LLC "Technical documentation. Feasibility study of the project - what is it and how to properly prepare it
Understanding the Safety Case
Lately, we have been increasingly asked what a “safety case” is, why it is needed, and how to develop this document. Let's proceed from the fact that there MUST BE a safety justification when confirming compliance! Moreover, since you decided to create it, then let’s try to do it not just beautifully, but in such a way that this document corresponds to its definition, and so that later there will be no shame...
So, WHAT IS IT? safety justification" with conformity assessment point of view?
The term “safety case” (hereinafter SB) in the practice of conformity assessment was introduced by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 15, 2009 No. 753 “On approval of technical regulations on the safety of machinery and equipment”, but in Technical Regulations of the Customs Union TR CU 010/2011, and then in , he received a slightly different status.
The definition remains the same and is set out in Article 2 of TR CU 010/2011 (or Article 4 of TR CU 032/2013):
« OB" - a document containing a risk analysis, as well as information from design, operational, and technological documentation on the minimum necessary safety measures accompanying machines and (or) equipment(hereinafter referred to as simply cars) at all stages of the life cycle and supplemented by information on the results of risk assessment at the operation stage after a major overhaul.
In accordance with paragraph 7 of Article 4 of TR CU 010/2011 When developing (designing) a machine and (or) equipment, a safety justification must be developed. The original safety justification for machines and (or) equipment is kept by the developer (designer), and a copy is kept by the manufacturer of machines and (or) equipment and the organization operating the machines and (or) equipment.
Similar requirements are present in TR CU 032/2013 (see Article 25) with minor amendments: according to Article 16, the safety justification refers to the technical documentation attached to the equipment.
In accordance with paragraph 17 of Article 5 of TR CU 010/2011 for repaired machines and (or) equipment that do not meet the requirements of design (construction) documentation, measures must be developed to ensure the risk values established in the safety justification, taking into account the technological processes and control systems adopted in the organization.
In contrast to the already inactive Russian regulations, when confirming the conformity of machines and (or) equipment (in the form or) the applicant prepares a set of documents for machines and (or) equipment confirming compliance with the safety requirements of the technical regulations, which includes a safety justification. Those. if the applicant wants to receive a document confirming product compliance with the requirements of TR CU 010/2011 or TR CU 032/2013, he will have to submit a safety justification to the Certification Body. Here is the answer to the question WHY, again from the point of view of confirming compliance.
Although it can be assumed that this document can serve as a good argument in disputes between the designer, manufacturer and owner of the machines.
And here we come close to the question HOW. While there was no document in the Russian Federation that would impose any requirements on OB, we recommended that our customers take as a basis the definition of OB from the regulations and the list of documents specified in Annex VII of Directive 2006/42/EC “On Machinery”.
We do not aim to compare the OB with the technical file given in application VII Directive 2006/42/EC. Let’s just make a reservation that a technical file is an analogue of an OB, and, based on our experience, most often it resembles a “hodgepodge” of documents of different formats. Perhaps only the Germans present this document in a beautiful and readable form.
But since 06/01/2012 the situation has changed radically. In Russia, GOST R 54122-2010 “Safety of machinery and equipment. Requirements for the safety justification”, which establishes the rules for the construction, presentation, and execution of safety statements. This standard, by Order of Rosstandart dated August 20, 2010 No. 3108, was included in absentia in the List of documents in the field of standardization, as a result of which, on a voluntary basis, compliance with the requirements of the technical regulations “On the safety of machinery and equipment” is ensured. Currently, Rosstandart Order No. 3108 has been cancelled, but the standard is valid in the Russian Federation, and we hope that it will be included in the List of standards to TR CU 010/2011.
![]() |
According to GOST R 54122-2010, OB is a document that is developed by the designer (manufacturer) for machines and (or) equipment. It is allowed to develop one OB for several models/modifications of machines and (or) equipment. GOST R 54122-2010 distinguishes between a short OB and a full OB, which differ in the degree of detail. The short statement is of a declarative nature and is used to confirm product conformity. A full OB, unlike a short one, includes the results of all calculations and tests, a full set of design and operational documentation and is used when carrying out control and supervision procedures.
Obviously, the rules for registering OB classify it as design documentation, therefore this document is interconnected with other documents, such as calculations, drawings, passports, and operation manuals. Therefore, the OB must be developed by the designer in parallel with the rest of the documentation. And while working on the OB, you should always check the operating manual and make changes there if necessary.
References to various documents (OB of other machines, specifications, standards, etc.) are allowed in the OB, provided that they fully and unambiguously define the relevant requirements and do not cause difficulties in using the OB. In this case, they should be listed in the “Referenced normative documents” section.
- basic parameters and characteristics of the machine and (or) equipment;
- general approach to ensuring safety when designing a machine and (or) equipment;
- requirements for the reliability of the machine and (or) equipment;
- requirements for personnel/user of the machine and (or) equipment;
- safety requirements when commissioning a machine and (or) equipment;
- requirements for safety management during operation of the machine and (or) equipment;
- requirements for quality management during the operation of machines and (or) equipment;
- requirements for environmental protection management during commissioning, operation and disposal of machinery and (or) equipment;
- requirements for the collection and analysis of safety information during commissioning, operation and disposal of machines and (or) equipment;
- safety requirements when disposing of a machine and (or) equipment.
The composition of the AB sections and their content are determined by the developer in accordance with the characteristics of the product.
If necessary, OB, depending on the type and purpose of the MO, can be supplemented with other sections (subsections) or they may not include individual sections (subsections), or individual sections (subsections) can be combined into one.
We will not rewrite the entire standard here. Let's just try to pay attention to some points.
