Basic meteorological parameters (timing). When the first day of spring arrives
The beginning and end of the four seasons in different countries of Europe and America are counted by two methods - astronomical and calendar. In addition, there are meteorological, phenological and cultural principles for determining the beginning of the seasons of the year.
In Russia, it is customary to count according to the calendar principle, so March 1 is congratulated on the first day of spring, and March 8 is considered a spring holiday. But if you read books by American writers, you will notice phrases like “it was at the end of winter, on March 10.” The fact is that in the USA. In Canada and many European countries, it is customary to count the beginning of the seasons according to the astronomical principle.
According to astronomical principle, the beginning of the seasons occurs on the days of the solstice:
- spring(March 20 or 21);
- summer(June 20 or 21);
- autumn(September 22 or 23);
- winter(December 21 - 22).
But the solstice falls on different days in different years (the difference is 1 - 2 days). Therefore, for convenience, in countries where the astronomical method is used, the new season usually begins on the 21st of the corresponding month. That is why it is believed that Catholic Christmas is a holiday that falls at the beginning of winter. However, in everyday life, many Europeans use a simpler calendar principle.
This difference in approach often surprises expats and travelers. It must be taken into account when reading national literature (however, translators usually provide explanations in footnotes in such cases).
The astronomical approach also explains the reason for the widespread start of summer holidays in Europe at a later time than in Russia. The end of holidays in European countries often falls in mid-September, which corresponds to the end of the main holiday season.
From a meteorological point of view, the astronomical principle for most European countries is closer to the actual beginning of the seasons than the calendar one. December, although the darkest month of the year, is usually less cold than March (this is explained by climate inertia - the earth, which has accumulated heat, releases it more slowly than it warms up). The beginning of June is usually cooler than the beginning of September (this is especially noticeable at sea).
But from the point of view of meteorologists and climatologists, there is no exact date for the start of the seasons! Winter comes at a time when the average daily air temperature, having crossed 0 C, tends to fall. Therefore, in Yakutia, for example, winter begins at the end of September, and in Krasnodar - at the beginning of January. And summer, which begins when the average daily air temperature rises from +15 C, does not come at all in some regions of Russia. For example, in Murmansk it happens only in warm years.
In different eras in different countries, the beginning of a particular season was determined according to cultural and religious traditions. In Ireland, for example, August refers to the autumn months, according to Celtic traditions. And in Rus', until the 18th century, seasons were counted in accordance with major holidays: spring came at the Annunciation (March 25) and lasted until the Nativity of John the Baptist (June 24).
Finally, there is also the phenological principle of determining the onset of a new season - according to the behavior of nature. According to this principle, spring will come when thawed patches appear in the field. And it will end when the rose hips bloom.
We all see that the seasons are changing: in the summer we sunbathe and swim in open natural reservoirs, collect meadow flowers, sit by the fire; in autumn we admire the colorful beauty of the forest; In winter we go sledding and skiing, and in spring we enjoy the warm sun and watch how quickly the buds on the trees burst and turn into a green outfit. But why do the seasons change?
The main reason for the change of seasons is the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation.
But first, let's talk about what the term "seasons" means. These are four periods into which the year is conventionally divided. Pay attention to the word “conditionally”.
In astronomy there are:
1) Calendar seasons, which are accepted in most countries of the world - dividing the year into four seasons of three months each. Here it is clear that the division is conditional, because The calendar date for the onset of winter (or another season) may not coincide with the actual weather.
2) Astronomical seasons– counted from the points of solstice (summer/winter) and equinox (spring/autumn).
Let's figure out what the “solstice” and “equinox” points are.
Solstice- this is the moment of passage of the Sun through the points of the ecliptic (the great circle of the celestial sphere along which the visible annual movement of the Sun occurs) most distant from the equator of the celestial sphere.
- this is the moment when the center of the Sun, in its apparent movement along the ecliptic, crosses the celestial equator.
3) Phenology(a system of knowledge about seasonal natural phenomena), using the concept of “season,” determines the duration and timing of the beginning of each climatic season in accordance with natural conditions. Season differs in its characteristic weather conditions and temperature.
So, the change of seasons is explained by: the annual revolution of the Earth around the Sun, the inclination of the Earth’s rotation axis relative to the orbit and the ellipticity of the orbit.
Calendar seasons
In most countries Northern Hemisphere The following dates of the seasons are accepted:
- spring - March 1-May 31 (March, April, May);
- summer - June 1-August 31 (June, July, August);
- autumn - September 1-November 30 (September, October, November);
- winter - December 1-February 28 (29) (December, January, February).
