UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Affairs. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
[Adopted at London November 16, 1945. Amended by the General Conference at the Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth, Fifteenth, Seventeenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-first, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth sessions.]
The Governments of the States Parties to this Charter declare on behalf of their peoples the following:
Thoughts of war arise in people's minds, so the idea of protecting peace should be rooted in people's minds;
Mutual misunderstanding has been throughout human history the cause of suspicion and mistrust between peoples, as a result of which their disagreements have too often led to war;
The terrible world war that has just ended was made possible by the rejection of the democratic principles of respect for the dignity of the human person, equality and mutual respect of people, as well as due to the doctrine of inequality of people and races implanted on the basis of ignorance and prejudice;
The maintenance of human dignity requires the widespread dissemination of culture and education to all people on the basis of justice, freedom and peace; therefore, all peoples have a sacred duty in this regard, which must be fulfilled in a spirit of mutual cooperation;
Peace based only on the economic and political agreements of governments cannot win the unanimous, lasting and sincere support of the people; it must be based on the intellectual and moral solidarity of humanity;
Guided by the above considerations and believing in the need to provide all people with full and equal opportunities for education, the unhindered pursuit of objective truth and the free exchange of thoughts and knowledge, the signatories to this Charter have expressed their firm determination to develop and expand ties between their peoples with a view to mutual understanding and the acquisition of more an accurate and clear understanding of each other's lives.
They therefore create by this act the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for the purpose of gradually achieving, through the cooperation of the peoples of the whole world in the fields of education, science and culture, international peace and the general welfare of mankind, for which purpose the United Nations was established, as it is proclaimed its Charter.
Article 1. Goals and responsibilities
Goals and Responsibilities
1. The Organization sets itself the task of promoting peace and security by expanding the cooperation of peoples in the fields of education, science and culture in the interests of ensuring universal respect for justice, the rule of law and human rights, as well as the fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, for all peoples without differences of race, gender, language or religion.
2. For these purposes, the Organization
a) promotes the rapprochement and mutual understanding of peoples through the use of all media and recommends for this purpose the conclusion of international agreements which it considers useful for the free circulation of ideas by word and image;
b) encourages the development of public education and the dissemination of culture,
cooperating with Member States of the Organization, at their request, in expanding educational activities,
seeking cooperation among peoples for the progressive realization of the ideal of access to education for all, regardless of race, sex or any socio-economic differences,
proposing methods of education most suitable for instilling in the children of the world a sense of the responsibility of a free person;
c) helps preserve, increase and disseminate knowledge,
caring for the preservation and protection of the world heritage of humanity of books, works of art and monuments of historical and scientific significance,
encouraging the cooperation of peoples in all areas of intellectual activity, the international exchange of persons working in the fields of education, science and culture,
as well as the exchange of publications, works of art, laboratory equipment and all useful documentation,
providing various types of international cooperation to all peoples with the opportunity to become familiar with everything that is published in individual countries.
3. In order to ensure to the member states of this Organization the independence, integrity and preservation of the originality of their culture and educational systems, the Organization refuses any interference in matters essentially within the internal competence of these countries.
Article II. Membership
Membership
1. Admission to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is open to States Members of the United Nations.
2. Subject to an agreement concluded between the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the United Nations and approved in accordance with Article X of the present Charter, States not members of the United Nations may, on the proposal of the Executive Council, be admitted into the Organization by its by the General Conference by a two-thirds majority vote.
3. Territories or groups of territories not responsible for the conduct of their external relations may be admitted as Associate Members by the General Conference by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting if such admission is requested for each of the territories or group of territories concerned. that member state or body which is responsible for the conduct of its external relations. The nature and extent of the rights and duties of Associate Members shall be determined by the General Conference.
4. The exercise of the rights and privileges of a Member State of this Organization whose rights and privileges as a Member of the United Nations are suspended shall be suspended at the request of the latter.
5. Member States of the Organization shall automatically withdraw from it if they are expelled from the United Nations.
6. A Member State or Associate Member of the Organization may withdraw from its membership after giving appropriate notice to the Director General. This notice comes into effect on December 31 of the following year when an application is submitted in that year. Withdrawal from the Organization does not relieve the financial obligations lying on the retiring state in relation to the Organization at the time the decision on its withdrawal enters into force. Notification of the withdrawal of an associate member from the Organization is made on his behalf by the government of the member state or other body responsible for the conduct of its external relations.
Article III. Organs
Organs
The organs of the Organization are: the General Conference, the Executive Council and the Secretariat.
Article IV. General Conference
General Conference
A. Composition
1. The General Conference consists of representatives of the Member States of the Organization. The government of each Member State shall appoint no more than five representatives, elected in consultation with the National Commission, if it exists, or with educational, scientific and cultural institutions.
B. Functions
2. The General Conference determines the direction and general line of activity of the Organization. She makes decisions regarding programs directed to her by the Executive Council.
3. The General Conference shall convene, if necessary and in accordance with the rules adopted by it, international conferences of states on matters relating to education, the natural and human sciences and the dissemination of knowledge; non-governmental conferences on the same matters may be convened by the General Conference or the Executive Council in accordance with rules approved by the General Conference.
4. In advocating the adoption of projects proposed to Member States, the General Conference must distinguish between recommendations to Member States and international conventions that must be ratified by Member States. In the first case, a simple majority vote is sufficient; in the second, a two-thirds majority is required. Each Member State shall submit these recommendations or conventions to its competent authorities within one year from the close of the session of the General Conference at which they were adopted.
5. In accordance with paragraph 5(c) of Article V, the General Conference shall give its opinions to the United Nations on educational, scientific and cultural issues of interest to that Organization in accordance with the procedure and time limits to be established by the competent authorities of both organizations.
6. The General Conference shall receive and consider reports submitted to the Organization by Member States on the implementation of the recommendations and conventions referred to in paragraph 4 above, or, if the Conference so decides, summaries of these reports.
7. The General Conference elects the members of the Executive Board; on the recommendation of the Executive Board, it appoints the Director General.
8. a) Each Member State has one vote at the General Conference. Decisions are taken by a simple majority of votes, except in cases where the provisions of these Constitutions* or the Rules of Procedure of the General Conference** require a two-thirds majority. By majority we mean the majority of those present and taking part in voting.
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* Provision of the following articles: II.2 (admission of new non-UN Member States on the recommendation of the Executive Council); II.3 (admission of associate members); IV.13 (admission of observers from non-governmental or semi-governmental organizations); XIII.1 (amendments to the Charter); XIII.2 (adoption of rules defining the procedure for amending the Charter).
** See Article 81, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Procedure of the General Conference.
b) A Member State of the Organization shall not have the right to participate in the votes of the General Conference if the amount of its outstanding contributions exceeds the amount of contributions due from it for the current and preceding calendar years.
c) The General Conference may, however, permit such Member State to vote if it finds that the failure to pay is due to circumstances beyond its control.
