The main purpose of UNCTAD's activities is... International context - UNCTAD - New Economics Foundation
To achieve this goal, UNCTAD carries out research and analytical work, organizes discussions of relevant issues at the intergovernmental level, and also carries out activities in the field of technical cooperation, etc. The organization's members currently include 188 states. Many intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations have observer status and take part in its work.
The Conference, the highest governing body of UNCTAD, is held every four years at the ministerial level to develop strategic directions and determine priorities for work. The convening of the next 10th Conference is scheduled for 2000 in Thailand. The previous 9th Conference, held in Midrand (South Africa), adopted the organization's revised mandate and approved the most radical reforms in its history, which were reflected in the final document called “Partnership for Growth and Development”.
Between conferences, the Trade and Development Board, which is also the governing body of UNCTAD, convenes annually. The Council, open to all members of the Conference, currently includes 144 countries. The Council has several subsidiary bodies - functional commissions, and is also responsible for ensuring the work of the CSTD - a subsidiary body of the UN ECOSOC. The intergovernmental structure of the organization of UNCTAD activities after its reform is presented in Fig. 10.5.
UNCTAD is headed by the Secretary-General of the Conference with the rank of Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretariat, located in Geneva (Switzerland) and employing approximately 400 staff, is part of the UN Secretariat. The updated organizational structure of the UNCTAD Secretariat is shown in Fig. 10.6. The organization's annual budget for operational activities is about $50 million, allocated from the UN budget. Technical cooperation activities are financed from extrabudgetary resources provided by donor countries, beneficiary countries, and some organizations at an estimated annual amount of $24 million.
Within the UN, UNCTAD cooperates with many other organizations, including: DESA (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs), UNDP, as well as the World Bank Group, IMF, etc. In addition, outside the UN, cooperation is carried out with a wide range of such organizations such as the OECD, various regional groupings, etc.
UNCTAD carries out operational activities in the following main program areas:
1. Globalization and development strategy.
In this direction, a number of the following tasks are being solved:
studying global economic trends and assessing their impact on the development process;
analysis of macroeconomic policy in the context of the interdependence of countries and economic sectors;
analysis of specific development problems and successful experiences in solving them for use by developing countries transitioning to a market economy;
studying issues related to financial flows and debt, as well as providing assistance to developing countries in regulating debt relations;
providing information on trade and development issues, and expanding the data bank.
2. International trade in goods, services and raw materials.
The objectives of this direction are:
assisting developing countries in sustainable development by providing them with assistance for effective integration into the international trading system;
strengthening the export potential of countries based on an analysis of the impact on trade and development of certain international agreements;
encouraging commodity-dependent developing countries to diversify their productive activities and help them manage trade risks;
promoting integrated solutions to trade, environment and development issues by coordinating these activities;
analyzing and assisting countries to improve their competition law and policy frameworks.
3. Investments, technologies and enterprise development.
This direction is associated with solving the following problems:
analysis of general trends in foreign direct investment and their impact on trade, technology and development of countries, as well as studying the consequences of this impact;
studying the policy and implementation mechanism to support the development process of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises;
generating policies to encourage the development of technological capacity and innovation in developing countries, as well as the transfer of technology to them;
conducting reviews of science, technology and innovation policy information to identify options for countries to act;
assisting developing countries in stimulating an improvement in the investment climate;
supporting entrepreneurship development and innovative training programs in developing countries.
4. Development service infrastructure and trade efficiency.
The following tasks are being solved in this direction:
helping developing countries improve the efficiency of their trade-supporting services industries through technical cooperation programs;
supporting the development of national policies and legal support for the development of service infrastructure to promote the development, simplification and efficiency of trade;
assisting developing countries in applying best trade practices in accordance with the recommendations of the UN International Symposium on Trade Efficiency (1994);
facilitating trade expansion by facilitating access to electronic information technology through a global network of relevant centers;
assistance in the development of new types of services to facilitate access to credit resources for the informal sector and micro-enterprises;
Assisting developing, landlocked and island countries to overcome barriers associated with high transport costs.
5. Least developed, landlocked and island countries.
This direction is associated with solving the following problems:
coordinating work on the problems of the least developed countries, providing them with technical assistance in the interests of development and trade;
assessing the economic and social performance of these countries in the context of international and domestic conditions;
assistance in the implementation of a number of international programs adopted in recent years in these countries;
management of the Kenneth Dadzie Trust Fund, designed to support and facilitate new activities in the core areas of UNCTAD's work with least developed countries.
