Main features of conversational style. Conversational style of speech
Features of conversational style.
Completed by: Nikitina E.V. student 11a
General characteristics of conversational style.
Conversational style is a style of speech that serves for direct communication between people. Its main function is communicative (information exchange). The conversational style is presented not only in oral speech, but also in written language - in the form of letters, notes. But this style is mainly used in oral speech - dialogues, polylogues. It is characterized by ease, unpreparedness of speech (lack of thinking over the proposal before speaking and preliminary selection of the necessary language material), informality, spontaneity of communication, mandatory transmission of the author’s attitude to the interlocutor or the subject of speech, economy of speech effort (“Mash”, “Sash”, “San”) Sanych" and others). The context of a certain situation and the use of non-verbal means (reaction of the interlocutor, gestures, facial expressions) play a big role in conversational style. Linguistic differences in spoken speech include the use of non-lexical means (stress, intonation, rate of speech, rhythm, pauses, etc.). The linguistic features of the conversational style also include the frequent use of colloquial, colloquial and slang words (for example, “start” (start), “now” (now), etc.), words with a figurative meaning (for example, “window” - in meaning "break"). The conversational style of the text is distinguished by the fact that very often words in it not only name objects, their characteristics, actions, but also give them an assessment: “dodgy”, “good fellow”, “careless”, “clever”, “sweetheart”, “cheerful” ". The syntax of this style is characterized by the use of simple sentences (most often complex and non-conjunct), incomplete sentences (in dialogue), the widespread use of exclamatory and interrogative sentences, the absence of participial and participial phrases in sentences, the use of sentence words (negative, affirmative, motivating, etc. .). This style is characterized by breaks in speech, which can be caused by various reasons (excitement of the speaker, searching for the right word, unexpected jumping from one thought to another). The use of additional constructions that break the main sentence and introduce into it certain information, clarifications, comments, amendments, and explanations also characterizes the conversational style. In colloquial speech there may also be complex sentences in which parts are interconnected by lexical-syntactic units: the first part contains evaluative words (“clever”, “well done”, “stupid”, etc.), and the second part substantiates this assessment, for example: “Well done for helping! " or " Fool Mishka for listening to you! ". Conversational style traits:
A common form is dialogue, less often - monologue.
A loose selection of linguistic means and simplicity (and slang words, and professional terms, and dialectisms, and curses), imagery and emotionality.
Colloquial simplification of words (now - right now, what - what), sentences (one cup of coffee - one coffee). Phrases are often truncated and “tailored” to a specific situation in which clarification and details are not needed (closed the door, stood up and left); Doubling words is common (yes, yes, right, right).
Unclear adherence to logic and specificity of speech (if the interlocutors lose the thread of the conversation and move away from the initial topic).
The environment of verbal communication is important - facial expressions and gestures of the interlocutors, emotional reactions.
Frequent use of exclamation and interrogative sentences.
Scope of application:Household
Functions: Direct everyday communication, exchange of information.
Main style features: ease, simplicity of speech, specificity.
Genre: friendly conversation, private conversations, everyday story.
Word formation. Many words of colloquial style are formed using certain affixes (in most cases - suffixes, less often - prefixes). Thus, in the category of nouns, the following suffixes are used with a greater or lesser degree of productivity, giving the words a colloquial character:
Ak(-yak): good-natured, healthy, simpleton;
An(-yan): rude, old man;
Ach: bearded man, circus performer;
Ash: trader;
Ak-a (-yak-a) - for words throughout the city: reveler, bully, onlooker;
Ezhk-a: sharing, cramming;
En: darling;
L-a: tycoon, thug, crammer;
Lk-a: locker room, smoking room, reading room;
N-I: fussing, squabbling;
Relative: running around, getting dirty;
Ty: lazy, sloppy;
Un: chatterbox, talker, screamer, dirty talker;
Wow: dirty, fat;
Ysh; silly, naked, strong, baby;
Yag-a; poor guy, hard worker, hard worker.
Examples of the functioning of the conversational style:
1) As an example, we can cite the statement of one of the characters in A. P. Chekhov’s story “Revenge”:
Open it, damn it! How long will I have to remain frozen in this through wind? If you knew that it was twenty degrees below zero in your corridor, you wouldn’t have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?
This short passage reflects the following features of the colloquial style: - interrogative and exclamatory sentences, - interjection of the colloquial style "damn it", - personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons, verbs in the same form.
2) Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife, N. N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:
It's a shame, lady. You are angry with me, not deciding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter reassured me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, no matter how funny it may be, is not funny to me at all. What kind of desire is there to drag yourself to a nasty little provincial town to see bad actors playing a bad old opera badly?<…>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, apparently, that’s your nature.
In this passage, the following linguistic features of a colloquial style appeared: - the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, to hang around, bad, to drive around, what kind of hunt, the union yes in the meaning of 'but', the particles are not at all, the introductory word is visible, - the word with evaluative word-building suffix gorodishko, - inverse word order in some sentences, - lexical repetition of the word nasty, - address, - the presence of an interrogative sentence, - the use of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular, - the use of verbs in the present tense, - the use of something absent in the language plural forms of the word Kaluga (to drive around Kaluga) for convoy Syntactic features of colloquial speech in combination with expressive vocabulary create a special, unique flavor of colloquial speech:
Syntactic features of colloquial speech in combination with expressive vocabulary create a special, unique flavor of colloquial speech:
A: Are you cold? B: Not at all! ; A: Did you get your feet wet again? B: Why! What a rain! ; A: How interesting it was! B: Lovely! -, A: The milk has run away! B: Nightmare! The entire slab was flooded //; A: He almost got hit by a car! B: Horrible! , A. They gave him a D again // B: Crazy! . A: Do you know who was there? Efremov // B: Wow! . A: Let’s go to the dacha tomorrow! B: Coming!
4) An example of a conversational style of speech, small text: - Have you tried it? - I glanced at the cheese. - Dad said it was delicious. - Of course, it’s delicious, since he devoured it yesterday on both cheeks! “But now you don’t act like you’re having lunch for the last time,” I laughed. It clearly highlights slang expressions that are not applicable anywhere else than in everyday dialogue.
5) Dragon Chronicles
“Yulia Galanina in her “Chronicles of Dragons” boasts a unique atmosphere, because she used a conversational style not only in dialogues, but throughout the book. Here are short examples of texts:
“And as always, I need more than everyone else. Besides me, not a single fool climbed the fence.” “And dragons are dangerous things. And harmful, and nasty, and frankly selfish, and also a dragon!”
Colloquial style vocabulary* includes words characteristic of everyday speech, casual conversation, and in general the speech of people not connected or constrained by official relations, and, as a rule, unusual for written genres (the language of business papers, scientific articles, etc.), oratory speeches, etc.
* Some linguists call this vocabulary “vocabulary of oral speech” (see, for example, the above-mentioned textbook “Modern Russian Language...”). When using this term, it should be borne in mind that we are not talking about all words encountered in oral communication, but only about those that are used in oral speech and are unusual in written speech. This means that the vocabulary of oral speech does not include not only interstyle words that form the basis of both oral and written communication, but also words characteristic of written speech (as mentioned above, they are called the vocabulary of book styles.
The vocabulary of the conversational style is heterogeneous. However, unlike the vocabulary of book styles, where heterogeneity is explained not only by differences in expressive-emotional qualities, but also by differences in the degree of attachment of words to varieties of book styles, vocabulary of conversational style differs in the degree of literaryness and expressive-emotional qualities.
In the vocabulary of colloquial style, colloquial and colloquial words are distinguished*.
* Regional and slang words, although they are found in everyday speech, are, however, not considered here. They belong to a non-popular vocabulary, and the question of their aesthetic qualities and their use is an independent problem, so special sections are devoted to them. (“Dialect vocabulary” “Reflection of slang vocabulary in dictionaries”).
