Natural Hazardous Phenomena (NHP) on the territory of the Russian Federation and emergency situations that have arisen. Natural hazards in Russia
In 1997, 494 hazardous natural phenomena were recorded in Russia, of which 360 were natural emergencies.
In 1997, the most common sources of emergencies were floods, floods, rain floods, weather with heavy rain and strong winds.
Natural hazards killed 74 people in 1997.
Significant damage was caused to the economy spring flood in areas of the North-Western region and in areas of the Far East.
Hurricanes.
In April, a hurricane was noted on the coast Sea of Azov who captured the territory Krasnodar region and Rostov region.
As a result strong wind There was a wind surge of water at the mouth of the river. Don and in the Taganrog Bay. For the first time during the observation period since 1881, maximum water levels were recorded: Azov - 752 cm, Taganrog - 804 cm. 36 were flooded settlements. In December there was a hurricane on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. Wind gusts in the area of the port of Novorossiysk reached 45-52 m/sec. During the disaster, 3 people died. The damage was estimated at 49 billion rubles.
Heavy rains.
An emergency situation arose on June 17-18 in the territory Novgorod region, where as a result torrential rains There was a sharp rise in water in small rivers. Significant flood zones formed, which included 18 settlements with a population of about 3,500 people. 139 people were evacuated.
Spring flood.
The spring flood was exceptionally high on the rivers of the Arkhangelsk region (the Onega, Vychegda and their tributaries) and on the rivers of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Penzhina, Talovka, Kamchatka).
In the Arkhangelsk region in May, as a result of intense snowmelt and heavy rains, there was a sharp rise in water levels in the Onega and Vychegda rivers and their tributaries. A particularly strong flood, which has not been observed here for 70 years, occurred in the river basin. Onega. There were 53 settlements with a population of 17,186 people in the flood zone with an area of 1220 sq. km.
In Penzhinsky district, Koryaksky Autonomous Okrug In Kamchatka, intense snowmelt in June caused unprecedentedly high floods on the Penzhina and Talovka rivers. At some points, maximum water levels were the highest recorded over the entire observation period. total area flooding amounted to 6858 hectares. 5 settlements were flooded. The total damage from the flood amounted to 72 billion rubles.
During the spring flood of 1997, 6 people died on the rivers of the Russian Federation, and the total material damage it caused to the economy and population amounted to 548 billion rubles.
Drought
Abnormally warm weather stayed in April-May in the south Eastern Siberia. May 21 recorded absolute maximum air temperature in the area Krasnoyarsk Territory+29.6 C.
Forest fires
The fire season of 1997 was not particularly hot. 17 people died during the forest fires. Direct damage from forest fires amounted to more than 1263.4 billion rubles.
Elimination of emergency consequences
The administrations of 37 constituent entities addressed the Government of the Russian Federation with a request for financial assistance to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters. Of these, 7 suffered from snowfalls and icing, 7 from spring floods and surges of water from the sea, 8 from rain floods, 15 from hurricanes with heavy rain and hail.
The total damage from the 1997 disaster in these 37 constituent entities of the Russian Federation amounted to 97 billion rubles.
Natural phenomena- these are ordinary, sometimes even supernatural climatic and meteorological events that occur naturally in all corners of the planet. It could be snow or rain, familiar from childhood, or it could be incredibly destructive or earthquakes. If such events take place away from a person and do not cause him material damage, they are considered unimportant. Nobody will pay attention to this. Otherwise, dangerous natural phenomena are considered by humanity as natural disasters.
Research and observations
People began to study characteristic natural phenomena back in ancient times. However, it was possible to systematize these observations only in the 17th century; even a separate branch of science (natural science) was formed that studied these events. However, despite many scientific discoveries, and to this day some natural phenomena and processes remain poorly understood. Most often, we see the consequence of this or that event, but we can only guess about the root causes and build various theories. Researchers in many countries are working to make forecasts of their occurrence, and most importantly, to prevent their possible occurrence or at least reduce the damage caused by natural phenomena. And yet, despite all the destructive power of such processes, a person always remains a person and strives to find something beautiful and sublime in this. What natural phenomenon is most fascinating? They could be listed for a long time, but perhaps it should be noted such as a volcanic eruption, a tornado, a tsunami - they are all beautiful, despite the destruction and chaos that remain after them.