D. Procedure
9. a) The General Conference meets in regular sessions every two years. It may meet in extraordinary session by decision of its own, by decision of the Executive Council or at the request of at least one third of the Member States.
b) The Conference shall determine at each session the place of convening the next regular session. The place for convening an extraordinary session shall be determined by the General Conference, if the initiative to convene it, or, in all other cases, by the Executive Council.
10. The General Conference approves its Rules of Procedure. It elects a Chairman and other members of the Presidium at each session.
11. The General Conference shall establish special and technical commissions and other subsidiary bodies necessary to carry out its tasks.
12. In accordance with the Rules of Procedure, the General Conference must take appropriate measures to ensure that meetings are held with wide publicity.
E. Observers
13. Upon the recommendation of the Executive Board and in accordance with its Rules of Procedure, the General Conference may, by decision taken by a two-thirds majority, invite as observers to certain sessions of the Conference or its commissions representatives of international organizations, in particular those referred to in paragraph 4 of Article XI.
14. If the Executive Board has granted consultative status to such international non-governmental and semi-governmental organizations in accordance with the provisions of Article XI, paragraph 4, these organizations are invited to send observers to the sessions of the General Conference and its commissions.
Executive Council (see amendments to Art. V, pp. 636-637)
A. Composition
1. The Executive Council is elected by the General Conference from among representatives appointed by the Member States of the Organization and consists of fifty-one members, each of whom represents the government of the Member State of which he is a national. The Chairman of the General Conference ex officio participates with the right of advisory vote in meetings of the Executive Council.
2. In electing members of the Executive Council, the General Conference shall endeavor to appoint to it persons competent in the arts, literature, science, education and dissemination of knowledge. They must have the necessary experience and authority to perform the administrative and executive functions of the Council. The Conference should also approach this issue with due regard for cultural diversity and equitable geographical distribution. The Executive Council cannot contain two citizens of the same Member State at the same time; this limitation does not apply to the Chairman of the Conference.
3. The members of the Executive Board shall serve from the end of the session of the General Conference at which they were elected until the end of the second regular session of the General Conference from the moment of their election. They cannot be immediately re-elected for a second term. The General Conference, at each of its regular sessions, shall elect such number of members as are necessary to fill the seats vacated at the end of the session.
4. a) In the event of the death or resignation of one of the members in his place before the expiration of his term of office, the Executive Council shall appoint a candidate nominated by the government of the Member State represented by the resigning member of the Council.
b) The government nominating the candidate and the Executive Council shall be governed by the provisions of paragraph 2 of this article.
c) If exceptional circumstances arise which, in the opinion of the represented State, make it necessary to replace its representative, even if the latter does not declare his resignation, it shall act in accordance with the provisions of subparagraph a).
d) In the event of the withdrawal from the Organization of any Member State whose national is a member of the Executive Council, such member shall lose his powers from the effective date of the said withdrawal.
B. Functions
5. a) The Executive Board prepares the agenda for the General Conference. It shall examine the program of work of the Organization and the corresponding budgetary estimates submitted to it by the Director-General pursuant to Article VI, paragraph 3, and shall submit them to the General Conference with any recommendations which it may deem appropriate to make.
b) The Executive Board, acting in accordance with the authority of the General Conference, is responsible to it for the implementation of the program adopted by it. In accordance with the decisions of the General Conference and taking into account circumstances that may arise between two ordinary sessions, the Executive Board shall take all necessary measures for the effective and efficient implementation of the program by the Director-General.
(c) During the period between two ordinary sessions of the General Conference, the Council may exercise advisory functions to the United Nations as provided for in Article IV, paragraph 5, provided that the matter on which an opinion is sought has already been considered in principle by the Conference or where the solution of the matter follows from regulations Conferences.
6. The Executive Board shall make recommendations to the General Conference regarding the admission of new members to the Organization.
7. In accordance with the decisions of the General Conference, the Executive Board shall approve its rules of procedure. It elects officers from among its members.
8. The Executive Council meets in regular sessions at least twice a year; The Chairman may convene it for an extraordinary session on his own initiative or at the request of six members of the Council.
9. The Chairman of the Executive Board shall submit, on behalf of the Council, to each ordinary session of the General Conference reports on the activities of the Organization, with or without comments, prepared by the Director-General in accordance with the provisions of Article VI 3b.
10. The Executive Council shall take all necessary measures to consult with representatives of international organizations or competent persons who deal with issues within the scope of the Council's activities.
11. During the period between sessions of the General Conference, the Executive Board may request advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice on legal questions arising within the activities of the Organization.
12. Although the members of the Executive Board are representatives of their governments, they exercise the powers granted to them by the General Conference on behalf of the entire Conference.
Article VI. Secretariat
Secretariat
1. The Secretariat consists of the Director General and personnel deemed necessary.
2. The Director-General shall be appointed by the General Conference, upon nomination by the Executive Board, for a term of six years under terms and conditions approved by the Conference. The Director General may be appointed for a second six-year term, after which he is not subject to reappointment. The Director General is the chief executive officer of the Organization.
3. a) The Director General or his replacement shall take part, without the right to vote, in all meetings of the General Conference, the Executive Council and commissions of the Organization. It formulates proposals for measures to be taken by the Conference and the Council and prepares for submission to the Council a draft program of work for the Organization with corresponding budget estimates.
b) The Director-General shall prepare and circulate periodic reports on the activities of the Organization to Member States and the Executive Council. The General Conference determines which periods of activity these reports should cover.
4. The staff of the Secretariat is appointed by the Director General in accordance with the Staff Regulations approved by the General Conference. Personnel are recruited on as wide a geographical basis as possible, but are subject to the highest standards of integrity, efficiency and professional competence.
5. The responsibilities of the Director General and staff are exclusively international in nature. In the performance of their duties they shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or agency outside the Organization. They must refrain from any action that could affect their position as international officials. Each Member State of the Organization undertakes to respect the international character of the functions of the Director General and the staff of the Secretariat and not to attempt to influence them in the performance of their duties.
6. Nothing in this article shall prevent the Organization from concluding special agreements within the United Nations for the establishment of joint services and for the recruitment of common personnel, as well as for the exchange of personnel.
Article VII. National collaborating bodies
National cooperating bodies (see amendment, p. 637)
1. Each Member State of the Organization shall take measures appropriate to its specific conditions to involve its central institutions dealing with issues of education, science and culture in the activities of the Organization, preferably by creating a national commission in which the government and the above-mentioned institutions will be represented.
2. In those countries where National Commissions or National Cooperating Bodies exist, they exercise advisory functions to their country's delegation to the General Conference and to their government on all problems concerning the Organization and act as a liaison body on all matters of interest to it.
3. At the request of a Member State, the Organization may second a member of the Secretariat to the national commission of that country, temporarily or permanently, to work jointly with that commission.
Article VIII. Submission of reports by Member States
Submission of reports by Member States
Each Member State shall submit to the Organization, at such times and in the form determined by the General Conference, reports containing information on laws, regulations and statistical data relating to its institutions and its activities in the fields of education, science and culture, as well as on the implementation of recommendations and the conventions referred to in paragraph 4 of Article IV.