Spoken words
Colloquial words* of colloquial style vocabulary include those words that, while giving speech a relaxed, informal character, are at the same time devoid of rudeness. This: spinner, superlative, imagine, back home, just about, warrior, know-it-all, all kinds, stupid, talkative, dirty, delicate, antediluvian, up to here, ugly, fidgety, skittish, living creature, cutesy, a sight for sore eyes, bully, bullying, waiting too long, binge-watching, zaum, big guy, onlooker, tomorrow, know, in vain, cram, cramming, dodge, mess, trick, personnel officer, tower(about a very tall person) hang around, here and there, here and there, scribble, lazy, slothful, boy, crybaby, fawn, rhyme weaver, poems, scribbling, pocket, prevaricate, hype, hack, what the hell and many others.
* Like the term “bookish,” the term “colloquial” is used both in relation to all words characteristic of casual conversation (as part of the term “colloquial style vocabulary”), and in relation to a certain part of these words.
A considerable part of colloquial words expresses the attitude towards the named object, phenomenon, action, property, attribute and their emotional assessment: grandma, daughter, kids, fidget, baby, boy, cute(affectionate); antediluvian, drip, rhymes, fight, battle(ironic); imagine, brainstorm, cramming, dodge, fawn, scribble, pocket, inveterate, prevaricate, hack(dismissive), etc.
The emotionality of a large number of colloquial words is created by the portability of their meanings - battle("noisy quarrel"), the vinaigrette("about the confusion of heterogeneous concepts and objects"), kennel(“about a cramped, dark, dirty room”), tower("about a very tall man"), stick("to pester with something annoyingly"), dragonfly("O a living, active girl, girl"), etc. – or by the transferability of the meaning of the root of the word – pocket, inveterate, prevaricate etc. In other cases, the emotionality of words is caused by the corresponding suffix: daughter, boy, leg, legs, poems etc.
But not all spoken words can express an emotional assessment. Don't have this ability usherette, take a nap, really, back home, just about, here, tricky, personnel officer, soda, bad luck, undressed, renewed, in an embrace, nickel, smoke break, instantly, chicken out, like, carpentry and etc.
Colloquial words (especially those that do not contain any emotional evaluation) are close to cross-style vocabulary. However, they are still different from her. This is easiest to detect if you “place” them in a business official context, where they, unlike interstyle words, will turn out to be foreign. And this is explained by those features of colloquial words that make them colloquial, at least slightly, but reduced: either by their evaluativeness, or by some “liberty” and at the same time inaccuracy of form (cf. colloquial soda, which, firstly, is shortened compared to the interstyle sparkling water, and secondly, “imprecise” in the sense that it can refer to anything that is saturated with gas; Wed from this point of view and nickel, nickel And five kopecks etc.).
In explanatory dictionaries, colloquial words are given with the mark “colloquial.”, to which is often added a mark indicating the emotional assessment expressed by the word (“joking.”, “iron.”, “disdainful.”, “affection.”, etc.) .
An important feature of colloquial vocabulary is that it is one of the literary means of expression.
Colloquial words
Colloquial words are words that go beyond the literary norm. The reasons for this are different, and they lie in the qualities and features of colloquial vocabulary.
Some colloquial words are characterized by varying degrees of rudeness and the ability to express an attitude towards the signified and evaluate it. These are the so-called rude and rudely expressive words. These include: bullshit("lie"), belly, jew's harp, vashey, scorching, scooping out, go crazy, dead meat, clunker, big man, toothy, whine, hag, kikimora, squirm, freckled, gobble, loafer, shabby, muss, kill, hang around, smack;vomit, burst into, lean into, stick out, scurry, grub, eat, bend over("die"), zenki, paw, muzzle, mug, snout, slam, bitch, thick-horned, hamlo* and so on.
* The above two “sets” of words illustrate, as is obviously understandable, different degrees of rudeness. The limit of lexical rudeness is unprintable words.
In explanatory dictionaries they are accompanied by the mark “simple.” and "rude-simple." (in the 17-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language there is no addition of “rude.”).
The evaluative nature of a large number of expressive colloquial words arises due to the transferability of the meaning of the word itself, or its root(s), or the word from which the given one is derived, cf., for example: burble, belly, drive in, dead meat, drive in("hit"), muzzle, snout, bend over;loafer, fool, become enraged, talker, miser and etc.
Being synonyms of interstyle words, expressive-colloquial words differ from them not only in their ability to express evaluation. They often contain an additional semantic connotation*, which is not present in the interstyle word and with which the assessment of a given object, action, attribute, etc. is usually associated. For example, let’s compare two messages: “I’m there caught" and "I'm there caught". Pointing like interstyle catch to the unexpected discovery of a person somewhere, its rudely expressive synonym catch will additionally report that the discovered person was taken by surprise and that he was engaged in an unseemly business. This last semantic addition simultaneously contains an assessment (of the person and his actions). The semantic “additive” that many crudely expressive words have in comparison with an interstyle word is often reflected in the interpretation. For example, jalopy(given with the mark “simple-joking.”) has the following explanation in the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language: about an old, rickety carriage, cart; colloquial meaning of the word rake in is interpreted in the same dictionary as receiving, excessively much of something, greedily seizing, etc.
* It is no coincidence that we are talking about “the ability to express an assessment in a specific speech situation” and that they “often” (that is, not always) express an additional semantic connotation. Wed. "well-fed belly deaf to learning", "it took two hours to belly crawl" (where the rudely expressive belly completely coincides in meaning with the interstyle one stomach) and "grew (ate) belly" (Where belly -"big fat belly") or: "you'll have cabbage soup eat?" (=is) and "he doesn't eats and eats" (Where eat, the opposite is, indicates the semantic difference between these words, and also expresses an assessment of the action). It is precisely in the case when a rudely expressive (or rude) word is used as a complete semantic equivalent of an interstyle word that only their rudeness (vulgarity, etc.) is felt, the expressiveness of such words “fades out.”
Other colloquial words do not have rudeness, imagery, do not express (themselves) assessments, they are perceived as incorrect from the point of view of the literary norm, as evidence of insufficient literacy of the one who uses them. Some linguists call them vernacular*, others call them vernacular** (rightly noting the “similarity” with dialect words). These include: certainly, in the heat of the moment, apparently, blame, forward("at first"), wait, allow, cover up, theirs, it seems, cross, mama, mischief, for now, little by little, die, sew("sew") by("all right"), will do, forcefully, help, intimidate, get discouraged, forestall, grub, smart and under.
* Cm.: Kalinin A.V. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1978. S. 160 – 162.
** Cm.: Gvozdev A.N. Essays on the stylistics of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1965. P. 80.
Since vernacular words themselves do not have figurativeness and do not contain evaluation, they represent the exact semantic equivalent of the corresponding literary words: in the heat of the moment - in the heat of the moment;blame - spades;always - always;theirs - theirs;sew - sew;to frighten - to frighten etc. In explanatory dictionaries, vernacular vocabulary itself is given, as a rule, with such an interpretation, which indicates complete semantic coincidence with the literary synonym. For example:
Allow- allow, allow.
From afar- the same as from afar.
Theirs- the same as them.
Schematically, the stylistic stratification of vocabulary looks like this:
Interstyle | ||||||
Vocabulary of book styles | Conversational style vocabulary | |||||
Book | Official business | Public-journalistic | Poetic | Spoken | Prostorechnaya | |
emots. painted and unpainted | emots. not painted | emots. not painted | emots. not painted | emots. not painted | actually vernacular (emotional, not colored) | |
moderately bookish | purely bookish | emots. painted | emots. painted | emots. painted | rude and rudely expressive (emotionally colored) | |
Vocabulary | ||||||
Informal communication in an informal setting is the most common description of this functional style. Examples of conversational style texts contain colloquial vocabulary, and the information in them is presented mainly on everyday issues.
The oral version of the style is used in everyday speech. That is why writing is often implemented in dialogues.