Weather phenomena of nature
Natural phenomena characterize the weather with its seasonal changes. Each season has its own set of events. For example, in the spring the following snowmelt, floods, thunderstorms, clouds, wind, and rain are observed. IN summer period the sun gives the planet an abundance of heat, natural processes at this time the most favorable are: clouds, warm wind, rains and, of course, rainbows; but they can also be severe: thunderstorms, hail. In autumn the temperature changes, the days become cloudy and rainy. During this period, the following phenomena prevail: fog, leaf fall, frost, first snow. in winter vegetable world falls asleep, some animals hibernate. The most common natural phenomena are: freeze-up, blizzard, blizzard, snow, which appear on the windows
All these events are commonplace for us; we have not paid attention to them for a long time. Now let's look at the processes that remind humanity that it is not the crown of everything, and planet Earth just sheltered it for a while.
Natural hazards
These are extreme and severe climate and meteorological events that occur in all parts of the world, but some regions are considered more vulnerable to certain types of events compared to others. Natural hazards become disasters when infrastructure is destroyed and people die. These losses represent major obstacles to human development. It is almost impossible to prevent such cataclysms; all that remains is timely forecasting of events in order to prevent casualties and material damage.
However, the difficulty lies in the fact that dangerous natural phenomena can occur on different scales and in different time. In fact, each of them is unique in its own way, and therefore it is very difficult to predict it. For example, flash floods and tornadoes are destructive but short-lived events that affect relatively small areas. Other dangerous disasters, such as droughts, can develop very slowly but affect entire continents and entire populations. Such disasters last for several months and sometimes years. In order to control and predict these events on some national hydrological and meteorological services and special specialized centers are tasked with studying hazardous geophysical phenomena. This includes volcanic eruptions, airborne ash, tsunamis, radioactive, biological, chemical pollution, etc.
Now let's take a closer look at some natural phenomena.
Drought
The main reason for this cataclysm is the lack of precipitation. Drought is very different from other natural disasters in its slow development, often its onset is hidden by various factors. There are even recorded cases in world history when this disaster lasted for many years. Drought often has dire consequences: first, water sources (streams, rivers, lakes, springs) dry up, many crops stop growing, then animals die, becoming widespread realities. poor health and malnutrition.
Tropical cyclones
These natural phenomena represent areas of very low atmospheric pressure over subtropical and tropical waters, forming a colossal rotating system of thunderstorms and winds hundreds (sometimes thousands) of kilometers across. The speed of surface winds in the zone of a tropical cyclone can reach two hundred kilometers per hour or even more. Interaction low pressure and wind-driven waves often result in a coastal storm surge - a huge volume of water thrown ashore with tremendous force and high speed, which wash away everything in their path.
Air pollution
These natural phenomena arise as a result of the accumulation in the air of harmful gases or particles of substances formed as a result of disasters (volcanic eruptions, fires) and human activities (work industrial enterprises, vehicles, etc.). Haze and smoke appear as a result of fires on undeveloped lands and forest areas, as well as burning of agricultural and logging residues; in addition, due to the formation of volcanic ash. These air pollutants are highly serious consequences for the human body. As a result of such disasters, visibility is reduced and interruptions in the operation of road and air transport occur.
Desert Locust
Such natural phenomena cause serious damage in Asia, the Middle East, Africa and the southern part of the European continent. When environmental and weather conditions are favorable for the reproduction of these insects, they tend to concentrate in small areas. However, as their numbers increase, the locust ceases to be an individual creature and turns into a single living organism. Small groups form huge flocks that move in search of food. The length of such a school can reach tens of kilometers. In a day, it can cover distances of up to two hundred kilometers, sweeping away all vegetation in its path. Thus, one ton of locusts (this is a small part of the swarm) can eat as much food in a day as ten elephants or 2,500 people eat. These insects pose a threat to millions of pastoralists and farmers living in vulnerable environmental conditions.
