Standards of the International Labor Organization ILO. International Labor Organization, its tasks and functions
International Labor Organization (ILO)- a specialized agency of the UN, an international organization dealing with the regulation of labor relations. As of 2009, 182 states are members of the ILO. Since 1920, the headquarters of the Organization - the International Labor Office - has been located in Geneva.
ILO structure
A distinctive feature of the ILO is tripartism, its tripartite structure, within which negotiations are carried out between governments, workers' organizations and entrepreneurs. Delegates from these three groups are represented and deliberate on equal terms at all levels of the Organization.
The highest body of the ILO is the International Labor Conference, at which all ILO acts are adopted. The delegates to the International Conference are two representatives from the government and one, respectively, from the most representative organizations of workers and employers of each participating state. The ILO Governing Body, also organized on a tripartite basis, is the executive body of the ILO. The International Labor Office serves as the secretariat of the ILO. The ILO adopts Conventions and Recommendations related to labor issues. In addition to the Conventions and Recommendations, three declarations were adopted: the 1944 ILO Declaration of Philadelphia on the Aims and Purposes of the ILO (now incorporated in the ILO Constitution), the 1977 ILO Declaration on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, and the 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Rights and Principles in sphere of labor. Conventions are subject to ratification by participating countries and are international treaties that are binding upon ratification. Recommendations are not legally binding acts. Even if a state has not ratified a convention, it has obligations by virtue of its membership in the ILO and its adherence to its constitution on the four fundamental principles of labor enshrined in the 1998 ILO Declaration. These are the principles of freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining; prohibition of discrimination in labor relations; eradication of forced labor; and the prohibition of child labor. Eight ILO Conventions (respectively, Conventions No. 87 and 98; 100 and 111; 29 and 105; 138 and 182), called fundamental, are also devoted to these four principles. These Conventions have been ratified by the vast majority of countries in the world and the ILO monitors their implementation particularly closely.
The ILO cannot enforce even ratified Conventions. However, there are mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the Conventions and Recommendations by the ILO, the main essence of which is to investigate the circumstances of alleged violations of labor rights and give them international publicity in the event of prolonged ignoring of the ILO’s comments by a state party. This control is carried out by the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, the Governing Body Committee on Freedom of Association and the Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations.
In exceptional cases, in accordance with Article 33 of the ILO Constitution, the International Labor Conference may call on its members to exert influence on a state that is particularly violating international labor standards. In practice, this was done only once - in 2001 in relation to Myanmar, which had been criticized for decades for the use of forced labor and refused to cooperate with the ILO on this issue. As a result, a number of states applied economic sanctions against Myanmar and it was forced to take a number of steps towards the ILO.
principles:
- labor is not a commodity;
- freedom of speech and freedom of association are essential to continued progress;
- poverty anywhere is a threat to overall well-being;
- all people, regardless of race, creed or gender, have the right to pursue their material wealth and spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, economic sustainability and equal opportunity.
Working methods and main areas of activity
The main goals of the ILO are to promote socio-economic progress, improve the well-being and working conditions of people, and protect human rights.
Based on these goals, the main tasks of the ILO are
- development of coordinated policies and programs aimed at solving social and labor problems
- development and adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations and monitoring their implementation
- assistance to participating countries in solving problems of employment, reducing unemployment and regulating migration
- protection of human rights (rights to work, association, collective bargaining, protection from forced labor, discrimination, etc.)
- the fight against poverty, for improving the living standards of workers, developing social security
- assistance in vocational training and retraining of employed and unemployed people
- development and implementation of programs in the field of improving working conditions and the working environment, occupational safety and health, environmental protection and restoration
- assistance to organizations of workers and entrepreneurs in their work together with governments to regulate social and labor relations
- development and implementation of measures to protect the most vulnerable groups of workers (women, youth, elderly people, migrant workers).
The ILO uses various methods in its work. Of these, four main ones can be distinguished: 1. development of social partnership between governments, organizations of workers and entrepreneurs (tripartism) 2. development and adoption of international labor standards: conventions and recommendations and control over their use (standard-setting activities) 3. providing assistance to countries in solving social problems - labor problems. In the ILO this is called technical cooperation 4. conducting research and publishing on social and labor problems. Tripartism is the main method of work of the ILO, its distinctive feature from all international organizations. The solution to all social and labor problems can only be successful as a result of coordinated actions of governments, workers and entrepreneurs.
