The endings of adjectives in the initial form. Full and short forms of adjectives
Most qualitative adjectives form a short form. Short adjectives answer the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what are?”.
*Pay attention!
After hissing short masculine adjectives, b is not written: the day is good, the wind is fresh, the flower is fragrant
Some adjectives in the short form have a vowel o or e (е) in the root. This makes it easier to pronounce the word:
low - low | |
bright - bright | |
narrow - narrow | |
bitter - bitter | |
poor - poor | |
smart - smart |
Some adjectives form two short forms at once (enen and -en):
immoral - immoral, immoral
courageous - courageous, courageous
responsible – responsible, responsible
characteristic - characteristic, characteristic
Short adjectives do not change by case (they can only be in the I.p. form), but they change by gender (singular) and number. Sometimes in set expressions you can find short adjectives not in the nominative case:
on bare feet, in broad daylight
Meaning
long form = short form | long form ~ short form (according to text) | long form ≠ short form |
unyielding character – character is unyielding | full f. denotes a constant sign, cr.f. - temporary: They are raising a cheerful, healthy boy. (=always) Are you healthy? (=at the moment) |
For polysemantic words there is not always a cr.f.: The weather was clear. (= sunny, cr.f. no) The purpose of the attack was clear. (=understandable, full length no) Pushkin is a great Russian poet and writer. The Russian language is great and powerful! (=outstanding) The suit is too big for him. (= big (about clothes), cr.f. no) Have you bought tickets to the performance at the Maly Theater? This year the sweater is too small for me. (=small (about clothes), cr.f. no) |
cr.f. indicates an excess of manifestation of the trait: An old grandmother is sitting on a bench. Grandma is too old for long walks. (=too old, too old) cr.f. denotes a sign in relation to something: Skinny jeans are back in fashion. Jeans in this size are too tight for me | The adjectives glad, must, are used only in cr.f. |
Some qualitative adjectives do not form a short form:
- names of derived colors: brown, lilac, orange
- animal colors: bay (horse), brown (bear)
- verbal adjectives with the suffix -l-: past, tired, outdated
- adjectives with suffixes -sk-, -esk-: brotherly, friendly, enemy, hellish, comic
- adjectives with the suffix -ov-: advanced, business, combat (about character), circular
- adjectives of subjective assessment: hefty, skinny, tiny, enormous, very unpleasant
Qualitative adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have a full and short form: good - excellent, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, sweet - sweet.
The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expressiveness in artistic speech.
Let's give an example: These are the same strings. They look like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.
Change by case retain only some adjectives in folklore expressions.
Let's give an example: on bare feet.
In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He's cheerful.
Relative adjectives have only full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.
Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in"/"yn", "ov"/"ev", "iy" - in the singular form of the nominative case they usually have only a short form.
For example: Dad, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
In indirect cases such adjectives have:
or a short form: father's, wolf's;
or the full form: father's, wolf's.
The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy's.
Qualitative adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, handsome - handsome.
Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what? what are they? and change by gender, singular and numbers.
Here's an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.
Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative singular case, adjectives have a gender difference: the case endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender are different. In the plural, adjectives have no gender differences, and the case endings for all three genders are the same.
In modern Russian there are three types of declension of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives such as red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as bratnin, tetin, fathers, friends.
3. Declension of adjectives starting with “ii” such as wolf, bear.
The most productive is the first type of declension, which, according to the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard version of the declension (rich, stone), a soft version of the declension (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a base on sibilant, b) with a base on d , k, x and v) with a base on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).
For adjectives with a stem on a hard consonant, the stress during declension is either only on the stem (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, dumb).
For adjectives with a stem on a soft consonant and adjectives with a stem on c, when inflected, the stress always falls only on the stem (short, autumn, blue).
Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant in the instrumental case of the feminine singular have a double ending: “oy” (“ey”) and “oy” (“ey”). Their use depends on the style of speech: in poetic language the ending -oy ("ee") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: I pass through a field along a narrow boundary, overgrown with porridge and tenacious quinoa.
Possessive adjectives ending in “in”, “ov” (“ev”) have a mixed type of declension: part of the case endings of these adjectives coincides with the endings of the hard declension of qualitative-relative adjectives, in separate cases the endings of nouns are used (in the nominative and accusative cases of all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases, masculine and neuter singular).
Possessive adjectives with the suffix “in” in modern Russian are increasingly declined like full adjectives with a base on a hard consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).
Possessive adjectives ending in “rank” (bratnin, muzhnin) are inflected in the same way as adjectives ending in “in”.
Possessive adjectives in -niy (filial, filial) are declined like full qualitative-relative adjectives of the soft variant of declension (for example, neighbor).
Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.
Adjectives that are used as nouns are declined according to the general rules for declension of adjectives.
Spelling case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings of the question word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag, and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants the vowels s, o, u are written, and after soft consonants the vowels are written - i, e, yu.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after sibilants and c at the end of adjectives always depends on stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, big garden - handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the singular masculine gender, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -ой, in the unstressed case - “й”, “и”.
nightmare - blue ocean, early reception.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix “ii”, except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, a soft sign is written.
Wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
5. In short adjectives, a soft sign is not written after hissing ones.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.
Every schoolchild knows about this. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules for this part of speech, as well as into what groups it is divided, etc.
general information
It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old chair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mom's bag, fox hole).
Main types
Depending on how the adjective is designated and what feature it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part of speech is divided into the following groups:
- relative;
- quality;
- possessive.
Relative adjectives
Such a group describes the properties of any attribute, action or object through its relationship to another attribute, action or object.
Here are some examples: bookcase, children's play, destructive power, Brazil nut, double blow, religious views, etc.
Qualitative adjectives
This group has its own characteristics, namely:
- Indicates the characteristics of objects: age (old), size (sick), speed (fast), color (blue), human properties (angry), assessment (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
- Forms such excellent ( strongest, subtlest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
- They have short forms (for example, fast, thick, powerful etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives cannot be formed from all qualitative ones.
Possessive adjectives
Adjectives of this group answer the question “whose?”, and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare's hole, cow's milk) or person ( daddy's wallet, petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -iy, -ev, -ov.
Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather's; father - fathers, etc.
Short name adjective
In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in the Russian language there are:
- brief;
- full adjectives.
Moreover, the former are formed by a kind of reduction of the latter. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing text or in oral conversation.
Endings
Adjectives in the short singular form have the following gender endings:
- Feminine - ending -A. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, skinny, etc.
- Masculine gender - zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, lean, new, handsome, etc.
- Neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, thin, skinny, etc.).
In the plural, there are no gender differences for this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -And or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).
Features of the short form
As you can see, this part of speech can be declined according to gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.
Let's give an example: She's very smart. In this case, the word “smart” is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.
It should also be noted that some types of a given part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "miserable, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have their full form. These words include must, glad, loving and much.
What is the difference from full ones?
They only have a short form. Their difference from the full form lies in the definition of morphological characteristics. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change by case, but is declined only by number and gender. In addition, short adjectives differ from full adjectives in their syntactic role. Thus, in a sentence they do not act as a definition, but in or as a component of it. Although in some cases they are still designated as a definition. Most often, this phenomenon is observed in phraseological units or in works of folk art (for example, and barefoot, in broad daylight, a beautiful maiden, a good fellow, etc..).
Spelling short adjectives
To correctly use short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules of their spelling.
Formation of short adjectives
Short forms from long forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:
- zero or male;
- middle (-e or -o);
- female (-I or -a).
In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these shapes formed? These rules are very simple:
The relationship between the full and short forms of adjectives
From the point of view of lexical meanings, there are 3 types of relationships between the short and full forms of adjectives:
1. Coinciding in lexical meaning (for example, good day and good day, beautiful baby and beautiful baby).
2. They coincide only in certain values:
- “False” meaning “fake.” In this case there is no short form.
- “False” meaning “insincere.” In this case, the short form will be "fake".
- “Poor” means “unhappy.” In this case there is no short form.
- “Poor” means “poor.” In this case, the short form will be "poor".
3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full form in its meaning:
- the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the full form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
- the short form indicates excessive manifestation of the trait (for example, grandma is old or grandma is old);
- the long form indicates an unrelated attribute, and the short form indicates something in relation to something (for example, the dress is tight and the dress is tight).
- in some cases the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words (e.g. the purpose of the trip was quite clear and the weather was clear).
Qualitative adjectives have a constant feature - they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of relationships between the two forms and provides illustrative examples for securing the material.
What are the forms of adjectives?
In the Russian language, there are full and short forms of adjectives. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of qualitative adjectives:
- Full adjectives– attributive, inflected forms (change according to gender, number, cases), neutral in meaning. In sentences they are most often used as a definition. Examples of full adjectives: dry, cold, red, neat.
- Short adjectives– predicative, indeclinable forms (change only by gender and number, not indeclinable by cases), differ in book meaning. In sentences, as a rule, a nominal predicate appears. Examples of short adjectives: distant, young, white, meek.
Full and short adjectives are studied at school in the 5th grade.
Types of relationships between full and short forms of adjectives
Not all words of a given part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. Based on the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature, adjectives are divided into three groups:
- Adjectives that have both full and short forms (good - good, cheerful - cheerful, fresh - fresh, smart - smart). Short forms are formed by adding endings to the adjective stem -a (s), -o (s), -s (s) And zero (cute - sweet, strong - strong).