Flash floods and flash floods
Data can occur anywhere after heavy rainfall. All floodplains are vulnerable to flooding, and severe storms cause flash floods. Besides, flash floods sometimes even observed after periods of drought, when very heavy rains fall onto a hard and dry surface through which water flow cannot seep into the ground. These natural events are characterized by the most various types: from rapid small floods to a powerful layer of water that covers vast areas. They may be caused by a tornado, strong thunderstorms, monsoons, extratropical and tropical cyclones(their strength can be increased by exposure to warm El Niño currents), melting snow and ice jams. In coastal areas, storm surges often lead to flooding as a result of a tsunami, cyclone, or rising river levels due to unusually high tides. Cause of flooding huge territories, located below the barrier dams, there is often high water on the rivers, which is caused by melting snow.
Other natural hazards
1. Mud flow or landslide.
5. Lightning.
6. Extreme temperatures.
7. Tornado.
10. Fires on undeveloped lands or forests.
11. Heavy snow and rain.
12. Strong winds.
The earth is fraught with many unusual and sometimes unexplained phenomena, and from time to time throughout the territory globe various kinds of phenomena and even cataclysms occur, most of which can hardly be called ordinary and familiar to humans. Some cases have completely understandable reasons, but there are also those that even experienced scientists have not been able to explain for many decades. True, this kind natural disasters do not happen often, only a few times during the year, but, nevertheless, the fear of them among humanity does not disappear, but, on the contrary, grows.
The most dangerous natural phenomena
These include the following types of disasters:
Earthquakes
This is a dangerous natural phenomenon in the ranking of the most dangerous natural anomalies. Earth tremors that occur at rupture sites earth's crust, provoke vibrations that turn into seismic waves of significant power. They are transmitted over considerable distances, but become strongest near the immediate source of tremors and provoke large-scale destruction of houses and buildings. Since there are a huge number of buildings on the planet, the number of victims runs into the millions. Over the years, many people have suffered from earthquakes more people in the world than from other disasters. In the last ten years alone, they have been within different countries More than seven hundred thousand people died around the world. Sometimes the tremors reached such strength that entire settlements were destroyed in an instant.
Tsunami waves
Tsunamis are natural disasters that cause a lot of destruction and death. Waves of enormous height and strength that arise in the ocean, or in other words, tsunamis, are a consequence of earthquakes. These arise giant waves usually in areas where seismic activity is significantly increased. The tsunami moves very quickly, and once it gets aground, it begins to rapidly grow in length. Once this huge fast wave reaches the shore, it can destroy everything in its path in a matter of minutes. The destruction caused by a tsunami is usually large-scale, and people who are caught by surprise by the cataclysm often do not have time to escape.
Ball lightning
Lightning and thunder are common things, but a type such as ball lightning is one of the most terrible phenomena nature. Ball lightning- This is a powerful electric discharge of current, and it can take absolutely any shape. Usually this type of lightning looks like luminous balls, most often reddish or yellow color. It is curious that these lightning completely ignore all the laws of mechanics, appearing out of nowhere, usually before a thunderstorm, inside houses, on the street or even in the cockpit of an airplane that is flying. Ball lightning hovers in the air, and does so very unpredictably: for a few moments, then it becomes smaller, and then disappears completely. It is strictly forbidden to touch ball lightning; moving when encountering it is also undesirable.
Tornadoes
This natural anomaly also refers to the most terrible natural phenomena. Typically, a tornado is an air flow that twists into a kind of funnel. Outwardly, it looks like a columnar, cone-shaped cloud, inside of which air moves in a circle. All objects that fall into the tornado zone also begin to move. The speed of air flow inside this funnel is so enormous that it can easily lift very heavy objects weighing several tons and even houses into the air.
Sandstorms
This type of storm occurs in deserts due to strong winds. Dust and sand, and sometimes soil particles carried by the wind, can reach several meters in height, and in the area where the storm breaks out, there will be a sharp decrease in visibility. Travelers caught in such a storm risk death because sand gets into their lungs and eyes.
