Description of the properties of aluminum acetic acid baking soda. Aluminum - general characteristics of the element, chemical properties
Perhaps every home kitchen has soda - an inconspicuous box with a powdery substance. Housewives use it as a culinary additive for baking. However, the scope of its application is so wide that the substance can be confidently called a universal human assistant. But what is soda? In what forms does it exist and how is it used in everyday life?
Names of soda
Before moving on to the chemical ones, it is worth mentioning that the substance got its name - “soda” - from the name of the plant Solyanka solyanka, the ash of which was the source of soda production.
In chemistry, soda is a general name for sodium salts of carbonic acid:
- Na 2 CO 3 (sodium carbonate) is the chemical formula of soda ash;
- Na 2 CO 3 ·10H 2 O - washing soda;
- NaHCO 3 - baking soda. This is the chemical formula of baking soda;
- Na 2 CO 3 ·H 2 O or Na 2 CO 3 ·7H 2 O is the chemical formula of crystalline soda.
In everyday life, as well as in the chemical industry, there are several trivial names for a substance:
- baking soda;
- baking soda;
- sodium bicarbonate;
- additive E500;
- sodium decahydrate.
Empirical formula
The chemical formula of baking soda is NaHCO 3. It is acidic. If you add up the atomic weights of all its constituent elements, you get the atomic mass of soda equal to 84 a. e.
The method of its formation is very simple. The chemical formula of baking soda is the complex interaction of sodium hydroxide with carbonic acid:
NaOH + H 2 CO 3 = NaHCO 3 + H 2 O.
In the field of chemistry, sodium bicarbonate is a complex of sodium cation and bicarbonate anion. When these elements are introduced into the body, they normalize the acid-base balance, neutralizing excess acids contained in the liquid medium.
Soda Ash
The chemical formula of soda ash is Na2CO3. Soda ash is a white, free-flowing substance that can be presented in the form of granules (A) or powder (B).
This type of soda has a number of features that distinguish soda ash from baking soda.
- pH of the environment. Both baking soda and soda ash are alkali, but the first is weak, with pH = 8, and the second is strong, with pH = 11. The chemical formula of technical soda also indicates the nature of the medium.
- Application area. Baking soda is used in the food industry, cosmetology and medicine. Calcined is used as an effective cleaning agent.
In the household, using soda ash you can:
- do laundry using it as washing powder;
- wash floors, however, this product is not suitable for laminate and parquet, as it can damage the coating;
- remove pipe blockages;
- clean earthenware products.
When using soda ash, you need to be extremely careful, since the substance is very toxic, belonging to the third group of dangerous substances.
Physical properties of baking soda
Sodium bicarbonate is a white powdery substance. It is a complex of the elements sodium, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.
The density of the powder is 2.16 g/cm 3 .
At temperatures of +50 o -60 o C, the substance begins to melt.
Sodium bicarbonate, or baking soda, is presented in the form of a milky powder. Very soluble in aqueous media. Does not burn. The chemical formula of baking soda is the same as that of baking soda.
Soda solution
Baking soda is a substance that completely dissolves in water, resulting in a soda solution. It is used for hygienic purposes as a mouth rinse.
The chemical formula of a soda solution is as follows:
NaHCO 3 + H 2 O = H 2 CO 3 + NaOH.
An aqueous solution of soda is slightly alkaline.
Sodium bicarbonate in an aqueous solution dissociates to form the following ions:
Na 2 CO 3 ↔ 2Na + + CO3 2-
Properties of soda as an alkali
As has been mentioned many times, sodium bicarbonate is an alkaline substance. This fact affects the use of soda as a means to neutralize the increased acidity of the body, in particular the stomach. The elements that form the substance have a safe effect.
Baking soda improves the functioning of the kidneys, since the excreted urine has an alkaline environment. In addition, it retains the necessary amount of glutamine AA in the body, which prevents the appearance of kidney stones.
An alkaline environment helps better absorption of some B vitamins: B1, B4, B5, B6 and B12.
When drinking soda, it is combined with hot milk for good absorption. This contributes to the fact that in the sections of the small intestine, soda interacts with the amino acids of milk, resulting in the appearance of sodium salts of amino acids, which are alkaline in nature. These amino acids penetrate the bloodstream much better than soda, thereby increasing the body's alkaline reserves.
Caustic soda
The chemical formula of caustic soda is NaOH. Structural formula: Na - O - H.
The molecular weight of a substance is made up of the atomic weights of its constituent components Na, O and H. It is 40.
Caustic is highly soluble in water.
In industry, the following names are used in relation to this type of soda:
- sodium hydroxide;
- sodium hydroxide;
- sodium oxide hydrate.
When working with caustic soda, it is necessary to wear protective clothing, since it leaves severe burns when it comes into contact with the skin.
Soda combined with vinegar
The chemical formula for vinegar and soda is a quenching reaction that produces water, carbon dioxide, and a salt of acetic acid.
This chemical “experience” occurs accompanied by a characteristic hissing sound, which indicates that the “burning” of soda has begun.
This reaction is carried out in cooking, when the intention is to knead dough for baking. For this purpose, vinegar is taken in a concentration of 9%. An analogue of acid can be lemon juice, apple cider vinegar or wine vinegar.
So why carry out this reaction in dough preparation? The thing is that the carbon dioxide produced by the decomposition of soda gives the dough its fluffiness.
Obtaining the substance
Once upon a time, soda was extracted from the ash of the solyanka plant. Currently, the basis for obtaining this substance is natural. The production reaction is as follows, where the chemical formula of soda is displayed on the right side:
Na 2 SO 4 + 3C + 2O 2 = 2Na 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + 2SO 2;
CaCO 3 + C + Na 2 SO 4 = Na 2 CO 3 + 4CO + CaS.
Uses of baking soda
Soda is very popular in everyday life, and not only as a culinary ingredient. But let’s take a closer look at the cases where soda is used.
- To begin with, it’s worth mentioning once again that soda is a food ingredient in cooking. Its use is not accidental: when heated, the substance is capable of releasing carbon dioxide vapor, which, in turn, makes the dough airy. In this case, soda acts as a leavening agent. But if you buy a bag of baking powder in a store, then on the packaging in the composition line you can find the presence of soda, which is designated as food additive E500.
- Baking soda is also used to make carbonated drinks.
- Very often, soda is used in so-called “folk” medicine. In this area, soda acts as a panacea for almost any ailment, for example, its effectiveness has been proven for heartburn, cough, sore throat, stomach pain, and fever.
- Baking soda also works well as a cleaning agent. It can be used for cleaning plumbing fixtures, aluminum pans, dishes, carpets, silver and for washing clothes. The substance has a good disinfectant and antifungal agent.
- Many women use baking soda for both cosmetic and hygienic purposes. It can be used as a skin scrub. The product will perfectly get rid of rough skin on the feet if used for foot baths. With its help you can get rid of the smell of sweat both in the armpits and in shoes.
Baking soda will also help in teeth whitening. This is an inexpensive but effective method. Mix soda powder with toothpaste or water and use gentle movements to brush your teeth.
Caustic soda: application
The use of this type of soda must be accompanied by certain safety measures, since caustic soda is a strong alkali that can “corrode” many types of surfaces.