Article IX. Budget
Budget
1. The organization is in charge of its budget.
2. The General Conference shall approve the final budget and determine the financial share of each Member State, subject to such provisions as may be established in the appropriate agreement concluded with the United Nations under Article X of this Constitution.
3. The Director-General may accept voluntary contributions, donations, bequests and grants from governments, public and private institutions, organizations and individuals under the conditions specified in the Financial Regulations.
Article X. Relations with the United Nations
Relations with the United Nations
The Organization shall, as soon as possible, contact the United Nations as one of the specialized agencies provided for in Article 57 of the Charter of the United Nations. Their relationship will be established through an agreement with the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 63 of its Charter. This agreement will be submitted to the General Conference of this Organization for approval. It will ensure effective cooperation between both organizations in achieving common goals. At the same time, it recognizes the autonomous character of this Organization in the area of its special competence defined in this Charter. This agreement may, inter alia, provide for the approval and financing by the General Assembly of the United Nations of the budget of this Organization.
Article XI. Relations with other specialized international organizations and institutions
Relationships with other specialized
international organizations and institutions
1. The organization may cooperate with other specialized intergovernmental organizations and institutions whose tasks and activities correspond to its goals. To this end, the Director-General, with the permission of the Executive Board, may enter into effective working relationships with the specified organizations and institutions and create the mixed commissions necessary to ensure successful cooperation. Each agreement concluded with these specialized organizations or agencies is submitted to the Executive Council for approval.
2. Whenever the General Conference and the competent authorities of any other specialized intergovernmental organizations or agencies pursuing similar purposes deem it desirable to transfer to this Organization the funds or functions of the said organizations or agencies, the Director-General may, subject to the approval of the Conference, enter into mutually acceptable agreements.
3. The Organization may, by agreement with other intergovernmental organizations, take appropriate measures to organize consultations and ensure cooperation with international non-governmental organizations dealing with issues within its terms of reference, and also assign specific tasks to them. This cooperation may also be carried out through the participation of representatives of these organizations in the work of advisory committees established by the General Conference.
Article XII. Legal status of the Organization
Legal status of the Organization
The provisions of Articles 104 and 105 of the Charter of the United Nations * concerning its legal status, privileges and immunities shall apply equally to this Organization.
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*Article 104
The United Nations shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members such legal capacity as may be necessary for the performance of its functions and the achievement of its purposes.
Article 105
(1) The United Nations shall enjoy in the territory of each of its members such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the achievement of its purposes.
2) Representatives of members of the Organization and its officials also enjoy privileges and immunities that are necessary for them to independently perform their functions related to the activities of the Organization.
Article XIII. Amendments
Amendments
1. Draft amendments to these Constitutions shall enter into force if they are adopted by the General Conference by a two-thirds majority vote; Moreover, amendments entailing fundamental changes in the objectives of the Organization or imposing new obligations on its members must be accepted by two thirds of the Member States before entering into force. The text of draft amendments shall be communicated by the Director-General to Member States at least six months before they are submitted to the General Conference.
2. The General Conference, by a two-thirds majority, shall establish the procedure for carrying out the provisions of this article.
Article XIV. Interpretation
Interpretation
1. The English and French texts of this Charter are equally authoritative.
2. All questions and disputes concerning the interpretation of this Charter shall be referred to either the International Court of Justice or arbitral tribunal, depending on the decision taken by the General Conference in accordance with the Rules of Procedure.
Article XV. Entry into force
Entry into force
1. This Charter is subject to acceptance by the Member States. Acceptance Acres are deposited with the Government of the United Kingdom.
2. This Charter shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United Kingdom, where it shall remain open for signature. Signature may take place before or after the deposit of the instruments of acceptance. Acceptance is valid only if it is preceded or followed by signature. However, in order for a state to withdraw from the Organization to become a member again, it is enough to deposit a new instrument of acceptance.
3. This Charter comes into force upon its acceptance by twenty signatories. Subsequent acts of acceptance take effect immediately.
4. The Government of the United Kingdom shall notify all Members of the United Nations, as well as the Director-General, of the receipt of all instruments of acceptance and of the date of entry into force of this Constitution in accordance with the preceding paragraph.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized, have signed these Articles in the English and French languages, both texts being equally authentic.
Done in London, November 16, 1945, in a single copy, in English and French. Duly certified copies will be transmitted by the Government of the United Kingdom to the Governments of all Member States of the United Nations.
Rules of procedure concerning recommendations to member states and international conventions falling under the conditions of paragraph 4 of Article IV of the Charter_1
[Approved by the General Conference at its fifth session (1950); changes made at the seventh (1952) and seventeenth (1972) sessions.]_2
I. Scope of application of the rules of procedure
Article 1
These Rules of Procedure apply to the formulation, consideration and adoption by the General Conference of:
a) international conventions submitted to member states for ratification;
b) recommendations in which the General Conference formulates guidelines and norms for the establishment on their basis of international rules in any field and invites Member States to adopt, by legislation or otherwise, depending on the nature of the matter under consideration and in accordance with the fundamental laws of each particular countries take measures to implement the above-mentioned principles and norms on their territory.
II. Inclusion in the agenda of the General Conference of proposals concerning the establishment of international rules in any field
Article 2
The General Conference shall make no decision regarding the advisability of discussing or the content of any proposal concerning the establishment of international rules in any field by means of an international convention or recommendation unless the proposal has been included in the provisional agenda of the Conference in accordance with these Rules.
Article 3
No new proposal for the establishment of international rules in any field by way of adoption by the General Conference of an international convention or recommendation to Member States shall be placed on the provisional agenda of the General Conference if
a) it is not accompanied by a preliminary study of the technical and legal aspects of the issue under consideration;
b) it has not been previously examined by the Executive Board at least 90 days before the opening of the session of the General Conference.
Article 4
1. The Executive Board shall submit to the General Conference any considerations necessary in its opinion regarding the proposals referred to in Article 3.
2. The Council may commission the Secretariat, or one or more experts or a committee of experts, to conduct a thorough study of the issues on which the above proposals have been made and to draw up a report for submission to the General Conference.
Article 5
Where a proposal referred to in Article 3 is included in the provisional agenda of the General Conference, the Director-General shall circulate to Member States, at least 70 days before the opening of the Conference session, a copy of the preliminary study accompanying the proposal and the conclusions and decisions of the Executive Board on this proposal.
III. Procedure for preliminary discussion by the General Conference of proposals made
Article 6
The conference determines whether the question on which the proposal is made should be resolved by establishing international rules, and if so, to what extent regulation is possible in this area, and whether it should be carried out by way of an international convention or recommendation to member states.
Article 7
1. The General Conference may, however, postpone until the next session the adoption of the decisions referred to in article 6.
2. In such a case, it may instruct the Director-General to submit to it at the next session a report on the advisability of regulating the matter on which the proposal has been made by laying down international rules on how to do this and on the extent to which the matter can be regulated.