Introduction
In this section you should answer the questions asked in paragraph 6.1 of GOST R 54122-2010.
Main parameters and characteristics of the machine and (or) equipment
When filling out this section, you should use information from the technical specifications, machine passport, etc. For developers of so-called “regulated” products it is a little easier, because The passport forms according to the Rostechnadzor Rules contain all the information specified in paragraph 6.2 of GOST R 54122-2010.
General principles for ensuring the safety of the machine and (or) equipment
This section (see paragraph 6.3 of GOST R 54122-2010) should describe the general measures taken by the designer to implement safety principles. Let's say in advance that this section is difficult, so we will give some examples.
For example, to implement the principles of passive safety:
- indicate documents that clearly define the scope of application of the machine;
- indicate the calculations made;
- indicate constructive measures to implement the principles of passive safety (for example, that the work area and load capacity are limited, blocking is provided, specific safety devices are used, etc.);
- list measures to warn the consumer about the remaining risk.
- indicate the principles for selecting individual elements and components (for example, taking into account the content of harmful substances in the air, the level of noise emitted into space, the level of electromagnetic radiation, etc.).
- determine the maximum permissible level of external noise from the operation of the machine and refer to the corresponding measurement protocol.
- give instructions on the replacement and disposal of fuels and lubricants, acids and other harmful substances.
For example, to implement the principles of environmental safety by the manufacturer:
To take into account the unacceptable risk during operation, it is necessary to provide information about the equipment of the machine with a load limiter (maximum load and moment. It is necessary to give warnings about the inadmissibility of misuse, for example: a crane cannot be used for lifting people, a hoist cannot be used as a crane or vehicle, etc. P.
To implement the principles of ergonomics, it is necessary to indicate the features of the choice and location of the machine control system, the size and level of illumination of the workplace.
It is necessary to indicate that when working at height, personnel must use safety belts (seat belts), and indicate the locations of their attachment. When performing some work, you should use safety glasses, helmets, etc.
When using liquids used in the machine, you need to take into account the risks when filling, using, reclaiming, disposing, etc.
Here it is important to differentiate responsibilities between the designer, manufacturer and consumer. Obviously, the consumer will be responsible for using measures to reduce the remaining risks. For reliable long-term operation of the machine, it is important that safety measures are simple and do not interfere with the work process. Otherwise, any misunderstanding may result in the risk of improper operation of the machine.
In the case of using components that are subject to TR CU 010/2011, we recommend using the OB of their manufacturers (in accordance with the same article 4 of TR CU), calculations (if available). This will greatly facilitate the preparation of ABs for manufacturers who are simply assembling machines from purchased components. For example, in the case of assembling a lift from working equipment from one manufacturer and a vehicle from another manufacturer. In this case, the OB for the equipment and the vehicle is provided, and then the OB is compiled for the finished car, which will be much smaller in volume if it were developed from scratch.
Requirements for the reliability of the machine and (or) equipment
Along with the information that must be indicated in accordance with paragraph 6.4 of GOST R 54122-2010, we recommend providing some data from calculations, classification groups of lifting machines and mechanisms, etc.
It is necessary to highlight the moment at which the machine is sent for major repairs. It is necessary to clarify the condition in which further operation of the machine without major repairs is impossible. We recommend describing the signs of the limiting state of the machine and its components, at which they should be sent for major repairs.
Measures to ensure reliability should be specified, for example: individual control circuits can be duplicated, the owner must carry out regular maintenance work and technical inspection. Specify that maintenance personnel must be trained and certified.
You can clarify that only original spare parts should be installed and only in specialized service centers, provide a list of recommended oils and lubricants that ensure operation of the machine at different temperatures.
It is necessary to pay attention to the use of only verified measuring instruments and certified testing equipment.
Some of these requirements should be given in the operating manual.
Requirements for personnel/user of the machine and (or) equipment
In this section you should answer the questions asked in paragraph 6.5 of GOST R 54122-2010.
For example, it can be determined that the operator, crane operator, driver of dangerous machines must be at least 18 years old, be trained and certified in the manner prescribed by law. In certain cases, they must have a certificate in the prescribed form with a photograph, which indicates the type of work or machine that they are authorized to operate.
These requirements, including responsibilities, rights and obligations, must also be set out in the operating manual.
Risk analysis of the application (use) of machines and (or) equipment
Clause 6.6 of GOST R 54122-2010 provides the basic requirements for the content of this section. Carrying out this analysis can take most of the time of compiling not only the OB but also the development of all documentation, since risk analysis at the initial design stage can make significant changes to the final appearance of the machine (equipment).
What's happened ? This is a study at the preliminary design stage of the technical requirements for a machine, when the designer must actually describe everything “bad” that can happen to the machine at all stages of the life cycle (from the beginning of the design of the machine to its disposal), determine how often this can all happen, and what consequences this will cause, in other words - to identify the hazards.
Then the designer must decide by what methods to eliminate or at least minimize this “bad”, and, taking this into account, introduce corrective and protective measures into the project. After taking protective measures, it may happen that part of the risk of a hazardous situation remains. This can be solved by notifying the user (owner) about this, for example: using warning stickers, plates, indicating, including in the operational documentation, mandatory maintenance or inspection, etc.
Here I would like to note that risk analysis is carried out on the basis of generalized experience and the achieved level of knowledge, i.e. It is not forbidden to use not only standards or guidelines, but also scientific works and calculations. Don't be afraid of the terms - quantitative and qualitative risk analysis. Believe me, if you start assessing the risks of machines and equipment, you will come to any single or combined method yourself. The most difficult thing, as it turned out, was to prepare the documentation correctly.