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL-LABOR RELATIONS
GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE OF THE ILO
International Labor Organization (ILO) is one of the oldest and largest international organizations, which was created on the basis of the statutory principle that universal and lasting peace can only be established on the basis of social justice.
The ILO was created in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles at the League of Nations as an international commission to develop conventions and recommendations on labor legislation and improve working conditions. The organization was founded on April 11, 1919. The ILO headquarters is in Geneva. More than 170 states are members of the organization
The ILO has developed fundamental criteria for an industrial society:
Eight-hour working day;
Maternity protection;
Legislation prohibiting the use of child labor;
Measures to promote safety in the workplace, etc.
In 1944, when the ILO celebrated its 25th anniversary, the International Labor Conference in Philadelphia adopted a Declaration that defined the goals and objectives of the organization.
Objectives of the ILO:
Ensuring full employment and rising living standards;
Promotion of economic and social programs;
Protection of life and health of workers;
Encouraging cooperation between entrepreneurs and employees.
Objectives of the ILO:
In 1946, the ILO became the first specialized agency of the United Nations. In 1969, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the ILO, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded.
ILO structure is quite complex and multi-hierarchical.
1) International Labor Conference (ILC)- the highest body of the ILO, meets annually. Each participating country is represented by 4 delegates: 2 from the government and one each from employees and entrepreneurs
The ILC determines the direction of the ILO's work, develops and approves international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations.
ILO Conventions– these are international legal treaties containing minimum standards in the field of social and labor relations and establishing legal obligations for member states that ratify them.
ILO recommendations are intended to create guidelines when ILO member states develop their policies in a particular area of labor relations, when developing national legislation and practical measures.
ILO funds are generated from contributions from member countries. Once every three years, elections of the Administrative Council are held at the ICT.
Administrative Council– executive body of the ILO; directs the work of the ILO in the period between conferences, implements its decisions, elects the Director General of the ILO and controls his work, etc.
International Labor Office (ILO)- permanent executive body, secretariat of the ILO, its administrative and executive body, research and information center. The ILO collects and disseminates information on all matters relating to international regulation of working conditions and the status of workers.
The Office also recruits experts to be sent to developing countries to implement ILO assistance projects. The ILO has two institutes - the International Institute for Labor Studies in Geneva and the International Center for Advanced Professional and Technical Studies in Turin.
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History of the creation, development and tasks of the ILO
The International Labor Organization was created in 1919 on the basis of the Versailles Peace Treaty as a structural unit of the League of Nations. It was founded on the initiative and with the active participation of Western social democracy. The ILO Constitution was drafted by the Labor Commission of the Peace Conference and became part of the XIII Treaty of Versailles.
The first general director and one of the main initiators of the creation is the French politician Albert Thomas. The current CEO is Guy Ryder. In 1934, the USA and the USSR became members of the ILO. In 1940, due to World War II, the headquarters of the ILO were temporarily moved to Montreal, Canada. Thanks to this, the continuity of the Organization's activities was maintained. In 1940, the USSR suspended its membership in the ILO and resumed it in 1954. Since that time, Belarus and Ukraine have become members of the ILO.
The goals and objectives of the ILO are proclaimed in its Constitution. The ILO's activities are based on tripartite representation of workers, employers and governments - tripartism.
The ILO is one of the oldest and most representative international organizations. Created under the League of Nations, it outlived the latter and, in 1946, became the first specialized agency of the UN. If at the time of its creation 42 states participated in it, then in 2000 there were 174 of them.
Reasons for the formation of the ILO
Political reason
The first reason for the creation of the ILO was the revolution in Russia and a number of other European countries. In order to counteract the spontaneous resolution of contradictions arising in society in an explosive, violent, revolutionary way, the organizers of the ILO decided to create an international organization designed to globally promote social progress, establish and maintain social peace between different strata of society, and contribute to the resolution of emerging social problems in an evolutionary peaceful way.
Social reason
The working and living conditions of workers at the beginning of the 20th century were difficult and unacceptable. They were subjected to brutal exploitation, their social protection was practically absent. Social development lagged significantly behind economic development, which hampered the development of society.
Economic reason
The desire of individual countries to improve the situation of workers caused an increase in costs, an increase in production costs, which required the resolution of contradictions in labor relations between the state, employers and employees in most countries. The Preamble notes that “the failure of any country to provide its workers with humane working conditions is an obstacle to other nations wishing to improve the conditions of workers in their countries.”
