High explosive incendiary projectile. High-explosive shells: standard designs and promising developments
Every schoolchild today knows about the existence of landmines. Projectiles of the corresponding type are present in many computer games dedicated to military themes. However, few can explain what a landmine is and what its distinctive features are. To answer this question, you need to study the classification of projectiles according to various criteria, taking into account the nuances of their use and design. The article discusses their varieties, which are most often used these days.
Features of a high-explosive projectile
In order to understand the specifics of a particular ammunition, you need to pay attention to its classification and definition. So, what is a land mine? This is a charge that can be placed in the ground or under water. Used to inflict sudden damage on the enemy. Ignition occurs in the following ways:
Not having special training people confuse a landmine and a mine. Meanwhile it's completely different concepts which should be clearly distinguished. If we are talking about the type of ammunition hiddenly installed on enemy territory, then this is a mine. A land mine is a type of ammunition that is used to create a corresponding explosive projectile. The mine explodes after a certain period of time or during physical impact.
Features of an incendiary projectile
The type of ammunition depends largely on what it is intended for. Incendiary shells are mainly used to create a fire. The reagents contained in them have increased resistance to extinguishing. In addition, they are endowed with high incendiary properties and can burn for a very long time.
Features of an armor-piercing projectile
Some ammunition is designed specifically to penetrate the defenses of enemy fortifications. Such projectiles are called armor-piercing. When detonated, their fragments damage protective devices. An armor-piercing shell can cause considerable damage to fortifications. It is often used to destroy
Features of a fragmentation projectile
This type of ammunition is intended primarily to destroy living targets. It is used in guns whose calibers are small or medium. A fragmentation projectile may have a ready-made additional destructive element. It usually uses cubes, balls, needles and other objects that cause additional damage to the enemy. This type of projectile is most often used specifically to destroy manpower. The main requirement for such ammunition is efficiency. destructive force fragments contained in them. In addition to their number, the range over which they can fly apart during an explosion is also taken into account. This type of projectile is significantly inferior to a high-explosive projectile in terms of filling coefficient and the size of the explosive charge.
Mixed Ammo Types
Today, the number of ammunition that only uses a land mine is used to load it has significantly decreased. Projectile mixed type has much higher amazing characteristics And better efficiency. Thanks to this, such ammunition is widespread. When talking about what a land mine is, it should be borne in mind that there are several types of projectiles that use this type of charge to create them. Some of them are mixed. These, for example, include high-explosive fragmentation and armor-piercing high-explosive.
The first ones are the most universal and frequently used. They have high-explosive, fragmentation and delayed action types. The advantages of such shells include their relatively low cost. They are often used in active army when organizing However, due to their versatility, such ammunition is significantly inferior to shells that are designed for only one type of target destruction, in terms of destructive power. As for armor-piercing high explosive shells, then their purpose is to defeat various fortifications and armored vehicles. Wide use they were received in Great Britain, where they were invented. Currently, interest in them has noticeably decreased due to their low destructive power.
A few words about shrapnel
When a standard high-explosive fragmentation projectile ruptures, it is difficult to guarantee uniform distribution fragments. To solve this problem, British soldier Henry Shrapnel invented special kind this ammunition, which was later named after him. This type of high-explosive fragmentation projectile is additionally equipped with a ready-made set of striking elements and connections. Shrapnel is most effective at low altitudes. IN modern versions the striking element is given the shape of a feathered pyramid. In this form, shrapnel successfully hits even targets that are protected by light armor.
Fuzes for high-explosive projectiles
Initially, a regular wick was used to power the ammunition. It was set on fire by a cannon shot. However, when they came into fashion rifled guns and cone-shaped projectiles began to be produced, impact fuses were invented. They provided a significant advantage in battle, since the projectile was fired immediately after sharp contact with any obstacle. Thus, he ended up on enemy territory, which greatly contributed to increasing the effectiveness of such strikes. If a landmine with a similar body is additionally equipped with high-thickness walls, then such a projectile can even penetrate concrete.