Why can a caustic agent be useful at home?
- Caustic copes well with various stains on dishes. But you should refrain from using this product for products made of aluminum and Teflon. But for other pots, pans or baking sheets - please. Soot, scale, old layers of fat - caustic can easily cope with all this.
- Caustic soda can solve the problem of clogged pipes. You just need to pour the granular substance into the pipe and leave it for a while, then rinse with running water.
Also known as caustic soda, it is widely used at the industrial level in various areas of production.
- In construction. Here the substance is used for the manufacture of certain types of building materials, and also serves as an additional component that strengthens the fundamental basis of structures.
- In the food industry. Caustic soda is also applicable in the manufacture of food products. Of course, in this case it is used in low concentration. It is used to produce cocoa powders and chocolate, ice cream, caramels, and in bread baking; it is used as an additive E524.
- Textile industry. In this area, caustic soda is used for bleaching fabrics and for regenerating rubber products.
- Chemical production: caustic soda is used as an acid neutralizer, a means for purifying oil and products based on it. The production of technical oils is also not complete without the addition of caustic soda. In addition, caustic soda is a good catalyst for some chemical reactions.
- Caustic soda is also applicable for soap making in the production of various types of soap, shampoos and gels.
Soda Ash: Use
Soda ash is also called laundry soda. This product was especially in demand back in the Soviet Union, therefore, we can say: laundry soda has been tested by time.
The product is used in the following situations:
- While washing things.
- When cleaning surfaces of tiles, ceramics, earthenware.
- When removing blockages in pipes.
- To eliminate scale in washing machine drums, as well as on dishes.
- For the destruction of harmful insects in vegetable gardens.
From the above, the conclusion suggests itself: soda is a universal remedy used in most areas of both domestic and industrial life.
A positive quality of the substance is that it can be purchased for mere pennies.
SODA– sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3, a colorless crystalline substance, very hygroscopic, melting at 858 ° C and highly soluble in water. When saturated aqueous solutions of soda are cooled below 32–35° C, crystals of sodium carbonate decahydrate Na 2 CO 3 ·10H 2 O - sodium carbonate decahydrate - are released from them. If you evaporate an aqueous solution of soda, then at temperatures above 113 ° C anhydrous sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3 will crystallize. Anhydrous sodium carbonate in technology and everyday life is called soda ash, and decahydrate is called crystalline soda. There is also sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3, better known in everyday life and in medicine as drinking or baking soda.
Soda was known to man about one and a half to two thousand years BC, and maybe even earlier. It was mined from soda lakes and extracted from a few deposits in the form of minerals natron Na 2 CO 3 ·10H 2 O, thermonatrita Na 2 CO 3 ·H 2 O and trona Na 2 CO 3 ·NaHCO 3 ·2H 2 O.
The first information about the production of soda by evaporating water from soda lakes dates back to 64 and is given in the work of the Roman physician Dioscorides Pedanius on medicinal substances. Both to him and to the alchemists of all countries until the 18th century. soda seemed to be a certain substance that hissed with the release of some kind of gas when exposed to acids known at that time - acetic CH 3 COOH and sulfuric H 2 SO 4.
It is now known that fizzing is the result of the release of carbon dioxide gas (carbon dioxide) CO 2 as a result of reactions
Na 2 CO 3 + 2 CH 3 COOH = Na(CH 3 COO) + CO 2 + H 2 O,
Na 2 CO 3 + 2 H 2 SO 4 = 2 NaHSO 4 + CO 2 + H 2 O,
where sodium acetate Na(CH 3 COO) and sodium hydrogen sulfate NaHSO 4 are also formed.
In the time of Dioscorides Pedanius, no one had any idea about the composition of soda, because carbon dioxide was discovered by the Dutch chemist Jan van Helmont (who called it “forest gas”). only six hundred years later
They learned to produce artificial soda after a long and painful search only in the 18th century. But first it was necessary to determine the composition of this substance, isolating it in a fairly pure form. In 1736, the French chemist, physician and botanist Henri Louis Duhamel de Monceau, using water from soda lakes and using the recrystallization method, first isolated pure soda. He was able to establish that soda contains the chemical element “sodium”. A year later, Duhamel and the German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraff came to the conclusion that soda Na 2 CO 3 and potash (potassium carbonate K 2 CO 3) are different substances, and not the same thing, as previously thought.
Duhamel tried to obtain soda by reacting acetic acid CH 3 COOH with sodium sulfate Na 2 SO 4. From the point of view of a modern chemist, this is completely meaningless, but Duhamel did not know the composition of either of the starting substances he took. He also did not know that a strong acid (sulfuric acid) cannot be displaced from salts by a weak acid (acetic acid). However, Duhamel made an interesting observation: when a mixture of sodium sulfate and acetic acid was heated, vapors began to be released, which were ignited by the flame of a candle. It was quite volatile and flammable acetic acid...
History knows many other, sometimes dangerous attempts to obtain soda. So, for this purpose, Marggraf mixed sodium nitrate with coal, and then heated the mixture. The experiment ended with a flash of the mixture that burned his face and hands. Marggraf did not take into account that it is enough to add sulfur to a mixture of sodium nitrate (sodium nitrate) and coal, and one of the types of gunpowder will be obtained.
True, when carrying out the reaction
4NaNO 3 + 5C = 2Na 2 CO 3 + 3CO 2 + 2N 2
managed to get some soda, but at what cost!
The first industrial method of producing soda originated in Russia. In 1764, the Russian chemist, Swedish-born academician Erik Gustav Laxman reported that soda can be obtained by sintering natural sodium sulfate with charcoal.
In this case the reaction occurs:
2Na 2 SO 4 + 3C + 2O 2 = 2Na 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + 2SO 2
Here, in addition to sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3, two gaseous substances are formed - carbon dioxide CO 2 and sulfur dioxide SO 2.
Since natural sodium sulfate often contains an admixture of calcium carbonate CaCO 3 (limestone), this reaction is accompanied by a second one:
CaCO 3 + C + Na 2 SO 4 = Na 2 CO 3 + 4CO + CaS,
where gaseous carbon monoxide CO is released and slightly soluble calcium sulfide CaS is obtained, which, when the mixture is treated with water, is separated from sodium carbonate. The last stage of the process is the evaporation of the solution filtered from the precipitate and the crystallization of sodium carbonate.
Laxman produced soda using his own method in 1784 at his own glass factory in Taltsinsk near Irkutsk. Unfortunately, this method did not receive further development and was soon forgotten. But back in 1720, Peter I, answering Prince Golitsyn’s question about why “zoda” was needed, wrote: “Zodoa softens wool.” In 1780, the Russian academician Gildenstedt noted that “itch can be considered an important product in Russian trade. Glaziers and dyers spend a lot of it, and in the future it will be even more expensive when they start making more white glass.”
“Zoda” or “itch” was the name given to soda in Russia. Despite the abundance of its own raw materials for the production of soda, it was imported into Russia from abroad until 1860.
