Normal wind is how many meters per second. Storms, squalls, hurricanes, their characteristics, damaging factors
Wind is the movement of air in a horizontal direction along the earth's surface. In which direction it blows depends on the distribution of pressure zones in the planet’s atmosphere. The article discusses issues related to wind speed and direction.
Perhaps, a rare occurrence in nature will be absolutely calm weather, since you can always feel that a light breeze is blowing. Since ancient times, humanity has been interested in the direction of air movement, so the so-called weather vane or anemone was invented. The device is a pointer that rotates freely on a vertical axis under the influence of wind. She points him in the direction. If you determine a point on the horizon from where the wind is blowing, then a line drawn between this point and the observer will show the direction of the air movement.
In order for an observer to convey information about the wind to other people, concepts such as north, south, east, west and various combinations thereof are used. Since the totality of all directions forms a circle, the verbal formulation is also duplicated by the corresponding value in degrees. For example, north wind means 0 o (the blue compass needle points exactly north).
The concept of a wind rose
Speaking about the direction and speed of movement of air masses, a few words should be said about the wind rose. It is a circle with lines showing how air flows move. The first mentions of this symbol were found in the books of the Latin philosopher Pliny the Elder.
The entire circle, reflecting the possible horizontal directions of forward air movement, on the wind rose is divided into 32 parts. The main ones are north (0 o or 360 o), south (180 o), east (90 o) and west (270 o). The resulting four lobes of the circle are further divided to form northwest (315 o), northeast (45 o), southwest (225 o) and southeast (135 o). The resulting 8 parts of the circle are again divided in half, which forms additional lines on the compass rose. Since the result is 32 lines, the angular distance between them turns out to be 11.25 o (360 o /32).
Note that a distinctive feature of the compass rose is the image of a fleur-de-lis located above the north icon (N).
Where does the wind blow from?
Horizontal movements of large air masses always occur from areas of high pressure to areas of lower air density. At the same time, you can answer the question of what wind speed is by studying the location of isobars on a geographic map, that is, wide lines within which the air pressure is constant. The speed and direction of movement of air masses is determined by two main factors:
- The wind always blows from areas where there is an anticyclone to areas covered by the cyclone. This can be understood if we remember that in the first case we are talking about zones of high pressure, and in the second case - low pressure.
- Wind speed is in direct proportion to the distance that separates two adjacent isobars. Indeed, the greater this distance, the weaker the pressure difference will be felt (in mathematics they say gradient), which means that the forward movement of air will be slower than in the case of small distances between isobars and large pressure gradients.
Factors affecting wind speed
One of them, and the most important one, has already been voiced above - this is the pressure gradient between neighboring air masses.
In addition, the average wind speed depends on the topography of the surface over which it blows. Any unevenness of this surface significantly inhibits the forward movement of air masses. For example, everyone who has been to the mountains at least once should have noticed that the winds at the foot are weak. The higher you climb the mountainside, the stronger the wind you feel.
For the same reason, winds blow stronger over the sea surface than over land. It is often eaten away by ravines and covered with forests, hills and mountain ranges. All these heterogeneities, which do not exist over the seas and oceans, slow down any gusts of wind.
High above the earth's surface (on the order of several kilometers) there are no obstacles to the horizontal movement of air, so the wind speed in the upper layers of the troposphere is high.
Another factor that is important to consider when talking about the speed of movement of air masses is the Coriolis force. It is generated due to the rotation of our planet, and since the atmosphere has inertial properties, any movement of air in it experiences deviation. Due to the fact that the Earth rotates from west to east around its own axis, the action of the Coriolis force leads to a deflection of the wind to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
Interestingly, this Coriolis force effect, which is negligible in low latitudes (tropics), has a strong influence on the climate of these zones. The fact is that the slowdown in wind speed in the tropics and at the equator is compensated by increased updrafts. The latter, in turn, lead to the intensive formation of cumulus clouds, which are sources of heavy tropical downpours.