Structure of the ILO and its founding documents
A distinctive feature of the ILO is tripartism, its tripartite structure, within which negotiations are carried out between governments, workers' organizations and entrepreneurs. Delegates from these three groups are represented and deliberate on equal terms at all levels of the Organization.
The highest body of the ILO is the International Labor Conference, at which all ILO acts are adopted. The delegates to the International Conference are two representatives from the government and one, respectively, from the most representative organizations of workers and employers of each participating state. The ILO Governing Body, also organized on a tripartite basis, is the executive body of the ILO. The International Labor Office serves as the secretariat of the ILO.
The ILO adopts Conventions and Recommendations related to labor issues. In addition to the Conventions and Recommendations, three declarations were adopted: the 1944 ILO Declaration of Philadelphia on the Aims and Purposes of the ILO (now incorporated in the ILO Constitution), the 1977 ILO Declaration on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, and the 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Rights and Principles in sphere of labor.
Conventions are subject to ratification by participating countries and are international treaties that are binding upon ratification. Recommendations are not legally binding acts. Even if a state has not ratified a convention, it has obligations, by virtue of its membership in the ILO and its adherence to its constitution, to the four fundamental principles of work enshrined in the 1998 ILO Declaration. These are the principles of freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining; prohibition of discrimination in labor relations; eradication of forced labor; and the prohibition of child labor. Eight ILO Conventions (respectively, Conventions No. 87 and 98; 100 and 111; 29 and 105; 138 and 182), called fundamental, are also devoted to these four principles. These Conventions have been ratified by the vast majority of countries in the world and the ILO monitors their implementation particularly closely.
The texts of ILO Conventions and Recommendations in Russian, English, French, Spanish, Chinese, German, Portuguese, Arabic are collected in the ILO international labor standards database.
The ILO cannot enforce even ratified Conventions. However, there are mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the Conventions and Recommendations by the ILO, the main essence of which is to investigate the circumstances of alleged violations of labor rights and give them international publicity in the event of prolonged ignoring of the ILO’s comments by a state party. This control is carried out by the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, the Governing Body Committee on Freedom of Association and the Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations.
In exceptional cases, in accordance with Article 33 of the ILO Constitution, the International Labor Conference may call on its members to exert influence on a state that is particularly violating international labor standards. In practice, this was done only once - in 2001 in relation to Myanmar, which had been criticized for decades for the use of forced labor and refused to cooperate with the ILO on this issue. As a result, a number of states applied economic sanctions against Myanmar and it was forced to take a number of steps towards the ILO.
ILO Constitution
The original text of the Charter, drawn up in 1919, was modified by an amendment in 1922, which came into force on June 4, 1934; Amendment Act of 1945, effective September 26, 1946; Amendment Act of 1946, effective April 20, 1948; The 1953 Amendment Act, effective May 20, 1954, the 1962 Amendment Act, effective May 22, 1963, and the 1972 Amendment Act, effective November 1, 1974.
ILO Declaration of Philadelphia
ILO Conventions
ILO Conventions ratified by Russia
List of ILO Conventions ratified by Russia
- Convention No. 10 “On the minimum age for the admission of children to work in agriculture” (1921);
- Convention No. 11 “On the Right to Organize and Association of Workers in Agriculture” (1921);
- Convention No. 13 “On the use of white lead in painting” (1921);
- Convention No. 14 “On weekly rest in industrial enterprises” (1921);
- Convention No. 15 “On the minimum age for admission of adolescents to work as coal loaders or stokers in the navy” (1921);
- Convention No. 16 “On the compulsory medical examination of children and adolescents employed on board ships” (1921);
- Convention No. 23 “On the Repatriation of Seamen” (1926);
- Convention No. 27 “On the Indication of the Weight of Heavy Goods Carried on Ships” (1929);
- Convention No. 29 on Forced or Compulsory Labor (1930);
- Convention No. 32 “On the protection against accidents of workers engaged in loading or unloading ships” (1932);
- Convention No. 45 “On the Employment of Women in Underground Work in Mines” (1935);
- Convention No. 47 “On the reduction of working time to forty hours a week” (1935);
- Convention No. 52 “On annual holidays with pay” (1936);
- Convention No. 58 “On the minimum age for the admission of children to work at sea” (1936);
- Convention No. 59 “On the minimum age for the admission of children to work in industry” (1937);
- Convention No. 60 “On the age of admission of children to non-industrial work” (1937);
