheb database is provided in WORD in the form of tables containing descriptions of the phenomena. An example of the composition of information is given in Table 1.
Table 1. Information about dangerous hydrological phenomena in May 2008 that caused damage to the population
№№ pp |
date |
Territory |
Brief Characteristics of nuclear weapons |
Lead time of warning |
Brief description of the damage caused to the national economy |
Republic of Buryatia (near Ulan-Ude) |
Low water |
month |
The damage amounted to 19 million. 862 thousand rubles |
||
Within a month |
Amur Region, Khabarovsk Territory |
Low water |
month |
Difficulty in navigation |
|
Republic of Dagestan (Gumbetovsky district) |
Sel |
Not provided. |
House buildings, housing and communal services facilities, drinking water intake structures were damaged, local roads were washed out |
||
Republic of Dagestan (Kaitagsky district) |
Sel |
1 day |
In the village Guli water pipeline destroyed, 2 road bridges demolished, local roads damaged |
The text of the submitted descriptions (table of descriptions), as well as information about them in the form of codes (several tables), is entered into the database. All tables are interconnected and upon request you can obtain records, each of which contains the following elements:
Start date of the phenomenon (date format, i.e. in the form 05/19/2008); End date of the phenomenon;
Name (or code) of the subject; Name (or code) of the water body;
Name (or code) of the phenomenon; Foresight (predictability) of a phenomenon;
Number (people) affected by the phenomenon (wounded);
Number (of people) killed by the phenomenon; Description of damage;
List of subjects on whose territory it was observed
Phenomenon; Description of water bodies (list of river names).
For the convenience of entering the “Hydro Damage” database into the database and encoding data, a screen form has been developed (Fig. 1).
Fig.1 Data entry form
To obtain information about hazardous phenomena in water bodies, a catalog of the distribution of rivers (groups of rivers) across large river basins and sea basins has been prepared. The largest river basins (the Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur rivers) are divided into parts in the catalog (for example, in the Volga basin the Kama river basin, the upper and lower Volga are highlighted, in the Ob basin the rivers of the Irtysh and lower Ob, upper Ob). Each of the 17 groups of rivers is assigned a water body code (Table 2).
Table 2. Groups of water bodies in Russia
Group code |
List of river basins of the group |
Group_name |
|
1 |
Rivers of the Baltic Sea, Lakes Ladoga and Onega, Rivers of Karelia and the Kola Peninsula |
Northwest |
|
2 |
The Pechora, Northern Dvina and other rivers of the White and Barents seas |
Northern region |
|
3 |
Upper and middle Ob |
Upper Ob |
|
4 |
Lower Ob, Irtysh |
Ob-Irtysh |
|
5 |
Upper Yenisei basin |
Upper Yenisei |
|
6 |
Basin of the lower Yenisei, Taimyr River |
Yenisei lower |
|
7 |
Angara basin, Transbaikalia |
Angara, Transbaikalia |
|
8 |
Lena basin and rivers of the Laptev Sea basin |
Lena |
|
9 |
Basins of the Indigirka, Kolyma and other rivers of the East Siberian Sea basin |
Northeast |
|
10 |
Rivers of Kamchatka Territory |
Kamchatka |
|
11 |
Rivers of the Amur basin, Primorye, Sakhalin, rivers of the Sea of Okhotsk basin |
Far East |
|
12 |
Upper Volga basin |
Upper Volga |
|
13 |
Kama basin |
Kama |
|
14 |
Lower Volga basin |
Volga lower |
|
15 |
Don basin, other rivers of the Azov Sea basin, Dnieper basin |
Azov-Black Sea region |
|
16 |
Basin of Kuban and Eastern Black Sea region |
Kuban-Black Sea region |
|
17 |
Basins of the Terek, Ural, and other rivers of the Caspian Sea |
Caspian region |
Obtaining generalized information about dangerous and adverse events
Access to relational database data can be done using Microsoft Access DBMS. Using Access tools, you can select any combination of elements for a certain period or for a specific subject, water body, or phenomenon. In addition to presenting data, various calculations are possible.
An application was developed to work with the database using Access tools and the Visual Basic for Application language. Using the application software, you can calculate the distribution of the total duration of the phenomenon, obtaining tables of 6 types below.