Let us recall that in Northern Hemisphere(north of the equator) are the continents and countries: Asia(temperate climate), Europe, North America, a small part of South America(north of the Equator), about ⅔ of Africa, north of the Congo River(Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Djibouti, Egypt, Western Sahara, Cape Verde, Cameroon, Kenya, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Libya, Mauritania, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan), northern countries Oceania, located in the Northern Hemisphere: Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, South American countries located in the Northern Hemisphere: Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Suriname, French Guiana.
IN Southern Hemisphere other dates of the seasons:
- spring - September 1-November 30;
- summer - December 1-February 28 (29);
- autumn - March 1-May 31;
- winter - June 1 - August 31.
The Southern Hemisphere (south of the equator) contains the following continents and countries:
Asia(entirely), East Timor (mostly), Indonesia, Africa ( Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Comoros, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Swaziland, Seychelles, Tanzania, South Africa), mostly Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, partly Kenya , Sao Tome and Principe, Somalia, Uganda, Equatorial Guinea, Oceania ( Australia, Vanuatu, Nauru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Fiji, most of Kiribati).South America(Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Chile, mostly Brazil, Ecuador, partly Colombia.
Astronomical seasons
As we have already said, the main reason for the change of seasons is the tilt of the earth's axis relative to the ecliptic plane. If the Earth's axis were not tilted, then the length of day and night would be the same anywhere on Earth, and during the day the sun would rise above the horizon to the same height throughout the year. And then there would be no changes in the seasons. But the Earth's axis forms an angle of 66.56° with the orbital plane. This is clearly visible in this diagram.
Astronomically, the seasons are counted from the points of the summer solstice, autumn equinox, winter solstice and spring equinox. There are two equinoxes in a year, when the sun moves from one point in the hemisphere to another: from the Northern Hemisphere to the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa. Spring and autumn equinox are a transition point from one season to another. On these days, sunrise begins almost exactly in the east, and sunset almost exactly in the west.
The interval between the equinoxes is six months, and a whole year is considered to be tropical year, it lasts 365.2422 days. According to the Julian calendar, there are 365¼ days in a year. Therefore, every subsequent year moves forward 6 hours, and every fourth year is leap year, where one more day is added, which falls on February 29. Thus, every four years an additional day returns the equinox to the beginning of the previous date.
Equinox periods:
- Spring equinox - March 20 - 21. The sun moves from the Southern Hemisphere to the Northern Hemisphere.
- Autumn equinox - September 22 - 23. The sun moves from the Northern Hemisphere to the Southern Hemisphere.
From March 20 (21) to September 22 (23), due to the tilt of the earth's axis, the Northern Hemisphere faces the Sun for most of the day, so there is more warmth and light there than in the Southern Hemisphere, where it is winter at this time. In summer, the days become longer and the position of the Sun becomes higher. After six months, the Earth moves to the opposite point of its orbit. The axial tilt remains the same, but now the Southern Hemisphere faces the Sun for most of the day, and the days become longer and warmer. In the Northern Hemisphere, winter begins at this time.
But the time of year is also affected elliptical shape orbits: seasons have different lengths. During the year, planet Earth either approaches the Sun or moves away from it, which is why the seasons differ in duration on different continents of the globe.
For example, in the Northern Hemisphere, summer is longer - 93.6 days (and in the Southern Hemisphere 89 days), autumn - 89.8 days (and in the Southern Hemisphere it is longer - 92.8 days). Winter - 89 days (and in Yuzhny - 93.6), spring - 92.8 days (in Yuzhny - 89.8).
Climatic seasons
The time of the equinox and solstices should be the middle of their respective seasons. But climatic seasons relative to astronomical ones are delayed due to many factors, because... The physical properties of land and water are different in certain places on the planet.
- In the equatorial zone(the geographical belt of the Earth located on both sides of the equator) there is heavy rain in winter and summer, and relatively dry spring and autumn. This territory is characterized by trade winds(winds blowing between the tropics all year round. In the Indian Ocean they turn into monsoons- winds that periodically change their direction: in summer they blow from the ocean, in winter from land.
- In the tropical zone The cold season is the rainy season, the hot season is the dry season. However, in deserts it may not rain even during the cold season.
