O. M
Kim is a male name.
Option to spell the name in transliteration (Latin): Kim
Meaning of the name
From Evdokim. "Chief" (Celtic)
Kim, as a rule, is an uncomplicated person; he is not a mystery to those around him: all his feelings are literally written on his face. He is inclined to trust people unconditionally, and since he is a useless psychologist, he is often deceived by them. But he cannot forgive this and will harbor evil for years. He knows how to keep his word and, if he promises, he will certainly do it. Purposeful in his youth, having reached a certain position, he calms down and arranges himself so as not to bother himself with excessive worries about his daily bread. However, these people are excellent at making others work for them. They are not too ambitious and strive more for a calm, prosperous life. From time to time, showing extraordinary fighting qualities, the Kims fight for the implementation of some plans that have overwhelmed them. In the team, in spite of everything, they are usually loved, in any case, few are able to get seriously angry with them, but when they leave, no one he will not regret such a valuable employee. Kim is always the master of the house, however, he marries several times, and even when he is married, he often looks at women, however, all this does not prevent him from being an exemplary family man.
Numerology of the name
Soul number: 9.
Those with the name number 9 are dreamy, romantic and impulsive. They are cheerful, love big noisy companies, they tend to make broad gestures, they love to help people. However, “Nines” are prone to inflated conceit and often flirt and turn into arrogant egocentrics. “Nines” are cheerful, amorous and romantic. However, their feelings are not always constant, which is often expressed in “frivolity” in their personal life. Nines are quite selfish. Only a very strong personality can build a strong family with a “nine”.
Hidden Spirit Number: 1
Body number: 8
Signs
Planet Neptune.
Element: Water, cold-humidity.
Zodiac: Sagittarius, Pisces.
Color: Aquamarine, sea green.
Day: Thursday, Friday.
Metal: Rare earth metals, platinum.
Mineral: Topaz, aquamarine.
Plants: Grapes, poppy, roses, saffron, weeping willow, algae, mushrooms, water lily, henbane, hemp.
Animals: Deep sea fish, whale, seagull, albatross, dolphin.
Often, secretaries and clerks, when drawing up protocols, are faced with the manager’s requirement not to decline the surnames being declined. We will tell you in the article which surnames actually do not decline.
From the article you will learn:
What are some misconceptions about the declination of surnames?
Most Russian speakers are completely unaware of the laws of declension of given names and surnames. Despite the fact that there are a large number of reference books and manuals on this topic, the issue of declension of surnames remains complex and controversial.
In many ways, the solution to this issue is hampered by misconceptions regarding the rules of declension of surnames, which are widespread among Russian speakers. Let's look at some of them.
There is a widespread misconception that the declension of a surname depends on its linguistic origin. This leads to the incorrect conclusion that, for example, all Georgian, Polish or Armenian surnames are not declined.
Another misconception is that the declination of a surname depends on the gender of its bearer.
If the surname coincides with a common noun (Volya, Svoboda, Zhuk), then it is not declined.
However, probably the most common misconception is that there are so many rules for declension that there is simply no point in memorizing them.
In order to refute these misconceptions, let's consider the basic rules for changing surnames by case. We have formulated them in the form of step-by-step instructions, with which you can quickly conclude whether the surname changes by case or not.
How to determine whether a surname is declining: step-by-step instructions
A. If the surname ends in -ov, -in, but is foreign (For example, Chaplin or Darwin), then it will change according to cases as a noun of the second declension (for example, table) - Chaplin, Darwin.
B. Women's surnames in -ina (Smorodina, Zhemchuzhina) change depending on how the male version of the same surname changes. If the male version sounds like Smorodin or Zhemchuzhin, then the female surname in the instrumental case will sound like Smorodina or Zhemchuzhina, and if the male version coincides with the female surname - Zhemchuzhina or Smorodina, then the female surname will be declined as a common noun - Zhemchuzhina or Smorodina.
Step #2.
Non-standard surname
The main rule that should be followed is that the type of declension is primarily influenced by what sound - vowel or consonant - the surname ends with. Let us note once again that neither the gender of the bearer nor the origin influences the inclination or indeclinability of a surname.
Step #3.
Groups of indeclinable surnames
All Russian surnames ending in -y, -ikh (Sukhikh, Belykh), as well as surnames that end in vowels e, i, o, u, y, e, yu, are not subject to change by case.
For example, the performance of Loye, Gramigna, Ceausescu, Lykhny, Maigret and Liu.
Note. In everyday speech and in the language of literature, where it is depicted Speaking, sometimes you can find the declination of male surnames into -y or -i. For example, Chernykh's report. Sometimes you can find the declination of Ukrainian surnames to - ko - Chernenka or Shevchenka. The latter option for changing surnames was common in the 19th century, but at present both the first and second options are undesirable.
Step #4.
If the surname ends with a consonant sound (except for cases with -i and -ih), then whether it will be declined or not depends on the gender of its owner.