3. The report of the Director-General shall be transmitted to Member States no later than 100 days before the opening of the session of the General Conference.
Article 8
The General Conference takes decisions referred to in Articles 6 and 7 by a simple majority of votes.
Article 9
The General Conference may not vote on the adoption of a draft convention or recommendation until the next session following the one at which it adopted the decisions referred to in article 6.
IV. Preparation of projects to be submitted for consideration and approval of the General Conference
Article 10
1. When the General Conference takes the decisions provided for in Article 6, it shall entrust the Director-General with the preparation of a preliminary report on the matter to be regulated and on the possible scope of the proposed measures. The preliminary report may include an initial draft of the convention or recommendations, depending on the circumstances. Member States are invited to provide their comments and views on this report.
2. The preliminary report of the Director-General shall be circulated to Member States at least 14 months before the opening of the session of the General Conference. Member States shall transmit to the Director General their comments and observations on the preliminary report at least 10 months before the opening of the session referred to in this paragraph.
3. Based on the comments and considerations submitted, the Director-General shall prepare a final report containing one or more draft text. This report is sent to Member States at least 7 months before the opening of the General Conference.
4. The final report of the Director-General shall be submitted either directly to the General Conference or, if the Conference so decides, to a special committee convened at least 4 months before the opening of the session of the General Conference and consisting of technical and legal experts appointed by Member States.
5. In the latter case, the ad hoc committee shall submit to the Member States for subsequent consideration by the General Conference the draft approved by it no less than 70 days before the opening of the session of the General Conference.
V. Review and approval of projects by the general conference
Article 11
The General Conference reviews and discusses the draft texts submitted to it and any proposed amendments thereto.
Article 12
1. To adopt a convention, a two-thirds majority is required.
Article 13
In cases where a draft convention at the final vote does not obtain the two-thirds majority required in the first paragraph of Article 12, but only a simple majority, the Conference may decide to convert the draft convention into a draft recommendation to be submitted for approval or before the close of the session , or at her next session.
Article 14
Two copies of any draft convention or recommendation adopted by the General Conference shall be certified as corresponding to the original by the signatures of the President of the General Conference and the Director-General.
Article 15
A certified copy of any convention or recommendation adopted by the General Conference shall be transmitted to the Member States as soon as possible in order to enable them, in accordance with Article IV, paragraph 4, of the Constitution of the Organization, to submit the relevant convention or recommendation to their competent authorities.
VI. Procedure for the submission and consideration of reports by Member States on the measures they have taken to implement the conventions and recommendations adopted by the General Conference
Article 16
1. Member States shall submit special reports to the General Conference on the measures they have taken to give effect to the conventions and recommendations adopted by the General Conference.
2. The first special reports concerning any convention or recommendation adopted shall be submitted at least two months before the opening of the regular session of the General Conference immediately following the one at which the convention or recommendation concerned was adopted.
3. In addition, the General Conference may invite Member States to submit, within specified deadlines, additional reports containing other required information.
Article 17
The General Conference shall consider special reports submitted by Member States relating to a given convention or recommendation at its regular session immediately following the one at which the convention or recommendation was adopted and, if the Conference so decides, at its subsequent sessions.
Article 18
Whenever the General Conference considers it appropriate, it shall draw up one or more general reports containing its conclusions on the measures taken by Member States to give effect to the convention or recommendation.
Article 19
Reports of the General Conference on measures taken by Member States to give effect to a convention or recommendation shall be transmitted to Member States, the United Nations, National Commissions and any bodies designated by the General Conference.
Article 20
If there are special circumstances justifying the adoption of such a measure, the General Conference may, in a particular case, by a two-thirds majority vote, decide to temporarily suspend the operation of one or more articles of these Rules of Procedure. The Conference may not, however, suspend the operation of Articles 8 and 12 of these Rules.
Notes
First. See also resolution 32.1 adopted by the twentieth session of the General Conference, which reads, inter alia:
General Conference
Recalling resolution 6.112 adopted at its nineteenth session, as well as decision 5.6.1 adopted by the Executive Council at its 105th session,
Having examined documents 20 C/22 and Add., “Normative activities of the Organization: proposals and report of the Director-General and the Executive Board”,
Emphasizing the importance of UNESCO's normative activities,
Considering that the proposals set out in these documents can significantly improve the regulatory activities of the Organization,
1. Decides in this regard that:
a) any proposal to carry out a preliminary study with a view to the international regulation of any matter in the form of an international convention or recommendation to Member States shall be the subject of a draft resolution submitted to the General Conference for consideration;
(b) taking into account the nature of the matter under consideration, such a draft resolution would provide for an appropriate time frame in relation to the session of the Executive Council at which the preliminary study would be considered or the session of the General Conference at which the desirability of the regulation would be discussed; it may also provide for consultations with Member States in order to prepare a preliminary study;
c) proposals for the development of a normative instrument other than an international convention or recommendation should also be the subject of a draft resolution, which may provide for different time frames, depending on each individual case, for the stages of such development; such a draft resolution may provide for prior consultation with Member States;
3. Invites the Director-General to present at each of its sessions an information document on the progress of the work carried out within the framework of the normative activities of the Organization, defining the next steps and presenting all information on the use by the Governments of Member States of the normative instruments adopted under the auspices of UNESCO;
4. Decides that the report of the subsidiary body of the Executive Board responsible for examining reports of Member States on the implementation of conventions or recommendations, and the comments of the Executive Board on this report, will be considered by the program commissions of the General Conference before their discussion in plenary meeting, each of which will study acts within its competence (See 20 C/Resolution, pp. 159-160.)
Second. See 5 C/Resolutions, pp. 139-140 and pp. 142-145 fr. text; 7 C/Resolutions, pp. 116-117 fr. text; 17 C/Resolution, page 124.
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Charter of the United Nations
UNESCO activities
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (English UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the UN,
The main goals declared by the organization are to promote the strengthening of peace and security by expanding cooperation between states and peoples in the field of education, science and culture; ensuring justice and respect for the rule of law, universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms as proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, for all peoples, without distinction of race, gender, language or religion.
The main activities are presented in five program sectors: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, communication and information. There are also a number of cross-cutting topics that are an integral part of all areas. Since 2008, one of these cross-cutting themes has been gender equality.
The organization was created on November 16, 1945 and its headquarters are located in Paris (France). Currently, the organization has 195 member states and 8 associate members, i.e. territories not responsible for foreign policy. 182 member states have a permanent representation at the organization in Paris, where there are also 4 permanent observers and 9 observation missions of intergovernmental organizations. The organization includes more than 60 bureaus and divisions located in various parts of the world.