The standards GOST R ISO 13849-1 and GOST ISO 12100-2013 well outline the theory, have definitions, and provide several examples.
We recommend that you first pay attention to such a standard as GOST R 53387-2009 “Elevators, escalators and passenger conveyors. Methodology for risk analysis and reduction.” As the title suggests, it contains examples mainly related to the analysis of risks for people in elevators, escalators and passenger conveyors. However, the risk analysis procedures proposed in this standard can also be used to analyze other types of risks, such as risks of damage to property or the environment.
Then you can return to the above standards. They list the types of hazards and the events leading to these hazards. When analyzing risks, you should highlight the hazards that can arise with this machine at all stages of its operation, and then provide various measures to reduce these hazards to zero, or, in extreme cases, to a minimum.
In standards authentic to the European standards of the new type (for example: GOST R 53037-2008 “Mobile lifts with working platforms - Design calculations, safety requirements, tests”, STB EN 12158-1-2008 “Construction cargo lifts. Part 1. Lifts with accessible platform”, etc.), hazardous factors are identified using a risk assessment procedure and presented in the form of tables. These standards also contain specific technical solutions to implement safety requirements, which is much more convenient when designing machines.
The approach used in the SSBT series of standards, as well as in special standards issued back in the 1980s, was completely different, so it may take longer to identify hazards. We recommend using European standards as a “cheat sheet” (for example: EN 14439-2009 for tower cranes, EN 12999-2009 for loader cranes, EN 13000-2010 for jib cranes), not forgetting the specifics of domestic standards.
In a separate section, we tried to give several examples of various solutions for compiling a risk analysis.
Safety requirements when commissioning the machine
In accordance with GOST 25866-83 “Operation of equipment. Terms and definitions “commissioning” is an event that records the readiness of a product for its intended use, documented in the prescribed manner. Moreover, for special types of equipment, commissioning additionally includes preparatory work, control, acceptance and assignment of the product to the operating department.”
In accordance with paragraph 6.7 of GOST R 54122, this section provides information on the organization, volume, sequence and timing of adjustment work and testing carried out during commissioning of a machine or equipment for all elements important to safety.
For example, it is MANDATORY to specify that operating personnel carefully study the Operation Manual before commissioning. You can add any other instructions, for example: prohibited operations, operating restrictions.
The main activities during commissioning depend on the characteristics of the machine, and may include:
- installing the machine in a place convenient for work, checking the bearing capacity of the soil or foundation;
- turning on interlocks or stoppers;
- features of installation and alignment in various planes;
- ensuring sufficient lighting of the work area;
- features of machine control;
- features of the completion of work (for example, lowering the crane boom and folding it into the transport position).
As a rule, it is necessary to specify that the machine must be tested to a certain extent before being put into service for the first time, and then periodically. The test program or scope must also be given in the Operation Manual and be understandable to the consumer. The locations for recording inspections and tests should be indicated, drawing the consumer's attention to possible sanctions in the event of their absence. For example, a manufacturer may void a consumer's warranty if commissioning records are missing.
Requirements for safety management when operating a machine and (or) equipment
In this section you should answer the questions asked in paragraph 6.8 of GOST R 54122-2010.
Basic requirements for operating safety management should also be given in the Operation Manual. It can be:
- instructions for organizing safe work for the machine owner;
- a list of safety instructions that must be studied by operating personnel along with the instructions in the operating manual;
- special requirements for personnel;
- a warning to the owner that before starting work, information about the explosion or fire hazard of the environment should be obtained;
- environmental parameters that can lead to an emergency, as well as actions in the event of an emergency;
- measures to reduce risks when installing the machine on different bases, when working near power lines, to prevent environmental pollution during operation of the machine;
- instructions for periodic inspection, maintenance and repair, etc.
Requirements for quality management to ensure safety during operation of machines and (or) equipment
In this section you should answer the questions asked in paragraph 6.9 of GOST R 54122-2010.
Basic requirements for quality management to ensure operational safety should also be given in the Operation Manual. It can be:
- instructions for organizing work by the owner of the lift, aimed at ensuring the quality of work during operation of the lift;
- minimum required qualification requirements for workers;
- instructions on the need to fill out specific forms in the Passport during operation of the machine;
- a list of regular checks during machine maintenance and inspections;
- instructions on the need to use only verified measuring instruments and certified test weights when carrying out maintenance;
- instructions on the need to identify faulty safety devices and replace them in a timely manner, etc.
Requirements for environmental protection management during commissioning, operation and disposal of machinery and (or) equipment
In this section you should answer the questions asked in paragraph 6.10 of GOST R 54122-2010.
Environmental protection measures for commissioning, operation and disposal must also be given in the Operating Instructions. These could be specific:
- instructions on the need to prevent pollutants from entering the soil;
- information about the need to dispose of oils, paint, lamps, acid, batteries in the manner prescribed by law;
- measures of responsibility of operating personnel to ensure environmental safety.
Requirements for the collection and analysis of safety information during commissioning, operation and disposal of machines and (or) equipment
In this section you should answer the questions asked in paragraph 6.11 of GOST R 54122-2010.
In addition, we recommend placing in the operational documentation a feedback form with the consumer, as well as instructions prohibiting modernization, modification, or special repairs (for example, using welding) without agreement with the manufacturer or designer.
Safety requirements for disposal of machinery and equipment
In this section you should answer the questions asked in paragraph 6.12 of GOST R 54122-2010.
Additionally, the developer must, if necessary, provide instructions that the machine must be disassembled and the parts sorted before being sent for disposal.
The developer must provide a list of materials used in the machine, which during disposal may lead to risks:
- metals: structures and mechanisms.