Wind speed measuring device
It is an anemometer, which consists of three cups located at an angle of 120 o relative to each other, and fixed on a vertical axis. The operating principle of an anemometer is quite simple. When the wind blows, the cups experience its pressure and begin to rotate on their axis. The stronger the air pressure, the faster they rotate. By measuring the speed of this rotation, you can accurately determine the wind speed in m/s (meters per second). Modern anemometers are equipped with special electrical systems that independently calculate the measured value.
The wind speed device based on the rotation of the cups is not the only one. There is another simple tool called a pitot tube. This device measures the dynamic and static pressure of the wind, from the difference of which its speed can be accurately calculated.
Beaufort scale
Information about wind speed expressed in meters per second or kilometers per hour does not mean much to most people - and especially to sailors. Therefore, in the 19th century, the English admiral Francis Beaufort proposed using some empirical scale for assessment, which consists of a 12-point system.
The higher the Beaufort scale, the stronger the wind blows. For example:
- The number 0 corresponds to absolute calm. With it, the wind blows at a speed not exceeding 1 mile per hour, that is, less than 2 km/h (less than 1 m/s).
- The middle of the scale (number 6) corresponds to a strong breeze, the speed of which reaches 40-50 km/h (11-14 m/s). Such a wind is capable of raising large waves on the sea.
- The maximum on the Beaufort scale (12) is a hurricane whose speed exceeds 120 km/h (more than 30 m/s).
The main winds on planet Earth
In the atmosphere of our planet, they are usually classified as one of four types:
- Global. They are formed as a result of the different ability of continents and oceans to heat up from the sun's rays.
- Seasonal. These winds vary depending on the season of the year, which determines how much solar energy a certain area of the planet receives.
- Local. They are related to the peculiarities of the geographical location and topography of the area in question.
- Rotating. These are the strongest movements of air masses that lead to the formation of hurricanes.
Why is it important to study winds?
In addition to the fact that information about wind speed is included in the weather forecast, which every inhabitant of the planet takes into account in his life, air movement plays a large role in a number of natural processes.
Thus, it is a carrier of plant pollen and participates in the distribution of their seeds. In addition, wind is one of the main sources of erosion. Its destructive effect is most pronounced in deserts, when the terrain changes dramatically during the day.
We should also not forget that wind is the energy that people use in economic activities. According to general estimates, wind energy makes up about 2% of all solar energy falling on our planet.
Wind is the horizontal movement of air relative to the earth's surface. This occurs due to uneven distribution of heat and atmospheric pressure. Air flow moves from a high pressure zone to a low pressure zone. The main characteristics of wind are wind speed (strength) and direction. The units of wind speed are meters per second (m/s), kilometers per hour (km/h), and there is a maritime measure of speed - a knot. 1 knot is approximately equal to 0.5 m/s. The direction of the wind is determined by the sides of the horizon, indicated in degrees or in points on a 16-point scale. Wind strength is in points. Average wind speed is determined at a height of 10 meters above a flat, open surface.
The Beaufort scale is a conventional scale that allows you to visually assess the strength (speed) of the wind in terms of the roughness of the sea or its interaction with various objects on the ground. The scale was invented in 1806 by Admiral F. Beaufort, who used it to determine the strength of the wind at sea. Later, in 1874, it was decided to use the Beaufort scale in international synoptic practice on land and at sea. The modified and refined scale is used in maritime navigation. At first, the scale was thirteen points, starting from zero points, when there is no wind, the sea is completely calm. The last, 12th row determines the strength and speed of the wind during a hurricane. Over the years, the scale has changed and been refined, in 1955 the US Weather Bureau increased it to 17 points to distinguish between hurricanes of different strengths.
To quickly and correctly determine the strength and average wind speed on the Beaufort scale, use the table.