Most Popular modern variety The fuse is remote. The use of a detonator of this type makes it possible to fire at almost any object with equal success.
The use of high-explosive projectiles in combat conditions
The type of ammunition in question is the most used in the active army. High-explosive fragmentation shells are widely used for a wide variety of purposes. With their help, fortifications are destroyed, equipment is seriously damaged, and manpower, which the enemy has. They can also help in creating a passage in an engineering defensive structure. It was the use of such shells that made it possible to destroy many units German technology during the final stage of the Great Patriotic War. To some extent, this ammunition contributed to the victory over the Nazis. The basis of the most powerful modern weapons, which lacks nuclear technology, are precisely landmines. Salvo firing of such shells is equivalent to using
IN to the fullest You can only understand what a landmine is in a real battle. I would like knowledge of this kind to be possessed by as few people as possible throughout the world.
Before the battle begins, shells must be loaded into the tank. Without them, the tank will not be able to fire and, accordingly, will be useless. The number of shells that can be loaded into a tank depends on the type of tanks in WoT, or more precisely on the type of gun (caliber) and turret. Different types shells have different properties.
Regular shells
Armor-piercing (AP) shells
Armor-piercing shells are the main type of shell that can be fired by almost any weapon. This projectile deals damage only if the armor is broken enemy (accompanied by the messages “Breakthrough” and “There is a penetration”). He can also damage modules or crew, if it gets into Right place(accompanied by the messages “Hit” and “There is a hit”). If the penetrating power of the projectile is not enough, it will not penetrate the armor and will not cause damage (accompanied by the message “Did not penetrate”). If a projectile hits the armor at too sharp an angle, it will ricochet and also cause no damage (accompanied by the message “Ricochet”). High-explosive fragmentation shells - have greatest potential damage, But insignificant armor penetration. If a shell penetrates the armor, it explodes inside the tank, causing maximum damage and additional damage to modules or crew from the explosion. A high-explosive fragmentation projectile does not need to penetrate the target's armor - if it does not penetrate, it will explode on the tank's armor, causing less damage than if it penetrates. The damage in this case depends on the thickness of the armor - the thicker the armor, the more damage from the explosion it absorbs. In addition, the damage from explosions of high explosive shells is also absorbed by tank screens, and the slope of the armor is also not affected, nor is its given value affected. High-explosive fragmentation shells can also damage several tanks at the same time, since the explosion has a certain radius of action. Tank shells have a smaller high-explosive radius, while self-propelled gun shells have a maximum radius. It is also worth noting that only when firing high-explosive shells is it possible to receive the Bombardier award!Sub-caliber (AP) shells
Sabot shells are the main type of shells for most medium tanks of tier 10, some medium tanks of tier 9 and light tanks T71, M41 Walker Bulldog, as well as M4A1 Revalorisé, IS-5, IS-3 with MZ, T26E5. The operating principle is similar to armor-piercing ones. They are distinguished by increased armor penetration and a higher projectile speed, but they lose more penetration with distance and have less normalization (they lose effectiveness more when firing at an angle to the armor).Improved projectiles
Sub-caliber (AP) shells
Sabot shells are the most common premium shells in the game, installed in almost any weapon. The operating principle is similar to armor-piercing ones. They are distinguished by increased armor penetration, but have less normalization (they lose more effectiveness when fired at an angle to the armor).Cumulative (CS) projectiles
What are cumulative projectiles? These are improved shells for many tanks in the game, with the exception of shells for top gun light tank T49 and tank destroyer Ikv 103, which are not improved. Their penetration is noticeably higher than that of standard armor-piercing shells, and the damage they cause is at the level of armor-piercing shells for the same weapon. The penetration effect is achieved not due to the kinetic energy of the projectile (like with an BB or BP), but due to the energy cumulative jet formed when an explosive is detonated a certain form at some distance from the armor. They are not subject to the normalization rule, three calibers and they do not lose armor penetration with distance, but quickly lose armor penetration when hitting a screen.Detailed device cumulative projectile presented on Wikipedia.