- plastics: gaskets, belts, insulation.
- electrical products: windings, solenoid valves, etc.
- oils and lubricants.
The designer may remind the consumer that when disassembling and disposing of machine components, general safety regulations should be observed, and personnel carrying out disposal work should use appropriate personal protective equipment.
We hope that the information provided in this article will help you navigate the issues raised by the GOST R 54122-2010 standard. The examples we have given are not absolute answers, but serve only for the convenience of understanding the content of a particular section.
We also draw attention to the absence in the regulatory documentation of requirements for the need to translate the safety justification into Russian. Obviously, it is a document created in the language of the designer (possibly the manufacturer). However, we recommend that in this case, adding an explanatory note in Russian or in the language of the State of the Customs Union to the technical file or justification, if required by law. Such a note can provide a list of references to the above technical solutions and instructions.
About Us
We also offer the following types of services
You can ask a question in a way convenient for you, for example, by calling or sending a request by email, and our specialists will give you an answer shortlyThe economic justification is the reason that motivates an organization to undertake a specific project. This concept includes consideration of the benefits that the enterprise will receive as a result of the project. In addition, the business case examines various alternatives and also analyzes the project from a financial and economic point of view. The latter allows you to assess the investment attractiveness of the project. How to write a business case? An example is in this material.
The essence of the concept
The economic justification is reminiscent of the analysis that we conduct when planning some kind of serious purchase. For example, your own car. Let's assume that we can allocate 35 thousand US dollars from the family budget for this purchase. The first step is to find out which automobile concerns produce cars of the class we are interested in. Then we determine the main technical characteristics and agree on the final price with the company that sells these products. But that's not all. How to write a business case? An example in the matter of choosing a payment scheme.
At the same time, there may be another situation when the buyer is primarily interested in the total amount that will have to be paid for a new car. This is especially true in a situation where the final price is affected by the amount of interest if we are talking about buying on credit. In this case, it is advisable to choose the option that provides the lowest interest rate. Another way is to look for an offer with the lowest monthly payment. Such an acquisition will allow you to stretch out payments for as long as possible. At the same time, the monthly amount of such a payment will not hit your pocket too much. When carrying out a financial and economic feasibility study, attention is paid to similar aspects.
Components of a business case
There are no clear rules for documenting a business case. Its main task, as in the case of a feasibility study of a project, is to determine the material or intangible results of its implementation. Tangible results mean those that can be measured.
Below is a list that gives an idea of those material components that are important in the process of preparing the financial and economic feasibility study of the project. It would be useful to say that not all of them require mandatory documentation. The need to record them on paper depends on the complexity of the project, cost and number of risks for the enterprise.
Material elements of the business case
So, the main tangible components of the business case include savings, cost reduction, the likelihood of generating ancillary income, an increase in the enterprise's market share, customer satisfaction and cash flow assessment. In addition to the material components of the business case, it must also contain intangible components.
Intangible elements of the business case
These may include probable, but not pre-planned, company costs. Among the main intangible elements of the business case are transition costs, operating costs, transformation of business processes, as well as reorganization affecting company employees. In addition, the intangible components of the business case include recurring benefits. How else can you write a business case? Example below.
Other components of the business case
It should be emphasized that along with the benefits and assessment of cash flow in the EO, it is necessary to pay attention to alternative approaches and methods for implementing a specific project in practice. How to write a business case? An example in the following situation.
It is known that there are a large number of manufacturers of different products on the market. However, each of them sets its own price for its own products. What to choose? An option that is a turnkey solution costing $2 million. Or an alternative solution that involves partial purchasing from a third-party manufacturer and, to some extent, using its own resources?
In fact, aspects of precisely this nature often have to be considered when drawing up an economic feasibility study for an enterprise. Any of the proposed options must include the previously listed tangible and intangible components. At the end of the business case, proposals and conclusions must be stated. In addition, you can add additional materials to it.
There is a common misconception that a feasibility study is nothing more than a condensed version of a business plan with a significantly reduced or missing marketing section. This is actually not true. What then is a feasibility study for a project? An example in this article.
The essence of the term
A feasibility study, or feasibility study, is a printed confirmation of the technical viability of a project and its feasibility from an economic point of view. This formulation seems logically complete and understandable. A feasibility study is an idea reflected on paper.
For clarity, the term “business plan” can also be defined. A business plan is a detailed document containing the following information: who will implement the project and with what tools, in what period of time and in what markets the goods or services will then be presented. At the same time, a feasibility study is a component of a business plan, since the implementation of any project is preceded by its technical and economic assessment. In other words, if a feasibility study is a document that contains a business plan, it is a step-by-step plan for its implementation.
When creating a feasibility study for the construction of an enterprise, it is necessary to take care of its maintenance. This will be the basis of the project. The content of a feasibility study usually includes the following items: name, project goals, basic information about the project, economic justification, additional data and applications. In this case, the economic justification is supported by subparagraphs, namely: the cost of the project, calculation of the expected profit, as well as economic efficiency indices.
The given content of the feasibility study for production is indicative and includes only the main sections. If they are not enough, then you can use other additional ones that will help in the implementation of the project.
Title and goals
The title should be short but informative. In addition, an attractively formulated title of the feasibility study of the project will help to hook the investor. Example - “Center for Precision Instrumentation”. The purpose of the project should also be stated concisely. The main goal of these two parts of the feasibility study sample is to make a good impression and interest the investor. Too much text can discourage you from reading the project.
Basic information. Project cost
A feasibility study of a project, an example of which includes the types of activities of the company, as well as a list of manufactured products, is considered successful. In addition, a description of production capabilities and planned production volumes must be included in the basic information. The section on the cost of implementation should contain a list of works that will be required to complete the project, as well as their cost.