In addition to the program areas noted above, UNCTAD also conducts technical cooperation activities. This activity is aimed at:
strengthening the human and institutional capacity of developing countries to improve the conditions for their development;
expanding the opportunities for these countries to participate in the global economy, in particular in international trade, financial and investment activities;
providing assistance to developing countries in solving their international problems;
strengthening the ability of these countries to participate in negotiations on issues of international trade, finance and investment.
Technical cooperation is financed from:
UNDP;
European Commission;
World Bank Group;
Inter-American Development Bank;
development finance funds;
individual donor countries;
beneficiary countries, i.e. developing countries themselves.
The main donor countries currently are: England, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Finland, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan.
Technical cooperation currently operates over 300 projects in more than 100 countries with a total annual expenditure of approximately $24 million. A typical example of such projects is the ITC/UNCTAD/WTO Integrated Technical Assistance Program for Africa. It aims to help improve the development prospects and competitiveness of African countries through their greater participation in international trade. The main focus here is on developing human resources and institutional capacity, as well as strengthening export production capabilities.
It should be noted that the largest share of technical cooperation resources is spent on projects in the African region (33%) as well as on interregional projects (32%). Spending in the European region represents only 12% of the total of these resources.
The results of UNCTAD's activities over the past 30 years have been numerous international agreements on trade, debt of developing countries, problems of least developed and landlocked states, as well as transit countries, transport, etc. In addition, the organization produces annual authoritative publications on various aspects of its activities, containing analytical materials, expert assessments, recommendations, reference and other data.
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Report
On the topic: “United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): goals of creation, membership, structure, main forms of activity”
Content
1 Establishment of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and membership…………………………………………………………………………………………3
2 Purposes of the creation of UNCTAD…………………………………………………………….6
3 Structure of UNCTAD………………………………………………………7
4 Main forms of activity…………………………………………………….. .9
5 UNCTAD relations with Russia……………………………………...11
References……………………………………………………… ….....14
1 Creation of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is a body of the UN General Assembly. The conference was founded in 1964. UNCTAD's headquarters are located in Geneva. To date, the conference includes 193 countries. Many intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations also take part in its work. UNCTAD's activities are financed from the UN budget. UNCTAD decisions are taken in the form of resolutions and are of a recommendatory nature.
The executive body is the Trade and Development Board, which is responsible for ensuring overall compliance with agreed priorities. The UNCTAD Secretariat cooperates with the governments of member states and interacts with UN organizations and regional commissions. Member states are divided into four groups based on socio-economic and geographical principles.
During the 1970s and 1980s, UNCTAD was closely associated with the idea of a New International Economic Order.
UNCTAD is a global forum for reviewing and making recommendations on development issues and related issues of trade, investment, finance, and technology transfer. The organization, in accordance with its mandate, is also required to make constructive approaches, recommendations and policy initiatives on issues considered by other international organizations. At the same time, UNCTAD is called upon to play a leading role in developing and achieving consensus on new issues on the international trade agenda and their implications, especially for developing countries and countries with economies in transition, in facilitating their adaptation to new trading conditions and integration into the global trading system .
Once every four years, UNCTAD holds sessions (Conferences) to determine the basic principles of its policies and decide on its program of work. A total of ten sessions of UNCTAD have already been held. The last ones took place in 1996 (Midrand, South Africa), 2000 (Bangkok) and 2004 (Sao Paulo, Brazil).
The twelfth session of UNCTAD took place from 20 to 25 April 2008 in Accra, Ghana. The theme of this session was to examine the opportunities and challenges created by globalization for development, i.e.:
? Increased coherence in global policy-making at all levels, including the contribution of regional approaches, for sustainable economic development and poverty reduction.
? Key issues of trade and development and new realities in the geography of the world economy.
? Improving the enabling environment at all levels to strengthen productive capacity, trade and investment: mobilizing resources and harnessing knowledge for development.
? Strengthening UNCTAD; enhancing its role in development, increasing its impact and increasing institutional effectiveness.
Between sessions, continuity of work is ensured by UNCTAD's executive body, the Trade and Development Board (TCB), which has 148 members. There is one regular autumn session of the Council each year, which includes a one-day High-Level Segment to discuss the main agenda item. As a rule, executive sessions of the BC are held three times a year, at which mainly current issues are considered. Special sessions are convened by decision of the Council or at the request of a majority of members of the Council, a session of UNCTAD or the UN General Assembly. For 2005, M. Whelan, permanent representative of Ireland in Geneva, was elected chairman of the BC.
There are 3 standing commissions within the framework of the STP (instead of the 20 former committees and working groups):
1) on trade in goods, services and raw materials;
2) on investments, technologies and related financial issues;
3) on entrepreneurship, business facilitation and development.