The Governments of the States Parties to this Charter declare on behalf of their peoples the following:
thoughts of war arise in people's minds, so the idea of protecting peace should be rooted in people's minds;
mutual misunderstanding has been the cause of suspicion and mistrust between peoples throughout human history, as a result of which their disagreements have too often led to war;
the terrible world war that has just ended was made possible by the rejection of the democratic principles of respect for the dignity of the human person, equality and mutual respect of people, as well as due to the doctrine of inequality of people and races implanted on the basis of ignorance and prejudice;
the maintenance of human dignity requires the widespread dissemination of culture and education among all people on the basis of justice, freedom and peace; therefore, all peoples have a sacred duty in this regard, which must be fulfilled in a spirit of mutual cooperation;
peace based only on the economic and political agreements of governments will not be able to win the unanimous, lasting and sincere support of the people; it must be based on the intellectual and moral solidarity of humanity;
Guided by the above considerations and believing in the need to provide all people with full and equal opportunities for education, the unhindered pursuit of objective truth and the free exchange of thoughts and knowledge, the signatories to this Charter have expressed their firm determination to develop and expand ties between their peoples with a view to mutual understanding and the acquisition of more an accurate and clear understanding of each other's lives.
They therefore create by this act the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for the purpose of gradually achieving, through the cooperation of the peoples of the whole world in the fields of education, science and culture, international peace and the general welfare of mankind, for which purpose the United Nations was established, as it is proclaimed its Charter.
Goals and Responsibilities
1. The Organization aims to contribute to the strengthening of peace and security by expanding cooperation between peoples in the fields of education, science and culture in the interests of ensuring universal respect for justice, the rule of law and human rights, as well as the fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, for all peoples without differences of race, gender, language or religion.
2. For these purposes, the Organization
a) promotes the rapprochement and mutual understanding of peoples through the use of all media and recommends for this purpose the conclusion of international agreements which it deems useful for the free circulation of ideas by word and image;
(b) Encourages the development of public education and the dissemination of culture, cooperating with Member States of the Organization, at their request, in expanding educational activities, seeking cooperation among peoples with a view to the progressive realization of the ideal of access to education for all, regardless of race, sex or any social economic differences, suggesting educational methods best suited to instill in the children of the world a sense of the responsibility of a free person;
c) helps to preserve, increase and disseminate knowledge, taking care of the preservation and protection of the world heritage of mankind - books, works of art and monuments of historical and scientific significance, as well as recommending to interested countries the conclusion of relevant international conventions, encouraging the cooperation of peoples in all fields of intellectual activity, international exchange of persons working in the field of education, science and culture, as well as exchange of publications, works of art, laboratory equipment and all useful documentation, providing various types of international cooperation to all peoples with the opportunity to become familiar with everything that is published in individual countries.
3. In order to ensure to the member states of this Organization the independence, integrity and preservation of the originality of their culture and educational systems, the Organization refuses any interference in matters essentially within the internal competence of these countries.
Membership
1. Admission to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is open to States Members of the United Nations.
2. Subject to an agreement concluded between the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the United Nations and approved in accordance with Article X of the present Charter, States not members of the United Nations may, on the proposal of the Executive Council, be admitted into the Organization by its by the General Conference by a two-thirds majority vote.
3. Territories or groups of territories not responsible for the conduct of their external relations may be admitted as Associate Members by the General Conference by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting if such admission is requested for each of the territories or group of territories concerned. that member state or body which is responsible for the conduct of its external relations. The nature and extent of the rights and duties of Associate Members shall be determined by the General Conference.
4. The exercise of the rights and privileges of a State member of this Organization whose rights and privileges as a member of the United Nations are suspended shall be suspended at the request of the latter.
5. Member States of the Organization shall automatically withdraw from it if they are expelled from the United Nations.
6. A Member State or an Associate Member of the Organization may withdraw from its membership after notifying the Director General accordingly. This notice will take effect on December 31 of the year following the year in which it is given. Withdrawal from the Organization does not relieve the financial obligations lying on the retiring state in relation to the Organization at the time the decision on its withdrawal enters into force. Notification of the withdrawal of an associate member from the Organization is made on his behalf by the government of the member state or other body responsible for the conduct of its external relations.
7. Each Member State has the right to appoint a permanent representative to UNESCO.
8. The Permanent Representative of a Member State presents his credentials to the Director General of the Organization and officially begins to perform his duties from the date of presentation of his credentials.
Article III
The organs of the Organization are: the General Conference, the Executive Council and the Secretariat.
General Conference
1. The General Conference consists of representatives of the Member States of the Organization. The government of each Member State shall appoint no more than five representatives, chosen in consultation with the National Commission, if one exists, or with educational, scientific and cultural institutions.
B. Functions
2. The General Conference determines the direction and general line of activity of the Organization. She makes decisions regarding programs directed to her by the Executive Council.
3. The General Conference shall convene, if necessary and in accordance with the rules adopted by it, international conferences of states on matters relating to education, the natural and human sciences and the dissemination of knowledge; non-governmental conferences on the same matters may be convened by the General Conference or the Executive Council in accordance with rules approved by the General Conference.
4. In advocating the adoption of projects proposed to Member States, the General Conference must distinguish between recommendations to Member States and international conventions that must be ratified by Member States. In the first case, a simple majority vote is sufficient; in the second, a two-thirds majority is required.
Each Member State shall submit these recommendations or conventions to its competent authorities within one year from the close of the session of the General Conference at which they were adopted.
5. In accordance with Article V, paragraph 6c), the General Conference shall give its opinions to the United Nations on educational, scientific and cultural matters of interest to that Organization, in accordance with the procedure and time limits to be established by the competent authorities of both organizations.
6. The General Conference shall receive and consider reports submitted to the Organization by Member States on the implementation of the recommendations and conventions referred to in paragraph 4 above, or, if the Conference so decides, summaries of these reports.
7. The General Conference elects the members of the Executive Board; on the recommendation of the Executive Board, it appoints the Director General.
8. a) Each Member State has one vote at the General Conference. Decisions are taken by a simple majority of votes, except where the provisions of these Constitutions or the Rules of Procedure of the General Conference require a two-thirds majority. By majority we mean the majority of those present and taking part in voting.
b) A Member State of the Organization shall not have the right to participate in the votes of the General Conference if the amount of its outstanding contributions exceeds the amount of contributions due from it for the current and preceding calendar years.
c) The General Conference may, however, permit such Member to vote if it finds that the failure to pay is due to circumstances beyond its control.
D. Procedure
9. a) The General Conference meets in regular sessions every two years. It may meet in extraordinary session by decision of its own, by decision of the Executive Council or at the request of at least one third of the Member States.
b) The Conference shall determine at each session the place of convening the next regular session. The place for convening an extraordinary session shall be determined by the General Conference, if the initiative to convene it, or, in all other cases, by the Executive Council.
10. The General Conference approves its Rules of Procedure. It elects a Chairman and other members of the Presidium at each session.
11. The General Conference shall establish special and technical commissions and other subsidiary bodies necessary to carry out its tasks.
12. In accordance with the Rules of Procedure, the General Conference must take appropriate measures to ensure that meetings are held with wide publicity.