In 1791, the French physician and chemist-technologist Nicolas Leblanc, knowing nothing about Laxman’s method, received a patent for “Method for converting Glauber’s salt into soda” (Glauber’s salt is sodium sulfate decahydrate Na 2 SO 4 · 10H 2 O). Leblanc proposed fusing a mixture of sodium sulfate, chalk (calcium carbonate) and charcoal to produce soda. In the description of the invention, he stated: “A lot of lights flash above the surface of the melting mass, similar to the lights of candles. The production of soda is completed when these lights disappear."
When the mixture is fused, the reduction of sodium sulfate with coal occurs:
Na 2 SO 4 + 4C = Na 2 S + 4CO
The resulting sodium sulfide Na 2 S interacts with calcium carbonate CaCO 3:
Na 2 S + CaCO 3 = Na 2 CO 3 + CaS
After the coal and carbon monoxide CO are completely burned out (“the lights disappear”), the melt is cooled and treated with water. Sodium carbonate passes into the solution, and calcium sulfide remains in the precipitate. Soda can be isolated by evaporating the solution.
Leblanc offered his technology for producing soda to Duke Philippe of Orleans, whose personal physician he was. In 1789, the Duke signed an agreement with Leblanc and allocated him two hundred thousand silver livres for the construction of the plant. The soda factory in the Paris suburb of Saint-Genis was called “Franciade – Soda Leblanc” and produced 100–120 kg of soda daily. During the French Revolution in 1793, the Duke of Orleans was executed, his property was confiscated, and the soda factory and Leblanc's patent itself were nationalized. Only seven years later, Leblanc was given back the ruined plant, which he was unable to restore. Leblanc's last years were spent in poverty, and in 1806 he committed suicide.
Leblanc soda production technology began to be used in many European countries. The first soda plant of this type in Russia was founded by the industrialist M. Prang and appeared in Barnaul in 1864. But a few years later, in the area of the present city of Berezniki, a large soda plant of the Lyubimov, Solve and Co. company was built, where 20 thousand tons were produced soda per year. This plant used a new technology for the production of soda - the ammonia method, invented by the Belgian chemical engineer Ernest Solvay. Since that time, factories in Russia and other countries that used the Leblanc method, unable to withstand the competition, began to gradually close: Solvay’s technology turned out to be more economical.
The ammonia method for producing soda was proposed back in 1838–1840 by English chemical engineers G. Gray-Dewar and D. Hemming. They passed gaseous ammonia NH 3 and carbon dioxide CO 2 through water, which, when reacted, gave a solution of ammonium bicarbonate NH 4 HCO 3:
NH 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O = NH 4 HCO 3,
and then sodium chloride NaCl was added to this solution to isolate sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3, which is poorly soluble in the cold:
NH 4 HCO 3 + NaCl = NaHCO 3 Ї + NH 4 Cl
Sodium bicarbonate was filtered off and converted to soda by heating:
2 NaHCO 3 = Na 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
Carbon dioxide CO 2, necessary for the process, was obtained from calcium carbonate CaCO 3 - chalk or limestone - by calcination:
CaCO 3 = CaO + CO 2,
and the resulting calcium oxide CaO, after treatment with water, gave calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2:
CaO + H 2 O = Ca(OH) 2,
necessary to obtain ammonia NH 3 from ammonium chloride NH 4 Cl:
2 NH 4 Cl + Ca(OH) 2 = 2 NH 3 + CaCl 2 + 2 H 2 O
Thus, ammonia was in circulation all the time and was not consumed; only calcium chloride CaCl 2 remained a production waste.
Ernest Solvay did not introduce fundamental innovations into the chemical basis of the soda process of English engineers, he only technologically designed the production, however, this is also not easy. In particular, he used column-type devices here, which made it possible to carry out the process continuously and achieve a high yield of product.
The advantages of the ammonia method over the LeBlanc method were the production of cleaner soda, less pollution and fuel economy (since the temperature is lower). All together, this led to the closure of almost all factories using the Leblanc method in the 1916–1920s.
The first plants in the world to use the ammonia method for producing soda were the Belgian plant in Kuye, built according to the design of Solvay himself in 1865, and the Kama-Soda Plant of Likhachev in Russia, which began operating in 1868. The Russian plant was created by Colonel Ivan Likhachev on his estate on the banks of the Kama River in the Kazan province. Likhachev extracted ammonia NH 3 by dry distillation of waste, which was supplied to him by almost two hundred tanneries from all over the area. Carbon dioxide CO 2 was obtained by calcining limestone found nearby. The plant did not last long and was closed after four years due to unprofitability: both leather waste and NaCl table salt had become much more expensive.
Currently, the world produces several million tons of soda per year.
Sodium carbonate is used in glassmaking (this is a component of the charge - a mixture of starting materials from which glass is melted), for the production of soap and other detergents, in the pulp and paper industry (for pulping). A lot of soda is consumed in the technological process of producing aluminum; it is soda that is used to process the raw material of the aluminum industry - bauxite. Sodium carbonate neutralizes acids in industrial wastewater, including during the purification of petroleum products, and precipitates insoluble carbonates and hydroxides from salt solutions, which after calcination are used as pigments:
Sodium bicarbonate also has its uses - it serves as a source of carbon dioxide when baking bread and confectionery, carbonated drinks, and also in fire extinguishers. In addition, baking soda still takes its rightful place in the home medicine cabinet as one of the simplest and cheapest, but very necessary medicines.
Lyudmila Alikberova
Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is an acidic salt consisting of sodium and carbonic acid. It looks like a white powder consisting of small crystals. It is found as a food additive in cooking and the food industry. It is also used in medicine in the form of solutions.
Sodium bicarbonate has the formula NaHCO 3, where Na is sodium, H is hydrogen, CO is carbon.
The atomic mass value is 84.00 a.u.
The molar mass of the substance is 84.007 g/mol.
The density of sodium bicarbonate is 2.16 g/cm3.
Formula for the reaction of baking soda and vinegar
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
Formula for the reaction of baking soda and citric acid
Н3С6Н5О7 + 3NaHCO3 → Na3C6H5O7 + 3CO2 + 3H2O
About the history of the discovery
The first mention of soda appears in the memoirs of Dioscorides Pedanius, a doctor from Rome, who described a method for obtaining powder by evaporating the substance from lake water.
The first “artificial” soda appeared only in the 18th century. To artificially obtain the substance in 1736, chemist Henri Duhamel de Monceau needed to use the crystallization method. For the first time, soda powder was produced industrially in Russia. The industrial production was based on the discovery of chemist Eric Laxman, who established that soda is obtained by sintering charcoal and natural sodium sulfate. E. Laxman managed to test this method at a glass production plant in Taltsinsk. But the method is not widely used.
A more successful attempt took place in 1791, when the French chemist N. Lebman began to produce soda by fusing chalk, a mixture of sodium sulfate and charcoal. An enterprise was created that produced 120 kg. soda powder daily.
Lebman's technology was successfully used in Europe, and in 1864 the first plant of this type opened in Russia. It was a Barnaul enterprise created by industrialist M. Prague. Later, a large plant was opened in Russia, producing 20,000 tons of soda powder annually.
At the new enterprise, production was carried out using ammonia technology, which was proposed and patented back in 1838-1840. The ammonia method was more economical and made it possible to obtain higher quality soda, so by 1916-1920 all enterprises using Lebman technology were closed.