Bloody Rains
This unusual natural phenomenon owes its threatening name to a strong waterspout, which sucked out particles of red algae spores from the water in reservoirs. When they mix with water masses a tornado, the rain takes on a terrible red hue, very reminiscent of blood. This anomaly was observed by residents of India for several weeks in a row, rain of color human blood caused fear and panic among people.
Fire tornadoes
Natural phenomena and disasters are most often unpredictable. These include one of the most terrible - fire tornado. This type of tornado is already dangerous, but , if it occurs in a fire zone, it should be even more feared. Near several fires, when a strong wind occurs, the air above the fires begins to warm up, its density becomes less, and it begins to rise upward along with the fire. Wherein air currents twist into peculiar spirals, and the air pressure acquires enormous speed.
The fact that the most terrible natural phenomena are poorly predicted. They often come suddenly, taking people and authorities by surprise. Scientists are working to create advanced technologies that can predict upcoming events. Today, the only guaranteed way to avoid the “vagaries” of the weather is to move to areas where such phenomena are observed as rarely as possible or have not been recorded before.
Dangerous natural phenomena include all those that deviate the state natural environment from the range that is optimal for a person’s life and for his or her household. They represent catastrophic processes of endogenous and exogenous origin: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, avalanches and mudflows, as well as landslides and subsidence.
According to the size of the one-time damage impact, hazardous natural phenomena vary from minor to those creating natural disasters.
Natural disaster is any unpreventable, threateningly destructive natural phenomenon that causes economic damage and threatening health and life of people. When we're talking about When measuring losses, they use the term emergency situation (ES). In case of an emergency, absolute losses are measured first of all - for a quick response, to decide on the necessary foreign aid affected area, etc.
Catastrophic earthquakes (magnitude 9 or more) cover the areas of Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, Transcaucasia and a number of others mountainous areas. In such areas, engineering construction, as a rule, is not carried out.
Strong (from 7 to 9 points) earthquakes occur in an area extending wide stripe from Kamchatka to, including the Baikal region, etc. Only earthquake-resistant construction should be carried out here.
Most of the territory of Russia belongs to a zone in which small earthquakes are extremely rare. Thus, in 1977, tremors with a magnitude of 4 were recorded in Moscow, although the epicenter of the earthquake itself was in the Carpathians.
Despite great job conducted by scientists on seismic hazard prediction, earthquake prediction is a very complex problem. To solve it, special maps and mathematical models are built, a system of regular observations is organized using seismic instruments, and a description of past earthquakes is compiled based on the study of a complex of factors, including the behavior of living organisms, analyzing their geographical distribution.
Most effective ways flood control - flow regulation, as well as the construction of protective dams and dams. Thus, the length of dams and dams is more than 1800 miles. Without this protection, 2/3 of its territory would be inundated every day by the tide. A dam was built to protect against floods. The peculiarity of this completed project is that it requires high-quality cleaning Wastewater city and the normal functioning of culverts in the dam itself, which was not adequately provided for in the dam design. The construction and operation of such engineering facilities also require an assessment of possible environmental consequences.
Floods are an annually recurring seasonal long-term and significant increase in the water content of rivers, which are accompanied by an increase in the water level in the riverbed and flooding of the floodplain - one of the main causes of floods.
Large flooding of the floodplain during floods is observed in most of the CIS, Eastern Europe.
Sat down — mud or mud-stone flows that suddenly appear in riverbeds mountain rivers and characterized by a sharp short-term (1 - 3 hours) rise in water level in rivers, wave-like movement and the absence of complete periodicity. Mudflows can occur as a result of heavy rainfall, intensive melting of snow and ice, less often due to volcanic eruptions, breaches of mountain lakes, and also as a result economic activity human (blasting, etc.). The prerequisites for formation are: a cover of slope deposits, significant slopes of mountain slopes, increased soil moisture. Based on their composition, mud-stone, water-stone, mud and water-and-wood mudflows are distinguished, in which the content of solid material ranges from 10-15 to 75%. Individual debris carried by mudflows weighs more than 100-200 tons. The speed of mudflows reaches 10 m/s, and the volumes are hundreds of thousands and sometimes millions of cubic meters. Possessing large mass and speed of movement, mudflows often cause destruction, acquiring in the most catastrophic cases the character natural disaster. Thus, in 1921, a catastrophic mudflow destroyed Alma-Ata, killing about 500 people. Currently, this city is reliably protected by a mudflow dam and a complex of special engineering structures. The main measures to combat mudflows are related to the consolidation and vegetation cover on mountain slopes, with the preventive descent of mountainous areas threatening a breakthrough, with the construction of dams and various mudflow protection structures.