Next, you should indicate the expected amount of income and expenses, provided that the project enterprise will operate at the planned load. Based on this data, profit is calculated. It should be noted here that depreciation deductions should be a separate item. Investors often regard this indicator as one of the sources of profit.
A feasibility study of a project, an example of which includes the main indicators of investment efficiency, is competent. These include the amount of investment, net profit for the year, internal rate of return (IRR), (NPV), payback period of the project and BEP for the year - break-even point.
Additional information and applications
The additional information section should include any materials that will help enhance the impression of the project and highlight its positive and beneficial aspects. In addition, such information should be aimed at revealing the main objectives of the project, as well as emphasizing its economic efficiency and benefits for the investor. Additional information, also appropriately formatted, will add weight and solidity to the project. In addition, these materials will not overload the main points of the feasibility study, as they are presented in a separate section. But at the same time, it should be emphasized that there is no place for unhelpful information here. Any information and data must be of value to the investor.
In conclusion, I would like to remind you that a good and competent example of a feasibility study is a document that is concise and specific. The main idea should be clearly understood from it. A feasibility study does not require a detailed description of the project implementation process itself, but is intended only to attract the attention of the investor. But after achieving this goal, you will need a business plan.
Work on any dissertation begins with identifying the topic. The task is not difficult. It is necessary to determine the scope of one’s own scientific interests, compare it with existing abstracts of scientists and find some unique subject of research or give a new meaning to the problems already covered by other authors. The chosen topic must be discussed with the supervisor, and the importance and necessity of the issue under study must be justified at a meeting of the leading department.
What is justification for a dissertation topic?
Justification of the subject of the candidate's thesis is a document that represents the basic basis for all qualifying work. It is from this moment that work on the research begins.
A formal approach to justification will not lead to the desired result.
But careful preparation of the rationale for the topic will allow the researcher to better understand the issue under study, as well as predict the results of his work.
This document is required for admission to graduate school. The topic of scientific work of an already admitted graduate student must be approved by the leading department, and then by the Academic Council of the university. The corresponding mark of the Academic Council will appear in the individual study plan of the graduate student.
How to justify a dissertation topic
You should only work on the main issue of a PhD thesis together with your supervisor. It is he who will tell you which issues will be more advantageous in the defense, from what angle it is worth considering this or that scientific issue.
Before meeting with your supervisor, try to research existing scientific research.
Pay attention not only to Russian sources, but also foreign ones. Find weaknesses in the study of the chosen issue, think of what new things you can say on this topic. All these points must be reflected in the justification of the dissertation work.
Stages of substantiating the dissertation topic
The topic of scientific work must be justified according to a certain template. This document should contain the following parameters:
topic formulation,
- its relevance,
- goals and objectives of the study,
- supposed novelty
- and practical significance.
Theme formulation
The success of future qualifying work depends on proper formulation. It cannot be expressed in free form; it must meet the requirements of the Passport of Specialties of the Higher Attestation Commission and clearly reflect the promising content of the candidate’s thesis. The initial formulation of the topic may be changed during the research process.
Relevance of the topic
The topic should not only be clearly formulated, but also relevant and meet the needs of the time. In other words, the applicant must clearly understand whether there is a demand for scientific study of the problems he proposes. Thus, it is imperative to emphasize the relevance of the issue under study.
Determining the purpose and objectives of the study
The document should also reflect the purpose and objectives of the study. There can be only one goal, and it must follow from the topic and relevance. The definition of the goal contains the answer to the question: how exactly will the problems of qualification research be solved? Objectives are specific steps that will allow you to achieve a designated goal.
Supposed novelty of the study
Another important parameter is scientific novelty. At this stage, it is necessary to outline what unique results the author plans to achieve and using what non-standard methods.
Intended practical relevance
In terms of practical significance, it is necessary to justify what applied problems this research can solve, how it can be useful in the real activities of enterprises and institutions. This block in the document should show that the candidate’s thesis is not exclusively theoretical in nature.
Sample substantiation of the topic of a candidate's dissertation
There are several examples of justification for qualifying work. Most of them will be built using a standard template.
The sample is filled out by the applicant and signed by him and the supervisor. Then the main research question is submitted to a meeting of the department to which the future candidate of science is attached.
After discussion among the teaching staff, the topic may be adjusted and changes may be made to the rationale.
The completed document is submitted to the rector of the educational institution for approval. The given example is not universal; it is best to prepare the document according to the template that exists at the applicant’s department.
Sample "Substantiation of the topic of the candidate's dissertation" Siberian State University of Physical Culture
Rationale
PhD dissertation topics
«_____________________________________»
topic name
Speciality: __.__.__ - ___________________________________________.
(example: 13.00.08 “Theory and methodology of vocational education”)
Performer: graduate student/applicant of __ year of full-time/part-time study ___________________________________________________________________.
(Full name (full)
Scientific adviser: _____________________________________________.
(academic degree, title, full name)
The relevance of research:
Research problem:
Object of study:
Subject of study:
Research hypothesis:
Purpose of the study:
Research objectives:
Methodological basis of the study:
Research methods:
Organization of the study:
Scientific novelty of the research:
Theoretical significance of the study:
Practical significance of the study:
Artist's signature:
Scientific supervisor's signature:
An example of justification for a doctoral dissertation topic
For a doctoral thesis, the topics are based on a similar example as for a candidate’s thesis. The template may also include such parameters as the object and subject of research, methods and stages of work, as well as planned publications.
