General information about Russian forests - insect pests of forest tree species in Russia. Silver hole Silver hole
HOLE SILVER
Accent placement: SILVER LUNK
SILVER HOLE (Phalera bucephala), butterfly of the family. Corydalis. Distributed in foliage. forests of Europe, the Mediterranean, Asia, in the USSR - in Europe. parts, in the Caucasus, in the forest and forest-steppe zones of Siberia and the Far East. The wingspan in females is up to 60 mm, in males - up to 50 mm, the front wings are silver-gray with a yellow spot, the rear wings are yellow-white. The generation is usually one-year old. Flight in the 2nd half of May-August, mass flight in June. Eggs (up to 450) are laid in a single-layer pile on the bottom. side of the leaves. Caterpillars (up to 6 cm long) at younger ages live in families and skeletonize leaves; starting from the 3rd age they eat them completely. Pupation in September in the soil at depth. up to 5 cm. The pupa overwinters, dark brown, shiny, long. 3-5 cm. Some pupae (up to 10%) usually remain in the soil for another 1 year (two-year generation). Polyphage. Damages the foliage of trees, preferring oak, linden, birch, willow, poplar, and fruit trees. Forms a preim. local outbreaks in the ravine forests of the South-East. Europe parts, mountain oak forests of the Caucasus, young crops and forest belts of the steppe zone. Does not cause death of plantings. The population explosion lasts 1-2 years and usually subsides under the influence of entomophages, fungal diseases, and polyhedrosis. Control measures: spraying plantings with insecticides. Ill. see Art. Butterflies.
Sources:
- Forest encyclopedia: In 2 volumes, volume 2/Ch. ed. Vorobyov G.I.; Editorial team: Anuchin N.A., Atrokhin V.G., Vinogradov V.N. and others - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1986.-631 p., ill.
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- Class: Insecta = Insects
- Order: Lepidoptera = Lepidoptera, butterflies
- Family: Notodontidae Stephens, 1829 = Corydalis
- Genus: Phalera Hϋbner, 1819 = Holes
Species: Phalera bucephala (Linnaeus, 1758) = Silvery hole, or Phalera gnarled
Luna silver, or Phalera knot-shaped, has wings with a span of about 50-60 mm. The fore wings of the silver lunula are painted in silver-gray tones and on them in the front corner there is a large, clearly visible rounded spot of yellow color. The hind wings are light, white-yellow in color with brown veins.
The breast of butterflies is covered with tufts of yellow-brown or red-brown hairs. The first segment of the abdomen is also covered with hairs. The abdomen has a basic background color of silver-brown-yellow, and there are dark spots on its sides. The male's antennae are short-pinnate, in contrast to the female's finely bristle-like antennae.
Silver luna butterflies appear in nature from pupae, depending on location and weather conditions, in late May - June. The adult years are quite extended and usually last until August. During this time, the female can lay up to 250 eggs. The female lays fertilized eggs on the underside of the leaves in groups of 15-40 eggs in one layer. Each egg laid is 0.8-0.9 mm in size with a flat base. Its lower half is dark green, and the upper part of the egg is light, with a dark dot in the middle.
The duration of embryonic development is 12-15 days. The bulk of young caterpillars hatch in June. At first, they all live together under the protection of delicate fibers and skeletonize the leaves on which they were born. Older caterpillars gradually crawl along the tree crown and begin an individual life, constantly feeding and eating leaves on the trees. Adult caterpillars are often concentrated in forks at the ends of branches that are completely defoliated.
An adult caterpillar can have a body color ranging from dark to black-brown. Her entire body is covered with yellow hairs. Each segment has yellow longitudinal stripes and small yellow transverse stripes. The maximum body length of an adult caterpillar can be up to 60 mm. During 40-45 days of development, the caterpillar goes through five instars, that is, it molts four times, replacing its old tight clothes with new ones.
Silver hole caterpillars feed on the leaves of most deciduous species. They can damage such tree crops as: oak, linden, birch, aspen, rowan, alder, as well as beech, hornbeam, maple, walnut, willow, poplar and various types of fruit trees. Damage to foliage is easily detected by bare branches of trees on which silvery hole caterpillars live en masse. Even if the damage is sometimes significant and noticeable, the hole has no economic significance.
After finishing feeding, before pupation, the caterpillars descend from the tree and penetrate shallowly into the soil. Here the caterpillar turns into a semi-free, dark brown shiny pupa, 30-40 mm long, with delicate yellowish transverse lines. The external appearance of the pupa is characterized by the presence at the ends of their abdominal segments of two complex points with outgrowths. The cremaster is flat, divided into two parts, which, in turn, are also bifurcated. Pupae overwinter in the soil without a cocoon; sometimes they can go into diapause for up to two years.
Thus, the generation at the silver hole is annual. The silver lunula is distributed throughout Europe, where it is a common species, with the exception of the north. But in the steppe zone, in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia and the forest-steppe part of western Siberia, it often produces outbreaks of mass reproduction. Most often it can be found in forests, parks, gardens, and is common in cities where it lives and on hedges.