- In the temperate zone(Western Europe, the Atlantic coast of North America) the bulk of precipitation occurs in autumn and the first half of winter. In cold weather, snow falls in parts of the territory. Spring and summer are characterized by occasional rains with cyclones (atmospheric vortices of huge diameter with low air pressure in the center). In the zone temperate continental and continental climate (Eastern Europe, Southern Siberia), the summer months are the wettest, and autumn and winter are drier. In the zone monsoon climate(Far East) precipitation often falls in the summer in the form of heavy downpours; winters are dry and snowless.
- IN Arctic and Antarctic belts the change of seasons is expressed only in the change of polar day and polar night. Due to the ongoing ice age, there is little difference in precipitation levels between seasons and temperatures remain below freezing.
Thus, the seasons for the Northern Hemisphere are opposite to those for the Southern Hemisphere. When the Northern Hemisphere faces the Sun, it receives more heat and light, making the days longer and the nights shorter. After six months, the position of the Sun relative to the Earth changes, so in the Southern Hemisphere the days become longer, the Sun rises higher, while winter begins in the Northern Hemisphere.
Central Russia is in the zone temperate and temperate continental climate.
in spring nature begins to awaken from winter sleep; this is a period of plant growth and flowering. Changes are also taking place in the animal world - the period of reproduction and egg laying in birds begins.
Hello, first grass of spring!
How did you bloom? Are you happy about the warmth?
I know you have fun and crowd there,
They work together in every corner.
Put out a leaf or a blue flower
Every young stub is in a hurry
Earlier than the willow from tender buds
The first one will show a green leaf.
S. Gorodetsky
We see active growth of plants, the beginning of ripening of fruits and vegetables, and the appearance of chicks.
- The hotter the day, the sweeter it is in the forest
- Breathe in the dry, resinous aroma,
- And I had fun in the morning
- Wander through these sunny chambers!
- Shine everywhere, bright light everywhere,
- The sand is like silk... I’ll cling to the gnarled pine
- And I feel: I’m only ten years old,
- And the trunk is a giant, heavy, majestic.
- The bark is rough, wrinkled, red,
- But how warm, how warm everything is warmed by the sun!
- And it seems that the smell is not pine,
- And the heat and dryness of a sunny summer.
I. Bunin “Childhood”
The growth of plants slows down, but they abundantly give us all their harvest, the trees shed their leaves, nature prepares for peace.
It's a sad time! Ouch charm!
Your farewell beauty is pleasant to me -
I love the lush decay of nature,
Forests dressed in scarlet and gold,
In their canopy there is noise and fresh breath,
And the skies are covered with wavy darkness,
And a rare ray of sunshine, and the first frosts,
And distant gray winter threats.
A.S. Pushkin
in winter nature is resting, many animals hibernate. The natural cycle has ended. But only to start again.
Wonderful picture
How dear you are to me:
White plain,
Full moon,
The light of the high heavens,
And shining snow
And distant sleighs
Lonely running.
What day do you consider the first day of spring? What are the first days of summer, autumn and winter like for you?
Seasons are four periods into which the annual cycle is conventionally divided. The change of seasons is determined by the annual period of revolution of the planet around the Sun and the inclination of the Earth's rotation axis relative to the orbital plane and, to a small extent, the ellipticity of the orbit.
There are:
Calendar seasons- in most countries of the world, it is customary to divide the year into four seasons, three calendar months in each.
Astronomical seasons, which are counted from the points of the solstice (summer, winter) and equinox (spring, autumn).
Phenological seasons. Phenology determines the duration and timing of the beginning of each climatic season in accordance with natural phenomena (using the concept of season). Each season has its own characteristic weather and temperature conditions.
In mid-latitudes, a formal, calendar division of the year into four approximately equal periods is often used.
For example, in most countries in the northern hemisphere the following start and end dates for the seasons are accepted:
In the southern hemisphere the following dates are accepted:
Govrie is a rationalist by nature, inclined to trust more in the exact sciences, and within the framework of this issue - astronomy, in particular. It would seem that there is nothing difficult here, divide the calendar into 4 equal parts - here you have the exact dates of the beginning and end of the seasons!.. But it was not so!
From the point of view of official science, astronomically, the seasons are separated by the moments of the summer solstice, autumn equinox, winter solstice and spring equinox.
The beginning of the astronomical seasons is taken to be the moments when the center of the Sun passes through the equinoxes and solstices. That is, from an astronomical point of view, spring does not begin on March 1st.
Astronomical spring– this is the period from the spring equinox (March 21) to the summer solstice (June 21). Its duration is approximately 92 days 20 hours and 12 minutes.