How to write a feasibility study (TES)? Yes, it’s elementary, you just need to open GOST 24.202-80 System of technical documentation for automated control systems. Requirements for the content of the document “”, even though it is not valid in the Russian Federation, and then stupidly and formally follow the text, since any full-fledged replacement for it (most likely) does not exist, but no one has yet canceled the feasibility studies. It’s better this way than to use all sorts of gags as a feasibility study. Revision dated June 20, 2018.
How to write a feasibility study (TES)?
Created 12/19/2016 13:08:53
The lack of a full-fledged replacement for many Soviet standards that have ceased to apply is, to put it mildly, sabotage from the outside. So, for example, GOST 22352-77 Manufacturer's guarantees. Establishment and calculation of warranty periods in standards and technical specifications. General provisions have also lost force in the Russian Federation. So what should developers do, since no one has canceled warranty obligations, as well as feasibility studies?! Only use those that have lost their validity, But without mentioning them directly in the texts of the documents being developed .
But let's return to the topic and open GOST 24.202, starting with the general provisions. According to clause 1.1 of GOST 24.202-80, the document “Feasibility Study for the Creation of an ACS” (Feasibility Study of an ACS) is intended to substantiate the production and economic necessity and technical and economic feasibility of creating or developing an ACS (hereinafter referred to as the creation of an ACS).
Thus, the purpose of the document becomes more than obvious. For specifics, it makes sense to turn to electronic document management systems, which include almost any, be it accounting, personnel records and the like. It is absolutely clear that accounting in its classic “paper” form is not very effective - this is when aunties with fat asses or men in armbands rush around, passing them to each other, filling out a bunch of all kinds of accounting journals, doing a lot of work and creating a complete organizational confusion.
As we indicated in previous articles, any organizational problems must be solved (technically, through automation, thereby reducing the share of manual labor) - this is the production and economic necessity. Now about the technical and economic: any competent and intelligent automation of any activity always leads to an increase in the economic activity of this activity, minus, of course, all kinds of costs. It's simple.
Further. According to clause 1.4 of GOST 24.202-80, for newly designed and constructed ones, the initial data necessary for writing a feasibility study for automated control systems is determined on the basis of analogous objects. It is now fashionable to call analogue objects; their analysis is necessary, since it is always easier to create something not from scratch, but on the basis of existing experience, domestic and (or) foreign.
And finally, one should not be embarrassed that GOST 24.202-80 is talking about a feasibility study for the creation ACS. An automated control system is just one of the subtypes, so a feasibility study on an automated control system is quite applicable to any automated system.
On the composition and content of a feasibility study (TES)
According to clause 2.1 of GOST 24.202-80, the ACS feasibility study document must contain the following sections:
- introduction;
- characteristics of the facility and the existing management system;
- , criteria and limitations for creating an automated control system;
- and the created automated control system;
- expected technical and economic results of creating an automated control system;
- conclusions and offers.
What might not be obvious about this requirement? Yes, everything is obvious, you just need to create the sections listed above, and in the 1st level style, if someone else uses Word. Style, by the way, is defined differently by different standards - and here it is.
Basis for the work (to develop a feasibility study - feasibility study)
Basis for carrying out work (to develop a feasibility study - feasibility study) - what should I write here? The grounds for carrying out work can be different: an order during the work, an agreement with the customer, documents, an operational and technical note and much more. Delete what is unnecessary.
Name of the customer organization (feasibility study - feasibility study)
Name of the customer organization (feasibility study - feasibility study) - if there is one. If the development is carried out proactively, then the customer will most likely be the top management of the performing enterprise (or the management of some related division of the same enterprise).
Name of organizations participating in the work (for the development of a feasibility study)
The names of the organizations participating in the work (for the development of the feasibility study) - there may be, and all of them must be listed. Well, it is also a participating organization.
Dates for the start and completion of work (for the development of a feasibility study - feasibility study)
The source is either the customer, or the state budget, or the contractor himself - self-financing. Amounts of financing are usually described according to the stages and phases of work (if you have completed a stage or stage, you will receive a piece of financing in a certain amount), which, in fact, constitutes the order of financing.
List of regulatory and technical documents, methodological materials used during the feasibility study - here is a list of standards and guidelines. For any types of automated systems, these will be GOSTs of the 34th complex and (as guidelines), as well.
About reference standards
Reference standards in GOST 34.xxx and RD 50-34.698-90 are not always indicated explicitly. So, for example, in the subsections “Reliability Requirements” and “Safety Requirements” of the technical specifications according to GOST 34.602, they are not indicated, but these subsections should be developed in accordance with GOST 27.xxx and GOST 12.xxx, respectively. But the men don’t know, and that’s why they ask, what should I write in these?!
The subsection “Requirements for software quality” should be developed in accordance with GOST 28195, “Requirements for system diagnostics” - in accordance with GOST 20911.
In other words, any section (subsection, etc.) of the technical specification can and should be “attached” to a corresponding reference standard or set of standards, but this was not done initially, and then the entire set of standards for automated systems from the moment it began to operate so it was never really reviewed (this is from the words of Mr.). This is understandable, the 34th set of standards dates back to 89-90 years of the last century, when Gorbachev’s perestroika mess had practically already led to the collapse of the country and everyone had no time for standardization, to survive...
![](https://i0.wp.com/tdocs.su/sites/all/html/rusdemotivator.jpg)
Characteristics of the facility and existing control system
According to clause 2.3 of GOST 24.202-80, the section “Characteristics of the facility and the existing control system” must contain:
- general characteristics of the object;
- characteristics of production and economic activities, organizational and object;
- characteristics of the existing management system and its structural ones, indicating the distribution of management functions between elements;
- characteristics, used and controls;
- list and description of shortcomings in the organization and management of the facility (in management methods, organizational structure of management, performance of management functions, provision of information, etc.);
- assessment of production losses arising from shortcomings in the organization and management of the facility as a whole and its parts (deterioration in the technical, economic and social performance indicators of the facility and its parts);
- characterization of the facility’s readiness to create an automated control system.