E. Observers
13. Upon the recommendation of the Executive Board and in accordance with its Rules of Procedure, the General Conference may, by decision taken by a two-thirds majority, invite as observers to certain sessions of the Conference or its commissions representatives of international organizations, in particular those referred to in paragraph 4 of Article XI.
14. If the Executive Board has granted consultative status to such international non-governmental and semi-governmental organizations in accordance with the provisions of Article XI, paragraph 4, these organizations are invited to send observers to the sessions of the General Conference and its commissions.
Executive Council
1. a) The Executive Board consists of fifty-eight Member States who are elected by the General Conference. The Chairman of the General Conference ex officio participates with the right of advisory vote in meetings of the Executive Council.
b) Member States elected to the Executive Council are hereinafter referred to as “members” of the Executive Council.
2. a) Each member of the Executive Board shall appoint one representative. He may also appoint alternate representatives.
b) In selecting his representative to the Executive Board, a member of the Executive Board shall endeavor to appoint to that position a person competent in one or more of UNESCO's fields of competence and possessing the experience and qualities necessary to carry out the administrative and executive functions of the Board. Given the importance of continuity, each representative is appointed for the term of office of the elected member of the Executive Board, unless exceptional circumstances require his replacement. Alternates appointed by each member of the Executive Council shall act in the absence of the representative in all his capacities.
3. In electing members to the Executive Board, the General Conference shall take into account cultural diversity and equitable geographical distribution.
4. a) The members of the Executive Board shall exercise their duties from the end of the session of the General Conference at which they were elected until the end of the second regular session of the General Conference thereafter. The General Conference, at each of its regular sessions, shall elect such number of members, the Executive Council, as are necessary to fill the seats that become vacant at the end of the session.
b) Members of the Executive Board may be re-elected. Members of the Executive Council who are re-elected for a new term try to replace their representatives on the Council.
5. If a member of the Executive Board resigns from the Organization, his term of office ends on the effective date of his resignation.
B. Functions
6. a) The Executive Board prepares the agenda for the General Conference. It shall review the program of work of the Organization and the related budgetary estimates submitted to it by the Director-General pursuant to Article VI, paragraph 3, and shall submit them to the General Conference with any recommendations it deems appropriate.
b) The Executive Board, acting in accordance with the authority of the General Conference, is responsible to it for the implementation of the program adopted by it. In accordance with the decisions of the General Conference and taking into account circumstances that may arise between ordinary sessions, the Executive Board shall take all necessary measures for the effective and efficient implementation of the program by the Director-General.
c) During the period between two ordinary sessions of the General Conference, the Council may exercise the advisory functions to the United Nations provided for in paragraph 5 of Article IV.B, provided that the matter on which an opinion is sought has already been considered in principle by the Conference or when a decision on the matter is forthcoming from the resolutions of the Conference.
7. The Executive Board shall make recommendations to the General Conference regarding the admission of new members to the Organization.
8. In accordance with the decisions of the General Conference, the Executive Board approves its rules of procedure. It elects officers from among its members.
9. The Executive Council shall meet in regular sessions at least four times during the biennium. The Chairman may convene it for an extraordinary session on his own initiative or at the request of the six members of the Executive Council.
10. The Chairman of the Executive Board shall submit, on behalf of the Council, to each ordinary session of the General Conference reports on the activities of the Organization, with or without comments, prepared by the Director-General in accordance with the provisions of Article VI 3b.
11. The Executive Council shall take all necessary measures to consult with representatives of international organizations or competent persons who deal with issues within the scope of the Council's activities.
12. During the period between sessions of the General Conference, the Executive Board may request advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice on legal questions arising within the activities of the Organization.
13. The Executive Council also exercises the powers granted to it by the General Conference on behalf of the entire Conference.
Secretariat
1. The Secretariat consists of the Director General and personnel deemed necessary.
2. The Director-General shall be appointed by the General Conference, upon nomination by the Executive Board, for a term of four years under terms and conditions approved by the Conference. The Director General may be appointed for a second four-year term, after which he is not subject to reappointment. The Director General is the chief executive officer of the Organization.
3. a) The Director-General or his designee shall take part, without the right to vote, in all meetings of the General Conference, the Executive Council and the commissions of the Organization. It formulates proposals for action to be taken by the Conference and the Council and prepares for submission to the Council a draft program of work for the Organization with associated budgetary estimates.
b) The Director-General shall prepare and circulate periodic reports on the activities of the Organization to Member States and the Executive Council. The General Conference determines which periods of activity these reports should cover.
4. The staff of the Secretariat is appointed by the Director General in accordance with the Staff Regulations approved by the General Conference. Personnel are recruited on as wide a geographical basis as possible, but are subject to the highest standards of integrity, efficiency and professional competence.
5. The responsibilities of the Director General and staff are exclusively international in nature. In the performance of their duties they shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or agency outside the Organization. They must refrain from any action that could affect their position as international officials. Each Member State of the Organization undertakes to respect the international character of the functions of the Director General and the staff of the Secretariat and not to attempt to influence them in the performance of their duties.
6. Nothing in this article shall prevent the Organization from concluding special agreements within the United Nations for the establishment of joint services and for the recruitment of common personnel, as well as for the exchange of personnel.
Article VII
National collaborating bodies
1. Each Member State of the Organization shall take measures appropriate to its specific conditions to involve its central institutions dealing with issues of education, science and culture in the activities of the Organization, preferably by creating a national commission in which the government and the above-mentioned institutions will be represented.
2. In those countries where National Commissions or National Cooperating Bodies exist, they shall exercise advisory functions to their country's delegation to the General Conference, to their country's representative on the Executive Board and its deputies, and to their government on all problems affecting the Organization. , and play the role of a communication body on all issues of interest to it.
3. At the request of a Member State, the Organization may second a Secretariat employee to the national commission of a given country, temporarily or permanently, to work jointly with this commission.
Article VIII
Submission of reports by Member States
Each Member State shall submit to the Organization, at such times and in the form determined by the General Conference, reports containing information on laws, regulations and statistical data relating to its institutions and its activities in the fields of education, science and culture, as well as on the implementation of recommendations and the conventions referred to in paragraph 4 of Article IV.
1. The organization is in charge of its budget.
2. The General Conference shall approve the final budget and determine the financial share of each Member State, subject to such provisions as may be established in the appropriate agreement concluded with the United Nations under Article X of this Constitution.
3. The Director-General may accept voluntary contributions, donations, bequests and grants from governments, public and private institutions, organizations and individuals under the conditions specified in the Financial Regulations.
Relations with the United Nations
The Organization shall, as soon as possible, contact the United Nations as one of the specialized agencies provided for in Article 57 of the Charter of the United Nations. Their relationship will be established through an agreement with the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 63 of its Charter. This agreement will be submitted to the General Conference of this Organization for approval. It will ensure effective cooperation between both organizations in achieving common goals. At the same time, it recognizes the autonomous character of this Organization in the area of its special competence defined in this Charter. This agreement may, inter alia, provide for the approval and financing by the General Assembly of the United Nations of the budget of this Organization.
