Information carriers and their history. Evolution of storage media Actions with information
Presentation on the topic "History of the development of storage media" in computer science in powerpoint format. This presentation for schoolchildren briefly talks about what people have used to record information, from ancient times to the present. Author of the presentation: computer science teacher, Gordienko T.V.
Fragments from the presentation
Our civilization is unthinkable in its current state without information carriers. Our memory is unreliable, so quite a long time ago humanity came up with the idea of recording thoughts in all forms. A storage medium is any device designed for recording and storing information.
Examples of media can be paper or USB-Flash memory, as well as a clay tablet or human DNA. Information can also be different - this is text, sound and video. The history of storage media begins quite a long time ago...
Stones and walls of caves - Paleolithic (up to 40 to 10 thousand years BC)
The first carriers of information were, apparently, the walls of caves. Rock paintings and petroglyphs (from the Greek petros - stone and glyphe - carving) depicted animals, hunting and everyday scenes. In fact, it is not known for sure whether the cave paintings were intended to convey information, served as simple decoration, combined these functions, or were generally needed for something else. However, these are the oldest storage media currently known.
Clay tablets - 7th century BC
- Clay tablets were written on while the clay was wet and then fired in a kiln.
- It was clay tablets that formed the basis of the first libraries in history, the most famous of which is the library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh (7th century), which contained about 30 thousand cuneiform tablets.
Wax tablets
Wax tablets are wooden tablets, the inside of which was covered with colored wax for inscription with a sharp object (stylus). Used in ancient Rome.
Papyrus - 3000 BC
- Papyrus is a writing material that became widespread in Egypt and throughout the Mediterranean, for the production of which a plant of the sedge family was used.
- They wrote on it using a special pen.
Parchment - 2nd century before our faith
- Parchment gradually replaced papyrus. The name of the material comes from the city of Pergamon, where this material was first produced. Parchment is untanned leather of animals - sheep, calf or goat.
- The popularity of parchment was facilitated by the fact that on it (unlike papyrus) it is possible to wash off the text written with water-soluble ink (see palimpsest) and apply a new one. In addition, you can write on parchment on both sides of the sheet
Paper - 1st or early 2nd century AD
- It is believed that paper was invented in China at the end of the first or beginning of the second century AD.
- It became widespread thanks to the Arabs only in the 8th-9th centuries.
Birch bark - widespread since the 12th century
- Birch bark letters were used in Novgorod and were discovered by scientists in 1951.
- The texts of birch bark letters were extruded using a special tool - a stylus, made of iron, bronze or bone.
Punch cards - introduced in 1804, patented in 1884
The appearance of punched cards is mainly associated with the name of Herman Hollerith, who used them to conduct the US census in 1890. However, the first punch cards were created and used much earlier. Joseph Marie Jacquard used them to design fabric patterns for his loom as early as 1804.
Punched paper tapes - 1846
Punched paper tape first appeared in 1846 and was used to send telegrams
Magnetic tape - 50s
- In 1952, magnetic tape was used to store, write, and read information in the IBM System 701 computer.
- Then magnetic tape gained enormous recognition and popularity in the form of compact cassettes.
Magnetic disks - 50s
The magnetic disk was invented by IBM in the early 50s.
Floppy disk - 1969
The first so-called floppy disk was first introduced in 1969.
Hard drive - present
- Here we come to modern times.
- The hard drive was invented in 1956, but continues to be used and constantly improved.
Compact Disk, DVD - present
In fact, CD and DVD are very similar technologies, differing not so much in the type of media as in the recording technology
Flash - present
Naturally, not all information carriers invented and used by mankind are listed here. Some types of media are omitted on purpose (CD-R, Blue Ray, magnetic drums, lamps), and some, of course, are simply forgotten.
Slide 1
Storage media: a brief history
State institution Secondary school No. 32 Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty
Presentation by: Computer Science teacher Tatyana Viktorovna Gordienko
Slide 2
Our civilization is unthinkable in its current state without information carriers. Our memory is unreliable, so quite a long time ago humanity came up with the idea of recording thoughts in all forms. A storage medium is any device designed for recording and storing information. Examples of media can be paper or USB-Flash memory, as well as a clay tablet or human DNA. Information can also be different - this is text, sound and video. The history of storage media begins quite a long time ago...