- Convention No. 69 “On the issuance of certificates of qualification to ships' cooks” (1946);
- Convention No. 73 “On the Medical Examination of Seafarers” (1946);
- Convention No. 77 “On the Medical Examination of Children and Adolescents for the Purpose of Determining Their Suitability for Work in Industry” (1946);
- Convention No. 78 “On the medical examination of children and adolescents with a view to determining their suitability for non-industrial work” (1946);
- Convention No. 79 “On the limitation of night work of children and adolescents in non-industrial work” (1946);
- Convention No. 81 “On Labor Inspection in Industry and Commerce” (1947);
- Convention No. 87 “On Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize” (1948);
- Convention No. 90 “On night work of adolescents in industry” (revised 1948);
- Convention No. 92 on Accommodation for Crews on Board Ships (revised 1949);
- Convention No. 95 “Concerning the Protection of Wages” (1949);
- Convention No. 98 “On the Application of the Principles of the Right to Organize and to Collective Bargaining” (1949);
- Convention No. 100 “On equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value” (1951);
- Convention No. 103 “On the Protection of Maternity” (1952);
- Convention No. 105 “Abolition of Forced Labor” (1957);
- Convention No. 106 “On weekly rest in commerce and institutions” (1957);
- Convention No. 108 “On National Identity Documents for Seafarers” (1958);
- Convention No. 111 on Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) (1958);
- Convention No. 112 “On the minimum age for employment of fishermen” (1959);
- Convention No. 113 “On the Medical Examination of Fishermen” (1959);
- Convention No. 115 “On the Protection of Workers from Ionizing Radiation” (1960);
- Convention No. 116 “On the Partial Revision of Conventions” (1961);
- Convention No. 119 “On the provision of protective devices for machinery” (1963);
- Convention No. 120 on Occupational Health in Commerce and Establishments (1964);
- Convention No. 122 “On Employment Policy” (1964);
- Convention No. 123 “On the minimum age of admission to underground work in mines and mines” (1965);
- Convention No. 124 “On the Medical Examination of Young Persons for the Purpose of Determining Their Fitness for Work in Underground Work in Mines and Mines” (1965);
- Convention No. 126 on Crew Accommodation on Board Fishing Vessels (1966);
- Holidays with Pay Convention No. 132 (Revised) (1970)
- Convention No. 133 “On accommodation for crew on board ships. Additional provisions" (1970);
- Convention No. 134 “On the Prevention of Occupational Accidents among Seafarers” (1970);
- Convention No. 137 “On the social consequences of new methods of cargo handling in ports” (1973);
- Convention No. 138 “Minimum Age for Admission to Employment” (1973);
- Convention No. 139 “On the control and preventive measures of hazards caused by carcinogenic substances and agents in industrial environments” (1974);
- Convention No. 142 on Vocational Guidance and Training in the Field of Human Resources Development (1975);
- Convention No. 147 “Minimum Standards on Merchant Ships” (1976);
- Convention N 148 for the Protection of Workers against Occupational Risks Caused by Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration at Work (1977);
- Convention No. 149 “On the employment and working and living conditions of nursing personnel” (1977);
- Convention No. 150 “Labour Administration: Role, Functions and Organization” (1978);
- Convention No. 152 on Occupational Safety and Health in Port Works (1979);
- Convention No. 155 on Occupational Safety, Health and the Working Environment (1981);
- Convention No. 156 “Equal Treatment and Equal Opportunities for Men and Women Workers: Workers with Family Responsibilities” (1981);
- Convention No. 159 “On Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment of Persons with Disabilities” (1983);
- Convention No. 160 “On Labor Statistics” (1985);
- Convention No. 162 “On occupational safety and health in the use of asbestos” (1986);
- Convention No. 173 concerning the Protection of Workers' Claims in the Event of Insolvency of the Employer (1992)
- Convention No. 179 “On the Recruitment and Placement of Seafarers” (1996);
- Convention No. 182 “On the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor” (1999);
- Seafarers' Documents Convention No. 185;
- ILO Convention No. 187 on the Promotion of Occupational Safety and Health (2006)
- MLC Maritime Labor Convention (2006).
- Convention No. 174 of the International Labor Organization “On the Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents” (Concluded in Geneva on June 22, 1993)
- Convention No. 175 Part-time Work Convention 1994 (ratified 2016)
Working methods and main areas of activity
The main goals of the ILO are to promote socio-economic progress, improve the well-being and working conditions of people, and protect human rights.
Based on these goals, the main tasks of the ILO are
- development of coordinated policies and programs aimed at solving social and labor problems
- development and adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations and monitoring their implementation
- assistance to participating countries in solving problems of employment, reducing unemployment and regulating migration
- protection of human rights (rights to work, association, collective bargaining, protection from forced labor, discrimination, etc.)