High Explosive (HE) shells
These shells differ from conventional high-explosive fragmentation shells by either a larger explosion radius (when playing on self-propelled guns) or increased armor penetration (HESH shells on some British guns). It is also worth noting that only when firing high-explosive shells is it possible to receive the Bombardier award.Armor-piercing (AP) shells
Armor-piercing premium shells are found on several vehicles in the game and differ from regular armor-piercing shells or have increased armor penetration for the same damage ( 152 mm M-10 ( "type": "Gun", "mark": "152 mm M-10", "data": ( "Level": "VI", "Penetration": "110/136/86 mm", "Damage" : "700/700/910 units", " Average damage per minute": "1750/1750/2275 units/min", "Rate of fire": "2.5 rounds/min", "Reload time": "24 s", "Spread": "0.6 m/100m", "Convergence" : "4 s", "Weight": "2300 kg", "Price": "60000" ) )) and for most guns Japanese tanks, or less armor penetration with more damage ( 130 mm B-13-S2 ( "type": "Gun", "mark": "130 mm B-13-S2", "data": ( "Level": "VIII", "Penetration": "196/171/65 mm", " Damage": "440/510/580 units", "Average damage per minute": "1650/1913/2175 units/min", "Rate of fire": "3.75 rounds/min", "Reload time": "16 s" , "Spread": "0.38 m/100m", "Convergence": "2.9 s", "Weight": "5290 kg", "Price": "147000" ) )).Penetration rules for cumulative projectiles
Update 0.8.6 introduces new penetration rules for cumulative projectiles:
- The cumulative projectile can now ricochet when the projectile hits armor at an angle of 85 degrees or more. During a ricochet, the armor penetration of the ricocheted cumulative projectile does not decrease.
- After the first penetration of the armor, the ricochet can no longer work (due to the formation of a cumulative jet).
- After the first penetration of the armor, the projectile begins to lose armor penetration at the following rate: 5% of the armor penetration remaining after penetration - per 10 cm of space traversed by the projectile (50% - per 1 meter of free space from the screen to the armor).
- After each penetration of the armor, the armor penetration of the projectile is reduced by an amount equal to the thickness of the armor, taking into account the angle of inclination of the armor relative to the flight path of the projectile.
- Now the tracks also serve as a screen for cumulative projectiles.
Changes to ricochet in update 0.9.3
- Now, when a ricochet occurs, the projectile does not disappear, but continues its movement along new trajectory, and for an armor-piercing and sub-caliber projectile, 25% of the armor penetration is lost, while for a cumulative projectile, the armor penetration does not change.
Projectile tracer colors
- High-explosive fragmentation - the longest tracers, noticeable orange in color.
- Sub-caliber - light, short and transparent tracers.
- Armor-piercing - similar to sub-caliber ones, but more noticeable (longer, lifetime and less transparency).
- Cumulative - yellow and thinnest.
What type of projectile should I use?
Basic rules when choosing between armor-piercing and high-explosive fragmentation shells:
- Use armor-piercing shells against tanks of your level; high-explosive fragmentation shells against tanks with weak armor or self-propelled guns with open deckhouses.
- Use armor-piercing shells in long-barreled and small-caliber guns; high-explosive fragmentation - in short-barreled and large-caliber. The use of small-caliber HE shells is pointless - they often do not penetrate, and therefore do not cause damage.
- Use high-explosive fragmentation shells at any angle, do not fire armor-piercing shells at an acute angle to the enemy's armor.
- Targeting vulnerable areas and shooting at right angles to the armor are also useful for HE - this increases the likelihood of breaking through the armor and taking full damage.
- High-explosive fragmentation shells have high chances inflict small but guaranteed damage even if the armor is not penetrated, so they can be effectively used to knock down a grapple from the base and finish off opponents with a small margin of safety.