Chemical composition of baking soda according to GOST
Soda used in the food industry. Designated as additive E500. According to GOST, 100 gr. baking soda consists of:
- Ash - 36.9 gr.
- Water - 0.2 g.
- Sodium - 24.7 g.
- Selenium - 0.2 mcg.
Calories in baking soda
Sodium bicarbonate does not contain dietary fiber, proteins, fats or carbohydrates. Calorie content per 100 g. - 0 calories.
Solubility of soda in water
Sodium bicarbonate is highly soluble in water, forming other chemical compounds. It dissolves better in hot water and interacts weakly with cold water. The finished aqueous solution has a weak alkaline reaction. An aqueous soda solution is an electrolyte with good conductivity.
Is baking soda an alkaline or an acid?
The acidity or alkalinity of any solution of a chemical substance is calculated by the value of the hydrogen index (ph). Solutions with an acidic environment include solutions with a pH of 6 or lower. Solutions with a pH of 8 and higher are classified as alkaline solutions.
How is baking soda obtained?
Baking soda is obtained naturally from the banks of dried soda ponds. In nature, soda formations are found in a whole group of minerals. The most common is trona, a mineral from which soda powder is obtained after careful cleaning, crushing and heating. Natural raw materials for the production of soda consist of a wide group of mineral formations containing sodium carbonate. All raw materials are divided into two groups:
- Rocks that contain essential minerals and groundwater that are high in sodium carbonate.
- Soda deposits containing deposits of trona, natron and halite. Brine and dried lakes, on the banks of which “soda snowdrifts” form.
This article contains a huge collection of information that will introduce you to the prevention and treatment of diseases using regular baking soda, known as -
Soda. NaHCO3. Bicarbonate of soda. Sodium bicarbonate. Baking soda.
NaHCO3. Bicarbonate of soda. Sodium bicarbonate, or baking soda. How to take and drink soda. How baking soda treats cancer and helps with other diseases. Soda for weight loss. And also reviews of soda treatment.
The beneficial properties of baking soda have been known for a long time, but they gained wide popularity after the publication of the research of Italian doctor Tulio Simoncini, who took the problem seriously and came to amazing results.
How to take soda baths for weight loss
However, soda really finds its use in the process of losing excess weight. The most correct use of soda for weight loss is to add this substance to baths. Typically, up to 500 g of sea salt, which can be easily purchased at any pharmacy, and 300 g of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) are added to such a bath. The volume of the bath is 200 l, and the temperature of the solution is 37-39 ° C. Time spent in the bath is 20 minutes. In one bath you can lose up to 2 kg (!) of weight.
The essence of the action of soda in such baths is that it very well relaxes the human body and gives him the opportunity to lose not only excess weight, but also the negative energy that has accumulated in him during the working day. While taking a soda bath, a person’s lymphatic system begins to actively work and cleanse itself. If, for example, a person wants to cleanse himself from the effects of radiation, then he is recommended not to add sea salt to the bath, but to limit himself only to soda.
What you need to remember when using soda for weight loss
Those people who want to lose weight with soda baths, but have health problems or are diabetic, may be advised to consult with their doctor before taking procedures to remove toxins from the body. You constantly need to monitor the temperature of the soda bath for weight loss, since the higher the temperature, the better the cleansing goes. However, there is no need to sweat a lot, especially when taking the first procedures. After a person gets out of the bath, he should not wash himself with water - he needs to wrap himself in a terry towel or robe and lie down. Baths with soda wonderfully relieve fatigue and relieve nervous tension.
Adding essential fragrant oils to bath water with soda has a very good effect on fat metabolism in the human body. The rate of fat breakdown and the elimination of toxins increases many times over, and the body quickly loses excess weight. Soda baths, with the addition of sea salts and incense, are a wonderful remedy for weight loss, cleansing the body of toxins and radionuclides, increasing the body’s energy and health.
Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 (other names: baking soda, baking soda, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate) is an acid salt of carbonic acid and sodium. Usually it is a white, fine-crystalline powder. It is used in the food industry, cooking, and medicine as a neutralizer for burns of human skin and mucous membranes by acids and to reduce the acidity of gastric juice. Also in buffer solutions, since over a wide range of solution concentrations its pH changes slightly.
AREAS OF APPLICATION OF SODA
1. Lose weight with soda.
2. Treatment of alcoholism.
3. Stop smoking.
4. Treatment of all types of drug addiction and substance abuse.
5. Prevention and treatment of cancer.
6. Removal of lead, cadmium, mercury, thallium, barium, bismuth and other heavy metals from the body.
7. Removal of radioactive isotopes from the body, prevention of radioactive contamination of the body.
8. Leaching, dissolving all harmful deposits in the joints and spine; stones in the liver and kidneys, i.e. treatment of radiculitis, osteochondrosis, polyarthritis, gout, rheumatism, urolithiasis, cholelithiasis; dissolution of stones in the liver, gall bladder, intestines and kidneys.
9. Cleansing the body to enhance attention, concentration, balance and academic performance of unbalanced children.
10. Cleansing the body of toxic substances produced by irritation, anger, hatred, envy, doubt, dissatisfaction and other harmful feelings and thoughts of a person.
Modern research in the human body, animals and plants, the role of soda is to neutralize acids, increase the body’s alkaline reserves and maintain normal acid-base balance . In humans, the acidity level of the blood pH should be within the normal range of 7.35-7.47. If the pH is less than 6.8 (very acidic blood, severe acidosis), then the death of the body occurs (TSB, vol. 12, p. 200). Currently, most people suffer from increased body acidity (acidosis), having a blood pH below 7.35. At a pH less than 7.25 (severe acidosis), alkalizing therapy should be prescribed: taking soda from 5 g to 40 g per day (Therapist's Handbook, 1973, pp. 450, 746).
In case of methanol poisoning, the intravenous daily dose of soda reaches 100 g (Therapist's Handbook, 1969, p. 468).
The causes of acidosis are poisons in food, water and air, medications, and pesticides. A lot of self-poisoning of people with psychic poisons occurs from fear, anxiety, irritation, dissatisfaction, envy, anger, hatred... With the loss of psychic energy, the kidneys cannot retain a high concentration of soda in the blood, which is lost along with urine. This is another cause of acidosis: loss of mental energy leads to loss of alkalis (soda).
If you take soda correctly (with water, starting with 1/5 teaspoon 2 times a day), then it should not cause any irritation to the mucous membranes.
To correct acidosis, 3-5 g of soda per day is prescribed (Mashkovsky M.D. Medicines, 1985, vol. 2, p. 113).
Soda, destroying acidosis, increases the body's alkaline reserves and shifts the acid-base balance to the alkaline side (pH approximately 1.45 and higher). In an alkaline body, water is activated, i.e. its dissociation into H+ and OH- ions due to amine alkalis, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, RNA and DNA nucleotides.
A healthy body produces highly alkaline digestive juices for digestion. Digestion in the duodenum occurs in an alkaline environment under the influence of juices: pancreatic juice, bile, Bruttner gland juice and the juice of the duodenal mucosa. All juices have high alkalinity (BME, ed. 2, vol. 24, p. 634).