Men's surnames will be inclined to a consonant sound, but women's surnames will not. It is important to note that the linguistic origin of the surname is not decisive in this case.
If the surname ends in a consonant (except for surnames ending in -y, -i, which were mentioned above), then here - and only here! - the gender of the bearer of the surname matters. All male surnames ending in a consonant are declined - this is the law of Russian grammar. All female surnames ending in a consonant are not declined. In this case, the linguistic origin of the surname does not matter. Male surnames that coincide with common nouns are also declined.
For example, reports by Krug, Shock, Semenyuk, Martirosyan (for male surnames) and reports by Krug, Shock, Semenyuk and Martirosyan (for female surnames).
Note 1. There are male surnames of East Slavic origin that can be inclined in two ways. We are talking about surnames that, when changed, have a fluent vowel - Zhuravl - Zhuravel or Zhuravlem. Most reference books recommend preserving the fluent vowel (Zhuravel) when declining, since from a legal point of view it is important to preserve the integrity of the surname. However, the owner of the surname may insist on the option he has chosen. The main thing in this case is to adhere to the uniformity of changing the surname by case in all legal documents.
Note 2. Last names starting with -th (Shahrai) deserve special mention. Here we are also faced with the possibility of double changing the surname. If the surname is perceived as an adjective, for example, Topchiy, then it changes as Topchego, Topchyu, etc. If the surname is perceived as a noun, it changes as Topchiya, Topchiyu. Such complex cases concern only those surnames in which the consonant “th” is preceded by the vowels “o” or “i”. In all other cases, the surname changes according to the general rules (Shahrayu, Shakhraya, etc.)
Step #5.
If a surname ends in a vowel -я, preceded by another vowel (for example: Shengelaya, Lomaya, Reya, Beria, Danelia), it is declined.
Examples: Inna Shengelaya’s notebook, diploma issued to Nikolai Lomaya, meeting with Anna Reya; crimes of Lavrentiy Beria, meeting with Georgy Danelia.
Step #6.
If a surname ends in the vowel -a, preceded by another vowel (eg: Galois, Maurois, Delacroix, Moravia, Eria, Heredia, Gulia), it is not declined.
Examples: Nikolai Galois’s notebook, diploma given to Irina Eria, meeting with Igor Gulia.
A. French surnames with an emphasis on the last syllable do not decline: the books of Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola and Anna Gavalda, the aphorisms of Jacques Derrida, the goals of Diarra and Drogba.
B. Mostly Finnish surnames ending in -a are unstressed: meeting with Mauno Pekkala (although a number of sources recommend declining them too).
All other surnames (Slavic, Eastern and others; ending in stressed and unstressed -a, -ya) are declined. Contrary to popular belief, surnames that coincide with common nouns are also declined.
Examples: Irina Groza’s notebook, a diploma issued to Nikolai Mukha, a lecture by Elena Kara-Murza, songs by Bulat Okudzhava, roles by Igor Kvasha, films by Akira Kurosawa.
Note. There used to be fluctuations in the declension of Japanese surnames, but reference books note that such surnames have recently been consistently declined.
Why is it important to follow the rules for declension of surnames?
The need to follow the rules for declension of surnames is determined not only by decency, but by the fact that failure to comply with these rules can lead to all sorts of misunderstandings.
For example, consider this situation. You have received a letter signed as follows: “letter from Vasily Groz.” Following the laws of Russian grammar, you will most likely assume that a man's surname, which in the genitive case has the ending -a, will have a zero ending in the nominative case and conclude that the author of the letter is Vasily Groz. Such a misunderstanding would not have arisen if the letter had been signed correctly - “letter from Vasily Groza.”
Another example. You have been given an article by A. Pogrebnyak. It is natural to assume that the author of the article is a woman. If it later turns out that the author is a man, Anatoly Pogrebnyak, this may lead to misunderstanding.
Results
- The declension of any surname is determined by the rules of the modern Russian language.
- The declension of a surname depends on what sound - vowel or consonant - it ends with.
- The rule “men's surnames change according to cases, but women's surnames do not” applies only to surnames ending in a consonant.
- If the surname coincides with a common noun (Nora, Bear or Hare), then this is not an obstacle to its declension.
Instructions
Female surnames with the suffixes -ov- and -in- are declined according to the rules for declension of adjectives. Male surnames with these suffixes have a difference from ordinary adjectives in the instrumental and prepositional cases of the singular (example: Griboyedov, about Griboedov).
Surnames with zero endings are declined depending on gender. as a masculine gender of the second declension (for example, N.V. Gogol). Women's surnames are not declined (for example, with Anna Vrubel). Such surnames are declined as masculine nouns.
Surnames ending in -i or -yh and formed from a plural genitive adjective are not declined (for example, Kruchenykh). In colloquial speech, sometimes there is a declination of surnames of this type, which is not a literary norm.
Surnames of non-Russian origin ending in -ih are not declined (for example, about Alisa Freundlich).