Relations with other specialized international organizations and institutions
1. The organization may cooperate with other specialized intergovernmental bodies and institutions whose tasks and activities correspond to its goals. To this end, the Director-General, with the permission of the Executive Board, may enter into effective working relationships with the specified organizations and institutions and create the mixed commissions necessary to ensure successful cooperation. Each agreement concluded with these specialized organizations or agencies is submitted to the Executive Council for approval.
2. Whenever the General Conference and the competent authorities of any other specialized intergovernmental organizations or agencies pursuing similar purposes deem it desirable to transfer to this Organization the funds or functions of the said organizations or agencies, the Director-General may, subject to the approval of the Conference, enter into mutually acceptable agreements.
3. The Organization may, by agreement with other intergovernmental organizations, take appropriate measures to ensure, on a basis of reciprocity, representation at meetings.
4. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization may take appropriate measures to organize consultations and ensure cooperation with international non-governmental organizations dealing with matters within its competence, and assign specific tasks to them. This cooperation may also be carried out through the participation of representatives of these organizations in the work of advisory committees established by the General Conference.
Article XII
Legal status of the Organization
The provisions of Articles 104 and 105 of the Charter of the United Nations concerning its legal status, privileges and immunities shall apply equally to this Organization.
Article XIII
Amendments
1. Draft amendments to these Constitutions shall enter into force if they are adopted by the General Conference by a two-thirds majority vote; Moreover, amendments entailing fundamental changes in the objectives of the Organization or imposing new obligations on its members must be accepted by two thirds of the Member States before entering into force. The text of draft amendments shall be communicated by the Director-General to Member States at least six months before they are submitted to the General Conference.
2. The General Conference, by a two-thirds majority, shall establish the procedure for carrying out the provisions of this article.
Article XIV
Interpretation
1. The English and French texts of this Charter are equally authoritative.
2. All questions and disputes concerning the interpretation of this Charter shall be referred to either the International Court of Justice or arbitral tribunal, depending on the decision taken by the General Conference in accordance with its Rules of Procedure.
Entry into force
1. This Charter is subject to acceptance by the Member States. Instruments of acceptance are deposited with the Government of the United Kingdom.
2. This Charter shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United Kingdom, where it shall remain open for signature. Signature may take place before or after the deposit of the instruments of acceptance. Acceptance is valid only if it is preceded or followed by signature. However, in order for a state to withdraw from the Organization to become a member again, it is enough to deposit a new instrument of acceptance.
3. This Charter shall enter into force upon its acceptance by twenty signatory States. Subsequent acts of acceptance take effect immediately.
4. The Government of the United Kingdom shall notify all Members of the United Nations, as well as the Director-General, of the receipt of all instruments of acceptance and of the date of entry into force of this Constitution in accordance with the preceding paragraph.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed these Charters in the English and French languages, both texts being equally authentic.
Done in London, November 16, 1945, in a single copy, in English and French. Duly certified copies will be transmitted by the Government of the United Kingdom to the Governments of all Member States of the United Nations.
Encyclopedia of Lawyer
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
UN EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) is an international organization designed to coordinate cooperation between states in the humanitarian field; founded in 1946. As a specialized agency, it is part of the UN system.
UNESCO's goals:
Contribution to peace and security through the promotion of international cooperation in the fields of education, science and culture;
Ensuring respect for the rule of law and justice, human rights and fundamental freedoms without distinction as to race, gender, language or religion, in accordance with the UN Charter.
By 1998, 183 states were members of UNESCO, including the Russian Federation, the USA (1984), Singapore and Great Britain (1985) withdrew from UNESCO.
Structure of UNESCO: General Conference; Executive Council; National Commissions; Regional structure; Secretariat.
The General Conference is the main body of UNESCO, in which all member states are represented. Governments nominate up to 5 delegates to participate in the Conference. The General Conference meets every 2 years (usually in the last quarter of every odd-numbered year) in Paris. An extraordinary session may be convened by decision of the Conference, the Executive Council or at the request of 1/3 of the Member States. At the Conference, a chairman and presidium are elected. Each state has one vote. Decisions are usually made by a simple majority, with the exception of cases requiring, according to the UNESCO Constitution or the rules of the General Conference, a majority of 2/3 votes (changes in the Constitution, admission of new members, approval of international agreements, etc.). The General Conference determines the objectives and (2-year) program of activities of UNESCO, convenes intergovernmental and non-governmental conferences on questions of education, the natural and human sciences or the dissemination of general knowledge, elects the members of the Executive Board and appoints, on its recommendation, the Director-General. The Executive Board consists of 51 members elected by the General Conference from delegates (competent persons) appointed by states. It prepares the agenda of the General Conference, formulates program and budget recommendations, is responsible to the General Conference for the implementation of its decisions, and advises the UN between its sessions. Meets at least 2 times a year.
National Commissions must ensure the inclusion in the work of UNESCO of government bodies dealing with issues of education, science and culture.
They are assigned four functions:
Advising governments and informing the public;
Member State's relationship with UNESCO;
Participation in the implementation and development of UNESCO programs;
Carrying out your own events (exhibitions, conferences, publishing books, etc.).
Member states are divided into 5 regions (Africa, Latin America, Asia-Pacific, Arab countries, Europe and North America), in which there are approximately 50 regional offices. Most member states, including the Russian Federation, have permanent missions at UNESCO headquarters. The Director General is the highest official of UNESCO and heads the Secretariat. He is elected for a term of 6 years with the possibility of re-election for another term. Separate departments of the Secretariat (education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, communication, information and computer science) are headed by his deputies. The Director General prepares the program and budget and directs the work of the Secretariat. The most important partners of UNESCO are: national commissions, bodies and institutions of the UN system, non-governmental organizations and foundations, clubs and associated schools of UNESCO.