- Adjectives that have only the full form. These include – adjectives with evaluation suffixes (tall, green), qualitative adjectives formed from relative (coffee, brown, milk) naming the colors of animals (bay, brown) and non-derivative adjectives (alien, former).
- Adjectives that have only a short form (too small, necessary, much, dear).
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Words denoting the characteristics of an object and answering the questions “which?” and “whose?” in Russian they are called adjectives. The name speaks for itself - this is what attached to something, namely to another word - to a noun. Without it, an explicit or implied noun, an adjective cannot exist at all. Otherwise, it loses the meaning of its presence in a sentence and can even turn into a noun itself (cf.: blind(Which?) old man– adj. and sat (who?) blind– noun).
Accordingly, with a change in the defined word, the dependent word will adapt to it, assimilating its morphemic characteristics. This is expressed by endings. Adjectives always have the same gender, number and case as the noun with which they are related in meaning.
Therefore, in order not to make a mistake in the spelling of the ending of an adjective, you should:
- find the noun it refers to (attached);
- put a question from a qualified noun to an adjective. The end of the question will indicate the correct ending for the adjective; For the most part, they are consonant: weather(which?) warm; morning(which?) sunny; songs(which?) quiet; growth(which one?) high; branches(which ones?) thin);
- At the same time, we must remember that the question “which one?” it is impossible to check the endings of adjectives of the initial form (adjectives in m. r. singular. h. I./V. p.).
In these cases:- the ending is written under the accent -Ouch (pencil(m. r. unit h. I. p.) (which one?) color);
- without accent - -y/y (pencil(Which?) sharp, blue).
- degree of comparison;
- full or short form.
- the ending is written under the accent -Ouch (pencil(m. r. unit h. I. p.) (which one?) color);
What are quality adjectives?
According to their meaning, all adjectives are divided into three categories.
- High quality.
They answer the question “which one?” And indicate the quality of objects: color ( yellow Red), size ( big, small), weight ( heavy, small), character traits ( funny, gloomy), age ( young, old), taste qualities ( bitter, sour). You can easily find antonyms for most of them ( big – small, sharp – dull) or synonyms ( big – large, huge, huge);
- Relative.
They also answer the question “which one?”, but define an object in relation to another object: its location ( street flashlight, school yard), material ( paper snake, silk tape), purpose ( ski costume, shoe brush), relation to time ( evening cool, early dinner);
- Possessive.
The only ones answer the question “whose?”, since characterize an object by its belonging to any living creature (mom's apron, fox tail, Sashin scream).
- form a short form, answering the question “what?”, ( high - high, bitter - bitter);
- show signs of objects to a greater or lesser extent ( high – higher – even higher – highest – highest).
- simple forms using suffixes: higher, highest;
- compound forms using additional words: more (less, most, very, most...) high.
- Short adjectives do not decline! That is, they do not change by cases, but change only by numbers and genders (in singular): hungry, hungry, hungry.
- In general, qualitative adjectives in a comparatively simple form do not change in any way ( higher, lower, narrower, wider, faster...) and in the compound superlative built on its basis ( above - above all).
Also, adjectives agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the V. plural form. h., and for the masculine gender - in units. hours (cf.: I see beautiful ones(what?) shoes and I see handsome ones(which?) girls).
Possessive adjectives are inflected differently. Their type of declination is called mixed. The set of endings there is special. They won't necessarily be in tune. Moreover, in the declension of adjectives with the suffix -iii- and adjectives with suffixes -yn-/-in- or -ov-/-ev- there are some differences.
For possessive adjectives with a suffix -iii- Be sure to write a soft sign in the middle of the word ( dog, sable, mustelid, fox...); in all forms except the initial one (m.r. unit h. I./V. p.), in it the endings will be zero ( hare_, fox_, cat_, sable_).
The categories of adjectives do not have clear boundaries, which allows them to move from one to another. Such changes depend on the context, usually when used in figurative meanings. So possessive adjective fox(whose?) Nora becomes relative in case fox(which one? What is it made of?) fur coat, and the relative adjective iron(which one? what is it made of?) tap turns into quality iron(what kind? i.e. strong) patience.
And finally, there are some special adjectives for colors ( beige, khaki, indigo, etc.), nationalities ( Khanty, Mansi, Urdu...) and clothing styles ( corrugated, flared, mini...), as well as words (weight) Gross Net, (hour) peak, which have their own characteristics: they are always unchangeable and are always placed after the noun ( beige jackets, flared skirt).
Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much, which are also unchangeable.
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