Avalanches — masses of snow cascading down steep mountain slopes. Avalanches occur especially often in cases where snow masses form shafts or snow cornices overhanging the underlying slope. Avalanches occur when the stability of snow on a slope is disrupted under the influence of heavy snowfalls, intense snowmelt, rain, non-crystallization of the snow layer with the formation of a loosely connected deep horizon. Depending on the nature of snow movement along the slopes, they are distinguished: axial - snow landslides, sliding along the entire surface of the slope; flume avalanches - moving along hollows, ravines and erosion furrows, jumping from ledges. When dry snow melts, a destructive force spreads ahead. air wave. Avalanches themselves also have enormous destructive power, since their volume can reach 2 million m3, and the impact force is 60-100 t/m2. Usually avalanches, although with to varying degrees constancy, confined year after year to the same places - foci different sizes and configurations.
To combat avalanches, protection systems have been developed and are being created, which include the placement of snow shields, prohibition of logging and tree planting on avalanche-prone slopes, shelling of dangerous slopes with artillery pieces, construction of avalanche ramparts and ditches. The fight against avalanches is very difficult and requires large material costs.
In addition to the catastrophic processes described above, there are also such as collapse, sliding, swimming, subsidence, destruction of banks, etc. All of these processes result in the movement of matter, often on a large scale. The fight against these phenomena should be aimed at weakening and preventing (where possible) processes that cause a negative impact on the stability of engineering structures that endanger people's lives.
Subject: General concepts about dangerous and emergency situations of a natural nature.
Lesson topic: Natural phenomena and their classification.
The purpose of the lesson: To introduce students to natural phenomena and their diversity.
Lesson objectives:
- Recall and consolidate knowledge about the shells of the Earth.
- To develop students’ knowledge that the formation of any natural phenomenon is associated with processes occurring in the Earth’s shells.
- Give general idea, students about the types of natural phenomena at the place of their occurrence.
II. Developmental tasks.
- To develop in students the ability and ability to foresee natural phenomena in their area that can lead to severe consequences, as well as ways to protect against them.
III. Educational tasks.
- To instill in students the belief that any natural phenomenon destructive force brings to the state huge damage various types, primarily material and loss of life. Therefore, the state needs to allocate funds to scientific institutions so that they can deal with this problem and be able to predict them in the future.
During the classes
Teacher: Today, children, we will talk about natural phenomena and their diversity. Some you know, of course, some you learned from a course in natural history and geography, and if anyone is interested in the means mass media then from there. If you turn on the TV, radio or use the Internet, you can say with confidence that natural phenomena of destructive force are occurring more and more often, and their strength is becoming greater. Therefore, we need to know what natural phenomena occur, where they most often occur and how to protect ourselves from them.
Teacher: And so let's remember from the geography course what shells of the Earth exist.
In total, there are 4 shells of the Earth:
- Lithosphere - it includes the earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle.
- Hydrosphere – water shell, it includes all water in different states.
- Atmosphere - gas envelope, the lightest and most mobile.
- The biosphere is the sphere of life, this is the area of existence of all living organisms.
Teacher: All these shells have their own specific processes, as a result of which natural phenomena arise. Therefore, various natural phenomena can be divided according to the place of their occurrence:
Teacher: From this diagram we see how many natural phenomena there are. Now let's look at each of them and find out what they are. (Children must take an active part in this part.)
Geological.
1. An earthquake is a natural phenomenon associated with geological processes occurring in the Earth’s lithosphere; it manifests itself in the form of tremors and vibrations earth's surface, resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or in the upper part of the mantle.