Surnames ending in a are not declined if placed on the last syllable (for example, o Dumas) or if the word ends in 2 vowels (for example, Delacroix). Surnames ending in unstressed a are declined like first declension nouns (for example, in Kafka). In this case, it will be useful to remember that French surnames are not declined.
Surnames ending in stressed -ya are not inflected (for example, Zola), while surnames ending in unstressed -ya are declined (for example, Beria).
Declension of surnames can occur in other ways. In particularly difficult cases, it is recommended to consult the Directory of Surnames.
Sources:
- Declension of surnames and personal names
- what surnames do not decline
The word surname in translation means family (Latin familia - family). A surname is the proper name of a clan community - united primary social units connected by blood ties. How do the names of surnames arise, what is the principle of the formation of Russian surnames, in particular, surnames starting with “-ov”.
The emergence of surnames
The emergence and spread of surnames in Rus' was gradual. The first nicknames were acquired by the citizens of Veliky Novgorod and the lands under its jurisdiction. Chronicle evidence draws our attention to this fact, telling about the Battle of the Neva in 1240.
Later, in the 14th – 15th centuries, princes began to acquire family names. Called by the name of the inheritance they owned, having lost it, the princes began to reserve its name for themselves and their descendants as a family name. This is how the Vyazemsky (Vyazma), Shuisky (Shuya) and other noble families appeared. At the same time, they began to take hold, originating from the nicknames: Lykovs, Gagarins, Gorbatovs.
Boyar and then noble families, due to their lack of inheritance status, were formed largely from nicknames. The formation of a surname on behalf of the ancestor has also become widespread. A striking example of the family that reigned in Russia is the Romanovs.
Romanovs
The ancestors of this ancient boyar family were ancestors who at different times bore the nicknames: Mare, Koshka Kobylin, Koshkins. The son of Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin, Yuri Zakharovich, was already called by his father and by his nickname - Zakharyin-Koshkin. In turn, his son, Roman Yuryevich, bore the surname Zakharyev-Yuryev. The Zakharyins were also the children of Roman Yuryevich, but with their grandchildren (Fyodor Nikitich - Patriarch Filaret), the family continued under the name of the Romanovs. With the surname Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich was chosen to the royal throne.
Last name as personal identification
The establishment of passports by Peter I in 1719 for the convenience of collecting poll taxes and carrying out recruitment gave rise to the spread of surnames for men of all classes, including peasants. At first, along with the name, a patronymic and/or nickname was written in, which then became the owner’s surname.
Formation of Russian surnames into –ov/-ev, -in
The most common Russian surnames are derived from personal names. As a rule, this is the name of the father, but more often the grandfather. That is, the surname was fixed in the third generation. At the same time, the personal name of the ancestor became a possessive adjective, formed from the name using the suffixes –ov/-ev, -in and answering the question “whose?”
“Whose Ivan? - Petrov."
In the same way, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, Russian officials formed and recorded the surnames of the inhabitants of the Russian Transcaucasus and Central Asia.
Tip 3: Declension of surnames in Russian: difficult cases
Russian is considered one of the most difficult languages in the world to learn from scratch. Of course, there are almost no irregular verbs and hieroglyphs in it, but a lot of synonyms with subtle shades, layers of cultural context and modified borrowings - all this baffles beginners. And also the surnames are inclined...
There are usually no problems with the endings of simple surnames like Ivanov, Petrov, Smirnov. Only those who do not understand gender and cases well enough may encounter certain difficulties: a surname can be either feminine in the nominative case (citizen Solovyova) or masculine in the genitive (“We don’t have Solovyov”). However, such cases rarely concern native speakers. It is much more difficult if the surnames do not resemble an adjective (that is, they cannot be substituted as an answer to the questions “which?” and “whose?” and declined according to the appropriate rules) or belong to foreigners.