Wind force scale (Beaufort scale)
Beaufort points | Wind speed, m/s | Verbal description of the wind | Apparent wind action |
0 | 0,0-0,2 | Calm | The smoke rises vertically, the leaves on the trees are motionless |
1 | 0,3-1,5 | Quiet | Light air movement, smoke deviates slightly |
2 | 1,6-3,3 | Easy | The movement of air is felt by the face, the leaves rustle |
3 | 3,4-5,4 | Weak | Leaves and thin branches on the trees sway |
4 | 5,5-7,9 | Moderate | Tree tops bend, small branches move, dust rises |
5 | 8,0-10,7 | Fresh | Branches and thin tree trunks sway |
6 | 10,8-13,8 | Strong | Thick branches sway, telephone wires hum |
7 | 13,9-17,1 | Strong | Tree trunks sway, large branches bend, it’s hard to walk against the wind |
8 | 17,2-20,7 | Very strong | Large trees sway, small branches break, it is very difficult to walk |
9 | 20,8-24,4 | Storm | Minor damage to buildings, thick tree branches breaking |
10 | 24,5-28,4 | Heavy storm | Trees break or are uprooted, major damage to buildings |
11 | 28,5-32,6 | Fierce Storm | Great destruction |
12 | 32.7 or more | Hurricane | Devastating destruction |
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1 kilometer per hour [km/h] = 0.277777777777778 meters per second [m/s]
Initial value
Converted value
meter per second meter per hour meter per minute kilometer per hour kilometer per minute kilometer per second centimeter per hour centimeter per minute centimeter per second millimeter per hour millimeter per minute millimeter per second foot per hour foot per minute foot per second yard per hour yard per minute yard per second mile per hour mile per minute miles per second knot knot (UK) speed of light in vacuum first cosmic speed second cosmic speed third cosmic speed speed of rotation of the Earth speed of sound in fresh water speed of sound in sea water (20°C, depth 10 meters) Mach number (20°C, 1 atm) Mach number (SI standard)
Logarithmic units
More about speed
General information
Speed is a measure of the distance traveled in a certain time. Speed can be a scalar quantity or a vector quantity - the direction of movement is taken into account. The speed of movement in a straight line is called linear, and in a circle - angular.
Speed measurement
Average speed v found by dividing the total distance traveled ∆ x for total time ∆ t: v = ∆x/∆t.
In the SI system, speed is measured in meters per second. Kilometers per hour in the metric system and miles per hour in the US and UK are also widely used. When, in addition to the magnitude, the direction is also indicated, for example, 10 meters per second to the north, then we are talking about vector velocity.
The speed of bodies moving with acceleration can be found using the formulas:
- a, with initial speed u during the period ∆ t, has a finite speed v = u + a×∆ t.
- A body moving with constant acceleration a, with initial speed u and final speed v, has an average speed ∆ v = (u + v)/2.
Average speeds
Speed of light and sound
According to the theory of relativity, the speed of light in a vacuum is the highest speed at which energy and information can travel. It is denoted by the constant c and is equal to c= 299,792,458 meters per second. Matter cannot move at the speed of light because it would require an infinite amount of energy, which is impossible.
The speed of sound is usually measured in an elastic medium, and is equal to 343.2 meters per second in dry air at a temperature of 20 °C. The speed of sound is lowest in gases and highest in solids. It depends on the density, elasticity, and shear modulus of the substance (which shows the degree of deformation of the substance under shear load). Mach number M is the ratio of the speed of a body in a liquid or gas medium to the speed of sound in this medium. It can be calculated using the formula:
M = v/a,
Where a is the speed of sound in the medium, and v- body speed. Mach number is commonly used in determining speeds close to the speed of sound, such as airplane speeds. This value is not constant; it depends on the state of the medium, which, in turn, depends on pressure and temperature. Supersonic speed is a speed exceeding Mach 1.
Vehicle speed
Below are some vehicle speeds.
- Passenger aircraft with turbofan engines: The cruising speed of passenger aircraft is from 244 to 257 meters per second, which corresponds to 878–926 kilometers per hour or M = 0.83–0.87.
- High-speed trains (like the Shinkansen in Japan): such trains reach maximum speeds of 36 to 122 meters per second, that is, from 130 to 440 kilometers per hour.