- the fight against poverty, for improving the living standards of workers, developing social security
- assistance in vocational training and retraining of employed and unemployed people
- development and implementation of programs in the field of improving working conditions and the working environment, occupational safety and health, environmental protection and restoration
- assistance to organizations of workers and entrepreneurs in their work together with governments to regulate social and labor relations
- development and implementation of measures to protect the most vulnerable groups of workers (women, youth, elderly people, migrant workers).
The ILO uses various methods in its work. Of these, four main ones can be distinguished:
- development of social partnership between governments, workers' organizations and entrepreneurs (tripartism)
- development and adoption of international labor standards: conventions and recommendations and control over their use (standard-setting activities)
- providing assistance to countries in solving social and labor problems. In the ILO this is called technical cooperation
- conducting research and publishing publications on social and labor issues.
Tripartism is the main method of work of the ILO, its distinctive feature from all international organizations. The solution to all social and labor problems can only be successful as a result of coordinated actions of governments, workers and entrepreneurs.
ILO member states
List of ILO member states
- Australia
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Albania
- Algeria
- Angola
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Afghanistan
- Bahamas
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Bahrain
- Belarus
- Belize
- Belgium
- Benin
- Bulgaria
- Bolivia
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Botswana
- Brazil
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
- Hungary
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Gabon
- Haiti
- Guyana
- Gambia
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Germany
- Honduras
- Grenada
- Greece
- Georgia
- Denmark
- Djibouti
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Egypt
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
- Israel
- India
- Indonesia
- Jordan
- Islamic Republic of Iran
- Ireland
- Iceland
- Spain
- Italy
- Yemen
- Cape Verde
- Kazakhstan
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Qatar
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- China
- Colombia
- Comoros
- Congo
- Korea, Republic of
- Costa Rica
- Ivory Coast
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Latvia
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Lebanon
- Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Mauritius
- Mauritania
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Malta
- Morocco
- Mexico
- Mozambique
- Moldova, Republic
- Mongolia
- Myanmar
- Namibia
- Nepal
- Niger
- Nigeria
- Netherlands
- Nicaragua
- New Zealand
- Norway
- United Arab Emirates
- Pakistan
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Paraguay
- Poland
- Portugal
- Russian Federation
- Rwanda
- Romania
- Salvador
- San Marino
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Saudi Arabia
- Swaziland
- Seychelles
- Senegal
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Saint Christopher and Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Singapore
- Syrian Arab Republic
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- United Kingdom
- USA
- Solomon islands
- Somalia
- Sudan
- Suriname
- Sierra Leone
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Tanzania, United Republic
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkmenistan
- Türkiye
- Uganda
- Uzbekistan
- Ukraine
- Uruguay
- Fiji
- Philippines
- Finland
- France
- Croatia
- Central African Republic
- Czech Republic
- Switzerland
- Sweden
- Sri Lanka
- Ecuador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Estonia
- Ethiopia
- Yugoslavia
- South Africa
- Jamaica
- Japan
Application of the ILO methodology for assessing unemployment in Russia
Directors-General of the ILO
Period | Director General of the ILO | Note |
---|---|---|
November - 7 May | Albert Thomas | France |
July June | Harold Butler | Great Britain |
June July | John Winant | USA |
July June | Edward Philane | Ireland |
June - May | David Morse | USA |
June 1 - October 9 | Wilfred Jenks | Great Britain |
October 9 - February 27 | Francis Blanchard | France |
History of the creation and development of the ILO
Structure and constitution of the ILO, conventions and methods of work of the ILO
Section 1. History of the creation of the ILO.
Section 2. Reasons for the formation of the ILO
Section 3. Structure of the ILO.
Section 4. ILO Constitution.
Section 5. Rules of the International Labor Conference.
Section 6. ILO Conventions
Section 7. Working methods and main areas of activity
Section 8. Member States of the ILO.
Section 9. General DirectorsILO.
This
International Labor Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the UN system that aims to promote the principles of social justice, internationally recognized human rights and rights at work.
This is a specialized agency of the UN, an international organization dealing with the regulation of labor relations.
The International Labour Organization(ILO, English International Labor Organization, ILO) is a specialized agency of the UN, an international organization dealing with the regulation of labor relations. As of 2012, 185 states are members of the ILO. Since 1920, the headquarters of the Organization - the International Labor Office - is located in Geneva.