This article gives the corresponding definition, talks about the features, and also examines examples of texts in a colloquial style of speech.
Peculiarities
The style in which each of us expresses our thoughts, emotions and feelings is conversational. It is characterized by the absence of language selection. This is due to the fact that most people “speak first and think later.”
At the same time, the conversational style always contains shades of the speaker’s personality - it allows for slang, jargon, and other things that are not inherent in such strict styles as business or scientific.
Example speech, small text:
Have you tried it? - I glanced at the cheese. - Dad said it was delicious.
- Of course, it’s delicious, since he devoured it yesterday on both cheeks!
“But now you don’t act like you’re having lunch for the last time,” I laughed.
It clearly highlights slang expressions that are not applicable anywhere else than in everyday dialogue.
It should be taken into account that the conversational style is largely influenced by extra-linguistic factors: facial expressions and gestures, as well as the surrounding environment, etc. are of significant importance.
Signs of conversational style:
- simplicity;
- specifics;
- saturation with emotions, sometimes excessively, expression;
- imagery.
Examples of conversational style texts can be obtained by simply recording an everyday conversation, for example, between neighbors or a buyer and seller in a bakery.
The influence of a relaxed communication environment
The more relaxed the atmosphere, the greater the freedom of speech. She becomes more emotional, and colloquial expressions are widely used.
Simplification of word forms, loss of vowels, doubling of words, and the use of suffixes of subjective evaluation are not uncommon for this style - the first two signs are especially intensified when the rate of speech accelerates.
A. P. Chekhov, "Revenge"
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov illustrates well the features of the style under consideration in his work “Revenge” - this is a clear example of a conversational style of speech. A small text of a monologue can already say a lot on this topic.
The character in the story begins to speak expressively: “Open it, damn it!” Please note that no other style allows swearing. His next sentence is no less revealing: “How long will I have to freeze in this through wind?” Its construction is abrupt, the manner of conveying information is simple and unpretentious. This is a conversational style of speech. It was not for nothing that examples of texts from literature began with Chekhov’s “Revenge”.
Features of conversational style
“Revenge” also shows the characteristic features of a conversational style:
- preference for interrogative and exclamatory sentences over declarative ones;
- use of interjections;
- personal pronouns and verbs are reduced to the first or second person form.
Letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife
The letter that Alexander Sergeevich wrote on August 3, 1834 to his wife, Natalya, is also a short text of a colloquial style of speech (examples are divided into sentences for consideration in greater detail).
The famous poet begins it with these words: “Shame on you, wife.” This appeal is obvious and is used in everyday life. Sentences: “What kind of desire is there to drag yourself to a nasty provincial town to see bad actors playing a bad old opera badly?” and: “I asked you not to drive around Kaluga, yes, apparently, you have such a nature,” - contain all the elements of a conversational style of speech, such as:
- evaluative derivational suffixes (gorodishko);
- inversion of word order in sentences;
- the use of a plural form for a word that, in fact, according to the rules of the Russian language, does not contain it (Kaluga - according to Kaluga);
- most verbs are used in the present tense.
Lexical means
The conversational style of speech (short text examples will be discussed later in the article) uses the following lexical means:
- phraseological units;
- diminutive suffixes;
- expressive-emotional coloring of vocabulary;
- words-contractions and truncations;
- suffixes of subjective evaluation.
Standard designs and typed forms
In everyday life, spontaneous, unprepared speech prevails - people are used to expressing themselves without caring about word forms and without thinking about them. Therefore, it is not uncommon, and even frequent, to hear standard constructions, certain stereotypes for each specific daily situation. If we consider a short text of a colloquial style of speech, examples from the store will be as follows: “Three hundred grams of cookies... Weigh it by ten. Please give me a package of butter.” From public transport: “Are you getting off at the next one? I need to go to the Airships stop, where should I get off? Will you take me to Tractors?”
Forms of etiquette are also required. After all, if the speech is unprepared and less formal, this does not mean that it is rude and extremely impolite.
“Hello, good afternoon, how are you, what’s new,” these are still well-established constructions that do not lose relevance in conversations. An example of a conversational style of speech - a small text-dialogue between comrades who have just met - will contain these expressions in 99% of cases.
Individuality
For the same reason of spontaneity described in the previous paragraph, speech acquires individuality and originality. Thus, even there are countless stereotypical forms and designs, and at different times one or another comes into fashion in certain circles or, on the contrary, goes out of it, becomes obsolete, and then, however, sometimes returns. But the informal communication setting does not set formal boundaries - people can use or not use familiar and established expressions as they choose. Untyped means are what convey the nature of the speaker’s speech.
"Dragon Chronicles"
Julia Galanina in her “Chronicles of Dragons” boasts a unique atmosphere, because she used a conversational style not only in the dialogues, but throughout the book. Here are short examples of texts:
“And as always, I need more than everyone else. Besides me, not a single fool climbed the fence.”
“And dragons are dangerous things. And harmful, and nasty, and frankly selfish, and also a dragon!”
Phonetics
The linguistic means that are used at the phonetic level of the language in a conversational style include two main features:
- Simplification, truncation, compression, that is, an incomplete type of pronunciation. This is not a necessary property that a conversational style of speech can have. Examples of texts (5th grade, by the way, in some regions study this book as part of the school curriculum) - "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" and other parts of this series. The vernacular trait is clearly expressed in the character Hagrid. Quote from "...Prisoner of Azkaban": "First of all, this morning... he resigned from his position. I can’t, I say, risk it if... well, this happens again." Unfortunately, Russian translators did not fully convey all the simplified word forms; this is more evident in the original text, but even in this quote one can already distinguish “grit,” which means “says.”
- Intonation is a purely individual feature that emotionally colors any, even stereotypical, construction. An example of a conversational style of speech is a short text from the story “A Hypothetical Case” by the author O’Henry: “Will you be Mr. Phineas K. Gooch?” said the visitor, and the tone of his voice and intonation contained at once a question, a statement and a condemnation.
Vocabulary and phraseology
Linguistic means related to the lexical and phraseological level:
- The percentage of speech is clearly dominated by neutral, specific, commonly used vocabulary, also called interstyle. It is the basis of the language. Neutral vocabulary and therefore has no emotional and/or expressive overtones. This makes it a universal option for use in any style: both colloquial speech and business, scientific, journalistic. Examples of texts of a colloquial style of speech in which there is neutral vocabulary (essentially, the author’s language of literary texts, except, perhaps, fairy tales and similar genres, for the most part only contains interstyle words) are “Chameleon” by Anton Pavlovich Chekhov and “Teddy "Yuri Pavlovich Kazakov.
- Neutral colloquial vocabulary. It includes words like “doctor’s wife”, “understand” and others.
- Terminology: socio-political and general scientific, nomenclature.
- Emotional-evaluative colloquial vocabulary. It can carry a negative or positive assessment. All words from it are divided into three groups, of which: 1) the assessment is included in the very meaning of the word; 2) in a figurative sense; 3) the word contains subjective evaluative suffixes. The epithet “expressive” is also applicable to this vocabulary.
- Standardized figurative means. These include metaphors, phraseological units, hyperboles and litotes. “We drink from the cup of existence with our eyes closed” (M. Yu. Lermontov). This is an artistic metaphor, while colloquial ones have a shade of the same vernacular. An example of a colloquial style of speech, text-dialogue: “- What is he? - And he, as usual, says, let’s break through! - Who else would I worry about, but this one will really break through. - Otherwise! He’s as cunning as a fox! He’ll fool anyone !"
- Professionalisms and jargons. It is worth considering that each example of a piece of spoken language in fact often contains most of the devices given here: it cannot illustrate only one property. Thus, the above dialogue, in addition to the metaphor “cunning as a fox,” also has the jargon “will deceive.”
Morphology
- The nominative case is most common.
- Personal and demonstrative pronouns predominate, as well as adverbs and particles.