With or without rules
Most surnames, regardless of origin, can be used in the plural - the flexibility of the Russian language allows this to be done without any damage: call Kshesinsky, dream about Douglas, admire Brin. It depends on the ending: Polonism surnames ( -sky, -tsky, -skaya, -tskaya) and on -in, -ov, as well as women's -ina, -ova always bow down. For complex cases, the possibility of a double declension is provided at the request of its owner: Elena Dyuzhina can remain relatively steadfast (“letter to Elena Dyuzhina”, the surname is considered a noun), so be it Elena Dyuzhina(from adjective).Non-standard and non-format
Old Russian surnames-nouns in the masculine gender, such as Dom, Plowman, Gonchar, etc. hang around only: Victor Dom, Leonid Plowman, about Alexei Gonchar, and for women they remain unchanged: Anastasia Martyr, Veronica Lesnik. Feminine surnames (Beard, Aspen) most often obey the same rule if there is no categorical rejection on the part of their owner, but this can only be due to family tradition, which does not cancel the general rule for those unfamiliar with it. There are no exceptions for neuter surnames (Onishchenko, Resheto, Velichko) - they are not declined in any gender or number. Surnames formed from nicknames or personal names of ancestors in the genitive case also remain the same: Zhivago, Ilinykh, Kruchenykh. General rule for female surnames ending in vowels -e, -i, -o, -u, -yu- do not incline.It's easy with Georgians
A few years ago, the press began to see a refusal to decline famous names - the Soviet politician Lavrentiy Beria and the director Georgy Danelia. Journalists justified this spelling by the fact that the surname of the first Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia is unchanged, as well as the unnecessaryness of declining other Georgian surnames ending in -shvili and -dze. Liberal-minded public figures also contributed to illiteracy, who did not want to “distort” surnames, “offending the sovereignty of their bearers” (a similar politically correct nod to foreign grammar is the writing “in Ukraine,” although the Russian literary norm is unchanged: in Ukraine). This approach to the native language cannot be called anything other than stupidity. In reality, the rules did not change and Georgian surnames -shvili and -dze both did not decline and do not decline, and the first two cases depend on the spelling of the endings, -I or -A: “Gamsakhurdi I" will bow, and Daneli A- No. (A well-known exception is Okudzhava, inclined.)With the Caucasus and Asia - even easier
Men's Armenian and Russified Azerbaijani, Chechen, Ingush, Dagestan and all Asian: Hakobyan, about Zurabyan, with Kurginyan, with Abishev, with Aivazov, about Aslamov, for Kul-Mukhammed; women - do not bow. If after the surname there is a linguistic ending “-ogly” (“-uly”), male surnames also stop declining: Ali-ogly, Arman-uly.Far abroad
Foreign surnames usually undergo changes, become Russified, even to the point of using Russian endings, subject to general rules: Dal (m.: Dalyu, about Dal; f.: uncl.), Kara-Murza (the same), Lermontov (declined by cases, and by childbirth). Foreign surnames of men ending in a soft or hard consonant are declined: Kozlevich's car, Ilf's book, Bender's romance; women's ones remain unchanged.Sources:
- Rules for changing first and last names
- How to decline surnames
- To incline or not to incline?
1. Geographical names
1.1. If the geographical name is not declined, then it is marked several. In other cases, for each toponym a gender form is given. pad. It is given in full:
1) with monosyllabic names: Belz, Bel lza; Gzhel, Gzheli;
2) in non-word names, which are ordinary phrases: Stary Oskol, Stary Oskol;
3) in compound words written with a hyphen: Baba -Durma z, Baba -Durma for; Ba den - Ba den, Ba den - Ba den [de].
In other cases, the form gen. pad. is given in truncated form: Badhy z, -a; Babad g, -a; Bavleny, -en; Badajo s, -a.
1.2. For some toponyms, forms of other cases are also given: for geographical names in - evo, -ovo, -foreign, -yno forms of genus, creative are given. and sentence pad., since in speech practice, in the press, in television and radio broadcasts, these names are sometimes not declined, which contradicts the traditional norm of the Russian literary language, for example: Bagerovo, -a, -om, in Bagerovo (urban town, Ukraine) ; Ko sovo, -a, -om, in Ko sovo (Rep. Serbia); Gabrovo, -a, -om, in Gabrovo (city, Bulgaria).
1.3. East Slavic names ending - O with a preceding consonant, do not decline: Dubno, several. (city, Ukraine); No, several. (city, Ukraine); Gross bottom, several. (city, Belarus).
1.4. In geographical names on - ev, -yev, -ov, -in the forms of the genitive and instrumental are given: Belev, -a, -om (city, Tula region, Russian Federation); Bobro in, -a, -om (city, Voronezh region, Russian Federation); Bardejov, -a, -om (city, Slovakia); Babi n, -a, -om (lake, Canada).
1.5. Foreign place names ending in a vowel - A, experience significant fluctuations in inclination:
many borrowed geographical names mastered by the Russian language are declined according to the type of noun. wives kind of - A stressed, for example: Bukhara, -ы; Bugulma, -s; Ankara, -s;
Toponyms of French origin with final stress are not declined: Yura, several. (mountains - France; Switzerland);
Japanese place names ending in - are declined A unstressed: O saka, -i; Yoko bitch, -i [yo];
Estonian and Finnish names ending in - are not declined A, -I unstressed: Sa vonlinna, several. (city, Finland); Yu väskylä, several. (city, Finland); Sa aremaa, several. (island, Estonia);
Abkhazian and Georgian toponyms ending in unstressed - experience fluctuations in declination - A. The Dictionary lists the names in the inflected version: Шxa pa, -ы (g. - on the border of Georgia and Kabardino-Balkaria, Russian Federation); Ochamchi ra, -y (city, Republic of Abkhazia); Gudau ta, -y (city, Republic of Abkhazia);
complex geographical names do not tend to - A unstressed, borrowed from Spanish and other Romance languages: Bai ya Blanca, several. (city, Argentina); Bai ya-La ypa, several. (city, Argentina); Here s-de-la-Fronte ra [re, de, te], several. (city, Spain);
complex Slavic names are declined as nouns, which are nouns in the presence of word-formation features of adjectives, for example: Bya la-Podlya ska, Bya la-Podlya ski (city, Poland); Banská Bistrica, Banská Bistrica (city, Slovakia); Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora (city, Poland);
both parts in names with the word river are inflected, for example: Moscow -river, Moskva -river, on the Moscow river, etc. But in colloquial speech there are cases of indeclinability of the first part of these combinations: beyond the Moscow river, on the Moscow river, etc. d. However, such use does not correspond to the norm of literary language.