The International Labour Organization - it is one of the oldest and largest international organizations dealing with the regulation of labor relations.
The International Labour Organization - is an intergovernmental organization created in 1919, which later became a specialized agency of the UN. The ILO is one of the organizations that most consistently deals with issues of workers' rights and the regulation of labor relations.
The International Labour Organization - it is one of the agencies of the United Nations system. Its activities are aimed at expanding the opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive employment in conditions of freedom, justice, social guarantees and respect for human dignity. The main goals of the Organization are to promote the protection of labor rights, expand decent employment opportunities, strengthen social security and develop dialogue on issues related to the world of work.
The International Labour Organization - it is the only "tripartite" United Nations agency in which representatives of governments, employers and workers jointly shape its policies and programs.
The International Labour Organization - it is an international body charged with developing and enforcing international labor standards.
The International Labour Organization - this is a specialized agency of the United Nations, which, according to the Charter, is called upon to promote the establishment of general and lasting peace on the basis of social justice by improving working conditions (regulation of working hours, combating unemployment, protecting workers from occupational diseases and industrial accidents, protecting children and adolescents and women, equal pay, salary guarantee, organization of vocational training, etc.).
The International Labour Organization -
The International Labour Organization -
The International Labour Organization -
The International Labour Organization -
The International Labour Organization -
History of the creation, development and tasks of the ILO
The ILO was created in 1919, as part of the Treaty of Versailles that ended the First World War, to reflect the view that general and lasting peace can only be achieved if it is based on social justice.
The founders of the ILO strongly advocated the creation of humane working conditions, against injustice, deprivation and poverty. In 1944, during the second crisis period in world history, ILO members reaffirmed these goals by adopting the Declaration of Philadelphia; it proclaims that labor is not a commodity and defines fundamental human and economic rights based on the principle that “poverty anywhere is a threat to the general welfare.”
The Constitution was drafted between January and April 1919 by a labor commission created by the peace conference, which first met in Paris and then in Versailles. The commission, chaired by Samuel, chairman of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in the United States, consists of representatives from nine countries:
Belgium, Cuba, Czechoslovakia,
France, Italy, Japan,
Poland, United Kingdom, United States.
This led to a tripartite organization of employers and workers in the executive branch. The Constitution contains the ideas of the test within the framework of the International Labor Law Association, founded in Basel in 1901. Advocacy for an international organization dealing with labor issues began in the nineteenth century, led by two industrialists, Robert Owen (1771–1853) in Wales. The driving forces for the creation of the ILO were security, humanitarian, political and economic considerations. To summarize them, the Preamble of the ILO Constitution states that the Contracting Parties were "moved by feelings of justice and humanity, and by the desire to secure permanent peace in the world..." There was a keen understanding of the importance of social justice in securing peace, against the backdrop of the exploitation of workers in the industrialized countries of that time. time. There was also a greater understanding of the world's economic interdependence and the need for cooperation to obtain similar working conditions among countries competing in markets.
Reflecting these ideas, the preamble states:
While general and lasting peace can only be established on the basis of social justice;
And while conditions of work exist with such hardships of injustice and deprivation for large numbers of people as to produce unrest so great that the peace and harmony of the world are endangered, the improvement of these conditions is urgently needed;
Taking into account also the failure of any country to provide workers with humane working conditions is an obstacle to other nations who want to improve the situation of workers in their countries.
To improve performance, the preamble remains relevant today, for example:
Regulation of working hours, including the establishment of maximum working days and weeks;
Regulation of labor resources, preventing unemployment and ensuring an adequate living wage;
Protecting workers from illness, disease and injury arising from their work;
Protection of children, adolescents and women;
Providing for old age and injury protection, protecting the interests of workers working in countries other than their own;
Recognition of the principle of equal remuneration for work of equal value;
Recognition of the principle of freedom of association;
Organization of vocational education, and other measures.
It was the first intergovernmental organization-commission to develop conventions and recommendations on labor legislation, promoting socio-economic progress, improving the well-being and working conditions of people, and protecting human rights.
Reasons for the formation of the ILO
Political reason.
The first reason for the creation of the ILO was the revolutions in Russia and a number of other European countries. In order to resolve the contradictions that arise in society in an explosive, violent, revolutionary way, the organizers of the ILO decided to create an international organization designed to worldwide promote social progress, establish and maintain social peace between different strata of society, and contribute to the resolution of emerging social problems in an evolutionary peaceful way.
Social reason.