- The participle is rarely used, the gerund is almost never used.
- The boundaries of temporary forms are blurred. This means that they are freely changed and used for purposes other than their intended meaning.
- There are verbal interjections.
An example of a conversational style is a small dialogue text that illustratively illustrates the morphological linguistic level of the topic under consideration:
“He went there,” Petya waved his hand.
- Where is this - there? - I asked him.
- Well, there’s a store there. Products. Mom asked me to be stingy, so I decided to run away quickly.
“That’s how the skunk ran away?” “That’s exactly what happened.”
Syntax
- In conversational style, simple sentences are more often used than compound or complex sentences. Their construction is characterized by a certain “stringing” on top of each other, the specificity of the transmitted information.
- Often found, in particular, they lack the main members.
- The structure is nonlinear, sometimes fragmentary. Interruptions in intonation and phrases rearranged on the fly are the consequences of spontaneity of speech. The conversational style fully allows for the active use of connecting structures, expressed in introductory words and all kinds of particles.
- Interjective phrases as one of the ways to express thoughts in a conversational style.
- Free word order - in this case, the important is usually expressed first (however, this is not a prerequisite).
Literary and colloquial speech
Conversational speech in its primordial manifestation is oral. In works of art, it requires special means of imitation. The author himself may write in a speech close to conversational, but more often he uses it in conversations between characters. Thus, each hero acquires individuality.
A short text of a colloquial style of speech (examples from Bulgakov’s “Heart of a Dog”): “It’s an obscene apartment. But how good it is. Why the hell does he need me? Will he really let me live? What an eccentric. But he’d only blink an eye, he’d be like that.” Got a dog, what a gasp."
We have fully considered the colloquial style of speech and examples of texts. The 5th grade of the school curriculum involves the study of functional styles of speech, but conversational is the style that is encountered constantly, every day, both in works of art and in the environment (primarily in it).
In order to display the colloquial style of speech, examples of texts from literature have already been given above. Simply demonstrative sentences were placed equally with them.
Newspaper style
Where else can we use a conversational style of speech? Examples of texts from newspapers are a much more controversial issue. In journalism there are indeed features characteristic of him. Newspapers from the “closer to the people” series are completely dotted with stereotypical phrases from everyday life. But still, the newspaper style can only be called conversational to the fullest extent. If the conversational style of speech is considered, short examples of texts are often taken from works of fiction.
Examples of conversational style texts are present in fiction and journalistic literature. There is no universal language suitable for every situation. Therefore, elements of conversational style, characteristic of everyday communication, are found in the media and works of art.
Briefly about speech styles
There are several of them. Each of them has its own purpose. The artistic style is characterized by emotional coloring and imagery. It is used by authors of prose and poetic works. Scientific speech is found in textbooks, dictionaries, reference books and encyclopedias. This style is also used in meetings, reports and formal conversations.
The author of an article written in a scientific style sets himself the goal of accurately conveying knowledge and information, and therefore uses a large number of terms. All this allows you to clearly express thoughts, which is not always possible to achieve using spoken language.
In colloquial speech there may be words that are not found in reference books. Moreover, approximately 75% of units of the Russian literary language are used by people in any style of speech. For example, words like I, walked, forest, look, earth, sun, long ago, yesterday. They are called commonly used.
Words like rectangle, pronoun, multiplication, fractions, set, refer to scientific terms. But about 20% of words in the Russian literary language are used only in colloquial speech. Thus, “electric train” does not appear in the railway directory. Here this word replaces the term “electric train”. What are the features of spoken language?
It is implemented mainly orally. This is precisely what distinguishes spoken language from written language. In the book style, literary norms are strictly observed at all language levels. Among the styles of speech, as already mentioned, there are scientific, journalistic, and official business. All of them have a more general name, namely book. Sometimes artistic style is distinguished as a functional style. However, this point of view raises objections among many linguists. More on the art style below.
Spontaneity
Conversational speech falls into the category of unprepared speech. It is spontaneous, involuntary. It is created simultaneously with the thought process. That is why its laws differ significantly from the laws of the journalistic style. But they still exist, and even in everyday communication one should remember the norms of the literary language.
Examples of conversational style texts are found in speeches by public and political figures. Some of them have gained fame among the people as the authors of unique sayings and aphorisms. “We wanted the best, it turned out as always,” this phrase became famous. However, it is worth saying that its creator made a gross stylistic mistake. Oratory speech should consist exclusively of elements of journalistic style. The incompleteness of the phrase and emotionality are unacceptable for it.
Expressiveness
Using everyday conversational speech, people easily share information, thoughts, feelings with loved ones and acquaintances. It is not applicable in every situation. One of the main features of the conversational style of speech is emotionality. It is appropriate in any informal setting.
In everyday communication, people constantly express their feelings, preferences, preferences or, on the contrary, indignation, irritation, hostility. In the examples of conversational style texts there is an emotionality that is not found in journalism.
Without expressiveness it is impossible to create advertising slogans. The main task of a marketer is to instill confidence in consumers, and this can be done by using texts created in the language spoken by potential buyers. An example of a conversational text: “Fly with Aeroflot planes!” If this phrase is put into a journalistic style, it will turn out to be “Use the services of the Aeroflot company!” The second option is more difficult to perceive and hardly evokes positive emotions.
Jargons and dialectisms
Spoken speech is not codified, but it has norms and laws. Certain taboos exist for her too. For example, contrary to generally accepted opinion, profanity should not be present not only in journalistic, but also in colloquial speech. In the dialogue of educated people there is no place for jargon and rude vernacular, unless, of course, these linguistic elements carry a certain emotional connotation. There should be no dialectisms in colloquial speech - signs of lack of mastery of the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Although in some cases they are also irreplaceable.
Examples of conversational style of speech are present in prose. In order to be convinced of this, you just have to open any book by Bunin, Kuprin, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Dostoevsky or any other Russian writer. Creating a portrait of the characters, the author endows them with characteristic features that manifest themselves best in the dialogues. In this case, colloquial speech may include both jargon and dialectisms.
The norms of the literary language do not include vernacular language. But they are also often found in everyday speech. Example: “I came from Moscow.” It is worth knowing that the incorrect use of verbs is outside the norms and conversational style.
Art style
Writers use a variety of linguistic means to the maximum extent. Artistic style is not a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. He is devoid of stylistic closure. Its specificity depends on the individual style of a particular author. And, as already mentioned, examples of conversational style texts are present on the pages of works of fiction. Below is one of them.
Reading Mikhail Bulgakov’s famous novel “The Master and Margarita,” you can already come across many examples of conversational style texts in the first chapter. Elements of everyday language are present in the dialogues. One of the characters says the phrase “You, professor, have come up with something awkward. It may be smart, but it’s painfully incomprehensible.” If you “translate” this phrase into journalistic language, you get: “Professor, your point of view deserves attention, but raises some doubts.” Would Bulgakov's novel have gained the interest of millions of readers if the characters had expressed their thoughts so dryly and formally?
Such elements of language as jargon and dialectisms have already been mentioned above. In another work by Bulgakov, namely in the story “Heart of a Dog”, the main character - Poligraf Poligrafovich - actively uses profanity in communication with the professor and other characters.
We will not give examples of texts in a colloquial style of speech with an abundance of obscene expressions, which the author included in the work in order to emphasize Sharikov’s lack of education and rudeness. But let us remember one of the phrases uttered by Professor Preobrazhensky, a hero in whose speech, unlike the speech of Poligraf Poligrafovich, there are no syntactic, spelling and other errors.
“If, instead of operating, I start singing in chorus in my apartment, devastation will come,” said Philip Philipovich in a dialogue with his assistant. What is the importance of colloquial speech in fiction? It is impossible to overestimate her role in prose. Being in a state of emotional excitement, the professor, an extremely educated person, makes a semantic mistake (singing in chorus) intentionally, thereby giving the speech a certain irony, without which he would not be able to express his indignation and indignation so clearly.