For example, the 152mm M-10 gun on the KV-2 tank is large-caliber and short-barreled. How larger caliber projectile, so large quantity the explosive substance it contains and the more damage it causes. But due to the short length of the gun barrel, the projectile flies out with a very small initial speed, which leads to low penetration, accuracy and range. In such conditions, an armor-piercing projectile, for which it is necessary perfect hit, becomes ineffective and high explosive should be used.
Detailed review of shells
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Land mines, or high-explosive fragmentation shells (HE), are one of the four types ammunition in World of Tanks, and probably the least common of them. Their use in battle is very specific, and many do not even know why land mines are needed at all. This article will discuss in detail everything that any self-respecting player should know about them.
General information about landmines
Prevalence in the game
The relative rarity of HE is due to the fact that they are, as a rule, an auxiliary type of projectile. However, a whole class of equipment uses high-explosive fragmentation shells - Art-SPG. And without taking into account artillery, tanks in which a high-explosive cannon is the main weapon can be counted on one hand: KV-2, SU-152, O-I, BT-7 artillery, FV215b (183) and FV 4005 can also be included here. Many other vehicles can also be equipped with high explosives, but these are often secondary weapons and are not considered seriously.
Characteristics of landmines
As an example, let’s imagine the F-600D high-explosive fragmentation projectile, which is fired by the B-1-P gun of the Soviet Art-SAU Object 261:
- Caliber - in general, is not such an important characteristic;
- Armor penetration - with land mines it is always much less compared to cumulative, armor-piercing and sub-caliber shells for the same weapon. However, there are also so-called HESH land mines- they can be found in tanks such as Centurion 7/1, FV4202, FV215b (183) and FV 4005. These are armor-piercing land mines, their penetration is very slightly behind other types of shells.
- The damage is increased compared to that of other shells; for artillery it is generally huge and even allows you to destroy some level 10 tanks with one penetration.
- The radius of fragmentation, or splash, means the distance at which damage is caused by fragments after hitting a tank or any other surface. This is especially relevant again for artillery. A huge splash allows high-level Artillery SPGs to inflict enormous damage to vehicles, even just hitting the ground next to them, and even hit two or more vehicles at the same time.
Mechanics of landmines
It is the principle of operation of the HE that makes this type of ammunition quite specific and rarely used. Their main distinguishing feature is that they can cause damage to a tank without even penetrating it. However, the damage figures, as a rule, do not exceed half of those stated in the characteristics. These numbers depend on the ratio of the caliber of your gun and the thickness of the enemy tank's armor. If the armor is too thick, then the OFS may not cause any damage at all.
Once in a tank, a high-explosive fragmentation projectile with a high degree of probability can cause critical damage to some external module, and if it does penetrate, it will almost completely disable the internal module or one of the crew members. In addition, OFS never ricochet, however, for them, as for cumulative shells, the screens and the air gap between the screen and the tank body are an additional obstacle, so it is almost impossible to penetrate shielded tanks with a landmine.
How to use land mines in battle
After reading what was written above, you can guess for yourself how to properly use landmines in World of Tanks. They need to be charged mainly in three situations:
- If you are playing against a tank with very weak armor- one of the branches belongs to these German tank destroyers(Nashorn, St. Emil, Rhm. Borsig WT and so on), French ST Lorr. 40t, also well penetrated by landmines French tank destroyers Foch and AMX AC, and many more bad ones armored vehicles. Using high-explosive shells, you not only inflict increased damage, but also additionally disable enemy modules and crew members, thereby reducing their combat effectiveness.
- If you can't penetrate a tank with very thick armor. An example is an IS-7 tanking with a banana turret on the Himmelsdorf map. Firing landmines at such an enemy is more effective - you can slowly inflict damage on him, and as a bonus, also disable external modules - triplex and gun. In addition, such tactics are very annoying and have a psychological impact on the opponent.
- In case you need to finish off an enemy with a very small number of strength points(less than 100), and it is difficult to penetrate it with another type of projectile. By loading a landmine, you don't have to aim weak spots tank - just a simple hit is enough.