Animal speed
The maximum speeds of some animals are approximately equal to:
Human speed
- People walk at speeds of about 1.4 meters per second, or 5 kilometers per hour, and run at speeds of up to about 8.3 meters per second, or 30 kilometers per hour.
Examples of different speeds
Four-dimensional speed
In classical mechanics, vector velocity is measured in three-dimensional space. According to the special theory of relativity, space is four-dimensional, and the measurement of speed also takes into account the fourth dimension - space-time. This speed is called four-dimensional speed. Its direction may change, but its magnitude is constant and equal to c, that is, the speed of light. Four-dimensional speed is defined as
U = ∂x/∂τ,
Where x represents a world line - a curve in space-time along which a body moves, and τ is the "proper time" equal to the interval along the world line.
Group speed
Group velocity is the speed of wave propagation, describing the speed of propagation of a group of waves and determining the speed of wave energy transfer. It can be calculated as ∂ ω /∂k, Where k is the wave number, and ω - angular frequency. K measured in radians/meter, and the scalar frequency of wave oscillation ω - in radians per second.
Hypersonic speed
Hypersonic speed is a speed exceeding 3000 meters per second, that is, many times faster than the speed of sound. Solid bodies moving at such speeds acquire the properties of liquids, since, thanks to inertia, the loads in this state are stronger than the forces that hold the molecules of a substance together during collisions with other bodies. At ultrahigh hypersonic speeds, two colliding solids turn into gas. In space, bodies move at exactly this speed, and engineers designing spacecraft, orbital stations and spacesuits must consider the possibility of a station or astronaut colliding with space debris and other objects when working in outer space. In such a collision, the skin of the spacecraft and the spacesuit suffer. Hardware developers conduct hypersonic collision experiments in special laboratories to determine how intense impacts the suits can withstand, as well as the skin and other parts of the spacecraft, such as fuel tanks and solar panels, testing their strength. To do this, spacesuits and skin are exposed to impacts from various objects from a special installation at supersonic speeds exceeding 7500 meters per second.
Wind is the movement of air in a horizontal direction along the earth's surface. In which direction it blows depends on the distribution of pressure zones in the planet’s atmosphere. The article discusses issues related to wind speed and direction.
Perhaps, a rare occurrence in nature will be absolutely calm weather, since you can always feel that a light breeze is blowing. Since ancient times, humanity has been interested in the direction of air movement, so the so-called weather vane or anemone was invented. The device is a pointer that rotates freely on a vertical axis under the influence of wind. She points him in the direction. If you determine a point on the horizon from where the wind is blowing, then a line drawn between this point and the observer will show the direction of the air movement.
In order for an observer to convey information about the wind to other people, concepts such as north, south, east, west and various combinations thereof are used. Since the totality of all directions forms a circle, the verbal formulation is also duplicated by the corresponding value in degrees. For example, north wind means 0 o (the blue compass needle points exactly north).
The concept of a wind rose
Speaking about the direction and speed of movement of air masses, a few words should be said about the wind rose. It is a circle with lines showing how air flows move. The first mentions of this symbol were found in the books of the Latin philosopher Pliny the Elder.
The entire circle, reflecting the possible horizontal directions of forward air movement, on the wind rose is divided into 32 parts. The main ones are north (0 o or 360 o), south (180 o), east (90 o) and west (270 o). The resulting four lobes of the circle are further divided to form northwest (315 o), northeast (45 o), southwest (225 o) and southeast (135 o). The resulting 8 parts of the circle are again divided in half, which forms additional lines on the compass rose. Since the result is 32 lines, the angular distance between them turns out to be 11.25 o (360 o /32).
Note that a distinctive feature of the compass rose is the image of a fleur-de-lis located above the north icon (N).
Where does the wind blow from?
Horizontal movements of large air masses always occur from areas of high pressure to areas of lower air density. At the same time, you can answer the question of what wind speed is by studying the location of isobars on a geographic map, that is, wide lines within which the air pressure is constant. The speed and direction of movement of air masses is determined by two main factors:
- The wind always blows from areas where there is an anticyclone to areas covered by the cyclone. This can be understood if we remember that in the first case we are talking about zones of high pressure, and in the second case - low pressure.