There are two forms of oral speech: written and oral. We looked at the first one above. Every person uses spoken language every day. It is worth talking in more detail about other features of this important layer of language.
Using pronouns
Authors of journalistic and scientific texts, as a rule, appeal to a wide audience of readers. In colloquial speech, pronouns occur quite often, especially in the first and second person. This is explained by the fact that communication takes place in an informal setting, and a small group of people takes part in it. Conversational speech is personalized.
Diminutive forms and metaphors
In modern colloquial speech there are a large number of zoomorphic metaphors. Bunny, kitty, bird, cat, mouse- all these are words that are not found in scientific articles. A person uses the name of animals in relation to his interlocutor mainly in diminutive forms, and he does this in order to express his favor and sympathy.
But other words are also found in colloquial speech. For example: goat, donkey, ram, snake, viper. If these nouns are used as zoomorphic metaphors, then they have a pronounced negative character. It is worth saying that in colloquial speech there are much more words of negative evaluation than positive ones.
Polysemy
In the Russian language there is such a commonly used word as “drum”. The verb “drum” is derived from it, which is used in colloquial speech in completely different meanings. It can be used in relation to both a person and a natural phenomenon. Examples:
- Don't drum your fingers on the table.
- The rain drums on the glass for half a day.
It is one of the few verbs that has multiple meanings in colloquial speech.
Abbreviations
First names and patronymics are used in a truncated form. For example, San Sanych instead of Alexander Alexandrovich. In linguistics, this phenomenon is called prosyopesis. In addition, in everyday speech, “dad” and “mam” are more often used than the words “mom” and “dad,” “mother” and “father.”
In conversation, people actively use aposiopesis, that is, intentionally breaking off a phrase. For example: “But if you’re not home by two, then...” Sometimes authors of literary and journalistic texts also resort to this linguistic device (“If serious changes do not occur in the economy, then...”). But first of all, aposiopesis is characteristic of colloquial speech.
Verb
If you look at one of the examples of conversational texts, you will find that verbs appear more often than nouns or adjectives. In everyday communication, people for some reason prefer words that denote actions.
According to statistics, only 15% of the total number of nouns are used in colloquial speech. As for verbs, preference is given to the present tense in cases where it would be more correct to use the future. For example: “Tomorrow we are flying to Crimea.”
Other features of spoken language
The conversational style is a full-fledged functional style of language, but it lives according to slightly different laws than the written one. When communicating freely, a person creates statements spontaneously, and therefore they do not always sound perfect. However, even colloquial speech should be monitored so that phrases such as “We wanted the best, but it turned out as always” do not appear.
Introduction
Conclusion
Introduction
Everyday vocabulary is vocabulary that serves non-productive relationships between people, that is, relationships in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.
The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech is the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - dialogical or monological.
The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.
The structure and content of conversational speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and the addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), the speech situation (context of the utterance). Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what your partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be unclear. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in spoken language.
Colloquial speech is uncodified speech; the norms and rules of its functioning are not recorded in various kinds of dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in observing the norms of literary language. It actively uses forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. “The litter does not discredit them,” writes the famous linguist M.P. Panov. “The litter warns: do not call a person with whom you are in strictly official relations a darling, do not offer to shove him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and sometimes grumpy. In official papers, don’t use the words look, to your heart’s content, and pennywise, isn’t it? In this regard, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. Active study of spoken language began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of relaxed natural oral speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary.
conversational style speech Russian
Features of conversational style
Conversational style is a speech style that has the following characteristics:
used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere;
the task is to exchange impressions (communication);
the statement is usually relaxed, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author’s attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor;
Characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotional and evaluative means, in particular with the suffixes - ochk-, - enk-. - ik-, - k-, - ovat-. - evat-, perfective verbs with the prefix for - with the meaning of the beginning of action, appeal;
incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences.
contrasts with book styles in general;
inherent function of communication;
forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, and syntax. For example: phraseology - escaping with the help of vodka and drugs is not fashionable these days. Vocabulary - a thrill, hugging a computer, getting on the Internet.
Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.
The topics of conversation are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday ones to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.
An important feature of colloquial speech is its unpreparedness and spontaneity (Latin spontaneus - spontaneous). The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately “completely”. As researchers note, linguistic conversational features are often not realized and not recorded by consciousness. Therefore, often when native speakers are presented with their own colloquial utterances for normative assessment, they evaluate them as erroneous.
The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech: - the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - dialogical or monological. The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.
The structure and content of conversational speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and the addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), the speech situation (context of the utterance). For example, to the question “Well, how?” depending on the specific circumstances, the answers can be very different: “Five”, “Met”, “Got it”, “Lost”, “Unanimously”. Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what your partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be unclear. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in spoken language.
Colloquial speech is uncodified speech; the norms and rules of its functioning are not recorded in various kinds of dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in observing the norms of literary language. It actively uses forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. “The litter does not discredit them,” writes the famous linguist M.P. Panov. “The litter warns: do not call a person with whom you are in strictly official relations a darling, do not offer to shove him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and sometimes grumpy. In official papers, don’t use the words look, to your heart’s content, and pennywise, isn’t it?
In this regard, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. For example, a geologist writes an article for a special magazine about mineral deposits in Siberia. He uses bookish speech in writing. The scientist gives a report on this topic at an international conference. His speech is bookish, but his form is oral. After the conference, he writes a letter to a work colleague about his impressions. Text of the letter - colloquial speech, written form.
At home, with his family, the geologist tells how he spoke at the conference, which old friends he met, what they talked about, what gifts he brought. His speech is conversational, its form is oral.
Active study of spoken language began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of relaxed natural oral speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary. For example, in the field of vocabulary, colloquial speech is characterized by a system of its own methods of nomination (naming): various types of contraction (evening - evening newspaper, motor - motor boat, enroll - in an educational institution); non-word combinations (Do you have something to write with? - pencil, pen, Give me something to cover myself with - blanket, rug, sheet); single-word derivative words with a transparent internal form (opener - can opener, rattle - motorcycle), etc. Colloquial words are highly expressive (porridge, okroshka - about confusion, jelly, sloppy - about a sluggish, characterless person).
Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its use
In the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, from the point of view of the scope of its use, two main layers are distinguished: national words and words limited in their functioning by the dialect and social environment. National vocabulary is the commonly used vocabulary for all speakers of the Russian language. It is the necessary material for expressing concepts, thoughts and feelings. The bulk of these words are stable and used in all styles of speech (water, earth, book, table, spring, author, alphabet, promise, walk, talk, start, kind, good, red, quickly, beautiful, etc.).
Dialectal vocabulary is characterized by limited use. It is not included in the lexical system of the national language. This or that dialect word belongs to one or more dialects (dialects) of the national language.
A dialect is a type of language that functions in a certain territory and is characterized by specific dialectal features (in addition to features characteristic of the entire language).
These features are the result of local changes in the national language at different times. The history of the development of dialects is connected with the history of their speakers. At present, only traces of the distant past have been preserved in dialects.
Dialectal vocabulary is words characteristic of one dialect or several dialects: susa"ly "skul" (Smolensk), beckon "to wait, hesitate" (Arkhangelsk), basko "good, beautiful" (Novgorod), pokhleya " “put” (Vladimir), borsha”t “grumble” (Vologda), o”taka “father” (Ryazan), zubi”sha “gums” (Bryansk) and words known to all dialects of Northern Russian, Southern Russian dialects and Central Russian dialects. Compare: Northern Russian dialect words: yell “plow the ground”, plow 1) “sweep the floor”,
) “it’s bad to cut bread, in thick slices”, drag “to harrow the ground after plowing”, laney “last year”; South Russian: skorodit “to harrow the ground after plowing”, letos “last year”, paneva “peasant homespun woolen skirt of a special cut (rubbed)”, kachka “duck”; Central Russian: bridge 1) “seni”,
) “steps leading from the entryway to the courtyard”, anadys “recently”, behind the “pop” apron.