Commissions have the right to assemble Working Groups of Experts (up to 10 groups annually).
The permanent body that regulates the work of UNCTAD in the period between annual sessions of the BCC is the Bureau of the BCC. Russia is currently a member of the Bureau (as the former Coordinator of Group D) along with Romania, the current Coordinator of this Group. For many years, our country has been a member of the Working Group (WG) on the medium-term plan and program budget, which has 19 members.
The UNCTAD secretariat is located in Geneva and employs about 400 people. It is headed by the Secretary General. After the expiration of the term of office of the Brazilian Rubens Ricupero on September 15, 2004, until the approval of the new leader by the UN General Assembly (K. Annan, who is to present the candidacy, continues consultations), his duties are performed by the UNCTAD Deputy Secretary-General Carlos Fortin (Chile).
An important role for the activities of UNCTAD was played by the resolutions of the 50th and 51st sessions of the UN General Assembly (50/95 and 51/167), which included provisions on the importance of full integration of “transit” countries into the world trade and economic system, especially by improving their access to markets, eliminating discriminatory tariffs and non-tariff restrictions. These resolutions expanded the mandate of UNCTAD to work in this direction, incl. By
2 Purposes of the creation of UNCTAD
Objectives of the creation of UNCTAD:
? promoting international trade to accelerate economic growth and development, especially in developing countries;
? establishing principles and policies relating to international trade and related economic development issues, particularly in the areas of finance, investment, technology transfer;
? reviewing and facilitating the organization of activities of other agencies within the UN system in the field of international trade and related economic development issues;
? taking, if necessary, measures to negotiate and approve multilateral legal instruments in the field of trade;
? harmonizing the policies of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade and related development, acting as a center for such harmonization.
The activities of UNCTAD are based on the functions defined by resolution 1995 (XIX) of the UN General Assembly. UNCTAD's terms of reference cover virtually all relevant economic and legal aspects of modern international trade and related issues of economic development.
3 Structure of UNCTAD
The main governing body of the Conference is the UNCTAD Session, which is convened at least once every three years. In the period between sessions, the governing functions of the Conference are performed by the Trade and Development Council, which meets twice a year. Every year the Council submits a report on its activities to the UN General Assembly. The Council has various standing committees and working groups that prepare studies and recommendations to the Council in various areas. There are three standing commissions:
? Commission on Trade in Goods and Services;
? Commission on Investment, Technology and Financial Affairs;
? Commission on Entrepreneurship, Business Promotion and Development.
Any UNCTAD member state that has submitted a statement of desire to be a member of a particular subsidiary body may participate in the work of Council committees. Work in the Commissions is carried out in expert groups, which involve competent technical specialists from different countries on certain issues.
The UNCTAD Secretary-General is appointed by the UN General Assembly for a term of three years. He directs the work of the Council, its subsidiary bodies and the UNCTAD Secretariat.
The Secretariat consists of four departments:
1) Department of Globalization and Development Strategies;
2) Department of Investments, Enterprise Development and Technologies;
3) Department of International Trade in Goods and Services and Commodities;
4) Department of Infrastructure Services for Development and Trade Efficiency.
“Cross-cutting” issues of LDCs, as well as island and landlocked developing states, are the responsibility of the UNCTAD Special Coordinator.
The Executive Directorate includes the Secretariats of the Secretary-General, the Deputy Secretaries-General, the Program Planning and Evaluation Unit, the Technical Cooperation Coordination and Evaluation Unit, and the UNCTAD Senior Legal Officer. The administrative service and the service for supporting the intergovernmental mechanism are not formally part of the executive directorate, but work under its control.