High explosive shells in real life
In the end, it is worth noting that the principle of operation of the OFS in real life significantly different from how they are presented in game World of Tanks. In real combat, land mines are mainly used to destroy enemy personnel, as well as unarmored and lightly armored vehicles such as infantry fighting vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles and BMPTs, to destroy fortifications. For example, during Soviet-Finnish war the KV-2 tank with the M-10T howitzer gun was used specifically to combat enemy bunkers and anti-tank barriers. A high-explosive projectile is completely ineffective against well-armored vehicles, and, contrary to popular myth, shock wave does not affect people and explosive equipment located inside the tank.
In addition, real OFS have two switchable modes: fragmentation, when the projectile instantly explodes upon contact with a hard surface, and high-explosive, when the explosion occurs with a delay to give the projectile the opportunity to first enter the interior of the tank or room, and only then explode.
Thus, high-explosive shells in World of Tanks have a very limited scope, but can greatly facilitate the game in certain situations.
The high-explosive effect of shells is to displace and destroy defensive structures, buildings and military equipment beyond
explosion energy account.
To obtain the greatest high-explosive effect, by the time of the explosion the projectile must penetrate to a certain optimal depth into the barrier. Therefore, the high-explosive action is preceded by the impact action of the projectile.
High-explosive action is the main one for high-explosive, concrete-piercing and high-explosive fragmentation shells when the fuse is set to high-explosive action. For cumulative, fragmentation and chamber armor-piercing shells it will be additional.
The damaging factors of the high-explosive action of a projectile are the shock wave and explosion products, which spread in the environment in all directions from the point of explosion.
When highly compressed and heated explosion products expand, they rush towards the direction of least resistance of the medium - towards the surface of the obstacle. As a result, part of the medium (soil) is thrown to the surface and a cone-shaped funnel is formed (Fig. 6.9), the dimensions of which are characterized by depth and radius. If the radius of the funnel is equal to the depth, then such a funnel is called normal if the radius is more depth, the funnel is called shallow, otherwise it is called deep.
Around the point of projectile rupture in the ground, three zones are distinguished: the compression sphere, the destruction sphere, and the concussion sphere. In a compression sphere with a radius of several projectile calibers, the soil shifts and becomes compacted. In the sphere of destruction, which has a radius, a strong shock wave propagates, which disrupts the bonds between soil particles, leading to the formation of cracks in the soil and the destruction of defensive structures. In the shaking sphere, the shock wave will be weakened and will only cause oscillatory movement of soil particles without destroying durable structures.
The characteristics of a high explosive action are taken to be the radius of destruction and the volume of ejected soil or the volume of the crater.
kiTo determine the radius of destruction (in m) there is an empirical formula
where is a coefficient depending on the properties of the medium; is the mass of the bursting charge, kg.
Prive coefficient values
data in table 6.2, Comparing coefficients we can conclude that the properties of the medium have a much lesser effect on the high-explosive effect of the projectile than on the fragmentation effect.
Formula (6.17) shows that the radius of destruction increases with increasing weight of the explosive charge and, therefore, for projectiles of the same type with increasing caliber. Further, the fracture radius decreases with increasing strength of the medium.
For 122-mm and 152-mm high-explosive fragmentation shells, the radius of destruction in medium-strength soil is 1.65 and 2.03 m, respectively.
The volume of the crater depends on the mass of the explosive charge and the depth of the projectile at the moment of explosion. On average, we can assume that for every kilogram of explosive there is 1.2-1.5 m 3 of funnel volume.
As the depth of the projectile increases, the funnel becomes deep and its volume decreases. If the depression is large enough, a camouflage will occur, that is, an underground explosion without the formation of a crater.
The explosion of the projectile at the optimal depth is ensured by a fuse, the duration of which must be quite definite.