Slide 3
Stones and walls of caves - Paleolithic (up to 40 to 10 thousand years BC)
The first carriers of information were, apparently, the walls of caves. Rock paintings and petroglyphs (from the Greek petros - stone and glyphe - carving) depicted animals, hunting and everyday scenes. In fact, it is not known for sure whether the cave paintings were intended to convey information, served as simple decoration, combined these functions, or were generally needed for something else. However, these are the oldest storage media currently known.
Slide 4
Clay tablets - 7th century BC
Clay tablets were written on while the clay was wet and then fired in a kiln. It was clay tablets that formed the basis of the first libraries in history, the most famous of which is the library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh (7th century), which contained about 30 thousand cuneiform tablets.
Slide 5
Wax tablets
Wax tablets are wooden tablets, the inside of which was covered with colored wax for inscription with a sharp object (stylus). Used in ancient Rome.
Slide 6
Papyrus - 3000 BC
Papyrus is a writing material that became widespread in Egypt and throughout the Mediterranean, for the production of which a plant of the sedge family was used. They wrote on it using a special pen.
Slide 7
Parchment - 2nd century before our faith
Parchment gradually replaced papyrus. The name of the material comes from the city of Pergamon, where this material was first produced. Parchment is untanned leather of animals - sheep, calf or goat. The popularity of parchment was facilitated by the fact that on it (unlike papyrus) it is possible to wash off the text written with water-soluble ink (see palimpsest) and apply a new one. In addition, you can write on parchment on both sides of the sheet
Slide 8
Paper - 1st or early 2nd century AD
It is believed that paper was invented in China at the end of the first or beginning of the second century AD.
Slide 9
It became widespread thanks to the Arabs only in the 8th-9th centuries.
Slide 10
Birch bark - widespread since the 12th century
Birch bark letters were used in Novgorod and were discovered by scientists in 1951. The texts of birch bark letters were extruded using a special tool - a stylus, made of iron, bronze or bone.
Slide 11
Punch cards - introduced in 1804, patented in 1884
The appearance of punched cards is mainly associated with the name of Herman Hollerith, who used them to conduct the US census in 1890. However, the first punch cards were created and used much earlier. Joseph Marie Jacquard used them to design fabric patterns for his loom as early as 1804.
Slide 12
Punched paper tapes - 1846
Punched paper tape first appeared in 1846 and was used to send telegrams
Slide 13
Magnetic tape - 50s
In 1952, magnetic tape was used to store, record and read information in the IBM System 701 computer. Further, magnetic tape gained enormous recognition and prevalence in the form of compact cassettes.
Performed by a student from group 1TBK
Cheptsova Alena
Head: Zakarina Larisa Eduardovna
Individual project in computer science on the topic “Ancient and modern storage media”
The purpose of the work is to characterize
ancient and modern media.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. Study the history of the development of storage media.
2. Consider the characteristics of ancient and modern storage media.
The relevance of the project topic is that with the advent of modern electronic storage media, it is important to be able to choose the most reliable ones from the point of view of physical properties and in terms of reliability of storing and reading information.
A storage medium is any device designed for recording and storing any information.
Information storage is a way of distributing information in
space and time. The method of storing information depends on its medium.
ANTIQUE INFORMATION MEDIA
Punch cards
At the beginning of the 19th century, the first cardboard punch cards appeared. The cards were produced by IBM. In the middle of the 20th century, the binary number system began to spread, summarizing a wide variety of data.
Punched tapes
The first computer storage media were also punched paper tapes. Used in telegraphs. Due to their format, tapes allowed for easy input and output.
Magnetic tape
Magnetic storage media have made a breakthrough in sound recording. Reel-to-reel and cassette tape recorders have become widespread.
Magnetic disks - 50s
The magnetic disk was invented by IBM in the early 50s.