4 Main forms of activity of UNCTAD
The main focus of UNCTAD's activities is focused on issues of involving developing countries in international trade agreements. An important organizational feature of the functioning of the UNCTAD mechanism is the method of working in groups of countries. There are four groups: A - Afro-Asian, B - developed Western countries, C - Latin American countries, D - countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The "Group of 77", consisting of countries from groups A and C, does not have a formal status in UNCTAD, but makes a significant contribution to its activities. Characteristic of the work of UNCTAD bodies has become the preliminary determination of positions in each group and the presentation of each group at UNCTAD sessions, as a rule, in a united front. UNCTAD has developed and adopted a number of constructive documents, decisions and recommendations. Thus, in particular, in 1964 the principles of international trade and trade policy were approved; in 1966 the Declaration on the World Food Problem was approved; in 1970, a decision was made to create the Generalized System of Preferences; in 1972, at the session, a number of resolutions and recommendations were adopted, which laid the foundation for the development of documents defining a new international economic order; recommendations for the further development of maritime transport and the expansion of trade between developing countries were approved; in 1976, the International Code of Conduct on Technology Transfer was developed, which was of great importance for the development of the scientific and technological potential of developing countries; decided in 1980 to establish the General Fund under the Integrated Commodities Program, or the Common Fund for Commodities; in 1979-1981 a program to assist least developed countries has been developed. Within the framework of UNCTAD, a number of important provisions of the international development strategy for the Second UN Development Decade, the Program for Establishing a New International Economic Order were developed, and international agreements on various goods were concluded. Since there is a close relationship between trade and industrial development, between the environment, technology transfer and development and development planning, UNCTAD works closely with UNEP, UNIDO and other organizations, and also carries out technical assistance projects through UNDP. The first X session of UNCTAD in the 21st century took place on February 12-19, 2000 in Bangkok / Thailand /. The 2 thousand delegates from 171 countries of the world, including Russia and Belarus, who took part in the forum, noted that in the context of the opportunities created in the process of the technological revolution, the opening of markets and globalization, the main goals of UNCTAD are to accelerate the processes of economic growth and sustainable development, ensuring equity and inclusiveness. The session adopted the Bangkok Declaration and Action Plan. The Declaration noted that the activities of UNCTAD should take place in the context of the Millennium Declaration of the United Nations, i.e. is aimed at combating poverty in general (halving by 2015 the number of people on Earth living on less than one dollar a day). Among UNCTAD's priorities in the new century were the effective integration of all countries into the world trading system and the support of a knowledge-based economy as an integral part of the effective participation of developing countries in the world economy.
5 UNCTAD relations with Russia
The General Assembly, in accordance with the resolution of December 8, 1964, convened the UN Conference on Trade and Development from March 23 to June 15, 1964, then establishing UNCTAD as a body of the General Assembly on December 30, 1964. Russia's role in solving the problems dealt with by this organization is still very constructive. UNCTAD experts invariably pay the closest attention to the state of the Russian economy. One of the main activities of UNCTAD is to ensure fair and stable prices for the primary commodities of developing countries and improve access of these goods to the markets of industrialized countries. At the 8th session of UNCTAD in Cartagena (Colombia, 1992), a special Program for the creation of “Trade Points” was initiated. These Centers are designed to promote the involvement of new entities (primarily small and medium-sized enterprises) in the international division of labor and international trade and to help improve the efficiency of world trade. The main tasks of the Centers are information support for participants in foreign trade activities, assistance to exporters and importers when entering foreign markets, attracting investments for small and medium-sized businesses
Russia joined this program in 1995. The Russian Information Center on Foreign Trade Issues (Russian National Trade Point-RNTP) was created on the basis of InformVES.
Russian Information Center for Foreign Trade (RTsVT) - Russian National Trade Point (RNTP) operates within the system of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, is accredited by the UN/UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) as a national organization promoting development of trade and implementation of international e-commerce, is a member of the World Trade Point Federation (WTPF). The RCVT project provides for the creation of a network of information-processing Centers for international e-commerce in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which will ensure internal and external cooperation of trade participants within a single information space, decentralization of information exchange, cost reduction and improvement of international trade conditions by creating a favorable information environment using modern telecommunications and information technologies in the format of electronic data interchange standards EDI (Electronic Data Interchange). RCVT carries out work within the framework of the “Federal Target Program “Electronic Russia” for 2002-2010” and the Special Program for Trade Efficiency of the UN/UNCTAD.
In 1997 UNCTAD has assigned RCVT the status of "Operational One".
RCVT is the initiator of the development of the “Concept for creating a Russian network of digital trading centers”, supported by UNCTAD and approved by the Coordination Council for Foreign Economic Activity under the Ministry of Foreign Economic Affairs of the Russian Federation, which served as the basis for the development of the project in the regions and the creation of Trade Centers there.
The Russian network of Trade Centers is part of the World Trade Center Network, which unites Centers in more than 190 countries of the world through the Internet computer network. These are 24-hour e-commerce centers that unite physically or virtually firms that provide information on foreign trade transactions and provide exporters and importers (primarily small businesses) with a range of services for performing foreign trade transactions.
The project is part of the Federal Program for Support of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses and provides foreign trade information support within the framework of the Information Support System for Foreign Trade Activities (SIO VTD) and the Information Support System for Small Businesses (SIOMS).