Pancreatic juice has a pH=7.8-9.0. Pancreatic juice enzymes act only in an alkaline environment. Bile normally has an alkaline reaction pH = 7.50-8.50.
The secretion of the large intestine has a highly alkaline environment pH = 8.9-9.0 (BME, ed. 2, vol. 12, art. Acid-base balance, p. 857).
With severe acidosis, bile becomes acidic pH = 6.6-6.9 instead of the normal pH = 7.5-8.5. This impairs digestion, which leads to poisoning of the body with the products of poor digestion, the formation of stones in the liver, gall bladder, intestines and kidneys.
Opistarchosis worms, pinworms, roundworms, tapeworms, etc. live quietly in an acidic environment. They die in an alkaline environment.
In an acidic body, saliva is acidic pH = 5.7-6.7, which leads to the slow destruction of tooth enamel. In an alkaline body, saliva is alkaline: pH = 7.2-7.9 (Therapist's Handbook, 1969, p. 753) and teeth are not destroyed. To treat caries, in addition to fluoride, you need to take soda twice a day (so that saliva becomes alkaline).
Soda, neutralizing excess acids, increases the body's alkaline reserves, makes urine alkaline, which facilitates the functioning of the kidneys (saves mental energy), saves glutamic amino acid, and prevents the deposition of kidney stones. A remarkable property of soda is that its excess is easily excreted by the kidneys, giving an alkaline reaction to the urine (BME, ed. 2, vol. 12, p. 861). But the body should be accustomed to it for a long time (M.O., part 1, p. 461), because Alkalinization of the body with soda leads to the removal of a large amount of poisons (toxins) accumulated by the body over many years of acidic life.
In an alkaline environment with activated water, the biochemical activity of amine vitamins increases many times: B1 (thiamine, cocarboxylase), B4 (choline), B5 or PP (nicotinamide), B6 (pyridoxal), B12 (cobimamide). Vitamins that have a fiery nature (M.O., part 1, 205) can fully manifest it only in an alkaline environment. In the acidic environment of a poisoned body, even the best plant vitamins cannot reveal their best qualities (Br., 13).
Large doses of soda with water are not absorbed and cause diarrhea; they are used as a laxative. To combat roundworms and pinworms, the amine alkali piperazine is used, supplemented with soda enemas (Mashkovsky M.D., vol. 2, pp. 366-367).
Soda is used for poisoning with methanol, ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde, karbofos, chlorophos, white phosphorus, phosphine, fluorine, iodine, mercury and lead (Therapist's Handbook, 1969).
A solution of soda, caustic soda and ammonia is used to destroy (degass) chemical warfare agents (KHE, vol. 1, p. 1035).
TAKING SODA or how to drink soda correctly
You need to take soda on an empty stomach, 20-30 minutes before. before meals (not immediately after meals - it may have the opposite effect). Start with small doses - 1/5 teaspoon, gradually increase the dose, bringing it to 1/2 teaspoon.
You can dilute the soda in one glass of warmly hot boiled water, or take it in dry form, washing it down (required!) with hot water (one glass). Take 2-3 r. in a day.
To quit smoking: rinsing the mouth with a thick solution of soda or coating the mouth with soda and saliva: soda is placed on the tongue, dissolves in saliva and causes an aversion to tobacco when smoking. Doses are small so as not to disturb digestion.
Best stroke prevention: massage your gums in the morning and evening, after brushing your teeth with baking soda (with a brush or your fingers), dropping hydrogen peroxide into it.
CANCER Prevention
Internal use of soda is a cancer prevention; treatment requires contact with the tumor, so it is most effective to treat at home, breast cancer, skin cancer, stomach cancer, female cancers - where soda can directly reach.
You need to take soda on an empty stomach, 20-30 minutes before. before meals (not immediately after meals - it may have the opposite effect). Start with small doses - 1/5 teaspoon, gradually increase the dose, bringing it to 1/2 teaspoon. You can dilute soda in one glass of warmly hot boiled water (hot milk) or take it in dry form, washing it down (required!) with hot water or milk (one glass). Take 2-3 r. in a day.
Metastases are the same “mushroom” fruiting bodies throughout the entire “mycelium”. Having matured, metastases break off and spread throughout the body, look for a weak spot and grow again. And the weak point is the acidic environment in the body, various inflammations in organs and systems. So it turns out that in order to cure cancer and to prevent it, you need to maintain a certain environment in the body.
PH environment, or pH value. At birth it is 7.41 pH, and a person dies with an indicator of 5.41-4.5. He is allotted 2 units for the rest of his life. Cancer occurs when the pH decreases to a value of 5.41. The greatest activity of lymphatic cells in destroying cancer occurs at pH 7.4. However, there is usually a more acidic environment around cancer cells, which inhibits the activity of lymph cells.
In an acidic environment, malignant neoplasms of the esophageal mucosa occur more often. It has been observed that in many countries, an increase in the consumption of carbonated soft drinks has been accompanied by a parallel increase in the prevalence of esophageal cancer.
The normal state of the internal fluids of the human body is slightly alkaline. An acidic environment is a favorable environment for the rapid growth of bacteria and cancer cells.
The familiar and commonplace soda has its own ancient history. Baking soda was extracted by our ancestors from the ashes of some plants and was used in everyday life, in cooking and to treat various diseases.
And today, science has confirmed the valuable properties of soda.
So, it turned out that baking soda is absolutely non-toxic. It can be safely used in everyday life for washing dishes, glass, sinks, tiles and other items. Baking soda is especially indispensable for washing children's dishes. Since I have small children, for household needs I mainly use only baking soda and regular laundry soap.
Baking soda perfectly removes all dirt! To make it more convenient to wash dishes with soda, I simply poured it into a pemoxol jar and now I always have this divine powder at hand and in a convenient container. I need to wash something - I take a sponge, sprinkle a little soda on it and everything is washed off perfectly!
I also wash with the same baking soda. I dissolve a handful of baking soda in a bowl of water, soak the dirty things, and then wash them with soap (natural).
Well, after I learned about the healing properties of baking soda, I completely fell in love with it. What kind of treatment is possible with soda? The list is extensive. And I will begin my description with the most common use of soda in folk medicine, namely, heartburn.
Treatment of heartburn and belching with soda
Painful heartburn is a symptom of increased stomach acidity. To neutralize the acid, just add 1 teaspoon of baking soda to a glass of water, stir and drink in one gulp.
A more “tasty” recipe will relieve both heartburn and belching: put half a teaspoon of baking soda in a glass of water, stir thoroughly until the soda is completely dissolved.
Baking soda - treatment of boils
Furuncle can be perfectly treated with an application of soda and aloe. First, sprinkle the boil with soda, then place an aloe leaf cut lengthwise on top of the soda and bandage it tightly. Keep for 2 days, do not wet! Treatment of boils with baking soda is effective, despite the apparent simplicity of execution.
Soda for sore throat for colds and coughs
A proven recipe for a sore throat during a cold is gargling with a solution of baking soda at the rate of 1 teaspoon per glass of warm water.