Note - For objects with developed automated control systems, the section provides characteristics of automated and non-automated parts of the existing control system.
We still stupidly and formally create the corresponding subsections by copying, not forgetting to correctly “inflect and conjugate” them.
General characteristics of the object
General characteristics of the object - regarding the general characteristics of the object, one can at least fill Solovyov. The smartest thing to do is go to the customer’s official website and copy from there the “About the Company” section or something similar in meaning. Here's a simple example:
Gazprom Dobycha Somewhere There LLC is a powerful, highly profitable company whose activities include:
- search and exploration of new oil and gas deposits;
- intensification of existing fields;
- gas, condensate, oil production;
- preparation of hydrocarbon raw materials;
- provision of services for the preparation of raw materials from third party suppliers;
- transportation of gas, condensate, oil and their preparation products;
- providing the region with gas and liquid fuel;
- ensuring industrial and environmental safety during the operation of hazardous production facilities;
- environmental monitoring.
LLC Gazprom Dobycha is somewhere there produces highly liquid competitive products:
- dry gas;
- liquefied gas;
- stable condensate with oil;
- wide fraction of light hydrocarbons;
- technical propane-butane;
- ethane;
- helium (gaseous, liquid);
- odorant;
- sulfur (liquid, lump, granular);
- liquid oxygen;
- a liquid nitrogen".
And in that spirit.
Characteristics of production and economic activities, organizational and production structure of the facility - this is more difficult. To characterize all of the above, you should open the material and With special attention refer to steps 1.1 and 2.1. In fact, this is a pre-project survey, which was described in the article.
They will tell you reluctantly and confusingly about organizational and economic activities in terms of their current state, but they will tell you. Let's assume everything is about the same document flow. About the organizational structure of the object - perhaps, but at the level of the organizational structure of the organization, about vertical and horizontal connections between departments.
But they may remain silent about the production structure. During a survey of one energy supply organization, information was required about the layout of underground power cable networks linked to a map of the area, but this information was immediately refused because it was simply secret. The example may not be very successful, but it reflects the essence.
Characteristics of the existing management system and its structural elements, indicating the distribution of management functions between elements of the organizational structure
Characteristics of the existing management system and its structural elements, indicating the distribution of management functions between elements of the organizational structure - this subsection largely repeats the previous one.
Characteristics of control functions, methods and controls used
Characteristics of management functions, methods and controls used - this too, but just at a more detailed level. All this is outlined based on the results of the pre-project survey. This point and both previous ones are “three boots - a pair”.
List and characteristics of shortcomings in the organization and management of the facility (in management methods, organizational management structure, performance of management functions, provision of information, etc.)
List and characteristics of shortcomings in the organization and management of an object (in management methods, organizational structure of management, performance of management functions, provision of information, etc.) - you can talk about these correct things a lot and for a long time
About the shortcomings of the organization - who remembers during O but you had to stand in line for the sausage until the seller weighed it and announced the price, then, already knowing the price, stand in line at the cash register and punch the receipt, and then return to the counter with the receipt and pick up your sausage. Or what happened in all kinds of communal organizations before the introduction of “one (single) window” - you had to queue for each piece of paper in each separate window, and then in others in order to pass this piece of paper there and receive another.
In this subsection it is necessary to describe all the nonsense that is taking place at the present time, and we are all ready to criticize
Separately about providing information. Under the Union, more or less serious organizations always had a BNTI bureau. And even departments - ONTI. What they did: they sent out paper cards to department heads containing the topic of the department or a specific leader. This was not very effective, since it was carried out manually according to formal characteristics - and not according to semantic content - this became possible relatively recently with the advent of powerful automated ones.
Assessment of production losses arising due to shortcomings in the organization and management of the facility as a whole and its parts (deterioration of the technical, economic and social performance indicators of the facility and its parts) - let’s take as an example the queue at the cash registers at Shesterochka or other similar establishments. People are shocked and angry when only two out of ten cash registers are open; many simply abandon their baskets or carts and leave without purchasing anything. Direct losses - reduction in sales volumes and revenue, i.e. economic indicators. And social ones too - an angry customer leaves with the thought “I wish I could come here again...”. The image of the organization is lost and the “loyalty” of customers decreases.
Characteristics of the facility’s readiness for the creation of an automated control system
Characteristics of the facility’s readiness for the creation of an automated control system - there must be some initial prerequisites that simplify the creation and implementation of an automated control system at the facility. If, for example, the facility has a local network, wired or wireless, then the facility is MORE ready, and if not, then LESS
There is a staff of personnel capable of operating the NPP - MORE ready, no - LESS ready. And so on.
Goals, criteria and limitations of creating an automated control system
According to clause 2.4 of GOST 24.202-80, the section “Goals, criteria and limitations of creating an automated control system” must contain:
- formulation of production, economic, scientific, technical and economic criteria for creating an automated control system;
- characterization of restrictions on the creation of automated control systems.
Note - The goals and criteria for creating an automated control system must be specified in the form of changes to the corresponding ones.
Formulation of production, economic, scientific, technical and economic goals and criteria for creating an automated control system
The formulation of production, economic, scientific, technical and economic goals and criteria for creating an automated control system - we won’t bother about goals, we’ll give a link to one of the previous articles, everything is clearly described in it and there is no point in repeating it. With the criteria, everything is also obvious, this is a Ratio that characterizes the degree of achievement and takes different numbers depending on the influences used on or specific results of activity [from clause 6 adj. 1 GOST 34.003-90].