Astronomical summer– this is the period from the summer solstice (June 21) to the autumn equinox (September 23). Its duration is approximately 93 days 14 hours and 24 minutes.
Astronomical autumn lasts from the autumnal equinox (September 23) to the winter solstice (December 22) for 89 days, 18 hours and 42 minutes.
Astronomical winter lasts for approximately 89 days and 30 minutes - from the winter solstice (December 22) to the spring equinox (March 21).
"And what's the catch?" - you ask.
With spring and autumn, astronomers decided very convincingly and elegantly. There is no arguing here, it is true - spring begins from the day from which the duration of daylight hours begins to increase, and autumn - on the contrary, from the day when the duration of daylight hours begins to decrease.
But the catch is that winter, even in the most European Europe and Asian Asia, cannot begin on December 22, and summer cannot begin on June 21. December 1 as the conditional beginning of winter and June 1 as the beginning of summer - this is all right, but June 21 and December 22, according to Govrie, cannot be considered the first days of these seasons.
Then what - according to the phenological theory, every year the first day of spring, summer, autumn and winter should be considered different dates, depending on the average daily air temperature achieved? Somehow, not humanly.
And here folk traditions and customs come in handy.
In Russian Orthodox culture, the first day of summer is considered Nikolin's day, May 22, and the first day of winter is recognized Pokrov day, October 14.
In fact, both of these dates are Orthodox holidays, the first of which is associated with the veneration of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, later popularized in Western culture in the person of Christmas Santa Claus, and the second with the veneration of the Mother of God, the Mother of God.
May 22 is popularly known as St. Nicholas Day and is considered an important agricultural date. On Nikola Veshny, the grass becomes lush and tall. Horses and cattle were driven out to green pastures. “May the horse fatten up.” From Nikola begins the mass planting of the main food in peasant houses - potatoes. Blueberries, wild strawberries, forget-me-nots and swimmers are blooming. Mosquitoes appear from Nikola and summer begins.
In Rus', the holiday of the Intercession has long been associated with the beginning of winter and the sayings were dedicated to it: “On Intercession the earth is covered with snow and covered with frost”, “On Intercession it is autumn before lunch, and after lunch it is winter-winter.”
Govrie decided for himself this way: spring will begin on March 21, summer on May 22, autumn on September 21, and winter on October 14.
And for you, on what days do spring, summer, autumn and winter begin?
I don’t know why, but when I hear the word meteorology, a picture appears before my eyes - a frog with an umbrella jumping through puddles, although meteorology is not only about rain and other precipitation, but also about good weather...I remember a time when weather reports were, to put it mildly, unreliable.
My grandmother often told me:
- Take an umbrella.
“But they said on the radio that it wouldn’t rain!”
“That’s exactly why you take it.”
And during my adolescence, my grandmother was often right; now meteorologists are rarely wrong.
World Meteorological Day was established on March 23. On this day in 1950, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) was founded. But World Meteorology Day began to be celebrated annually only in 1961.
On this day, in many countries around the world, various events dedicated to it are held, lectures are given, and much more.
The word meteorology is made up of two Greek words - meteora- atmospheric phenomena from Greek. metéōros- raised up, heavenly and logos- word, teaching.
Ozhegov’s explanatory dictionary interprets the word meteorology as follows:
“The science of the physical state of the earth’s atmosphere and the processes occurring in it.”
When did people start watching? Logically, back in ancient times. But at first, everything unfavorable that happened in nature frightened the ancient people, and they associated natural phenomena with various gods, for example, Zeus, Jupiter, Perun, Dazhdbog and others. However, there were always not only those who were afraid, but also those who observed, analyzed, trying to find patterns in what was happening.
Already the ancient civilizations of China, India, Egypt, Greece, Rome tried to systematize their observations, the first scientific treatises on climate and instruments for observing the weather appeared.
This was all reflected in the literature of those times, for example, this is what we can read from Homer in his Odyssey:
“Across the sea, the winds carried the defenseless ship everywhere, then Noth quickly tossed it to Boreas, then the noisy Eurus, playing with it, betrayed it to the tyranny of Zephyr.”
The characters in this passage are: Boreas - the ancient Greek name for the north wind, Noth - the south wind, the east wind Eurus and the west wind Zephyr.
Judging by the way they replace each other, scientists came to the conclusion that the cyclone moved over the ship from west to east, as they most often move. The eastern wind after passing the center of the cyclone is replaced by a western one. In general, Homer told us that in ancient times storms were brought to the middle latitudes.