Treatment of calluses, corns and cracked heels with a soda bath
For old hard calluses, corns or cracked heels, soda baths have worked well. Dissolve a handful of baking soda in a bowl of hot water. Place your feet in it and hold it for 15 minutes. Then treat your feet with a pumice stone or a foot file.
Baking soda will cure a burn
Baking soda is also indispensable in the treatment of burns. In the kitchen, baking soda should always be on hand. If you get burned, immediately make a strong solution of soda at the rate of 1 tbsp. spoon per glass of water. Soak a cotton swab in the solution and apply it to the burn until the pain goes away.
You can also mix 1 teaspoon of soda with the same amount of vegetable oil and lubricate the burn site with the resulting ointment. After 5-10 minutes, the pain from the burn goes away. Blisters do not appear after this procedure.
Baking soda for hair. For dandruff
Baking soda is good for hair. Can it be added based on calculation? teaspoon for 1 cap of shampoo (natural). Wash your hair with the resulting product. Oily hair - once a week. Dry - 1-2 times a month. Your hair will be clean and shiny for a long time.
A folk recipe with baking soda will help with dandruff. Forget about shampoos for a while. Try washing your hair with baking soda. This is how you do it: first wet your hair, then lightly massaging, rub baking soda into your scalp by the handful. Then rinse the baking soda off your hair with plenty of water and dry it. For some it’s earlier, for others it’s later – but the dandruff will go away.
The main thing is don't give up. Don't be afraid that at first your hair will become drier than usual. Then sebum secretion will be restored. Treating dandruff with baking soda is a proven folk recipe.
Treating thrush with baking soda
Many women try unsuccessfully to cure thrush. This disease is very insidious. Baking soda will help in the treatment of thrush. Dissolve 1 teaspoon of soda in 1 liter of boiled water at room temperature. Spritz your vagina thoroughly with the resulting mixture to wash out all the “curd” from it.
This procedure should be done in the morning and evening for two days in a row.
Flux soda
Flux can be easily treated with hot soda rinses; the solution is prepared at the rate of 1 teaspoon of baking soda per glass of hot water.
Baking soda will cure itching from insect bites. Relieves swelling from bee and wasp stings
Insect bites often cause itchy skin. To neutralize itching, use a solution of baking soda in water (1 teaspoon per glass of water). Soak cotton pads in the solution and apply to the bite site.
When stung by bees or wasps, a tumor may form at the site of the bite. To cure a tumor from a bee or wasp sting, make a paste of soda and water, rub the bite area with this paste, then, without washing off the soda, apply a fresh leaf of plantain (or parsley) on top, bandage it and keep it there for at least 12 hours.
Teeth whitening
You can whiten your teeth with baking soda. Place a pinch of baking soda on your toothbrush, then brush your teeth very carefully. This procedure can be done no more than once every 7-10 days. Otherwise, the enamel may be damaged.
Baking soda for sweat
Our great-grandmothers did not know deodorants; they used baking soda to remove the smell of sweat. After showering, apply a little baking soda to clean, dry armpits and lightly rub it into the skin. The smell of sweat will not appear for at least 24 hours.
Baking soda for acne
A cleansing mask with oatmeal will help with acne. Grind the rolled oats in a coffee grinder until it becomes flour. For 1 cup of ground rolled oats, add 1 teaspoon of baking soda. Mix thoroughly.
Before use, take 1 tbsp. spoon of this mixture and add a little water to it to make a paste. Apply it on your face for 15-20 minutes. Then rinse off with a sponge or cotton pad with plenty of water.
To completely get rid of acne, you need to use this mask daily or every other day until the entire glass of the prepared mixture is gone. If necessary, repeat the course.
Reviews of soda treatment - from messages on forums
“...when my breast tumor grew from 3 cm to 6.5 cm in a fairly short period of time and became localized, he offered me surgery. But I refused - I no longer felt trust in him. The doctor simply threw my medical card on the table and said that he would not give me more than 5 years to live! Today is 2010, I have three granddaughters and an 11-year-old daughter, whom I gave birth to myself without any caesarean section at the age of 41.”
“First of all, I want to say that I treated female forms of oncology, and you need to drink soda internally based on 1 teaspoon per glass of warm water. Drink little and often. I didn’t give injections, but I douched with a hot solution of soda from the following ratio: 0.5 liters of boiled water to 1 dessert spoon of soda. I did such douching as often as I could, at least 5-6 times a day. You can take an enema after consulting with your doctor, because everyone has their own diagnosis, and what is life for one may not be good for another. I also want to warn against consuming dairy products, which contribute to the formation of callogens in the body and clog the lymph. It is necessary to *carry out cleansing procedures, take an enema* to free the rectum from fecal stones. This will already give a weakened body great relief. I did it according to Breg: a week - every day, a week - every other day, a week - every two days, then every three and up to once a month. Then such a patient needs to completely change his lifestyle and diet. I fasted for 40 days on apple juice. Then for 7 years I didn’t eat meat, dairy products or sweets at all. Dairy products clog the lymph flow, and sugar feeds cancer cells. You can’t write about this in a few words, but I can briefly say that according to research, the brain considers impulses coming from cancer cells as an impulse from a hematoma (bruise) or wound and begins to treat them, feed them with glucose, which leads to healing and resorption of wounds and hematomas , and in the case of cancer - to the growth of cancer cells... Therefore, sugar, milk and meat of all types must be excluded. Focus on vegetables, preferably red ones, apples, carrots and cabbage. Again, you need to do everything individually, listen to your body and your well-being. And find vegetables that are as clean as possible and in no way modified.”
“I take it every day, sometimes under severe stress, up to eight times a day, a coffee spoon. And I just pour it on my tongue and wash it down with water.”
“I advise you to take bicarbonate of soda twice a day every day. For pain in the epigastric region (tension in the solar plexus), baking soda is indispensable. And in general, soda is the most beneficial remedy, it protects against all kinds of diseases, starting from cancer, but you need to accustom yourself to take it every day without skipping ... "
“To ease diabetes, take soda...”
“The dose of soda for a boy (diabetic at 11 years old) is a quarter of a teaspoon four times a day.”
“Constipation is treated in various ways, overlooking the simplest and most natural one, namely: simple baking soda with warm water. In this case, the metal sodium acts. Soda is given for widespread use by people. But they don’t know about this and often use harmful and irritating medications... Soda is good because it does not cause intestinal irritation.”
“This is an amazing protective remedy against many serious diseases, in particular cancer. I heard about a case of curing an old external cancer by covering it with soda. When we remember that soda is included as the main ingredient in the composition of our blood, its beneficial effect becomes clear.”
“One English doctor... used simple soda for all sorts of inflammatory and cold diseases, including pneumonia. Moreover, he gave it in fairly large doses, almost a teaspoon up to four times a day in a glass of water. Of course, the English teaspoon is smaller than our Russian one«.
“If you haven’t taken soda yet, then start in small doses, half a coffee spoon twice a day. Gradually it will be possible to increase this dose. Personally, I take two to three full coffee spoons daily. For pain in the solar plexus and heaviness in the stomach, I take much more. But you should always start with small doses.”
In addition:
The healing and beneficial properties of baking soda.