Silver hole or bucephalus silkworm, or deceiver leaf beetle
Damages
oak, poplar, willow, birch and other deciduous and fruit trees.
Maliciousness
Outbreaks of mass reproduction were observed in Vinnitsa, Volgograd, Voronezh, and Donetsk. Karaganda, Kyiv, Lugansk, Nikolaev, Rostov, Tambov, Samara, Saratov, Sumy, Kharkov and Chernigov regions, in the Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian Republics. They can also be observed in adjacent regions and republics.
Spreading
The silvery hole is common in the European part of Russia, except for the Far North, in the Crimea, the Caucasus, Siberia, the Amur region and Primorye (in Primorye the form is infulgens araes).
Preferred stations
Primary outbreaks occur more often in temporary oak forests located on light soils, sparse, aged 10 - 30 years, of coppice origin, as well as in young oak shelterbelts. The area of the outbreaks is small.
Generation
one-year-old, in the absence of diapause.
Diagnostic signs
Butterflies
The wingspan of female butterflies is up to 6 cm, males - up to 5 cm. The front wings are silver-gray. In their apical corner there is a large yellow spot, on the inside of which there is a double sinuous transverse black line; the same line runs closer to the base of the wing. Between each pair of double stripes there is a brown stripe. The hind wings are yellow-white. On the sides of the abdomen there is a row of black dots. In the absence of these points, it differs from it in a very similar oak hole - Phalera bucephaloides O. During the day, both species of butterflies sit on trunks with folded wings and very much resemble a broken birch branch.
Testicles
almost spherical, 1.1X0.9 mm in size, with a flattened base, bicolor; their lower half is shiny dark green, the upper half is matte white with a dark greenish spot on top. With further development of the egg, its lower half first becomes brownish-red, then darkens. The structure is delicate, irregularly fine mesh. The eggs are laid in no particular order, in a single-layer pile of several dozen eggs on the upper side of leaves, most often oak, less often birch, willow, poplar and other deciduous trees.
Caterpillar
up to 6 cm long, dark, greenish-brown or yellowish-black with 10 interrupted yellow longitudinal bands and 12 yellow or reddish transverse bands. The head is black or black-brown, with a yellow forked badge. The chest parts are black. The body is covered with long yellowish-gray or whitish hairs. The caterpillar feces are irregularly spherical in shape with six deep grooves of greenish-brown and then dark brown color.
Doll
up to 3.5 cm in length, dark brown, slightly shiny, almost black. The cremaster is flattened, divided into two two- or three-branched processes, reminiscent of elk antlers. At the border of the 9th and 10th abdominal tergites there is a transverse fissure with adjacent ridges with uneven edges. Pupates in soil without a cocoon.
Silver lunula butterfly |
Silver lunula butterfly |
Silver luna butterfly, male (top) and female (bottom) |
Silver hole, caterpillar |
Silver hole, caterpillar |
Damage to linden leaves |
Phenology
First year of development
butterfly years – May (2.3), June, July (1-3); eggs – May (3), June, July (1-3), August (1); caterpillars – June (2.3), July, August (1-3), September (1.2); pupae – August (2,3), September – March (1-3);
Second year of development
Note: the ten days of the month are indicated in brackets.
Pupae
may enter a state of diapause, which can last up to 2 years and disrupt the course of the outbreak. The flight is very extended, sometimes butterflies fly even in August, which forced some authors to suggest the presence of two generations. Butterflies lay up to 300 eggs.
Caterpillars
in their youth they live in families and skeletonize leaves together, and starting from the third instar they eat them entirely. Their development lasts 35 - 45 days. During its development, each eats about 11 g of oak leaves or 20 medium-sized leaves.
During their development, caterpillars molt 4 times and go through 5 instars, distinguished by the width of their heads. From the first to the fifth instar, the width of the head capsule in mm is 0.5, respectively; 1.0; 2.0; 3.5; 5.0.
Duration of the outbreak
The total duration of the outbreak is 8 years, with a 3-year duration of the second phase.
Reconnaissance surveillance
You should try catching butterflies with light traps under supervision. They fly well even under ordinary light lamps. The chemical method of surveillance should give good results due to the open and joint feeding of the caterpillars.
Control measures
Spraying plantings with insecticides for younger caterpillars. Due to the extended period of caterpillar hatching, there may be a need for repeated treatments.
The butterfly has a wingspan of 50-60 mm. The forewings are silver-gray.
In the outer corner of each wing there is a moon-shaped golden-yellow spot, bordered on the inside by an arched double dark line. The hind wings are white, with a slight grayish tint.
The egg is hemispherical with a flat base. The lower half of the egg is dark green, the upper half is light, with a dark dot in the middle.
The caterpillar is dark brown with 10 intermittent yellow longitudinal stripes and yellow transverse bands on each segment. The head is black, shiny, large, with a characteristic sign in the form of a yellowish fork. The caterpillar is covered with thin yellowish-gray hairs, 30-35 mm long.