But scientists didn’t stop there; after delving into Homer’s descriptions of the pictures of nature, they were able to construct maps of the weather that was observed more than 3,000 years ago. Looking at the cyclones and anticyclones recorded on them, we can conclude that just as they controlled the air elements in ancient times, they control them today.
The weather was observed not only by ancient poets and sailors, but also by farmers, hunters and people of other professions. Gradually, their observations resulted in a whole set of folk superstitions.
Some of them, derived from long-term observations, most often turn out to be reliable. But a considerable part of the assumptions are unfounded.
Unfortunately, many people blindly believe folk signs, and some media fuel interest in them.
But what happens in practice? The man read the omen, it did not come true, but he had long ago forgotten about it and, next time reading the same thing, he believes again, forgetting to check.
For example - “March 6: Timofey-spring - warm wind”, “March 14: Evdokia-Plyuschikha - thaw” and others. But do they coincide every year?
True, there are folk superstitions that assume that in different years, the weather on these dates can be different.
The most accurate signs are those associated with observing plants and animals. Just recently we were grumbling about the so-called “European winter”, when in many regions there was neither snow nor frost in December. But it turns out that there is nothing new under the sun...
At the beginning of the first millennium and many still uninhabited lands of the Old World across the Atlantic, it was quite warm. The greatest warming occurred in 800-900 AD, when the famous Vikings Erik the Red and Leif the Happy, setting off on a voyage from the territory of modern Norway, reached the shores of the island, which was called the Green Country - Greenland. That is, in those days, icy Greenland had a mild, warm climate. According to scientists, the heat remained until 1400-1450. In England, judging by written documents, grapes were grown at the same time.
But already from 1500 to 1850-1860 the climate in Europe was quite cold and rainy. Large accumulations of snow caused the growth of glaciers and their movement into valleys with a warm climate. Scientists called the 16th – 18th centuries the Little Ice Age.
Since the end of the 19th century, climate warming began; the warmest in Europe were the 30s and 40s of the last century.
The same probably cannot be said about Russia.
In pre-revolutionary Russia, and even later, Christmas and Epiphany frosts were pronounced.
And during my childhood, we often did not go to school because of severe frosts in December and January.
It is interesting that in ancient times meteorology was associated with meteorites - cosmic bodies falling to the earth. This happened thanks to Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century. BC e., who wrote a treatise on celestial phenomena - “Meteorology”.
At that time it was believed that all celestial phenomena, since they occur in one celestial sphere, should be studied by one science. The ancient scientist included rain, hail, objects consisting of water or ice, comets, meteors, rainbows and auroras into meteorology. Aristotle did not include stars in meteorology, since in those days they were considered motionless and unchanging.
And although, as it later turned out, Aristotle’s ideas about some natural phenomena were incorrect, nevertheless, his “Meteorology” was the forerunner of the emergence of the science of the atmosphere and nature.
Any natural science consists of observation, experiment and theory. If you do not follow this trinity, you can come to erroneous conclusions.
We can say that ancient science moved forward, but in the Middle Ages science fell into decay. Knowledge has supplanted church dogma, the theories of astrologers and all kinds of magicians.
But still, even then there were scientists who did not give up. It is believed that modern scientific meteorology began its development in the 17th century, when the foundations of physics were laid.
The great scientist Galileo, together with his students, invented a thermometer in 1610, which made it possible for more scrupulous observations.
In the middle of the 17th century, the Academy of Experimentation in Tuscany organized the first, albeit small, network of instrumental observations carried out at several points in Europe. The program of all sea voyages included mandatory observation of nature.
Around this time, the Royal Society of London was founded to organize and encourage scientific research in the country. J. Jurin, a physicist, doctor and secretary of the society, addressed scientists from different countries with a request to conduct meteorological observations and send their results to London. The written request was accompanied by instructions on what to observe and with what instruments.
In the 17th century, E. Halley gave the first explanation of the monsoons, and E. Hadley published a treatise on the trade winds.
In Russia, systematic observations began in the middle of the 18th century in St. Petersburg.
The great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov considered meteorology an independent science, believing that its purpose was “prediction of the weather.”
A little later, Russia created its own network of stations in Siberia.
The Great Northern Expedition, which was planned by Peter I, covered the space from Yekaterinburg to Yakutsk with observations. Instructions for observers were compiled in 1732 by a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Daniil Bernoulli. In 1849, the Main Physical Observatory appeared in St. Petersburg.