1.6. Place names ending in vowels - And, -s and not perceived in Russian as plural forms. numbers are given in indeclinable form, for example: Burley, several. (village, Kazakhstan); Karshi, several. (village, Turkmenistan); Ismayilli, several., (city, Azerbaijan); Mary, several. (city, Turkmenistan); Dzhusaly, several. (town, Kazakhstan).
1.7. For monosyllabic names ending in a soft consonant, the forms gen., date are given. and sentence fallen., since they experience fluctuations when declination: Rus', Rus', to Rus', in Rus'; Ob, Ob, to Ob, on Ob; Perm, Perm, to Perm, about Perm; Kerch, Kerch, to Kerch, in Kerch. In the latter case, the stress is fixed on the base.
1.8. For names ending in consonants - and, -ts, -w, gender forms are indicated. and creativity fallen., since in creation. pad. under stress it is written - O, and without accent - e, for example: Fateh, -a, -em (city, Kursk region, Russian Federation); Kirzha h, -a, -o m (city, Vladimir region, Russian Federation).
1.9. Some foreign names like Se nt-Ka tarins [se] are not inclined several., (city, Canada); Pe r - Lashe z [pe], several. (cemetery in Paris); Pla ya-Hiro n (Pla ya-Hiro n), several. (village, Cuba).
1.10. Some foreign language names from the area of urban nomenclature are given in indeclinable form with the second part - straight, -square: Wall Street, several.; Washington Square, several. etc.
O, -e, -And, -at, -Yu, are presented in the Dictionary in an indeclinable form, for example: SHI LO Nikolai, Shi lo Nikola ya (Russian geologist); CRAFT Vasily, Craft Vasily (Russian breeder); DURNOVO Ivana, Durnovo Ivana (Russian statesman); VA JKULE Laima, Va ikule Laima (Latvian pop singer); VESKI And anne, several. (Estonian pop singer); BASILASHVI LI Ole g, Basilashvi li Olega (Russian actor); ILIE SKU Ion, Ilie sku Io na (Romanian statesman); BENTO Yu Pasca l, Bento Yu Pasca la (Romanian composer).
3. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in -a, -ya, -iya, -aya, -oh
Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - A, -I, -and I, -and I, -oh, as a rule, are inclined. But there are also cases of their indeclension, which is due to the place of stress in the word and the tradition of their use in the Russian language:
3.1. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - A, -I non-accented ones, as a rule, are inclined; for example: TO MA Svetlana, TO WE Svetlana (Russian actress), DO GA Evgeniy, DO GI Evgenia (Moldova composer).
3.2. Japanese first and last names ending in - A unstressed, recently in print, in television and radio broadcasts, and in literature, they are regularly inclined. The Dictionary gives: KUROSA WA Akira, Kurosa you Akira (Japanese director); HATOYA MA Ichi ro, Hatoya we Ichi ro (Japanese statesman).
3.3. Georgian names and surnames of the indicated type experience fluctuations during declension, but in accordance with the norm of the Russian literary language they should be declined, for example: OKUDZHA VA Bula t, Okudzha you Bula ta; HORA VA Aka kiya, Hora you Aka kiya; VA ZHA Pshavela, VAZHA Pshavely. But the name of the Georgian poet ending in - A stressed, Shota Rustavi is not traditionally declined in Russian.
3.4. Finnish given names and surnames ending in - A unstressed, mostly not inflected, for example: KE KKONEN U rho Kaleva, Ke kkonena U rho Kaleva, PE KKALA Ma yno, several.
3.5. First and last names ending in - A with the previous one - And, do not decline, for example: GAMSAKHU RDIA Konstantin, Gamsahu RDIA Konstantin (Georgian writer).
3.6. Slavic surnames ending in - A stressed, incline: Skovoroda Gregory, Skovoroda Gregory (Ukrainian philosopher); POTEBNYA Aleksandra, Potebnya Aleksandra (Ukrainian and Russian philologist-Slavist).
3.7. French surnames and personal names ending in - A percussion, do not bow: TALMA Francois, several. (French actor); THOMAS Ambrois z, Thomas Ambrois (French composer); GAMARRA Pierre, Gamarra Pierre (French writer); DUMA Alexandra, Dumas Alexandra (French writer).
3.8. Some African surnames start with - A shock experience fluctuations in declination: BABANGIDA Ibragi m, Babangida Ibragi ma (states figure of Nigeria); YAMARA Semoko [se], several. (general figure of Chad).