The pupa is dark brown and shiny. The cremaster ends in four fan-shaped diverging processes. Length 30-50 mm.
Distributed throughout the European part of the USSR, the Caucasus, Siberia and the Far East.
Flight in June. Individual specimens are found from late May to August. The female lays eggs on the underside of the leaves in one layer, placing them closer to the edge of the apical part of the leaf. The clutch contains 40-60 eggs; sometimes it contains from 10 to 120 eggs. After 12-15 days, light yellow caterpillars with black dots, covered with hairs, emerge from the eggs. In the first two instars, caterpillars live in societies and only skeletonize the leaves, and starting from the third instar they eat them entirely. The caterpillars have five instars and live 40-50 days. During this time, one caterpillar eats 10-11 g of foliage.
The caterpillars are polyphagous, but prefer oak, linden, birch and poplar.
In September, caterpillars pupate in the soil at a depth of up to 5 cm, some of them go deeper by 10-15 cm.
The pupa overwinters. One-year generation. Some pupae (10-15%) remain in the soil for another year and, if they do not die, the butterflies emerge only in the third calendar year.
The hole is a typical inhabitant of the grove forests of the southeast, found in young crops and forest belts of the steppe zone, widely distributed on poplar plantations, in nurseries and urban plantings of various landscape-geographical zones, as well as in the mountain oak forests of the Caucasus (D. I. Lozovoy, 1952). It forms predominantly local foci.
The egg eater Trichogramma plays an important role in the fluctuations in the population of the hole. Other entomophages are not significant. Birds hardly touch the caterpillars. The attenuation of outbreaks is most often a consequence of diapause of pupae and their mass infection with fungal diseases and death from physical factors.
Supervision of the reproduction of the hole is carried out by pupae and is somewhat complicated by the presence of diapause in them. Therefore, it is additionally necessary to carry out control catches of butterflies using ultraviolet light.
On plantations and nurseries, when the number of caterpillars is small, they can be collected manually, and in denser foci over large areas, aerial dusting with DDT and HCH dusts (15 kg/ha) or spraying with 3-5% (by preparation) solutions of 20% can be carried out. -th CMME DDT or HCCH. Aerosols can be used, as well as ground dusting and spraying.
Hollow caterpillars in the first instars are not very resistant to contact drugs and the chemical method gives excellent results.
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Silver hole (Phalera bucephala)
Genus: Lepidoptera - Lepidoptera Family: Corydalis - Notodontidae
Butterflies with a wingspan of about 50-60 mm. The butterfly's forewings are silver-gray with a large, clearly visible rounded yellow spot in the front corner. The hind wings are light white-yellow with brown veins. The chest is covered with tufts of yellow-brown or red-brown hairs (Fig. 1). The first segment of the abdomen is also covered with hairs. The abdomen is silvery-brown-yellow with dark spots on the sides. The antennae of the male are short-pinnate, the antennae of the female are finely bristle-like.
Rice. 1. Adult of the silver hole (Photo: V. Gumenyuk)
Older caterpillars are dark to black-brown in color, covered with yellow hairs, have yellow longitudinal stripes and yellow small transverse stripes on each segment. Caterpillar length up to 60 mm. The pupa is semi-free, dark brown shiny with yellowish transverse lines. Characteristically, their abdominal segments end in two complex points with projections.
Rice. 2. Silver hole caterpillar. (Photo: Koltunova E.V.)
Silver hole damages the leaves of most deciduous trees - oak, linden, birch, aspen, rowan, alder, as well as beech, hornbeam, maple, walnut, willow, poplar, maple, euonymus, lilac, elm, currant, apple tree, etc. and various types of fruit trees.
The emergence of butterflies occurs at the end of May - in June. The years are extended and last until August. The female lays eggs on the underside of leaves in groups of one layer of 15-40 eggs. Average fertility is 250 eggs. Embryonic development lasts 12-15 days. Egg size 0.8-0.9 mm with a flat base; The lower half of the egg is dark green, the upper half is light, with a dark dot in the middle.
Caterpillars hatch mainly in June. The caterpillar is 50-60 mm long, hairy, with 10 intermittent yellow stripes and yellow transverse partitions on each segment; the head is black with two stripes forming a triangle, the apex directed backwards. Older caterpillars crawl away, live individually and eat leaves. Before pupation, the caterpillars descend from the tree and penetrate shallowly into the soil. During 40-45 days of development, the caterpillar goes through five instars. The pupae overwinter in the soil. They can go into diapause for up to two years. The pupa is 30-40 mm long, dark brown, matte, the cremaster is flat, divided into two parts, which, in turn, are also forked. The generation is annual.
It often produces outbreaks of mass reproduction in the steppe zone, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, and the forest-steppe part of Western Siberia. Even if the damage is sometimes significant and noticeable, the hole has no economic significance.
Distribution: Western Europe, Mediterranean. In Russia - in the European part (except for the Far North), in the Caucasus, in the forest and forest-steppe zones of Siberia and the Far East. Lives in forests, parks, gardens and hedgerows, common in cities.
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