1. Distribution of the duration of floods (during floods, high waters, etc.), mudflows, low waters by year for one river or group of water bodies (one phenomenon at a time)
Name of the water body |
||||||||||||
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
. . . |
|
Water object1 |
||||||||||||
Water object2 |
||||||||||||
Water object3 |
||||||||||||
. . . |
X - the total number of days (duration) of the phenomenon, for one, several or all subjects (if this water body is on the territory of several subjects) per year.
2. Distribution of the duration of the phenomenon by month and water body (for a specific, selected phenomenon)
Name of the water body |
||||||||||||
Water object1 |
||||||||||||
Water object2 |
||||||||||||
Water object3 |
||||||||||||
. . . |
x - the total number of days of the duration of the phenomenon, for all subjects (if this water body is on the territory of several subjects) over a long-term period.
Under the concept water body in this case, a group of rivers is understood, for example, the Caspian rivers are one object, the Lower Volga is one object.
3. By year and subject (for a specific, selected phenomenon)
Subject name |
Total duration over the years |
|||||||||||
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
. . . |
|
Subject1 |
||||||||||||
Subject2 |
||||||||||||
Subject3 |
||||||||||||
. . . |
X - the total number of days, duration of the phenomenon per year, for all water bodies (if there are several water bodies on the territory of the subject).
4. By month and subject (for a specific, selected phenomenon)
Subject name |
Total duration per month |
|||||||||||
Subject1 |
||||||||||||
Subject2 |
||||||||||||
Subject3 |
||||||||||||
. . . |
x - the total number of days of the duration of the phenomenon for all rivers (if there are several rivers on the territory of the subject) over a long-term period for each month.
5 By water bodies for each of the phenomena
Name water body |
Phenomena |
||||||
High water |
Flood |
Low water |
Congestion |
Zazhor |
Surge phenomena |
Sat down |
|
Water object1 |
|||||||
Water object2 |
|||||||
Water object3 |
|||||||
. . . |
X - the total number of days of the duration of the phenomenon for all subjects (if this water body is on the territory of several subjects) for the selected period (several years or all years of observation).
6. By subjects for each of the phenomena
Subject name |
Phenomena |
||||||||
High water |
Flood |
Low water |
Congestion |
Zazhor |
Surge phenomena |
Driving phenomena |
Sel |
Landslides |
|
Subject1 |
|||||||||
Subject2 |
|||||||||
Subject3 |
x - the total number of days of the duration of the phenomenon for all water bodies (if there are several water bodies on the territory of the subject) for the selected period (several years or the entire observation period).
In the application, the user is given the opportunity to select from a list of the following information: phenomenon, group of rivers, Federal District, time period (year of the beginning of the period and year of the end of the period).
All calculations are made taking into account the selected parameters. For example, to analyze dangerous floods on the Lower Yenisei for 2001-2005. the set of selected parameters will be as follows: phenomenon - flood, group of rivers - Yenisei (lower), federal district - Siberian Federal District, start date of the period - 2001, end date of the period - 2005.
As a result of sampling information and calculations for selected parameters, the distribution of the duration of the phenomenon by month (May-June) and water body has the form:
River_group |
water body |
4 |
5 |
6 |
Yenisei-nizhny |
YENISEY (lower) |
|||
Yenisei-nizhny |
Podkamennaya Tunguska |
|||
Yenisei-nizhny |
Chunya |
|||
Yenisei-nizhny |
Lower Tunguska |
A screen form has been developed to work with the application software (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2 Form for selecting data and performing calculations
A similar approach was used to create a database of hazardous meteorological phenomena (snowfalls, showers, etc.), which can serve as indicators of hazardous hydrological phenomena. This facilitates the task of their joint analysis and calculations.
The works substantiate the need to combine into a single database information about hazardous meteorological phenomena based on observation data from the stationary meteorological network of Roshydromet and information about the phenomena that caused confirmed damage. Such a combination is also appropriate for dangerous hydrological phenomena. To do this, from the materials of the stationary hydrological network, information on the height of the water level at which water enters the floodplain and flooding of residential and commercial buildings, roads, agricultural production facilities, etc. should be included in the unified database. Information on the maximum possible increases is also desirable and decreases in water levels, levels limiting river transport, the ecological well-being of river fauna, etc.