Floppy disk - 1969. The floppy disk was first introduced in 1969. For conventional floppy disk media and devices, an information encoding method called modified frequency modulation (MFM) is typically used.
MODERN INFORMATION MEDIA
Compact Disk, DVD
The CD was developed by Sony and went into mass production in 1982. First of all, the format gained wild popularity due to its convenient sound recording. CDs sparked the personal computing revolution. Over time, PCs began to be produced along with drives that supported the CD format.
Hard disks
The first hard drives (hard drives) were created in 1956 by IBM. They were impractical. By 1995, the volume was 10 gigabytes. Ten years later, Hitachi models with a capacity of 500 gigabytes appeared. Hard drives have become the backbone of PCs. Over time, similar models began to be produced combined with storage devices, drives and an electronics unit.
Flash drives
The first Universal Serial Bus was developed in the mid-90s. Flash drives based on this interface have gained the most popularity. The versatility of the connector allows the drives to work with TVs, DVD players and other devices with USB technology. A flash drive is not afraid of scratches and dust, which were a mortal threat to CDs.
Flash-card
Blu-Ray- the most modern class of optical disks. The format was developed by Sony. The new standard made it possible to record videos of longer duration. The volume began to amount to hundreds of gigabytes. This ensures better quality audio and video recording. According to Sony, this is the last laser format because the minimum laser length has already been reached.
Today we live in an era that is not without reason called the age of the information society. Progress has reached the point where people are now simply drowning in the flow of data in their daily lives. Perhaps information carriers, the types of which are constantly multiplying, will change radically, according to the requirements of modern man.
Thank you for your attention
Man has always strived not only to learn as much as possible about the world around him, but also to pass on all the accumulated information to future generations. In this article we will consider, albeit briefly, the development of methods for storing and transmitting information, the evolution of information media, starting from a stone wall in a cave and ending with the latest developments in the field of high technology.
Legends of deep antiquity...
Soon, with the advent of the first civilizations, pictography was transformed into hieroglyphs and cuneiform. Abstract concepts, calculus, etc. have already appeared in the new sign system. And the sign system itself has become smaller in size.
The media also changed: now stone walls have become man-made, stone carving has become more skillful. Compact storage media also appeared: papyrus sheets in Egypt and clay tablets in Mesopotamia.
The closer to our days, the cheaper and more compact the storage media became, the volume of information increased by orders of magnitude, and the linguistic sign system became increasingly simpler.
From papyrus, humanity moved to parchment, from parchment to paper. From hieroglyphics to alphabetic writing (even today's hieroglyphic languages - Chinese, Japanese, Korean - are based on a standard alphabetic set).
So, in a few paragraphs, we looked at the past of language and information carriers and, practically, came close to the main topic.
Evolution of information carriers in the XX-XXI centuries
Punched cards and paper tapes
With the development of mechanical engineering and production automation, it became necessary to program machine tools and machines - specifying a sequential set of operations to streamline production. For this purpose, a binary language was created (0/1 - off/on), and the first carrier of information in a binary language was a punched card. A sheet of thick paper was divided into a certain number of cells, some of them were pierced, others remained intact. A standard punched card carried 80 characters of information.
Later, using the same principle of operation, punched paper tape began to be used - a roll of paper or nitrocellulose tape with punched holes. The advantage of punched tape was the relatively high reading speed (up to 1500 B/sec), but the low strength of the tape and the impossibility of manual editing of information (for example, a punched card could be pulled out of the deck and manually punched the necessary bits).
Magnetic tape
Paper media has been replaced by magnetic media. At first it was a specially magnetized wire (such a medium is still used in aircraft black boxes), then it was replaced by flexible magnetic tape, which was wound into reels or compact cassettes. The principle of recording is somewhat similar to punching. The magnetic tape is divided across its width into several independent tracks; passing through the magnetic recording head, the required section of the tape is magnetized (similar to the punched section of the punched tape); subsequently, the magnetized section will be read by computer technology as 1, and the non-magnetized section as 0.