The Northern Russian type of residential building is designated by the word izba, and the Southern Russian type by the word hut, but the word izba is known far beyond the borders of the Northern Russian dialect. Probably because in the Old Russian language the word isba meant a heated room.
Based on the nature of the differences in dialect vocabulary, non-opposed and contrasted dialect words are distinguished.
Non-opposite lexical units are words that exist in some dialects and are not used in others due to the lack of corresponding objects, concepts, etc.
In this dialect vocabulary the following groups of words are distinguished:
- Words associated with the features of the local landscape, with local natural conditions.
For example, Smolensk, Pskov - bachio "swamp, swampy place", harrier "especially swampy place in the swamp." In areas where there are no swamps, such words are absent.
- Words denoting features of the material culture of the region (ethnographic dialectisms), for example, types of clothing that are common in one territory and absent in another. Wed. the already mentioned southern Russian word paneva (panya "va): in the territory of northern Russian dialects, peasants wore sundresses rather than panevas; in the Pskov and Smolensk regions andara"ki ("skirt made of homespun linen canvas"). Smolensk casing, burka and, accordingly, Tula fur coat, sheepskin coat are not different names for the same item, but designate different items - specific local types of clothing.
This also includes a group of words that denote different household items with the same or similar function. For example, a bucket - tse "bar - a bowl - a tub - the names of objects in which water is stored in the house in winter, but there is a difference between them: a bucket is a metal or wooden vessel with handles in the form of a bow, a tse" bar is a large wooden bucket with ears, only cattle are allowed to drink from it, dezhka is a wooden vessel, but without ears and handles, kadka is a wooden vessel (barrel), different in shape from both the tsebra and the dezhka.
Different types of dishes for storing and settling milk in different areas are called by different words: stolbu"n - jug (kukshin) - ku"khlik - pot - makhotka - gorlach - jug (zban).
Most of the dialect vocabulary consists of words that are opposed to the corresponding names in other dialects. Their oppositions can be expressed by the following differences:
- actual lexical differences, when different words are used to denote the same object, phenomenon, concept in different dialects (adverbs): pole - rubel - stick “an object that holds sheaves together, hay on a cart”; jelly - well (kolo"dez); grip - rogach - forks "an object used to remove pots and cast iron from the oven"; squirrel - veksha - vave"rka; cloud - gloomy; boring - dreary, etc.;
- lexical-semantic differences, in which, as in the previous case, different words denote similar phenomena and concepts, but these differences are associated here with additional shades in the meaning of words. For example, the word moos (about a cow) in many dialects denotes a general concept, but in some dialects it has the connotation of “quietly”; This word is contrasted with the verb roars, which in some dialects denotes a general concept, and in others has the additional connotation of “loudly.” Wed. adjectives sick - sick - kvely, which in some dialects are used to mean “sick in general”, and in others have additional connotations: sick when talking about a person with a cold, kvely when talking about a person with poor health, sick has the general meaning of “sick at all";
- semantic differences, when the same word has different meanings in different dialects: weather - “weather in general”, “good weather”, “bad weather”; gai - “forest in general”, “young forest”, “young birch forest”, “small area in the forest”, “tall large forest”;
- word-formation differences, when the same-root words of different dialects differ from each other in word-formation structure with the same meaning: scourge - biya "k - bichik - bichu"k - bichovka "scourge, part of the flail"; povet - povetka - subpovetka - povetye - subpovetie "building for agricultural implements"; here - that car "here"; there - that "poppy - that" lobes "there";
- phonetic differences, in which the same root morpheme can differ in different dialects by individual sounds, but this does not depend on the characteristics of the phonetic system of the dialect and does not affect the latter, since it concerns only a single word: banya - bainya; trouser - hook - rutabaga - belly "rutabaga"; karomysel - karomisel - karemisel “a device on which buckets are carried”; estate - usya "dba; log - berno" - berveno";
- accentological differences in which words of different dialects that are identical in meaning are contrasted according to the place of stress: cold - cold (liter, holodno), studeno - studeno (liter. studeno); morkva - morkva, carrot - carrot (liter, morko "v) ; talk - talk (liter, talk).
Dialects are one of the sources of enriching the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in different periods of its existence. This process was especially intense during the formation of the Russian national language. The assimilation of dialect words into the literary language was caused primarily by the absence in it of the necessary words to denote certain realities characterizing various aspects of human life and nature.
Slang vocabulary (or jargon) is words and expressions found in the speech of people related by occupation, pastime, etc. In the past, social jargons were widespread (the jargon of noble salons, the language of merchants, etc.). Nowadays, they usually talk about the jargon of people of a certain profession, student, youth, about slang words in the speech of schoolchildren; for example, common words among students are; grandmothers “money”, cool “special, very good”, sachkovat “idle”, hut “apartment”. Jargons are conventional, artificial names and have correspondences in the literary language.
Jargons are very unstable, they change relatively quickly and are a sign of a certain time, generation, and in different places the jargon of people of the same category can be different. One of the characteristic features of student jargon of the late 70s was the use of distorted foreign words, mainly anglicisms: shoes, label, mafon, etc. A type of jargon is argot - conventional lexical groups used mainly by declassed elements: feather “knife”, plywood “money” ", stand on the skirmish, etc.
It develops and changes under the influence of material production, social relations, the level of culture, as well as geographical conditions and has a huge impact on other aspects of people’s lives. Everyday vocabulary is vocabulary that names the sphere of non-productive relations between people, that is, everyday life. Everyday vocabulary can exist in both written and oral form. But most often everyday vocabulary is the vocabulary of oral speech.
Like the vocabulary of written speech, the vocabulary of oral speech is stylistically marked. It is not used in special forms of written speech and has a colloquial flavor.
Unlike written speech, in oral speech there is no emphasis on the formality of communication: it is characterized by ease of communication, unpreparedness, situationality, most often physical contact of communication, and dialogicity.
These features of oral speech largely explain the stylistic features of its characteristic vocabulary. The vocabulary of oral speech in comparison with neutral appears as a whole as stylistically reduced.
The scope of its use is the area of everyday everyday, as well as, to a large extent, professional communication of an informal nature.
Depending on the degree of literariness and stylistic decline, two main layers of oral vocabulary can be distinguished: colloquial and vernacular.
Colloquial vocabulary is words that are used in informal, relaxed communication. Being a stylistically colored layer of vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary does not go beyond the vocabulary of the literary language.
Most colloquial words are characterized to one degree or another by evaluative use: reveler, neat, crammed, big-eyed, big-nosed, shove (“stuck in”), dumbfounded (“greatly perplex”), fearful (“to avoid something, to get rid of someone— anything"), etc.
Conversational marking is characteristic of the most diverse groups of this vocabulary.
A significant number of colloquial words are formed by semantic contraction of phrases through suffixal derivation: soda (< газированная вода), зачетка (< зачетная книжка), зенитка (< зенитное орудие), читалка (< читальный зал), электричка (< электрический поезд) и мн. др.
The everyday and stylistically reduced nature of such words is well realized when comparing them with compound nominations. The second component of the combinations (nouns) is represented in these words of colloquial vocabulary by the suffix: carbonated water "carbonated water" (a).
With semantic contraction, there may be a complete elimination of one of the components of the phrase, and then the omitted word does not receive any reflection in the structure of the colloquial nomination. Can be eliminated as a defined word (chemistry< химическая завивка, декрет < декретный отпуск; ср.: Она сделала себе химию; Она - в декрете), так и определяющее (сад, садик < детский сад, язык < иностранный язык; ср.: Петя перестал ходить в садик. Он уже изучает язык). Эти процессы - характерное явление разговорной речи.