In order to develop information support for foreign trade, the Development Center of the Russian Information Center on Foreign Trade (Development Center of RNTP) was created on the basis of the Agency for Foreign Economic Relations and Telecommunications "INRADE", which, within the framework of the special program SPTE UN/UNCTAD - Special Program for Trade Efficiency a real foreign economic server "RUSSIA - EXPORT - IMPORT" is supported
References:
1. Bekyashev K.A., Moiseev E.G. Customs law: textbook. – 2nd ed. Reworked And additional – M.: Prospekt, 2009. – 368 p.
2. www.un.org/russian/esa/unctad/index.shtml
3. http://www.unctadxii.org/en/4. http://www.exportsupport.ru/foreign/intorgs/uni/te/unktad/intorgs5. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/14
Source: Ministry of Economic Development of Russia
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD),
Conférence des Nations-Unies sur le commerce et le développement (CNUCED)
Location: Geneva, Switzerland
Founded: 1964
Created: decision of the UN General Assembly
Membership: 194 countries
UNCTAD official website: www.unctad.org
Established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body, UN Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD ) is the key body of the UN General Assembly on issues in the field of trade and development.
UNCTAD plays a clearinghouse role on development issues and related issues of trade, finance, technology, investment and sustainable development. Its main objective is to promote the integration of developing countries and countries with economies in transition into the world economy through trade and investment. To achieve its goals, UNCTAD conducts research and policy analysis, intergovernmental meetings, technical cooperation and interaction with civil society and the business sector.
Objectives of UNCTAD:
- promoting international trade to accelerate economic growth and development, especially in developing countries;
- establishing principles and policies relating to international trade and related economic development issues, particularly in the areas of finance, investment, technology transfer;
- reviewing and facilitating the organization of activities of other agencies within the UN system in the field of international trade and related economic development issues;
- taking, if necessary, measures to negotiate and approve multilateral legal instruments in the field of trade;
- harmonizing the policies of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade and related development, acting as a center for such harmonization.
Main activities of UNCTAD
Regulating trade and economic relations between states and developing concepts and principles for the development of world trade. A special place in this activity is occupied by the development “Principles of international trade relations and trade policy”;
- development of measures to regulate international trade in commodities;
- development of measures and means of economic policy. UNCTAD created a general system of preferences for imports of goods from developing countries, which came into force in 1976;
- promoting economic cooperation between developing countries; negotiating the creation of a global system of preferences among developing countries; development of an action program for the world community to help overcome the economic backwardness of the least developed countries;
- coordination of policies of governments and regional economic groupings on the development of world trade and other problems;
- regulation of restrictive business practices through the development of a Code of Multilaterally Agreed Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices, as well as various measures to regulate the activities of transnational corporations;
- analytical work on a wide range of problems;
- cooperation with international economic organizations.
The supreme body of UNCTAD is Conference , which meets at ministerial level at least once every four years to determine major policy directions and resolve issues related to the program of work.
UNCTAD sessions are multilateral economic forums held within the UN system. Most UNCTAD decisions on the substance of the issues under consideration are not binding and are advisory in nature.
The regular 14th session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD-XIV) was held on July 17-22, 2016 in Nairobi (Kenya).
The main theme of UNCTAD XIV was: “From Decision to Action: Promoting an Inclusive and Fair Global Economic Environment for Trade and for Development.”
The work of the Conference was built around 3 main subtopics:
- “Challenges and opportunities for multilateral cooperation for trade and development”;
- “Advancing sustainable and inclusive economic growth through trade, investment, finance and technology to achieve shared prosperity”;
- “Expanding structural economic transformation and cooperation to build economic resilience and meet the challenges and opportunities of trade and development at all levels within the mandate of UNCTAD.”
As a result of the event, the Final Document of the Conference was adopted "Nairobi Maafikiano"(http://unctad.org/SearchCenter/Pages/Results.aspx?k=maafikiano) and UNCTAD Ministerial Declaration "Nairobi Azimio"(http://unctad.org/SearchCenter/Pages/Results.aspx?k=azimio), which generally reflect the position of the Russian Federation on the most pressing issues of international trade and development.
During the period between sessions, the work of the Conference is led by Trade and Development Council , which holds regular meetings once a year. As a rule, executive sessions of the BC are convened three times a year, at which mainly current issues are considered. In addition, the Council organizes special sessions, commissions and other subsidiary bodies on a wide range of global trade and economic issues. At regular sessions, issues of global politics, interdependence of the economies of the world's countries are discussed; problems of trade and monetary and financial relations; trade policy, structural adjustment and economic reform. The Council exercises control over the entire scope of UNCTAD activities and monitors the implementation Programs of Action for Least Developed Countries, and also New UN Program for the Development of African Countries.