- Wind speed is in direct proportion to the distance that separates two adjacent isobars. Indeed, the greater this distance, the weaker the pressure difference will be felt (in mathematics they say gradient), which means that the forward movement of air will be slower than in the case of small distances between isobars and large pressure gradients.
Factors affecting wind speed
One of them, and the most important one, has already been voiced above - this is the pressure gradient between neighboring air masses.
In addition, the average wind speed depends on the topography of the surface over which it blows. Any unevenness of this surface significantly inhibits the forward movement of air masses. For example, everyone who has been to the mountains at least once should have noticed that the winds at the foot are weak. The higher you climb the mountainside, the stronger the wind you feel.
For the same reason, winds blow stronger over the sea surface than over land. It is often eaten away by ravines and covered with forests, hills and mountain ranges. All these heterogeneities, which do not exist over the seas and oceans, slow down any gusts of wind.
High above the earth's surface (on the order of several kilometers) there are no obstacles to the horizontal movement of air, so the wind speed in the upper layers of the troposphere is high.
Another factor that is important to consider when talking about the speed of movement of air masses is the Coriolis force. It is generated due to the rotation of our planet, and since the atmosphere has inertial properties, any movement of air in it experiences deviation. Due to the fact that the Earth rotates from west to east around its own axis, the action of the Coriolis force leads to a deflection of the wind to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
Interestingly, this Coriolis force effect, which is negligible in low latitudes (tropics), has a strong influence on the climate of these zones. The fact is that the slowdown in wind speed in the tropics and at the equator is compensated by increased updrafts. The latter, in turn, lead to the intensive formation of cumulus clouds, which are sources of heavy tropical downpours.
Wind speed measuring device
It is an anemometer, which consists of three cups located at an angle of 120 o relative to each other, and fixed on a vertical axis. The operating principle of an anemometer is quite simple. When the wind blows, the cups experience its pressure and begin to rotate on their axis. The stronger the air pressure, the faster they rotate. By measuring the speed of this rotation, you can accurately determine the wind speed in m/s (meters per second). Modern anemometers are equipped with special electrical systems that independently calculate the measured value.
The wind speed device based on the rotation of the cups is not the only one. There is another simple tool called a pitot tube. This device measures the dynamic and static pressure of the wind, from the difference of which its speed can be accurately calculated.
Beaufort scale
Information about wind speed expressed in meters per second or kilometers per hour does not mean much to most people - and especially to sailors. Therefore, in the 19th century, the English admiral Francis Beaufort proposed using some empirical scale for assessment, which consists of a 12-point system.
The higher the Beaufort scale, the stronger the wind blows. For example:
- The number 0 corresponds to absolute calm. With it, the wind blows at a speed not exceeding 1 mile per hour, that is, less than 2 km/h (less than 1 m/s).
- The middle of the scale (number 6) corresponds to a strong breeze, the speed of which reaches 40-50 km/h (11-14 m/s). Such a wind is capable of raising large waves on the sea.
- The maximum on the Beaufort scale (12) is a hurricane whose speed exceeds 120 km/h (more than 30 m/s).
The main winds on planet Earth
In the atmosphere of our planet, they are usually classified as one of four types:
- Global. They are formed as a result of the different ability of continents and oceans to heat up from the sun's rays.
- Seasonal. These winds vary depending on the season of the year, which determines how much solar energy a certain area of the planet receives.
- Local. They are related to the peculiarities of the geographical location and topography of the area in question.
- Rotating. These are the strongest movements of air masses that lead to the formation of hurricanes.
Why is it important to study winds?
In addition to the fact that information about wind speed is included in the weather forecast, which every inhabitant of the planet takes into account in his life, air movement plays a large role in a number of natural processes.