Colloquial vocabulary also includes many words of a professional and business nature used in informal communication: steering wheel "steering wheel", brick "no-travel sign", stake out (stake out a topic - "make an application for research"; the direct nominative meaning of the verb - "put up a pillar to designate something: a border, a site, the beginning of some work"), defend "defend a dissertation", settle down "receive an academic degree", sign "register, formalize marriage", etc.
Colloquial vocabulary is stylistically reduced words that, unlike colloquial vocabulary, are outside the strictly standardized literary language.
Colloquial vocabulary is used for a reduced, rude assessment of the denoted. Such words are characterized by a pronounced expression of negative evaluation: big, ugly, dismissive, “go a long distance.”
Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, as already noted, is distinguished by varying degrees of stylistic decline. There is no sharp boundary between them. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary serves as an important constructive element in organizing everyday conversational style.
General characteristics of colloquial speech
Conversational speech is used in cases where there is unpreparedness of the speech act, ease of the speech act and direct participation of the speakers in the speech act. The spontaneity of communication excludes the written form of speech, and ease is typical only for informal communication, therefore colloquial speech is oral informal speech.
Philologists discuss the question of which factor in colloquial speech determines its essence, about the boundaries of colloquial speech. But what remains undoubted is that the features of colloquial speech are most clearly expressed when communicating with relatives, friends, close acquaintances and less clearly when communicating with strangers who meet by chance. This property of colloquial speech can be called personal communication (a person addresses personally Ivan or Peter, whose interests, understanding capabilities, etc. are well known to him). The features of colloquial speech also appear more clearly in cases where the speakers not only hear, but also see each other, the objects being discussed, and less clearly in conversations on the phone. This property of colloquial speech can be called the situational nature of communication ( relying on the situation, using not only words and intonation, but also facial expressions and gestures to convey information).
In cases where a conversation takes place between little-known or completely unfamiliar people or the use of facial expressions and gestures is excluded (talking on the phone), colloquial speech loses a number of its characteristic features. This is like the periphery of colloquial speech.
Peripheral spoken language and non-spoken spoken language are often difficult to distinguish. Colloquial speech has much in common with non-literary speech (dialectal speech, various jargons), since they are united by oral form, unpreparedness, informality and spontaneity of communication. But dialects and jargons (as well as vernacular) are outside the boundaries of the literary language, and colloquial speech is one of its functional varieties.
Colloquial speech, unlike other varieties of literary language, is uncodified speech, therefore, when using colloquial speech, the question of the admissibility or impermissibility of using a particular grammatical form, construction, etc. does not arise. The speaker is free to invent new formations (Poems cannot be read in a whisper; Is there something on TV today?), to use inaccurate designations: We arrived with these. spacesuits or something (instead of gas masks), “Seda” (the second dish made from chicken with onions and tomatoes according to the recipe of a woman named Seda). He can sometimes use a non-literary word because of its expressiveness (mura) and rearrange the phrase on the fly (He had nothing to do with linguistics; Bagrin had nothing to do with linguistics).
However, all this does not mean complete freedom. Colloquial speech is an uncodified but standardized variety of literary language. The norms of colloquial speech are based on those features that are widespread in the speech of cultural native speakers of the Russian language and do not cause condemnation in conversational conditions. The use of jargon (Where are you going?), expressions unacceptable in a literary language (expletive), illiterate phrases like I didn’t hold you back a bit violates the norms of colloquial speech; She's skinny all the way. Of course, outside the norms of colloquial speech there are dialectal errors in pronunciation (s "astra), word usage (chapelnik instead of frying pan), etc. These are the norms of colloquial speech as a type of literary language.
But there are certain norms inherent in colloquial speech that distinguish it from other varieties of literary language. Thus, incomplete answers are normative for colloquial speech and complete answers are non-normative (although they can occur); a normatively collectively closed designation of objects, institutions, city districts, etc. He lives behind Sharik, i.e. further than where the ball bearing factory is located). II, the official expanded designations (universal steam juice cooker, stationery glue, casein glue) and names (Saratov Order of the Red Banner of Labor State University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky) are non-standard. Let us consider sequentially the phonetic norms of colloquial speech, as well as the lexical, morphological and syntactic features inherent in it.
In contrast to the phonetic norms of official literary speech, colloquial speech is characterized by significantly less clarity of pronunciation. Due to the fact that, as a rule, facts that are familiar and known to the interlocutor are reported, the speaker does not strain his speech organs. Every teacher knows very well from his own experience that if he has a sore throat or cough, it is much more difficult for him to speak in class than at home. Formal speech for a whole class causes a sore throat and cough, as it requires greater clarity of pronunciation, i.e. tension of the corresponding muscles. The same is observed when talking on the phone (the lack of visual perception of the interlocutor also requires greater clarity of pronunciation). In an informal home environment, when the interlocutors understand each other literally, there is no need for special strain on the speech organs. Sounds are pronounced unclearly, the ends of words and especially phrases are swallowed, the pronunciation of many words is so simplified that entire syllables are dropped out (tery instead of now, gar"t instead of says). Such unclear pronunciation can lead to mishearings and incompleteness: What salary did they give her? ( was heard as “How much sugar should I put”), I have an apron here (was heard as “I’m having a heart attack”), etc. Such facts of incorrect perception of what was said are rare, not because the clarity of pronunciation is usually sufficient (when listening to tape recordings of spoken language). mishearings occur constantly), and not because there are few similar words in the language (tape recordings are deciphered), but because the interlocutors know what is being said.
The rhythm of spoken speech arises not only due to the unstressed nature of those words that are not important or informative for the interlocutor (in the given phrase today they were), but also due to words that are superfluous from the point of view of written speech. These are the endless, well, this, this, in general, there, the use of the same introductory words in the speech of some people (that means, so to speak, you know, you understand, etc.).
The intonation of phrases in colloquial speech differs sharply from formal speech. Usually, being in the next room without seeing those who are talking and without understanding the words, only by intonation can one determine with whom the conversation is taking place: with loved ones, relatives or with a guest (especially if the relationship with him is official). Official speech is less rhythmic and contains fewer unstressed words.
In colloquial speech, intonation is rhythmic, but of different types: the stressed word occupies either the initial, then the middle, or the final position: Now vaccinations will begin. There will be a temperature. I do not know. Children are flowers. I don't know what to do with him anymore. Then this is such a problem, the same gas and no.
Colloquial speech differs from all other varieties of literary language in its relative lexical poverty. In conditions of direct communication, on the one hand, there is no possibility of “sorting through thousands of tons of verbal ore,” and on the other hand, there is no need for this. The fact is that gestures, facial expressions, and the objects themselves that are in the speaker’s field of vision will help to understand what is being expressed if the expression is inaccurate. And most importantly, the speaker does not care about the form of expression of thoughts, since he is confident that there will be no misunderstanding: if they do not understand, they will ask again.
This lack of concern for the form of expression can develop into linguistic and spiritual laziness, leading to tongue-tiedness. But even in the recordings of conversations of cultured people, known for their excellent oral official speech, there are frequent repetitions of the same words, “extra” words, and very inaccurate expressions.
As we have already noted, only an insignificant part of the vocabulary wealth of the Russian language is used in colloquial speech. A person often uses words that are quite unintelligible to an outsider, but quite understandable to the interlocutor, albeit insignificant.
Usually, the synonymous capabilities of the Russian language are hardly used in conversation. Often, not only book synonyms are missing, but also “colloquial” synonyms: many appeared 90 times, and quite a few, beyond counting, never even once; stupid was recorded 5 times, and stupid, narrow-minded, headless, empty-headed, brainless - not once.
Colloquial speech is characterized by the use of the most common, most common words. The fact that these words are too general in meaning, and sometimes do not even accurately reveal the essence of what is being communicated, is explained by the fact that speakers use additional means: intonation, gestures, facial expressions, pointing to the objects in question.