Every year the Council submits a report on its activities to the UN General Assembly. There are two permanent commissions within the Council - Trade and Development; on Investment, Entrepreneurship and Development– as well as working groups that prepare studies and recommendations to the Council in various areas.
Secretariat UNCTAD headed by the Secretary General. It consists of two services ( policy coordination And external relations), as well as six departments : Department of Globalization and Development Strategies; Department of Investments and Entrepreneurship; Department of International Trade in Goods, Services and Commodities; Technology and Logistics Department; Africa, Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Special Programs Division; Administrative Affairs Department.
The UNCTAD secretariat serves two subsidiary bodies of ECOSOC - the Commission on International Investment and Transnational Corporations and the Commission on Science and Technology for Development.
An important organizational feature of the functioning of the UNCTAD mechanism is the method of working in groups of countries. There are four groups of countries: A – Afro-Asian, B – developed Western countries, C – Latin American countries, D – countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The “Group of 77”, consisting of countries from groups A and D, does not have a formal status in UNCTAD, but makes a significant contribution to its activities. A characteristic feature of the work of UNCTAD bodies has become the preliminary determination of positions in each group and the presentation of each group, as a rule, as a united front at UNCTAD sessions.
Currently, there is a trend towards regional cooperation between countries at the UNCTAD site. For example, African countries are grouped into the African Group, Latin American countries into the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries, etc. The countries of the European Union coordinate their position with the European Union.
The main areas of work in 2017 were regional integration development in the context of promoting inclusive growth and sustainable development, development strategies at the global level, changes in the international trading system, the digital economy, and solving the problems of the least developed countries.
The key events at UNCTAD in 2017 were:
- 64th annual session of the Trade and Development Board of UNCTAD;
- UNCTAD Trade and Development Board (Africa);
- Trade and Development Board (Least Developed Countries);
- UNCTAD Commission on Trade and Development,
- UNCTAD Commission on Investment, Enterprise and Development;
- UNCTAD Intergovernmental Group of Experts on the Digital Economy and Commerce;
- UNCTAD Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Trade, Services and Development;
- UNCTAD Intergovernmental Panel on Financing for Development;
- UNCTAD Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Law and Consumer Protection;
- UNCTAD Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Competition Law and Policy.
UNCTAD Publications.
The UNCTAD publications page contains annual reports on:
- trade and development,
- global investments,
- the state of the least developed countries,
- e-commerce,
- overview of maritime transport,
- development of information technologies in the economy,
as well as a series of special publications: political problems in international trade and consumer products, investment policy in different countries, etc.
Lyrics UNCTAD reports available at the following links:
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Economic Development in Africa Report 2017
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||
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The Least Developed Countries Report
Technology and Innovation Report (Series)
Trade and Environment Review Series
UNCTAD headquarters
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Palais des Nations, 8-14, Av. de la Paix, 1211, Geneve 10, Suisse
Tel: (8-10-41-22) 917-1234; Fax: (8-10-41-22) 917-0057
Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN Office and other international organizations
- regulation of trade and economic relations between states and development of concepts and principles for the development of world trade. A special place in this activity is occupied by the development “Principles of international trade relations and trade policy”;
- development of measures to regulate international trade in commodities;
- development of measures and means of economic policy. UNCTAD created a general system of preferences for imports of goods from developing countries, which came into force in 1976;
- promoting economic cooperation between developing countries; negotiating the creation of a global system of preferences among developing countries; development of an action program for the world community to help overcome the economic backwardness of the least developed countries;
- coordination of policies of governments and regional economic groupings on the development of world trade and other problems;
- regulation of restrictive business practices through the development of a Code of Multilaterally Agreed Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices, as well as various measures to regulate the activities of transnational corporations;
- analytical work on a wide range of problems;
- cooperation with international economic organizations.
The supreme body of UNCTAD is Conference , which meets at ministerial level at least once every four years to determine major policy directions and resolve issues related to the program of work.
UNCTAD sessions are multilateral economic forums held within the UN system. Most UNCTAD decisions on the substance of the issues under consideration are not binding and are advisory in nature.
During the period between sessions, the work of the Conference is led by Trade and Development Council , which holds regular meetings once a year. As a rule, executive sessions of the BC are convened three times a year, at which mainly current issues are considered. In addition, the Council organizes special sessions, commissions and other subsidiary bodies on a wide range of global trade and economic issues. At regular sessions, issues of global politics, interdependence of the economies of the world's countries are discussed; problems of trade and monetary and financial relations; trade policy, structural adjustment and economic reform. The Council exercises control over the entire scope of UNCTAD activities and monitors the implementation Programs of Action for Least Developed Countries, and also New UN Program for the Development of African Countries.