The high-explosive effect of concrete-piercing projectiles differs from the high-explosive action of high-explosive and high-explosive fragmentation projectiles in that by the time of the explosion the projectile only partially penetrates the barrier (Fig. 6.10). In this case, the characteristic of a high-explosive action is taken to be a value (in m) equal to the increment in the depth of the crater formed during the impact action, and determined using the empirical formula
where C is the distance from the center of gravity of the explosive charge to the bottom of the crater at the moment of explosion, m.
Formula (6.18) is similar in structure to formula (6.17). Magnitude C takes into account the fact that during an open explosion, the high-explosive effect is weakened, and to a greater extent, the further the center of gravity of the explosive charge is from the surface being destroyed. The coefficient is 0.20-0.15 for concrete, and 0.12 for reinforced concrete, i.e. it will be less than for high-explosive and high-explosive fragmentation shells.
The total effect of a concrete-piercing projectile is characterized by total depth funnels
in which the value is determined by the Berezan formula. I
People who follow the news feed quite often hear words such as land mine, high-explosive mine or high-explosive fragmentation mine in the description of emergency events and incidents. Today in the heyday terrorist threat Not only adults, but also children know what a landmine is. A high-explosive mine has become a favorite weapon of terrorists, with which they can keep the population of cities in fear, inflicting painful blows on social infrastructure. Although literally some 20 years ago such terminology was the lot of the military and in most cases we only heard about landmines in reports from military conflict zones.
Despite the fact that combat tactics have undergone significant changes, landmines continue to be used as a means of deterring enemy advances. Artillery of all calibers use ammunition massively fragmentation action. On equipment tank units and anti-tank forces continue to have armor-piercing high-explosive ammunition.
The ability to inflict enormous destruction and cause significant casualties in a matter of seconds makes the landmine the main fire weapon.
What is the difference between a high-explosive charge and a high-explosive projectile?
It should be immediately said that an artillery shell, mine or aerial bomb- this is a device of ammunition, which may differ in the principle of impact, purpose and scope of application. However, all of the ammunition listed is based on one single principle - high-explosive action, i.e. striking effect. Both mines and shells can be high explosive. Any ammunition that contains an explosive is high explosive. It can be either a concrete-piercing or high-explosive fragmentation projectile or anti-tank ammunition with combined action.
High explosive charge is an engineering term describing a certain amount of explosive used for detonation. The blast wave in this case is the main damaging effect. The secondary damaging factors in a landmine explosion are the explosion products. Detonation of explosives can be of direct or indirect action. Typically, to operate high explosive charge electric discharge is used chemical reaction, fire method or mechanical impact. An electric spark and a fire cord are the main means of detonating a stationary high-explosive charge, while the impact mechanism and incendiary tube become detonators of directional ammunition. An explosive enclosed in a casing or container is already certain type ammunition ready for use. High explosive projectile and aerial bombs are the main ammunition of artillery systems and aviation, the mine is the main fire engineering and technical means.
High explosive projectile. Operating principle
The main area of application of high-explosive ammunition is the destruction of buildings and structures, shelters and shelters for manpower. In field and combat conditions, these are, as a rule, trenches and dugouts, brick and wooden structures and buildings. High explosive artillery shells are most often used as a fire engineering tool used by artillery systems large caliber. When a projectile hits a target, as a result of the detonation of explosives, a high-explosive effect on objects occurs. The power of the ammunition to impact objects is determined by the high explosiveness of the charge. High explosiveness characterizes the ability of an explosive to create a certain amount of explosion products in a short period of time that can have a destructive effect.
The more powerful the charge, the greater the pressure created on the surrounding air space, the shock wave is correspondingly stronger. Speaking in simple language, the high-explosive effect when detonating a charge manifests itself in splitting and throwing environment at the point of explosion. Distinctive feature high-explosive shells is the specificity of their destructive effect. IN normal conditions, in open space, the shock wave created by the detonation of a high-explosive charge diverges evenly over the entire radius of action, losing the intensity of its impact on objects as the distance increases. When detonating a charge in a confined space or limited area, lethal effect landmine increases. Compared to other types of ammunition, high-explosive shells are significantly inferior in terms of damaging power.