3.9. Women's personal names and surnames ending - and I Declined according to the model of the declension of personal names such as Ra ya, Ta ya, Agla ya. The Dictionary gives the forms of gender, date. and sentence pad., for example: GULA I I nna, Gula i Inn, to Gula e I nna, about Gula e I nna (Russian actress); SANA I Marina, Sana and Marina, to Sana e Mari not, about Sana e Mari not (Russian figure skater).
3.10. Male surnames ending - oh decline according to the type of declension of noun. “needles”, for example: PIKHO I Rudolf, Piho and Rudolf, to Piho e Rudolf, about Piho e Rudolf (Russian statesman).
3.11. Georgian surnames ending in - and I, are declined according to the model of the name Marie I (Mari I, gen., dat., prel. AndAnd), although in speech practice, on TV and radio, and in print, surnames of this type are sometimes not declined, which does not correspond to the norm of the Russian literary language. Correct: DANELIA Georgy, Daneliya Georgy, to Daneliya Georgy, about Daneliya Georgy [ne] (Russian film director); ALEXA NDRIA Na na, Alexandria Na us, to Alexandria Na not, about Alexandria Na not (Georgian chess player); CHKO NIYA Lamara, Chko niy Lama ry, to Chko niy Lama, about Chko niy Lama (Georgian actress).
3.12. Personal names I ya, Li ya, Vi ya, Ti ya, Gi ya (masculine Georgian name) are given gender and date forms. and sentence pad. with ending - II: And I, And and, to And and, about And and. There is a second way of inflecting these names: And I, And and, to I e, about I e. The dictionary gives preference to the first, i.e.: And I, And and, to And and, about And and.
3.13. For personal names and surnames of eastern origin such as Aliya, Alfiya, Zulfiya, gender and date forms are given. and sentence pad.: Zulfiya, -ii; to Zulfiya, about Zulfiya.
4. Male and female surnames and personal names ending with a consonant (including th)
4.1. Male surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are declined: DAL Vladi mir, Da la Vladi mir; BRECHT Berto lta, Brechta Berto lta [re].
4.2. Male and female surnames ending in - their, -s, do not bow: RAVENSKIKH Nikolai, Ravenskikh Nikolai (Russian director); CHEREMNY X Mikhai l, Cheremny X Mikhai la (Russian artist); Cheremny x, several. (feminine form).
4.3. To male names and surnames ending in hissing and - ts, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity pad. Under the stress of creation. pad. is written - O, and without accent - e, for example: Liszt Ferenc, Liszt Ferenc, Liszt Ferenc (Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor); BA RENZ Willem, Barents Willem, Barents Willem (Dutch navigator); BILA SH Aleksandra, Bilasha Aleksandra, Bilasho m Aleksandr (Russian composer); BA LAZH (Balash) Bela, Balazha (Balasha) Bely, Balazhem (Balash) Beloy (Hungarian writer). However, there are exceptions, for example: TE LESHOV Nikolai, Teleshova Nikola I (Russian writer); VLADI MIRTSOV Bori s, Vladi Mirtsova Bori sa (scientist - Mongolian); KOKO VTSOV Pa Vel, Koko Vtsova Pa Vla (Russian Semitic scientist).
4.4. Male surnames of East Slavic origin that have a fluent vowel during declension may have two variants of declension - with and without loss of the vowel, depending on the tradition of their use in literary speech. The Dictionary gives: ZA YATS Anatoly, ZA Yats Anatoly (Russian poet); SUDET Ts Vladi mir, SUDET Ts Vladi mir (Russian military leader); GRITSEVETS Sergei, Gritsevets Sergei (Russian pilot); LUCHENO K I Grief, Luchenka I Grief (Belarusian composer); KOVALYONOK Vladi Mir, Kovalyonka Vladi Mir (Russian cosmonaut); MAZURO K Yuri, Mazuro ka Yuri (Russian singer).
4.5. For male surnames and personal names of Western Slavic and Western European origin, gender forms are given. pad. without dropping a vowel, for example: GA SHEK Jarosla v, Gasheka Jarosla va (Czech writer); GA VRANEK Bo Guslav, GA VRANEK Bo Guslava [ne] (Czech linguist); GOTT Karel, Go tta Karela [re] (Czech singer).
4.6. Male Polish, Czech and Slovak surnames in - skiy, -Tsky usually given with full endings in the nominative case and declined according to Russian models (modeled on the declension of adjectives), for example: OLBRY KHSKI Danie l, Olbry KHSKI Danie la [ie] (Polish actor); OGINSKI (Oginski) Michal Kleo fas, Oginski (Oginski) Michal Kleo fas (Polish composer). But sometimes surnames of this type are used in an indeclinable form, for example: POLA NSKI Roman, Polanski Roma (Polish film director), although on the recommendation of experts they should be declined. The dictionary gives: POLANSKY (Polanskiy) Roman, Polanskiy (Polanskiy) Romana.