From the book Collection of current decisions of the plenums of the Supreme Courts of the USSR, RSFSR and the Russian Federation on criminal cases author Mikhlin A S From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BU) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (OR) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (UN) by the author TSB From the book Pedagogical systems of training and education of children with developmental disabilities author Boryakova Natalya Yurievna From the book Sociology: Cheat Sheet author Author unknown From the book Private International Law: Cheat Sheet author Author unknown28. FORMS OF CULTURE. PROBLEMS OF MODERN CULTURE Ever since the decomposition of primitive society and social differentiation, differentiation of culture has also arisen. Main forms of culture:1. Mass (“commercial”) culture - arose along with the emergence of society
From the book Lawyer Encyclopedia by the author From the book A Brief Guide to Essential Knowledge author Chernyavsky Andrey VladimirovichUNESCO see United Nations Educational, Scientific and Scientific Organization
From the book Russian Doctrine author Kalashnikov MaximUNESCO World Heritage List In 1972, UNESCO adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (came into force in 1975). As of 2006, there are 830 sites on the World Heritage List (including 644 cultural, 162 natural and 24 mixed) out of 138
From the book Social Studies. A complete course of preparation for the Unified State Exam author Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna4. Sources of financing for strategic programs of education, science and technology The significant cost and capital intensity of a number of strategic directions of scientific and technological development presupposes targeted financing from special funds, filling and
From the book History author Plavinsky Nikolay Alexandrovich5. Restructuring of the system of higher education and science Determining the priorities of general and strategic scientific research and approval of national state programs of scientific research, including within the framework of national project programs
From the book The Law of Meanness and Other Laws author Dushenko Konstantin Vasilievich7. State support for higher education and science Guided by the goal of reviving scientific (educational, research and scientific-practical) schools and creating the necessary conditions for intensive scientific research, the state, in accordance with
From the author's book1.10. The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture Approaches to understanding culture1. Technological: culture is the totality of all achievements in the development of the material and spiritual life of society.2. Activity-based: culture – carried out in the spheres of material and
From the author's bookDevelopment of science and the education system at the beginning of the twentieth century in Education: 1897–1917. - the number of literate people increased from 21% to 31%. Science, technology: 1896 - the first Russian car. Since 1908 - serial production of Russo-Balt cars (Riga). 1895 - A. S. Popov - first radio station. 1903
From the author's bookLaws of science, culture and religion The avant-garde is more often fired from behind than from the front. Pablo Picasso Actors play better, the worse the play is. Albrecht Haller ACTRESSES START IN EVEN THE MOST DECENT FAMILIES. Oliver Hurford Anecdotes multiply by budding. Karel
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - UNESCO) is an international intergovernmental organization, a specialized agency of the UN. Established in November 1945, 184 states are members of UNESCO, including the Russian Federation. The USA (1984), Singapore and Great Britain (1985) withdrew from UNESCO, but they take part in certain events held by UNESCO.
The goals of UNESCO are: promoting peace and security through the promotion of international cooperation in the fields of education, science and culture; ensuring respect for law and justice, human rights and fundamental freedoms without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, in accordance with the UN Charter.
Structure of UNESCO: 1. General Conference (supreme body). 2. Executive Council. 3. National commissions. 4. Regional structure. 5. Secretariat.
The General Conference, meeting every two years in Paris, determines the objectives and (biennial) program of UNESCO's activities, convenes intergovernmental and non-governmental conferences on questions of education, the natural and human sciences or the dissemination of general knowledge, elects the members of the Executive Board and, on its recommendation, appoints the Director-General .
The Executive Board consists of 51 members elected by the General Conference from delegates (competent persons) appointed by states. The Council prepares the agenda of the General Conference, formulates program and budget recommendations, is responsible to the General Conference for the implementation of its decisions, and advises the UN between sessions of the General Conference. The Executive Council meets at least twice a year.
The National Commissions, the creation of which is recommended by the Constitution, must ensure the inclusion in the work of UNESCO of government bodies dealing with issues of education, science and culture. They have four functions: advising governments and informing the public; the Member State's relationship with UNESCO; participation in the implementation and development of UNESCO programs; carrying out your own events (exhibitions, conferences, publishing books, etc.). Member states are divided into five regions (Africa, Latin America, Asia-Pacific, Arab countries, Europe and North America), in which there are approximately 50 regional offices. Most member states, incl. Russian Federation, have permanent missions at UNESCO headquarters.
The Director General is the highest official of UNESCO and heads the Secretariat. He is elected for a term of six years with the possibility of re-election for another term.
The most important partners of UNESCO are: national commissions, bodies and institutions of the UN system, and government organizations and foundations, clubs and associated schools of UNESCO. UNESCO's activities are carried out through international intellectual cooperation, mutual assistance, and promotion of peace in the following priority areas: 1) education; 2) science; 3) culture; 4) communications; 5) social sciences and development; 6) peace and human rights! century. In its work, UNESCO relies on committees, international missions and other bodies, among them: the International Commission on the History of Scientific and Cultural Development of Mankind. International Oceanographic Commission, Commission for Culture and Development. International Commission on Education for the 21st Century, International Bureau of School Education in Geneva, International Institute for Educational Planning (in Paris), UNESCO Institute for Education (in Hamburg). UNESCO, through its literacy programme; the technical program and the Science, Technology and Society program; program "Man and the Biosphere", etc.
UNESCO was created at a founding conference of representatives of 44 countries, held in London from 1 to 16 November 1945 (UNESCO's Constitution was approved on November 16, which came into force on November 4, 1946).
Today, UNESCO unites 191 countries of the world (the USSR joined UNESCO in 1954, Russia, as the legal successor, has continued membership since December 1991) and 6 associate members. The organization's headquarters is located in Paris. Working languages are English, French, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Spanish.
The main goal of UNESCO is to contribute to peace and security on the planet by promoting cooperation between countries in various fields. UNESCO's main areas of activity are education, science, culture and information.
In the field of education, the main task of the organization is to ensure universal primary education and develop higher education. The key program in this area is “Lifelong Education for All”. The main role here is given to new information technologies in the field of providing basic education.
The most famous UNESCO programs in the scientific field are such as “Man and the Biosphere”, aimed at protecting the environment; "Floating University" (developed on the basis of Moscow State University, aimed at research in the field of marine geology and archeology); "Science in the service of development."
In the field of information, UNESCO's activities are concentrated within the framework of the International Program for the Development of Communication, established at the 21st session of the General Conference of UNESCO in 1980. In 2000, UNESCO began implementing the Information for All program, the main goal of which is the development of information policy focused on people as the final consumer of information.
In the field of culture, UNESCO's main task is to protect cultural heritage. In 1972, at the 17th session of the General Conference of UNESCO, the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted, to which 168 countries are currently parties. According to the document, a special committee was created whose task was to compile a List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage sites subject to protection. The list includes artistic, historical and natural monuments. As of July 2005, the List included 788 objects from 134 countries, including Russia (22 objects). There is also a List of Worldwide Danger Sites, which includes historical monuments in Iraq that were damaged during the American military action in this country.
The highest body of UNESCO is the General Conference, convened every two years. At the conference, fundamental documents are adopted, priorities for the next 2 years are determined, and the budget is approved. The Conference also elects the Executive Board and the Director General. The Executive Council is responsible for implementing the program adopted at the conference and meets twice a year.
The UNESCO Charter defines the post of Director General "as a high official - the manager of an organization, endowed with broad rights and full power." He prepares all meetings of the General Conference and the Executive Council, and has the right of initiator, and takes part in all meetings without the right to vote. The Director General is elected for a 6-year term, the mandate can only be renewed once. Since November 14, 1999, this post has been held by Koichiro Matsuura (Japan).
UNESCO's budget is made up of contributions from Member States and is approved by the General Conference for two years.
The organization publishes the monthly magazine "UNESCO Courier" (in 35 languages), the monthly magazine "UNESCO Chronicle", magazines and bulletins on special issues, in addition, it publishes a large number of serial publications, monographs, reference books, statistical collections and reviews on various scientific issues, culture and education, as well as bibliographic indexes. A catalog of UNESCO publications is published annually.
Based on materials from ITAR-TASS and RIA Novosti agencies.