The working and living conditions of the workers were difficult and unacceptable. They were subjected to brutal exploitation, their social protection was practically absent. Social development lagged significantly behind economic development, which hampered the development of society.
Economic reason.
The desire of individual countries to improve the situation of workers caused an increase in costs, an increase in production costs, which made competition difficult and required the solution of social problems in most countries. The Preamble notes that “the failure of any country to provide its workers with humane working conditions is an obstacle to other nations wishing to improve the conditions of workers in their countries.”
Structure of the ILO and its founding documents
A distinctive feature of the ILO is its tripartite structure, within which negotiations are carried out between governments, workers' and employers' organizations. Delegates from these three groups are represented and deliberate on equal terms at all levels of the Organization.
The highest body of the ILO is the International Labor Conference, at which all ILO acts are adopted. The delegates to the International Conference are two representatives from the government and one, respectively, from the most representative organizations of workers and employers of each participating state.
The ILO Governing Body, also organized on a tripartite basis, is the executive body of the ILO.
The International Labor Office serves as the secretariat of the ILO. The ILO adopts Conventions and Recommendations related to labor issues. In addition to the Conventions and Recommendations, three declarations were adopted: the 1944 ILO Declaration of Philadelphia on the Aims and Purposes of the ILO (now incorporated in the ILO Constitution), the 1977 ILO Declaration on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, and the 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Rights and Principles in sphere of labor. Conventions are subject to ratification by participating countries and are international treaties that are binding upon ratification.
Recommendations are not legally binding acts. Even if a state has not ratified a convention, it has obligations, by virtue of its membership of the ILO and its adherence to its constitution, to the four fundamental principles of work enshrined in the 1998 ILO Declaration.
These are the principles of freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining; prohibition of discrimination in labor relations; eradication of forced labor; and the prohibition of child labor. Eight ILO Conventions (respectively, Conventions No. 87 and 98; 100 and 111; 29 and 105; 138 and 182), called fundamental, are also devoted to these four principles. These Conventions have been ratified by the vast majority of countries in the world and the ILO monitors their implementation particularly closely.
The ILO cannot enforce even ratified Conventions. However, there are mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the Conventions and Recommendations by the ILO, the main essence of which is to study the circumstances of violations of labor rights and give them international publicity in the event of prolonged ignoring of the ILO’s comments by a participating state. This control is carried out by the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, the Governing Body Committee on Freedom of Association and the Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations.
In exceptional cases, in accordance with Article 33 of the ILO Constitution, the International Labor Conference may call on its members to exert influence on a state that is particularly violating international labor standards. In practice, this has only been done once - in 2001 in relation to Myanmar, which has been criticized for decades for the use of forced labor and has refused to cooperate with the ILO on this issue. As a result, a number of states applied economic sanctions against Myanmar, and it was forced to take a number of steps towards the ILO.
ILO Constitution
ILO Declaration of Philadelphia.
In 1944, at a session in Philadelphia (USA), the International Labor Conference adopted the Philadelphia Declaration, which clarifies the goals and objectives of the Organization.
The Declaration embodies the following principles:
labor is not a commodity;
freedom of speech and freedom of association are essential to continued progress;
poverty anywhere is a threat to overall well-being;
all people, regardless of race, creed or gender, have the right to pursue their material wealth and spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, economic sustainability and equal opportunity.
Rules of Procedure of the International Labor Conference
International Labor Conference ILC.
The conference is a global forum for discussing common labor and social issues and international labor standards; it determines the general policy of the Organization. Every two years, the Conference adopts a two-year program of work and a budget for the ILO, which is made up of contributions from member states.
Administrative Council.
The Governing Body is the executive body of the ILO. He directs the work of the Organization in the period between sessions of the General Conference and determines the procedure for implementing its decisions. Three sessions of the Administrative Council are held annually - in March, June and November.
The Administrative Council consists of 56 members (28 government representatives, 14 employers and 14 workers) and 66 alternates (28 government representatives, 19 employers and 19 workers). Ten seats of members of the Administrative Council representing governments are reserved on a permanent basis for representatives of the governments of the leading countries of the world:
Brazil, UK, Germany,
India, Italy, China,
Russian Federation, USA, France and Japan.
The remaining members of the Council, representing governments of other states, are re-elected by the Conference on a rotation basis every three years.
International Labor Office ILO
The International Labor Office in Geneva is the ILO's permanent secretariat, operational headquarters, research and publishing centre. The Bureau prepares documents and reports that are used during conferences and meetings of the Organization (for example, the General Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Standards, reports of the Administrative Council and its committees, etc.). The Office also administers technical cooperation programs that support the ILO's standard-setting activities.