It was in the second half of the 19th century that the foundations of dynamic meteorology were laid.
A great contribution to the science of studying atmospheric processes was made by Coriolis and Poisson in France, V. Ferrel in the USA, G. Helmholtz in Germany, G. Mohn and K. Guldberg in Norway.
But the development of meteorology was especially rapid in the 20th century. New approaches and new opportunities have emerged, and extensive experience in international cooperation has already been accumulated.
Unfortunately, the growth of industry has had an adverse effect on the atmosphere. And air pollution remains problem No. 1 in the 21st century. Throughout the world, the occurrence of natural disasters in the form of hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods has increased, which has led to the need for more careful consideration of the properties of atmospheric processes. I really hope that in the near future meteorologists will be able to predict the weather with great accuracy and over long periods of time.
Nowadays the Russian Hydrometeorological Service is responsible for weather forecasts in our country.
The main goal of its activities is to reduce the threat to human life and damage to the economy from weather conditions.
And in conclusion, I would like to remember A.S. Pushkin, who lived in an era when people could not yet rely on weather forecasts from weather forecasters, so he gave advice to observe for yourself and focus on the basic patterns occurring in nature:
“Try to observe various signs.And we will smile with relief, how good it is that we can hear the weather forecast from professionals.
Shepherd and farmer in his infancy,
Looking at the heavens, at the western shadow,
They already know how to predict both the wind and a clear day,
And the May rains, the joy of young fields,
And the early frost is dangerous for the grapes.”
(“Signs” (1821) A.S. Pushkin).
Let's congratulate them on the holiday and wish us all good weather.
A meteorological station is a special institution created to continuously monitor the state of the atmosphere and processes occurring in the atmosphere.
These measurements are made using special meteorological instruments that are capable of determining:
- level of solar radiation;
- air temperature;
- air and soil humidity;
- atmospheric pressure;
- wind direction and speed;
- amount of precipitation;
- snow cover level;
- cloudiness;
- other data.
The weather station includes a special site on which meteorological instruments are installed, as well as a room in which automatic instruments are installed that record ongoing processes, and where the data obtained during the observation process is processed.
How does the weather station service work?
Each of the modern states creates subordinate meteorological services, which include meteorological institutions and a network of specially created stations.
Their tasks include:
- conducting scientific research on phenomena occurring in the atmosphere for their practical use in the national economy;
- obtaining data regarding climatic conditions%
- weather information and forecasts.
All data received from meteorological instruments (thermograph, psychometer, hygrograph, barograph) are recorded continuously and taken every 180 minutes.
In the same way, information is collected all over the world. After this, she goes to the main center. On the territory of the Russian Federation, information flows to the Meteorological Bureau of Moscow and the Moscow region. After this, all data is processed and entered into the computer. At the last stage, daily forecast weather maps are created. Surface and altitude data are used to calculate occurring atmospheric fronts. The resulting data from all regions goes to the Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation, where they are processed. Using satellite data, information is transmitted to the World Meteorological Organization, which includes 185 countries.
The existing capacities in Russia for the work of meteorologists are no longer enough. In this regard, the Hydrometeorological Center is taking part in bidding for the purchase of a more powerful PC.
Types of weather stations
There are three categories of meteorological stations.
Rank 1
Stations for monitoring, processing received data and managing work.
Rank 2
A station through which organizations and enterprises receive the necessary data on weather conditions and climate. It is capable of observing, processing and transmitting data.
Rank 3
Designed for observation according to a shortened program.
Depending on the nature of the work being carried out, the following types of stations are used:
- meteorological;
- household;
- hydrological;
- agrometeorological;
- forest;
- swamp;
- aeronautical meteorological;
- lacustrine
Distant weather stations in Russia
Meteorological stations are often located in areas remote from cities, where it is possible to observe the atmosphere and weather phenomena as accurately as possible. Often, employees go to such places on season-long business trips, working and living in virtually deserted areas tens and hundreds of kilometers from the nearest populated areas.
Currently, in Russia there are quite remote weather stations, which are located in the Republic of Buryatia, Irkutsk region, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Without a weather station it is impossible to develop the Arctic. On the territory of the farthest point of Russia in the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, an autonomous meteorological station has been installed, which can only be reached by helicopter. Its main task is to conduct research on ice and hydrometeorological conditions in the waters of the East Siberian and Kara Seas, as well as the Laptev Sea.