Based on the database being created, the composition and forms for presenting and publishing information about dangerous and unfavorable hydrological phenomena will be developed.
Maintaining metadata catalogs
Considering that the task of improving information support about dangerous hydrological phenomena is global, it is advisable when creating the “Hydro Damage” database to take into account the possibility of international exchange of information about floods, floods, etc. Therefore, when creating an information database and metadata catalogs, it is advisable to use WMO-recommended information retrieval tools, for example, ISO 19100 series standards.
The set of standards in this series represents a single virtual model of geographic (spatial) information. Entities defined in one standard can easily be used in a model from another standardization area. The object-oriented approach to describing the standard allows the use of inheritance, polymorphism and encapsulation when creating such models.
The ISO 19115 standard occupies one of the central places in the series. Since to describe spatial data it is necessary to indicate and describe all their properties and features,
defined in other standards in the 19100 series. Thus, ISO 19115, as it were, combines all other standards and uses their essences in its model.
The advantage of the ISO 19115 standard is that it is presented directly in the Universal Modeling Language (UML), since UML diagrams can be directly used to generate a database schema in full compliance with this standard (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).
Fig.3 Metadata information
With a large number of metadata elements provided for by ISO 19115, there is a certain complexity in filling them out, but this task is solved both by the availability of publicly available tools for creating metadata and the metadata management wizard. The GeoNetWork project (Fig. 5) is best suited for this purpose, which uses ISO standards to create metadata catalogs ( ISO 19115, ISO 19139). The GeoNetWork system provides a multi-purpose infrastructure for accessing geoinformation resources, searching for the necessary data, and integrating information from various sources.
Rice. 4 Information on data dissemination.
The GeoNetWork system provides a multi-purpose infrastructure for accessing geoinformation resources, searching for the necessary data, and integrating information from various sources. These resources are accessible using a browser that allows you to connect to the servers included in the GeoNetWork system, which also has the following integrated functions and resources: a) Global Geospatial Data Library; b) Metadata catalog with a description of geospatial data, which provides users with convenient access to this data for subsequent analysis; c) Search engine, tools for editing and preparing documents for printing; d) Tools for integrating data from various sources.
Rice. 5 GeoNetWork Home Page
Metadata used in GeoNetWork includes information about the content of the desired information resource, for example, geographical location (Volga Verkhnyaya); keyword ( flood); date of; latitude-longitude. The metadata includes the type of geospatial information, distribution area, images, etc., as well as information about the copyright for it (company, organization or individual) indicating restrictions on the possibilities of using this information. In addition, this metadata contains information about the spatial, temporal and spectral resolution of the source data, as well as information about source date systems and map projections. Information on the reliability, quality and completeness of the data is also available. Among the main properties of this software, the following should be noted: a) Support for a variety of metadata standards, including ISO 19115 and 19139; b) Ability to set your own ISO 19115 profiles; c)Creating, editing, importing metadata elements; d) The ability to search for metadata using many criteria, including geospatial ones; e) The ability to support OGC CSW both as a client, which collects information from other directories (harvesting), and as a server, which can be described by the above directory; e) Possibility of localization.
GeoNetWork can be integrated with many elements of the information infrastructure. The following databases can be used to store metadata: McKoi (used for debugging); MySQL; PostgreSQL;Oracle. The application server into which GeoNetWork is integrated can be freely distributed products Jetty and Tomcat, or commercial IBM Websphere. This flexibility allows GeoNetWork to be integrated into existing information infrastructure.
Using the proposed conceptual approach to creating a metadata cataloging system, taking into account world experience in building such systems and the described implementation in the GeoNetWork system, will significantly simplify the task of using the “Hydrodamage” database and disseminating information about dangerous and unfavorable hydrological phenomena.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Assessment report on climate change and its consequences on the territory of the Russian Federation. Volume II. Consequences of climate change. Roshydromet, 2008. -288 p.
2. Korshunov A.A., Shaimardanov M.Z. Database on hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena. // Proceedings of VNIIGMI-WCD. – 2007.- Issue. 172. – P.132-139.
3. Bedritsky A.I., Korshunov A.A., Shaimardanov M.Z. Database on dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena in Russia and the results of statistical analysis. // Meteorology and hydrology, 2009, No. 11. –P.5-14.