The vocabulary poverty of colloquial speech is, of course, its disadvantage. In Russian language lessons, it is necessary to expand the active vocabulary of schoolchildren and help them master the synonymous richness of the Russian language. Of course, colloquial speech can never achieve the variety and accuracy of word use of prepared speech. But expanding a person's vocabulary is very important.
So, forced by the conditions of use of colloquial speech and acceptable under these conditions, vocabulary poverty and inaccuracy of colloquial speech outside of it interfere with the understanding of what is said.
The second feature of the use of vocabulary in colloquial speech is the potential freedom of word use. We have already talked about the possibilities of using words with imprecise, approximate momentary meaning. But in colloquial speech it is also possible to use words created for given occasions (cunningly wise), words whose meaning changes as the conversation progresses.
The conditions of colloquial speech give rise to designations (nominations) of objects that are unusual for official speech. In official speech, subject nominations must include a noun, for example, house: red house; the house that stands on the corner; house on the corner. In colloquial speech, designations without nouns are also used.
The bulk of words in colloquial speech are the most ordinary, general literary neutral ones, and not at all special “colloquial” words. The abuse of book vocabulary is also a violation of the norms of spoken language. Although modern colloquial speech over the past decades has been significantly replenished with book words (objects, details, perspective, food, inform, contact, personnel, etc.), many of which have ceased to be perceived as something alien to colloquial speech, still with the possibility of choosing a book or colloquial, bookish or neutral variants, non-bookish variants should be preferred.
One of the characteristic features of colloquial speech is the active use of pronouns. On average, for every 1000 words in spoken language there are 475 pronouns (130 nouns, and only 35 adjectives). Wed. in scientific speech: 62 pronouns with 369 nouns and 164 adjectives.
Pronouns in colloquial speech not only replace already used nouns and adjectives, but are often used without reference to context. This is especially true for the pronoun such. Thanks to intonation, this pronoun acquires a special heightened emotionality and either simply serves as an amplifier. The generality of the meaning of the pronoun, as can be seen from the examples, is preserved. But colloquial speech is characterized by situational, rather than contextual, specification of this generality. The decline in the proportion of nouns and adjectives in spoken language is not only due to the widespread use of pronouns. The fact is that in colloquial speech, as already mentioned, a huge number of insignificant words and various kinds of particles are used. On the one hand, due to their unstressed nature, they are a means of creating a colloquial wave-like rhythm of speech. On the other hand, they are forced pause fillers. Conversational speech is relaxed speech, but since a person is forced to think and speak at the same time, he pauses, looking for the necessary word.
In addition to obvious pause fillers, insignificant or insignificant words that signal inaccuracy of expression and approximation are widely used in colloquial speech. Approximateness in conveying the meaning of what is being discussed, an attempt to find the right word is signaled with the help of pronouns this, this is the same. In conversational speech, all these signals of approximation, inaccuracy and simple pause fillers are necessary. It is no coincidence that they also appear in the speech of characters in films, television and radio shows. The fight against clogging speech with “unnecessary” words must be carried out carefully.
Colloquial speech knows almost no participles and gerunds. Their use in Russian is limited by a number of conditions, which are almost impossible to observe in conversation. Even in the speech of highly cultured people, the use of gerunds in oral speech, as a rule, leads to a violation of grammatical norms. Colloquial speech is also not characterized by the use of short forms of adjectives. The use in colloquial speech of not full, but short forms of adjectives of this type is explained by their proximity to the verb (they do not form degrees of comparison, qualitative adverbs with o, and do not have antonyms with the particle not).
In addition to differences in the frequency of use of different parts of speech, colloquial speech is characterized by a peculiar use of case forms. This is manifested, for example, in the fact that for written speech the predominant use of the genitive case forms is typical, and for colloquial speech - the nominative and accusative. These features of colloquial speech are a consequence of the conditions of its existence: forms that are difficult to perceive in oral communication (gerunds, participles, chains of the genitive case) are not used in colloquial speech; nouns and especially adjectives are used relatively little in oral speech, since objects and their signs are more often are generally visible or known to the interlocutors, pronouns and particles are widely used, which is due to the direct contacts of the speakers and the spontaneity of their speech.
The syntactic originality of colloquial speech is especially great. First of all, it is due to the fact that colloquial speech is often used in conditions where the subject of speech is in front of the eyes.
The inability to think through phrases before pronouncing them prevents the widespread use of detailed and complex sentences in conversation. As a rule, speech consists of a chain of short messages, as if strung on top of each other. In conditions of direct personal communication, such speech is natural and normal. On the contrary, complexly organized sentences violate the norms of colloquial speech, making it bookish, clerical, and somewhat artificial.
The use of colloquial style in a literary work
In literary works, the use of a colloquial style of speech is widely used. Writers and poets introduce colloquial vocabulary into the text of a work of art with various tasks: a more capacious creation of an image, the ability to more accurately describe a character using his speech characteristics, convey the national flavor of speech, everyday life, etc.
In the process of development of the Russian nationality, and then the nation, everything vital, typical, and necessary for language as a means of communication was selected from the dialect vocabulary.
Thus, the literary language includes the words balka, taiga, foliage, roadside, fishing, ushanka, very, annoying, roach, particulate (type of fish), doha, strawberry, strawberry, spider, plowman, plowing, upper reaches, smile, etc. In In agricultural terminology, the use of dialect words as terms continues in our time: stubble, stubble, harvested field, pull, collect, pull out flax by the roots, etc.
The meanings of many words found in the Russian literary language can only be explained with the help of dialect words. For example, the word careless “stupid, disorderly” becomes understandable if it is compared with the dialect Kalinin alabor “order, arrangement” and the dialect word alaborit “to move things around, turn over, redo, puts in order in one’s own way.”
Dialect words are introduced by writers into the language of literary works for various stylistic purposes. We find them in the works of N.A. Nekrasova, I.S. Turgeneva, I.A. Bunina, L.N. Tolstoy, S. Yesenin, M.A. Sholokhova, V.M. Shukshina and others. Northern Russian dialect vocabulary is used by N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'." Dialecticisms are introduced by the author not only into the speech of the characters, but also into the author’s speech. They perform a nominative-stylistic function and are used for the purpose of outlining the morals and customs of the people, reproducing local color: at ease, strained, from there, pokudova, voster, picuga, ochep, vesmo, blizzard, muzhik (in the meanings of “husband” and “peasant”) and others. South Russian dialect vocabulary is widely represented, for example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev. The writer knew the Kursk, Oryol and Tula dialects well, and from there he drew material for his artistic works. Using lexical dialectisms, I.S. Turgenev often gave them explanations, for example: He was built awkwardly, “sbitem,” as we say (“Singers”). They immediately brought us riding horses; we went to the forest or, as we say, to the “order” (“Burmist”). The author's speech is dominated by words that name things, objects, phenomena characteristic of the life of the characters depicted, i.e. ethnographic vocabulary: He was wearing a rather neat cloth tunic, worn on one sleeve (“Singers”) (chuika - “long cloth caftan”); Women in checkered coats threw wood chips at slow-witted or overzealous dogs (“Burmistr”). In the language of the characters I.S. Turgenev dialect elements serve as a means of socio-linguistic characteristics. “Let him sleep,” my faithful servant remarked indifferently (“Yermolai and the Miller’s Wife”). Jargons are expressive, so they are sometimes used in fiction as a means of creating an image, mostly negative (see the works of L.N. Tolstoy, N.G. Pomyalovsky, V. Shukshin, D. Granin, Yu. Nagibin, V. Aksenov, etc. .).
Conclusion
Everyday vocabulary is vocabulary that serves non-productive relationships between people, that is, relationships in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence.
Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc., that is, in non-production situations.
The topics of conversation are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday ones to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.
Conversational style is a style of speech that has the following characteristics: used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere; the statement is usually relaxed, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author’s attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor; characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotional - evaluative means, addresses; is opposed to book styles in general, it has an inherent function of communication, it forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, syntax
Conversational style is widely used in literary works.
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