Everyone has a substance called baking soda in their kitchen. It is also called drinking water and is used for adding to baked goods, washing dishes, eliminating unpleasant odors - for example, it is very good to wash the refrigerator with soda. Soda is an alkaline compound that chemists call sodium bicarbonate and most people know that it can be used as a remedy for many diseases.
1.Soda for heartburn
The most common use of baking soda is to relieve heartburn. Soda neutralizes hydrochloric acid in the stomach and has a quick effect, which doctors call antacid - heartburn goes away; but let's talk about this in a little more detail.
Hydrochloric acid is indeed neutralized by soda, but at the same time carbon dioxide is released, which has a stimulating effect on the gastric mucosa and stimulates the release of gastrin, a hormone that increases the secretion of gastric juice, changing the motility of the stomach and intestines, as well as their tone.
If you often use soda for heartburn (and many people do this), then its excess will begin to be absorbed into the blood, and the acid-base balance will be disrupted - alkalization of the blood will begin. Therefore, it is better to use special medications, but it is even better to consult a doctor to find out the cause of heartburn - soda (1 tsp per 1/3 glass of water) should only be used as an “ambulance”.
2. Soda for the throat. Gargling with soda
Another common way to use baking soda is for sore throats, colds, to treat infections of the oral mucosa, as an expectorant, etc.
Treating a soda throat is very simple: stir ½ tsp in a glass of water. soda, and gargle with this solution; repeat every 3-4 hours, alternating with other means. Soda neutralizes the effect of acids formed in the throat during sore throat, pharyngitis and other diseases, and therefore pain and inflammation go away.
3. Soda for colds.
Soda inhalation is also a well-known remedy for colds. If you have a runny nose, bring a glass of water to a boil in a small kettle and add 1 tsp to it. soda, then take a tube of very thick paper, and put one end of it on the spout of the kettle, and insert the other end alternately into one nostril, then into the other - in total, breathe in this steam for about 15-20 minutes.
You can use a soda solution as nasal drops for a runny nose: boiled water - 2 tsp, soda - on the tip of a knife; drop into the nose 2-3 times a day.
Soda also helps with the removal of viscous sputum: you need to drink on an empty stomach, 2 times a day, ½ glass of warm water, dissolving a pinch of salt and ½ tsp in it. soda - however, you should not treat this for a long time either.
You can soften a cough with hot milk and soda. Soda (1 tsp) should be diluted directly in boiling milk, cool slightly and drink at night.
A hot mixture of soda and mashed potatoes treats bronchitis in children and adults. Potatoes (several pieces) must be boiled in their skins, and immediately, while hot, mash them, adding soda (3 tsp), then quickly make 2 flat cakes, wrap them in towels and place one on the chest, and the other on the back, between the shoulder blades. The flatbread should be hot, but not scalding. After this, you need to wrap the patient warmly and put him to bed. Remove the cakes when they have cooled, wipe the patient dry and change into dry clothes.
4. Soda for thrush.
You can treat soda and thrush - a disease known to almost every woman; men and children can also get sick, although few people know about it. Doctors call thrush candidiasis, or candida vulvovaginitis - this infection is caused by yeast fungi of the genus Candida.
In about half of the cases, soda helps in the treatment of thrush: the soda solution is an alkali, and fungi die in an alkaline environment - the structure of their cells is destroyed.
5.Treating thrush with soda has its pros and cons.
Pros: It's cheap and relatively safe compared to more aggressive treatments. There are probably more downsides. First of all, soda helps, as already mentioned, only in 50% of cases; the second disadvantage is that you need to douche regularly and very often. Some doctors believe that 2 times a day is enough (1 tsp per liter of boiled water), while others suggest doing this every hour, and not stopping such treatment for 2 weeks - otherwise you may not even start.
You can treat with soda, but today there are a lot of different drugs for the treatment of thrush - you should consult a doctor, and he will choose what is most suitable - you should hardly self-medicate. In any case, you will have to turn to specialists: after all, thrush is not just an infection, but fungi that normally live in the genital tract, and they cause the disease only under favorable conditions for its development. These may be hormonal disorders in the body; the effects of medications, including hormones and antibiotics; diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases; weakened immunity and many other reasons.
6. Soda for acne.
In treating a problem such as acne, you can achieve greater success using baking soda, and this procedure is not as troublesome as treating thrush.
There are many options for treating acne with baking soda.
For example, you can dissolve sugar and soda (1 tsp each) in a glass of boiling water, moisten a cotton pad with the resulting solution, and thoroughly but carefully wipe your face with it, paying more attention to problem areas; then you need to wash your face with laundry soap, slightly warm water, and lubricate the skin of problem areas with butter. After an hour, wash again with warm water, but without soap.
You can immediately use baking soda with soap - many people describe this method as good. You need to grate the soap on a fine grater, steam your face - bend over the steam, covering yourself with a thick towel, and, lightly massaging, wipe the skin with a cotton pad, pouring soap and soda on it; wash your face with slightly warm water - just do this once a week, and on other days wipe your face with lemon ice cubes.
7.Soda in folk medicine.
Soda is used for medicinal purposes for many other diseases. For insect bites - midges and mosquitoes, you need to apply soda paste on a piece of gauze to the bite site: the itching will go away quickly, and the redness will gradually disappear.
1. You can use soda to prevent caries: you need to rinse your mouth with its solution several times a day, or brush your teeth with soda, as you used to brush them with tooth powder. Baking soda does not damage the enamel, but it neutralizes the acids formed in the mouth and polishes the teeth, preventing their destruction.
2.You can get rid of bad breath by rinsing your mouth with a solution of baking soda and hydrogen peroxide. Add soda (1 tbsp) to a glass with a peroxide solution (2-3%) and rinse your mouth. Of course, you should find out the cause of bad breath, and not constantly mask it with soda rinses: perhaps the smell is caused by a serious illness, so it is better to undergo a full examination.
3. Baths and compresses with herbs and soda help with rheumatism. For a therapeutic bath, you need to brew herbs - chamomile, sage, oregano (1 tbsp each) with boiling water (1 l) and leave for an hour. Then strain, add 400 g of soda to the infusion and pour the solution into a bath of water - the water temperature should not be higher than 40°C - add a few drops of lavender and rosemary essential oils. The bath is taken at night, for 20-25 minutes; after it they immediately go to bed, wrapped in a woolen scarf.
4.In order to make a compress, you need to pour soda on a fresh cabbage leaf and apply it to the sore spot. Cover the top with film and a warm scarf, and go to bed - keep for 2 hours. It is better not to go outside immediately after the compress. Therapeutic soda baths are useful for psoriasis, dry dermatitis and simply dry skin on the body. 35 g of soda, 20 g of magnesium carbonate and 15 g of magnesium perborate are added to the bath - at first the water should be just warm, then its temperature is gradually increased to 39 ° C; take a bath for 15 minutes.
5. For swelling of the legs, dissolve 5 tbsp. soda in 5 liters of warm water, add a decoction of mint and sage (1 glass), and take a foot bath for 20-25 minutes.
Since soda solves many cosmetic problems - it is even used to make lotions for newborns if they have diaper rash - it can be used for skin and hair care. To combat oily dandruff, rub a solution of soda - 1 tsp - into the scalp before washing. soda per glass of water.