It should be taken into account that the high explosiveness of the charge may be different. The measure of high explosiveness of each ammunition depends on the potential of the explosive (HE) and the specific energy released by it at the moment of explosion. The performance of explosives used to fill ammunition may vary. The force and power of the explosion are influenced by the specific volume and composition of gaseous products resulting from the detonation of explosives. It is quite difficult to accurately determine the actual performance of a particular explosive, therefore the high explosiveness of a certain explosive charge is usually expressed in relative units. As a rule, the high-explosive effect of an explosive is compared with the result of the action of a certain amount of TNT. The specific volume of products resulting from the explosion is measured in TNT equivalent.
Based on these data, we can draw a conclusion. The power of a high explosive projectile is determined by the amount and type of explosive. An increase in the number of explosives leads to an increase in the caliber of ammunition. More powerful explosives allow you to achieve the required damaging effect without increasing the caliber of the projectile. For example, for armor-piercing high-explosive anti-tank shells, the main thing is not the caliber, but a certain damaging effect. Due to their high penetrating power, such projectiles can penetrate deep into the armor, after which the high-explosive charge leads to its further destruction.
Unlike a high-explosive mine or bomb, a projectile is percussion ammunition. those. The high-explosive action is preceded by a shock action caused by the kinetic energy of the projectile's flight. The flight of the projectile can have a canopy or flat flight path. Howitzers and mortars are most often used to defeat enemy personnel and destroy defensive structures. Tank guns and anti-tank artillery To combat armored vehicles, it mainly uses armor-piercing high-explosive shells. The main task that needs to be solved in this case is the disabling of armored vehicles by overcoming the armored protection.
Various types and types of high explosive shells
Shells, mines, aerial bombs, and grenades are fire weapons and can have varying degrees of high-explosive action, primary or auxiliary. This determines the purpose of the ammunition, for what purpose this or that projectile is intended. In order to achieve a great destructive and damaging effect, projectiles are used in which high-explosive action is the main one. High-explosive shells and aerial bombs are used to destroy long-term structures and field shelters. To combat heavy armored vehicles, directional landmines and armor-piercing high-explosive shells are used. This type of ammunition is distinguished by the enormous kinetic energy possessed by the projectile fired from the barrel. Penetration ability armor-piercing shells is achieved due to high speed flight of the projectile and the core made of the strongest metal alloy. Once in the armor plate, the projectile destroys the surface layer, after which a high-explosive charge detonates, destroying the armor plate.
In those ammunition where the main purpose of their use is to achieve a certain result, the high-explosive effect is auxiliary. Here the main emphasis is on other damaging factors. High-explosive fragmentation shells, like hand grenades, are used to destroy manpower. High explosive action in this case, it serves as an auxiliary factor due to which the projectile body is destroyed into small fragments. When detonated, shell fragments or fragments specially included in the ammunition receive a huge kinetic energy, becoming the main damaging factor.
High-explosive fragmentation shells are the main fire weapon of artillery. This type of projectile is the most widespread. The main reason is the versatility of this type of ammunition. With the help of mini-shells and shells of this type, you can simultaneously achieve not only the destruction of defensive structures and infrastructure, but also defeat enemy personnel. Unlike high explosive ammunition, high-explosive fragmentation bombs and shells have a thick shell and have a smaller explosive charge mass. In this case, the relative mass of the projectile itself is much higher.
Today, high-explosive shells have been practically replaced by high-explosive fragmentation ammunition. Modern types shells they have artillery systems, allow you to solve a full range of tasks on the battlefield. Volumetric explosion ammunition is used to destroy large defensive structures and long-term fortifications. Concerning armor-piercing high-explosive ammunition, then they continue to be used to equip tank units as the main means of destroying enemy armored vehicles. Appearance cumulative ammunition significantly increased tactical capabilities anti-tank weapons defense Land mines will remain for a long time perhaps the main means of armed struggle on the battlefield.
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