Every year the Council submits a report on its activities to the UN General Assembly. There are two permanent commissions within the Council - Trade and Development; on Investment, Entrepreneurship and Development– as well as working groups that prepare studies and recommendations to the Council in various areas.
SecretariatUNCTAD headed by the Secretary General. It consists of two services ( policy coordination And external relations), as well as six departments : Department of Globalization and Development Strategies; Department of Investments and Entrepreneurship; Department of International Trade in Goods, Services and Commodities; Technology and Logistics Department; Africa, Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Special Programs Division; Administrative Affairs Department.
The UNCTAD secretariat serves two subsidiary bodies of ECOSOC - the Commission on International Investment and Transnational Corporations and the Commission on Science and Technology for Development.
An important organizational feature of the functioning of the UNCTAD mechanism is the method of working in groups of countries. There are four groups of countries: A – Afro-Asian, B – developed Western countries, C – Latin American countries, D – countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The “Group of 77”, consisting of countries from groups A and D, does not have a formal status in UNCTAD, but makes a significant contribution to its activities. A characteristic feature of the work of UNCTAD bodies has become the preliminary determination of positions in each group and the presentation of each group, as a rule, as a united front at UNCTAD sessions.
Currently, there is a trend towards regional cooperation between countries at the UNCTAD site. For example, African countries are grouped into the African Group, Latin American countries into the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries, etc. The countries of the European Union coordinate their position with the European Union.
UNCTAD Publications. The UNCTAD publications page contains annual reports on:
- trade and development,
- global investments,
- the state of the least developed countries,
- e-commerce,
- overview of maritime transport,
- development of information technologies in the economy,
as well as a series of special publications: political problems in international trade and consumer products, investment policy in different countries, etc.
3. In country A and country B there are two factors of production - labor and land, which are used to produce one good. The dependence of the marginal product of labor on the amount of attracted labor is presented in the table.
Source: Ministry of Economic Development of Russia
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD),
Conférence des Nations-Unies sur le commerce et le développement (CNUCED)
Location: Geneva, Switzerland
Founded: 1964
Created: decision of the UN General Assembly
Membership: 194 countries
UNCTAD official website: www.unctad.org
Established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body, UN Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD ) is the key body of the UN General Assembly on issues in the field of trade and development.
UNCTAD plays a clearinghouse role on development issues and related issues of trade, finance, technology, investment and sustainable development. Its main objective is to promote the integration of developing countries and countries with economies in transition into the world economy through trade and investment. To achieve its goals, UNCTAD conducts research and policy analysis, intergovernmental meetings, technical cooperation and interaction with civil society and the business sector.
Objectives of UNCTAD:
- promoting international trade to accelerate economic growth and development, especially in developing countries;
- establishing principles and policies relating to international trade and related economic development issues, particularly in the areas of finance, investment, technology transfer;
- reviewing and facilitating the organization of activities of other agencies within the UN system in the field of international trade and related economic development issues;
- taking, if necessary, measures to negotiate and approve multilateral legal instruments in the field of trade;
- harmonizing the policies of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade and related development, acting as a center for such harmonization.
Main activities of UNCTAD
Regulating trade and economic relations between states and developing concepts and principles for the development of world trade. A special place in this activity is occupied by the development “Principles of international trade relations and trade policy”;
- development of measures to regulate international trade in commodities;
- development of measures and means of economic policy. UNCTAD created a general system of preferences for imports of goods from developing countries, which came into force in 1976;
- promoting economic cooperation between developing countries; negotiating the creation of a global system of preferences among developing countries; development of an action program for the world community to help overcome the economic backwardness of the least developed countries;
- coordination of policies of governments and regional economic groupings on the development of world trade and other problems;
- regulation of restrictive business practices through the development of a Code of Multilaterally Agreed Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices, as well as various measures to regulate the activities of transnational corporations;
- analytical work on a wide range of problems;
- cooperation with international economic organizations.
The supreme body of UNCTAD is Conference , which meets at ministerial level at least once every four years to determine major policy directions and resolve issues related to the program of work.
UNCTAD sessions are multilateral economic forums held within the UN system. Most UNCTAD decisions on the substance of the issues under consideration are not binding and are advisory in nature.
The regular 14th session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD-XIV) was held on July 17-22, 2016 in Nairobi (Kenya).
The main theme of UNCTAD XIV was: “From Decision to Action: Promoting an Inclusive and Fair Global Economic Environment for Trade and for Development.”