Thus, it is a carrier of plant pollen and participates in the distribution of their seeds. In addition, wind is one of the main sources of erosion. Its destructive effect is most pronounced in deserts, when the terrain changes dramatically during the day.
We should also not forget that wind is the energy that people use in economic activities. According to general estimates, wind energy makes up about 2% of all solar energy falling on our planet.
The wind force scale was invented in 1806 by the English admiral and hydrographer F. Beaufort. He proposed to determine the wind force by the windage that the ship can currently carry. When there were few sails left in the fleet, they began to do things differently, to see what the wind speed was: how many miles per hour or how many meters per second. But the points proposed by Beaufort to characterize the wind remained. There are twelve of these points (or rather, thirteen, since the scale starts not from one point, but from zero).
The numerical values of these points in Russia and abroad differ slightly. For example, in our country it is considered that six points is wind at a speed of 9.9 to 12.4 meters per second, and in other countries - from 10.8 to 13.8 meters per second ()
0 points. From complete calm to half a meter per second. The water is mirror-smooth. Calm.
1 point. Quiet wind. From half a meter to one and a half meters per second. There are ripples on the water.
2 points. Light breeze. From one and a half to three and a half meters per second. Crests of small waves appear.
3 points. Light wind. (This is the official name, but in general it blows very noticeably). From three and a half to five and a half meters per second. Small crests of waves begin to capsize, although the foam is not yet white, but transparent. Flags and pennants flutter, smoke above the chimneys is strongly drawn into the wind.
4 points. Moderate wind. From five and a half to eight meters per second. Despite the “moderation” of such winds, the crews of dinghies and lifeboats need to be very careful - for them this is already serious weather. "Lambs" appear on the waves. Pennants stretch with the wind.
5 points. Fresh breeze. From eight to eleven meters per second. Air currents carry light objects along the shore, large flags are stretched in the wind, “lambs” on the waves are already everywhere. And the sailors on dinghies and dinghies have to do a lot of franking.
6 points. Strong wind. From eleven to thirteen and a half meters. A humming sound is heard in the standing rigging. Waves of considerable height appear, the wind tears foam from the crests. Crews of small yachts need to think very carefully before going out on the water in such weather. And if absolutely necessary, take reefs on the sails.
7 points. Strong wind. From thirteen and a half to sixteen meters per second. The foam stretches out in strips along the slopes of the waves. The whistling in the gear becomes stronger, and difficulties arise when walking against the wind.
8 points. Sixteen to nineteen meters per second. Very strong wind. Any movement against the wind becomes difficult. Long strips of foam break off the crests and cover the slopes of the waves to their very toes.
9 points. Storm. Wind speed is from nineteen to twenty-two meters per second. The surface of the raging waves becomes white with foam, only in some places areas free from this stormy whiteness are visible.
10 points. Heavy storm. Wind from twenty-two to twenty-five meters per second. The sea is stormy, there is water dust and spray in the air, visibility is poor, and damage to the equipment and superstructures of large ships is possible.
11 points. Fierce storm. The air rushes at a speed of twenty-five to thirty meters per second. The surface of the sea is completely covered with foam. Significant damage to the ship is possible.
12 points. Hurricane. Wind speed is over thirty meters per second (on the Russian scale - over twenty-nine). The wind causes devastating destruction.
Those who want to get more accurate data on the Beaufort scale should look into thick marine dictionaries and reference books. However, numbers are not so important when the wind tears the rigging and the waves crash over the side. The main thing is to return safely from the voyage.
Wind force comparison table
Points VOLFORA (Beaufort) |
Nodes (Knots) |
Meters per second (Meters per sec.) |
1 | 1-3 | <2 |
2 | 4-6 | 2-3 |
3 | 7-10 | 4-5 |
4 | 11-16 | 6-7 |
5 | 17-21 | 8-10 |
6 | 22-27 | 11-13 |
7 | 28-33 | 14-16 |
8 | 34-40 | 17-20 |
9 | 41-47 | 21-24 |
10 | 48-55 | 25-28 |
11 | 56-63 | 29-32 |
12 | >64 | >33 |
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