4.7. Women's surnames can be formed in different ways: with full endings (- Skye, -Tskaya) and with truncated (- ska, -tska). In both cases, they are more often declined according to Russian models (following the model of the declension of full adjectives), for example: BANDRO VSKA-TU RSKA Eva, Bandrovskaya-Turskaya E you (Polish singer); BRY LSKA Barbara, Brylska Barbara (Polish actress); CHERNY-STEFANSKA Galina, Czerny--Stefanska Galina (Polish pianist). Quite often, the name Brylskaya is pronounced incorrectly, placing emphasis on the first syllable: Barbara. But in Polish the stress is always on the penultimate syllable: Barbara ra. The Dictionary gives: BRY LSKA Barbara ra.
4.8. With borrowed male surnames ending in unstressed - ov, -in, genus forms are given. and creativity pad. with ending - ohm: DA RVIN Charles, Da Rvin Charles, Da Rvin Charles (English naturalist); CHA PLIN Charles Spencer, Chaplin Charles Spencer, Chaplin Charles Spencer [peh, se] (American film actor, film director); FLO TOV Friedrich, Flotov Friedrich, Flotov Friedrich (German composer). Similar Russian surnames are in the works. pad. ending - th.
4.9. European female surnames with unstressed - ov, -in presented in the Dictionary in indeclinable form: HO JKIN Do roti, several. (English scientist, woman); CHA PLIN Geraldina, Cha PLIN Geraldina (American actress).
4.10. The Dictionary also includes male surnames with accent - in. If these are Russian and Russified male surnames, then they are inclined according to the general rule, i.e. they have a creative meaning. pad. percussion - th. Therefore, this form is not given in the Dictionary, for example: KARAMZI N Nikolai, Karamzina Nikolai; BUTURLI N Vasily, Buturlina Vasily.
4.11. Female surnames of the above type are also inclined according to the Russian model: ROSTOPCHINA Evdoki I, Rostopchino y Evdoki and (Russian poetess).
4.12. To borrowed non-Russified male surnames with an accent - in the form of creation is given. pad. with unstressed - ohm: RACINE Jean, Racine Jean, Racine Jean (French playwright); BARTOLI N Era zm, Bartoli on Era zm, Bartolin nom Era zm (Danish scientist).
4.13. Female surnames of this type are presented in an indeclinable version: DENEV Katri n [de], several. (French actress), BIRKI N Jane, several. (French actress).
4.14. Women's surnames and names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are given in indeclinable form, for example: VOYNICH Etel el Lilian [te], several. (English writer); COURSE L Nico l [se], several. (French actress).
4.15. Female personal names of biblical origin (Agar, Rachel, Ruth, Shulami f, Esther, Judi f) are declined according to the type of declension of the word “salt” (sol, soli, with salt, about salt), for example; Agary, Agary, with Agary, about Agary. The Dictionary lists the forms gen., creative. and sentence pad. The name Rashe l (Rashel, Rashe li, with Rashe li, about Rashe li), but the stage name of the French actress RACHE L ( present femme. - Eli doesn’t bow to Rush el Feli x)
4.16. The name Lyubov is declined without dropping a vowel; the Dictionary provides forms of gender, date. and sentence fall: Love, Love, to Love, oh Love. The names Nine l and Assol fluctuate in declination. The dictionary gives: Nina l, -i [ne] (f. name); Assol, several. (f. name).
5. Complex borrowed names and surnames
5.1. In complex Western names and surnames, connected by a hyphen, the last word is declined: BELMONDO Jean-Paul, Belmondo Jean-Paul (French actor); RUSSO Zha-n-Zhak, Rousseau Zha-n-Zhaka (French writer and philosopher); KAPABLA NKA Jose -Rau l, Capabla nki Jose -Rau la [se] (Cuban chess player). If the second name is not inflected, then the first name takes on the function of inflection, for example: TRENTIGNA N Zsa n-Louis, Trentigna na Zsa na-Louis (French actor); GUY-LUSSA K Jose f-Louis, GAY-Lussa ka Jose f-Louis [ze] (French chemist and physicist).
5.2. In compound names and surnames of Vietnamese, Korean, Burmese, Cambodian, Chinese, etc., the last part is declined: KIM YONG NAM, Kim Yong Na ma (North-Correspondent statesman); BA THEIN TIN, Ba Thein Ti na [te] (Burmese statesman); CH A SIM, Che a Si ma (Cambodian statesman); LI PEN, Li Pe na (Chinese statesman).
6. Double surnames
In Russian double surnames, both parts are declined if their endings can be declined, for example: SOKOLO V-MIKITO V, Sokolo va-Mikitova (Russian writer); GOLENI SHCHEV-KUTU CALL, Shin Shcheva-Kutu Zov (Russian poet, philologist, literary critic), but: SOKOLO V-SKALYA, Sokolo va-Skalya (Russian artist).