The work of the Conference was built around 3 main subtopics:
- “Challenges and opportunities for multilateral cooperation for trade and development”;
- “Advancing sustainable and inclusive economic growth through trade, investment, finance and technology to achieve shared prosperity”;
- “Expanding structural economic transformation and cooperation to build economic resilience and meet the challenges and opportunities of trade and development at all levels within the mandate of UNCTAD.”
As a result of the event, the Final Document of the Conference was adopted "Nairobi Maafikiano"(http://unctad.org/SearchCenter/Pages/Results.aspx?k=maafikiano) and UNCTAD Ministerial Declaration "Nairobi Azimio"(http://unctad.org/SearchCenter/Pages/Results.aspx?k=azimio), which generally reflect the position of the Russian Federation on the most pressing issues of international trade and development.
During the period between sessions, the work of the Conference is led by Trade and Development Council , which holds regular meetings once a year. As a rule, executive sessions of the BC are convened three times a year, at which mainly current issues are considered. In addition, the Council organizes special sessions, commissions and other subsidiary bodies on a wide range of global trade and economic issues. At regular sessions, issues of global politics, interdependence of the economies of the world's countries are discussed; problems of trade and monetary and financial relations; trade policy, structural adjustment and economic reform. The Council exercises control over the entire scope of UNCTAD activities and monitors the implementation Programs of Action for Least Developed Countries, and also New UN Program for the Development of African Countries.
Every year the Council submits a report on its activities to the UN General Assembly. There are two permanent commissions within the Council - Trade and Development; on Investment, Entrepreneurship and Development– as well as working groups that prepare studies and recommendations to the Council in various areas.
Secretariat UNCTAD headed by the Secretary General. It consists of two services ( policy coordination And external relations), as well as six departments : Department of Globalization and Development Strategies; Department of Investments and Entrepreneurship; Department of International Trade in Goods, Services and Commodities; Technology and Logistics Department; Africa, Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Special Programs Division; Administrative Affairs Department.
The UNCTAD secretariat serves two subsidiary bodies of ECOSOC - the Commission on International Investment and Transnational Corporations and the Commission on Science and Technology for Development.
An important organizational feature of the functioning of the UNCTAD mechanism is the method of working in groups of countries. There are four groups of countries: A – Afro-Asian, B – developed Western countries, C – Latin American countries, D – countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The “Group of 77”, consisting of countries from groups A and D, does not have a formal status in UNCTAD, but makes a significant contribution to its activities. A characteristic feature of the work of UNCTAD bodies has become the preliminary determination of positions in each group and the presentation of each group, as a rule, as a united front at UNCTAD sessions.
Currently, there is a trend towards regional cooperation between countries at the UNCTAD site. For example, African countries are grouped into the African Group, Latin American countries into the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries, etc. The countries of the European Union coordinate their position with the European Union.
The main areas of work in 2017 were regional integration development in the context of promoting inclusive growth and sustainable development, development strategies at the global level, changes in the international trading system, the digital economy, and solving the problems of the least developed countries.
The key events at UNCTAD in 2017 were:
- 64th annual session of the Trade and Development Board of UNCTAD;
- UNCTAD Trade and Development Board (Africa);
- Trade and Development Board (Least Developed Countries);
- UNCTAD Commission on Trade and Development,
- UNCTAD Commission on Investment, Enterprise and Development;
- UNCTAD Intergovernmental Group of Experts on the Digital Economy and Commerce;
- UNCTAD Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Trade, Services and Development;
- UNCTAD Intergovernmental Panel on Financing for Development;
- UNCTAD Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Law and Consumer Protection;
- UNCTAD Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Competition Law and Policy.
UNCTAD Publications.
The UNCTAD publications page contains annual reports on:
- trade and development,
- global investments,
- the state of the least developed countries,
- e-commerce,
- overview of maritime transport,
- development of information technologies in the economy,
as well as a series of special publications: political problems in international trade and consumer products, investment policy in different countries, etc.
Lyrics UNCTAD reports available at the following links:
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Economic Development in Africa Report 2017
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The Least Developed Countries Report
Technology and Innovation Report (Series)
Trade and Environment Review Series
UNCTAD headquarters
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Palais des Nations, 8-14, Av. de la Paix, 1211, Geneve 10, Suisse
Tel: (8-10-41-22) 917-1234; Fax: (8-10-41-22) 917-0057
Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN Office and other international organizations
- Biography Ferdinand Foch short biography
- Isaev I.F., Mishchenko A.I., Shiyanov E.N. Pedagogy - file n1.doc. Slastenin V.A. Methods of educational work - file n1.doc Slastenin in pedagogy m academy
- Tax accounting of government institutions The procedure for calculating tax and advance payments
- Reinstatement at work by order of the labor inspectorate