Characteristics of restrictions on the creation of automated control systems
Characteristics of restrictions on the creation of an automated control system - for example, the estimate for a banquet on the occasion of the coordination and approval of a feasibility study should not exceed such and such an amount. What not limitation? Those. decrease from such and such an amount to another amount - and this is already changes values of the corresponding indicators .
Functions and tasks of the created automated control system in the feasibility study (TES)
According to clause 2.5 of GOST 24.202-80, the section “Functions and tasks of the created automated control system” must contain:
- justification for choosing a list of functions and sets of management tasks (tasks), indicating implementation;
- requirements for the characteristics of the implementation of management functions and tasks in accordance with current regulatory and technical documents that define the general technical requirements for a specific type of automated control system;
- additional requirements for the automated control system as a whole and its parts, taking into account the specifics of the control object and the created automated control system.
We continue to act in the spirit of detail, see
Justification for choosing a list of automated functions and sets of management tasks (tasks), indicating the priority of implementation
Justification for choosing a list of automated functions and sets of management tasks (tasks), indicating the priority of implementation - here we need to return to other topics. Characteristics of production and economic activities, the organizational and production structure of the facility and the underlying ones, they all tell what is bad and where, so the list of everything that needs to be automated immediately becomes clear.
Regarding the order of implementation, see.
Requirements for the characteristics of the implementation of management functions and tasks in accordance with current regulatory and technical documents that define the general technical requirements for a specific type of automated control system
Requirements for the characteristics of the implementation of management functions and tasks in accordance with the current regulatory and technical documents defining the general technical requirements for an automated control system of a particular type are nothing new, see the List of regulatory and technical documents, methodological materials used during the feasibility study.
Additional requirements for the automated control system as a whole and its parts, taking into account the specifics of the control object and the created automated control system
Additional requirements for the automated control system as a whole and its parts, taking into account the specifics of the control object and the created automated control system - for example, an automated system -. You can safely add something about it and measures to maintain secrecy, by.
Expected technical and economic results of creating an automated control system
According to clause 2.6 of GOST 24.202-80, the section “Expected technical and economic results of creating an automated control system” should contain:
- a list of the main sources of economic efficiency obtained as a result of the creation of an automated control system (including production savings, improvement, increase in labor productivity, etc.) and an assessment of expected changes in the main technical, economic and social indicators of the production and economic activity of the facility (for example, indicators for nomenclature and production volumes, product costs, profitability, contributions to economic incentive funds, level of social development);
- assessment of the expected costs of creating an automated control system with their distribution by queues of creating an automated control system and by year;
- expected general indicators of economic efficiency of automated control systems.
Note - The section indicates only those performance indicators of the facility that will undergo changes as a result of the creation of an automated control system.
Comments are probably unnecessary here. Although...
Let's open another Assessment of production losses arising from shortcomings in the organization and management of the facility as a whole and its parts (deterioration in the technical, economic and social performance indicators of the facility and its parts). How much does turnover decrease if only two cash registers out of ten are working? Economic losses? Undoubtedly! This is also the expiration of the shelf life of products (with their subsequent disposal), excessive loading of storage facilities - and they must be emptied quite quickly - the goods must fly away as quickly as possible.
Conclusions and offers
According to clause 2.7 of GOST 24.202-80, the “Conclusions and Suggestions” section should consist of the following subsections:
- conclusions about the production and economic necessity and technical and economic feasibility of creating an automated control system;
- proposals for improving organization and management;
- recommendations for creating automated control systems.
According to clause 2.7.1 of GOST 24.202-80, the subsection “Conclusions on the production and economic necessity and technical and economic feasibility of creating an automated control system” should contain:
- comparison of the expected results of creating an automated control system with the specified goals and criteria for creating an automated control system (according to target indicators and regulatory requirements);
- a fundamental solution to the issue of creating an automated control system (positive or negative).
It's also simple. Goals are to improve something, and the expected results are such and such. Are we going to be a plus? Great! We are making a positive decision in principle on the issue of creating a nuclear power plant.
According to clause 2.7.2 of GOST 24.202-80, the subsection “Proposals for improving organization and management” should contain proposals:
- to improve production and economic activities;
- to improve the organizational and functional structures of the management system, management methods, to develop types of automated control systems support, etc.
Note - Proposals must be specific and reflect the main directions for improving organization and management.
Everything repeats itself again and again - documentation must turn on themselves Offers for:
- to improve production and economic activities - see Characteristics of production and economic activities, organizational and production structure of the facility;
- to improve the organizational and functional structures of the management system, management methods, to develop types of automated control systems support, etc. - see the same link.
What needs to be done as part of the improvement? Reduce queues at the cash registers, create an electronic document management system so that accountants do not rush around with papers, etc.
According to clause 2.7.3 of GOST 24.202-80, the subsection “Recommendations for creating an automated control system” should contain recommendations:
- by the type of automated control system being created, its compatibility with other automated control systems and the non-automated part of the existing control system;
- on the organizational and functional structure of the created automated control system;
- on the composition and characteristics of subsystems and types of ACS support;
- on organizing the use of existing and purchasing additional computer equipment;
- on the composition of the development organizations that need to be involved in the creation of the automated control system;
- on the rational organization of the development and implementation of automated control systems;
- to determine the main and additional, external and internal sources and types of volumes of financing and material support for the development of automated control systems;
- to ensure production conditions for the creation of automated control systems;
- other recommendations for creating an automated control system.
But here comments are definitely unnecessary.