Soda is a fairly effective treatment and helps alleviate and treat many diseases, but you should not rely on this method of treatment in difficult cases: home remedies often help us, but it is still better not to take risks, but to contact specialists.
Information from open sources.
Unexpected benefits of baking soda discovered
Researchers from the Medical College of Georgia (USA) found that drinking baking soda reduces inflammation in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. This was reported on the MedicalXpress portal.
Doctors have proven that baking soda helps produce more stomach acid, which aids digestion by killing pathogenic cells. Doctors also suggest that drinking soda reduces the load on the spleen, which does not prepare a protective immune response. Thus, the number of M1 macrophages, immune cells that provoke inflammatory reactions, decreases, and the number of anti-inflammatory M2 cells increases. This observation was confirmed by experiments on mice that consumed a soda solution.
Baking soda has a similar effect on the kidneys. One of the authors of the study, physiologist Paul O'Connor, noted that with kidney disease, the blood can be highly oxidized, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. An antacid slows down this process.
“Clinical trials have shown that a daily dose of baking soda can not only reduce oxidation, but even slow the progression of kidney disease,” O’Connor noted.
Aluminum – destruction of the metal under the influence of the environment.
For the reaction Al 3+ +3e → Al, the standard electrode potential of aluminum is -1.66 V.
The melting point of aluminum is 660 °C.
The density of aluminum is 2.6989 g/cm 3 (under normal conditions).
Aluminum, although an active metal, has fairly good corrosion properties. This can be explained by the ability to passivate in many aggressive environments.
The corrosion resistance of aluminum depends on many factors: the purity of the metal, the corrosive environment, the concentration of aggressive impurities in the environment, temperature, etc. The pH of solutions has a strong influence. Aluminum oxide forms on the metal surface only in the pH range from 3 to 9!
The corrosion resistance of Al is greatly influenced by its purity. For the manufacture of chemical units and equipment, only high-purity metal (without impurities), for example, AB1 and AB2 aluminum, is used.
Corrosion of aluminum is not observed only in those environments where a protective oxide film is formed on the surface of the metal.
When heated, aluminum can react with some non-metals:
2Al + N 2 → 2AlN – interaction of aluminum and nitrogen with the formation of aluminum nitride;
4Al + 3C → Al 4 C 3 – the reaction of aluminum with carbon to form aluminum carbide;
2Al + 3S → Al 2 S 3 – interaction of aluminum and sulfur with the formation of aluminum sulfide.
Corrosion of aluminum in air (atmospheric corrosion of aluminum)
Aluminum, when interacting with air, becomes passive. When pure metal comes into contact with air, a thin protective film of aluminum oxide instantly appears on the aluminum surface. Further, film growth slows down. The formula of aluminum oxide is Al 2 O 3 or Al 2 O 3 H 2 O.
The reaction of aluminum with oxygen:
4Al + 3O 2 → 2Al 2 O 3.
The thickness of this oxide film ranges from 5 to 100 nm (depending on operating conditions). Aluminum oxide has good adhesion to the surface and satisfies the condition of continuity of oxide films. When stored in a warehouse, the thickness of aluminum oxide on the metal surface is about 0.01 - 0.02 microns. When interacting with dry oxygen – 0.02 – 0.04 microns. When heat treating aluminum, the thickness of the oxide film can reach 0.1 microns.
Aluminum is quite resistant both in clean rural air and in an industrial atmosphere (containing sulfur vapor, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia gas, dry hydrogen chloride, etc.). Because sulfur compounds do not have any effect on the corrosion of aluminum in gas environments - it is used for the manufacture of sour crude oil processing plants and rubber vulcanization devices.
Corrosion of aluminum in water
Aluminum corrosion is almost not observed when interacting with clean, fresh, distilled water. Increasing the temperature to 180 °C does not have any special effect. Hot water vapor also has no effect on aluminum corrosion. If you add a little alkali to water, even at room temperature, the corrosion rate of aluminum in such an environment will increase slightly.
The interaction of pure aluminum (not covered with an oxide film) with water can be described using the reaction equation:
2Al + 6H 2 O = 2Al(OH) 3 + 3H 2.
When interacting with sea water, pure aluminum begins to corrode, because... sensitive to dissolved salts. To use aluminum in seawater, a small amount of magnesium and silicon is added to its composition. The corrosion resistance of aluminum and its alloys when exposed to sea water is significantly reduced if the metal contains copper.
Corrosion of aluminum in acids
As the purity of aluminum increases, its resistance to acids increases.
Corrosion of aluminum in sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid (has oxidizing properties) in medium concentrations is very dangerous for aluminum and its alloys. The reaction with dilute sulfuric acid is described by the equation:
2Al + 3H 2 SO 4 (dil) → Al 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3H 2.
Concentrated cold sulfuric acid has no effect. And when heated, aluminum corrodes:
2Al + 6H 2 SO 4 (conc) → Al 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3SO 2 + 6H 2 O.
In this case, a soluble salt is formed - aluminum sulfate.
Al is stable in oleum (fuming sulfuric acid) at temperatures up to 200 °C. Due to this, it is used for the production of chlorosulfonic acid (HSO 3 Cl) and oleum.
Corrosion of aluminum in hydrochloric acid
Aluminum or its alloys quickly dissolve in hydrochloric acid (especially when the temperature rises). Corrosion equation:
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl 3 + 3H 2.
Solutions of hydrobromic (HBr) and hydrofluoric (HF) acids act similarly.
Corrosion of aluminum in nitric acid
A concentrated solution of nitric acid has high oxidizing properties. Aluminum in nitric acid at normal temperatures is extremely resistant (resistance is higher than that of stainless steel 12Х18Н9). It is even used to produce concentrated nitric acid by direct synthesis.
When heated, corrosion of aluminum in nitric acid proceeds according to the reaction:
Al + 6HNO 3 (conc) → Al(NO 3) 3 + 3NO 2 + 3H 2 O.
Corrosion of aluminum in acetic acid
Aluminum is quite resistant to acetic acid of any concentration, but only if the temperature does not exceed 65 °C. It is used to produce formaldehyde and acetic acid. At higher temperatures, aluminum dissolves (with the exception of acid concentrations of 98 - 99.8%).
Aluminum is stable in bromic and weak solutions of chromic (up to 10%), phosphoric (up to 1%) acids at room temperature.
Citric, butyric, malic, tartaric, propionic acids, wine, and fruit juices have a weak effect on aluminum and its alloys.
Oxalic, formic, and organochlorine acids destroy metal.
The corrosion resistance of aluminum is greatly influenced by vapor and liquid mercury. After a short contact, the metal and its alloys intensively corrode, forming amalgams.
Corrosion of aluminum in alkalis
Alkalis easily dissolve the protective oxide film on the surface of aluminum, it begins to react with water, as a result of which the metal dissolves with the release of hydrogen (aluminum corrosion with hydrogen depolarization).
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H 2 O → 2Na + 3H 2;
2(NaOHH 2 O) + 2Al → 2NaAlO 2 + 3H 2.
Aluminates are formed.
Also, the oxide film is destroyed by mercury, copper and chlorine ions.