If the first part is not used as an independent word, it does not decline: DE MUT-MALINO VSKY, De mut-Malinovsky (Russian sculptor); Grum-Grzhima Yilo Vladi mir, Grum-Grzhima ylo Vladi mira (Russian scientist-metallurgist); BO NC-BRUE HIV, Bo NC-BRUEVICH (Russian military leader).
Kim O.M. On the morphology of Korean surnames in Russian // Anthroponymics. Sat. Art. / Institute of Linguistics, USSR Academy of Sciences. - M.: Nauka, 1970. P. 147-149.
According to the author of this article, materials from periodicals, fiction and scientific literature, as well as observations of oral speech indicate anarchy in the practice of using Korean surnames in the Russian language. The inappropriate tendency to not decline Korean surnames is especially widespread. The author identifies the main reason, in her opinion, for the discrepancy and sees a solution in establishing uniform rules for the use of this group of words in the Russian language, based on the principle of preserving the norms of the Russian language.
Olga Mikhailovna Kim, Doctor of Philology, Professor
On the morphology of Korean surnames in Russian
O. M. Kim
In the motley and immense variety of names, patronymics and surnames used in the modern Russian language, one can also find anthroponyms such as O, No, Lee, Pak, Kim, etc. All of them are very simple in structure. These are monosyllabic words ending in a vowel sound (Ni, Nu, O, etc.) or a consonant (Nam, Kim, Ten, Don, etc.) and two-syllable words ending in “yot” (Hegai, Ogai, Kogai, etc. ) . The bearers of these surnames are Koreans.
Materials from periodicals, fiction and scientific literature, as well as observations of oral speech indicate extraordinary anarchy in the practice of using Korean surnames in the Russian language. The unauthorized tendency not to decline Korean surnames is especially widespread, including those that do not contradict the norm and possibilities of Russian declination: the brigades of George Pak, Sergei Tsoi; letter to Kim Pyotr Ivanovich.
Let us present the figures obtained from the analysis of answers to the question: “Underline (without referring to manuals and reference books) the correct option, in your opinion: Letter to Sergei (Pak or Pak), waiting for (Pak or Pak) Sergei Ivanovich, etc.
A factor that contributes to some extent to liberation from the tendency not to decline Korean surnames is, in our observation, the education of the speaker. Here are some numbers:
The declension or non-declension of Korean surnames in written and spoken speech largely depends on the environment in which the surname is used, i.e., on its distribution. Surnames without names or in combination with initials are declined more often than the “F + I” or “F + I + O” models. Wed: Speech by Comrade. Kim at the XVI Congress of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan; The units of integrated mechanization, headed by V. Ogai and F. Pak, especially distinguished themselves, but: The highest harvest was produced by the teams of Sergei Kwon, Maxim Kim, and Georgy Pak (“Truth of the East”, 1961-1962).
The main reason for the inconsistency and anarchy of the use of Korean surnames in the Russian language should be sought in the complete absence of any ordered tradition in this area. The current rule that “in compound names and surnames of Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, only the last part is declined if it ends in a consonant” is suitable only for the “F + Korean name” model [Pak Da-il, Choi Yong-gen and etc.). The non-declension of surnames in such combinations is explained by the fact that, when they enter the Russian language, they undergo a kind of simplification: to a speaker of another language, in particular Russian, the boundary between the components, the boundary between the first name and surname, is unclear, and the whole complex is perceived by him as one
complex whole. The question of whether or not to decline Korean surnames would be exhausted by the indicated rule, if not for the fact that, in addition to the Koreans of Korea, the surnames Kim, Nam, Lee, etc. are also borne by thousands of citizens of the USSR, who in their absolute majority adopted European names and the Russian way of calling a person by name and patronymic. And for them, the issue of declination of Korean surnames claims to be the priority of some kind of normalization work. It is put forward by the needs of printing practice, teaching at schools and universities, etc.
The task of Russian scholars is to establish uniform rules for the use of this group of words in the Russian language, based on the principle of preserving the norms of the Russian language. Korean male and female surnames do not differ in endings. The surnames Nam, Tsoi, Ten are worn by both men and women, as well as the surnames Li, Ni, No. Given such features of Korean anthroponymy, the declension or non-declension of Korean surnames (as well as names and nicknames) in the Russian language should act as an important differential feature by which the gender of the bearer of a given surname is determined. All Korean surnames ending in a consonant or "yot" must be declined when denoting males. Used without inflection, these same surnames indicate that they belong to female persons. Korean surnames such as Liu, Li, Ni, etc., both qualitatively and quantitatively, do not fit the model of Russian nouns, and therefore stand outside the types of declension in the Russian language.
Surnames like Ogai., Kogai are typical only for Koreans of the USSR. Linguistically, they are variants of the surnames O, Ko, etc., although legally No and Nogai, O and Ogai, etc. pairs are thought of as different. The phonetic design of Korean surnames in Russian (a very interesting question in itself) is not subject to consideration in this article.
D. E. ROSENTHAL. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. M., 1967, pp. 224-225.