Picture 1.
2. A volcano is a conical mountain from which hot material – magma – erupts from time to time.
A volcanic eruption is the release of molten matter from the Earth's crust and mantle, called magma, onto the surface of the planet.
Figure 2.
3. A landslide is a sliding downward displacement of soil masses under the influence of gravity, which occurs on slopes when the stability of the soil or rocks is disrupted.
The formation of landslides depends on various factors, such as:
- what rocks make up this slope;
- slope steepness;
- groundwater, etc.
Landslides can occur as naturally(for example, an earthquake, heavy rainfall), and artificially (for example, human activities: deforestation, soil excavation).
Figure 3.
4. A collapse is a separation and fall large masses rocks, their overturning, crushing and rolling down on steep and steep slopes.
Causes of landslides in mountains can be:
- the rocks that make up the mountains are layered or broken by cracks;
- water activity;
- geological processes(earthquake), etc.
The causes of landslides on the coasts of seas and rivers are the erosion and dissolution of underlying rocks.
Figure 4.
5. A snow avalanche is a collapse of a mass of snow on mountain slopes; the angle of inclination must be at least 15°.
Reasons for the disappearance snow avalanche are:
- earthquake;
- intense snow melting;
- prolonged snowfall;
- human activity.
Figure 5.
Meteorological.
1. A hurricane is a wind whose speed exceeds 30 m/s, leading to enormous destruction.
Figure 6.
2. A storm is wind, but at a lower speed than in a hurricane and is no more than 20 m/s.
Figure 7.
3. Tornado – represents atmospheric vortex, formed in storm cloud and going down, has a funnel or sleeve head start.
A tornado consists of a core and a wall. Around the core occurs upward movement air, the speed of which can reach 200 m/s.
Figure 8.
Hydrological.
1. Flood is a significant inundation of an area as a result of rising water levels in a lake, river, etc.
Causes of flooding:
- intensive melting of snow in spring period;
- heavy rainfall;
- obstruction of river beds rocks during an earthquake, landslide, etc., as well as ice during congestion;
- wind activity (water surge from the sea, bay to the mouth of the river).
Types of floods:
Figure 9.
2. Sel is torrent in the mountains, of a temporary nature, consisting of water and large quantity rock fragments.
The formation of mudflows is associated with heavy precipitation in the form of rain or intense snow melting. As a result, loose rocks are washed away and move along the river bed with high speed, which picks up everything in its path: boulders, trees, etc.
Figure 10.
3. Tsunami is a type sea waves, resulting from vertical displacement of significant areas of the seabed.
A tsunami occurs as a result of:
- earthquakes;
- underwater volcanic eruptions;
- landslides, etc.
Figure 11.
Biological.
1. A forest fire is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation that spontaneously spreads through a forest area.
A forest fire can be ground fire or crown fire.
An underground fire is the burning of peat in marshy and swampy soils.
Figure 12.
2. An epidemic is the spread of an infectious disease among a large population and significantly exceeds the incidence rate usually recorded in a given area.
Figure 13.
3. Epizootic is wide use infectious disease among animals (for example: foot and mouth disease, swine fever, bovine brucellosis).
Figure 14.
4. Epiphytoty is a mass distribution infectious disease among plants (for example: late blight, wheat rust).
Figure 15.
Teacher: As you can see, in the world there is great amount phenomena that surround you and me. So let's remember them and be extremely careful when they occur.
Some of you may say: “Why do we need to know all of them if most of them are not typical for our area?” From one point of view you are right, but from another you are wrong. Each of you tomorrow, the day after tomorrow or in the future will probably be going on a trip to other parts of the Motherland and the country. And there, as we know, there may be completely different phenomena that are not typical for our area. And then your knowledge will help you survive in a critical situation and avoid negative consequences. As they say: “God protects those who are careful.”
Literature.
- Smirnov A.T. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade.
- Shemanaev V.A. Teaching practice in the system of training a modern teacher.
- Smirnov A.T. Program educational institutions basics of life safety grades 5-11.