Floppy magnetic disks
Following the magnetic tape, a flexible magnetic disk was invented - a circle made of dense flexible plastic with a magnetic layer applied to the surface. The first floppy disks were eight-inch, later they were replaced by the more familiar 5.25-inch and 3.5-inch ones. The latter lasted in the storage media market until the mid-2000s.
Drives on tough magnetic disks
In parallel with flexible magnetic media, media on hard magnetic disks (HDD, hard drive, HDD) developed. The first working HDD model was created in 1956 by IBM (model IBM 350). The capacity of the IBM 350 was 3.5 MB, which was quite a lot at that time. The first HDD was the size of a large refrigerator and weighed just under a ton.
Over thirty years, the size of the hard drive was reduced to a 5.25-inch format (the size of an optical drive); ten years later, hard drives became the familiar 3.5-inch format.
The 1 GB capacity was surpassed in the mid-1990s, and in 2005 the maximum capacity for longitudinal recording was reached - 500 GB. In 2006, the first hard drive with a perpendicular recording method was released with a capacity of 500 GB. In 2007, the 1 TB milestone was passed (the model was released by Hitachi). At the moment, the largest volume of a commercial HDD model is 3 TB.
Flash memory is a type of semiconductor electrically reprogrammable memory (EEPROM) technology. Due to its compactness, low cost, mechanical strength, large capacity, speed and low power consumption, flash memory is widely used in digital portable devices and storage media.
There are two main types of flash memory: NOR And NAND.
NOR memory is used as small-volume non-volatile memory that requires fast access without hardware failures (microprocessor cache, POST and BIOS chips).
NAND memory is used in most electronic devices as the main storage medium (cell phones, TVs, media players, game consoles, photo frames, navigators, network routers, access points, etc.). NAND memory is also used in SSD drives, an alternative to magnetic hard drives, and as cache memory in hybrid hard drives. Also, don’t forget about flash cards of all form factors and connection types.
The most significant disadvantage of flash memory is the limited number of write cycles to the media. This is due to the technology of reprogrammable memory itself.
Optical discs
These media are polycarbonate disks with a special metal coating applied to one side. Recording and subsequent reading is carried out using a special laser. During recording on a metal coating, the laser makes special pits (pits), which, when subsequently read by a laser disk drive, will be read as “1”.
The entire development of optical media can be divided into four parts:
First generation: laser discs, compact discs, magneto-optical discs. The main feature is that relatively expensive disks of small volume; the drives have high energy consumption (directly related to the technology of writing and reading disks). Compact discs are a little out of this definition (which is probably why they took a dominant position before the advent of the second generation of optical discs).
Second generation: DVD, MiniDisc, Digital Multilayer Disk, DataPlay, Fluorescent Multilayer Disc, GD-ROM, Universal Media Disc. What makes the second generation of optical disks different from the first? First of all, high density of information recording (6-10 times). In addition to DVDs, they mainly have specialized applications (MD - for audio recordings, UMD - for Sony PlayStation consoles). Apart from DVD, all other formats require expensive hardware to write and read information (especially DMD and FMD, which use multi-layer and multi-dimensional storage technologies).
Third generation: Blu-ray Disc, HD DVD, Forward Versatile Disc, Ultra Density Optical, Professional Disc for DATA, Versatile Multilayer Disc. These optical discs are necessary for storing high-definition video. The main feature is the use of a blue=violet laser to write and read information in place of the red one (except VMD). This allows you to further increase the recording density (6-10 times compared to the second generation).
As in any evolution, in the development of optical disks there is a main branch of development and side branches. The main branch consists of the types of optical discs that are most widespread and have the greatest commercial success: CDs, DVDs, Blu-Rays. The remaining types of optical disks have either reached a dead end in their development or have specialized applications.
Fourth generation (near future): Holographic Versatile Disc. The main revolutionary technology in the development of optical storage media is considered to be holographic recording technology, which makes it possible to increase the recording density on an optical disk by approximately 60-80 times. The first holographic disks were introduced back in 2006, and the technology standard itself was finally approved in 2007. But things are still there. In 2010, it was announced that the storage capacity limit of 515 GB had been exceeded, but this model of the holographic disk was not put into production.