The Bureau has a department that is responsible for all issues relating to international labor standards, as well as departments responsible for the activities of employers and workers. Issues of administration and management are decentralized and transferred to the regional and sub-regional levels and to representative offices in individual countries.
Led by a Director General, who serves a five-year term, subject to re-election, the Bureau employs approximately 2,500 staff and experts based at its headquarters in Geneva and in more than 40 offices around the world. Regional meetings of ILO member states are held regularly to discuss issues of particular interest to the region.
The Governing Body and the International Bureau are assisted in their activities by tripartite committees covering the main industries, as well as committees of experts on issues such as vocational training, management development, occupational safety and health, labor relations, vocational training, and the special problems of certain categories of workers (youth, disabled people). .
International Labor Conference:
Reminds:
That, by freely joining the International Labor Organization, all Member States have accepted the principles and rights enshrined in the Constitution and the Declaration of Philadelphia and have pledged themselves to achieve all the objectives of the Organization using all the means at their disposal and with full regard to their particular characteristics;
that these principles and rights are expressed and developed in the form of specific rights and obligations in the Conventions, recognized as fundamental both within and outside the Organization.
Declares that all Member States, even if they have not ratified the said Conventions, have an obligation arising from the very fact of their membership in the Organization to respect, promote and implement in good faith, in accordance with the Charter, the principles relating to the fundamental rights which are the subject of of these Conventions, namely:
freedom of association and effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining;
abolition of all forms of forced or compulsory labor;
effective prohibition of child labor;
and non-discrimination in employment and occupation.
Decides that, in order to ensure the full implementation of this Declaration, a mechanism will be used to facilitate its implementation, reliable and effective, in accordance with the measures listed in the following annex, which forms an integral part of this Declaration.
ILO Conventions
No. 1 Industrial Working Time Convention 1919
No. 2 Unemployment Convention 1919
No. 3 Maternity Protection Convention, 1919
No. 4 Women's Night Work Convention, 1919
No. 5 Minimum Age for Employment in Industry Convention, 1919
No. 6 Convention 1919 concerning night work of juveniles in industry
No. 7 Minimum Age at Sea Convention, 1920
No. 8 Shipwreck Allowances Convention, 1920
No. 9 Employment of Seamen Convention, 1920
No. 10 Minimum Age in Agriculture Convention, 1921
No. 11 Right of Association in Agriculture Convention, 1921
No. 12 Agricultural Compensation Convention, 1921
No. 13 White Lead Painting Convention, 1921
No. 14 Industrial Weekly Rest Convention, 1921
No. 15 Convention, 1921, Concerning the Minimum Age for Coal Handlers and Stokers in the Navy
No. 16 Convention, 1921, concerning the Medical Examination of Adolescents on Board Ships
No. 17 Workmen's Compensation Convention, 1925
No. 18 Occupational Diseases Convention 1925
No. 19 Equal Treatment in Compensation in Accidents Convention, 1925
No. 20 Night Work in Bakeries Convention, 1925
No. 21 Emigrants Inspection Convention 1926
No. 22 Seafarers' Contracts of Employment Convention, 1926
No. 23 Repatriation of Seafarers Convention, 1926
No. 24 Industrial Sickness Insurance Convention, 1927
No. 25 Agricultural Sickness Insurance Convention, 1927
No. 26 Minimum Wages Convention, 1928
No. 27 Convention concerning the Indication of Weights of Goods Carried on Ships, 1929
No. 28 Convention for the Protection of Dockers against Accidents, 1929
No. 29 Forced Labor Convention 1930
No. 30 Working Time in Commerce and Offices Convention, 1930
No. 31 Working Time in Coal Mines Convention 1931
No. 32 Convention (Revised) 1932 for the Protection of Dockers against Accidents
No. 33 Minimum Age for Non-Industrial Works Convention, 1932
No. 34 Paid Recruitment Agencies Convention, 1933.
Methods of work and main areas of activity of the ILO
The main goals of the ILO are to promote socio-economic progress, improve the well-being and working conditions of people, and protect human rights.
Based on these goals, the main tasks of the ILO are
development of coordinated policies and programs aimed at solving social and labor problems;
development and adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations;
assistance to participating countries in solving problems of employment, reducing unemployment and regulating migration;
protection of human rights (rights to work, association, collective bargaining, protection from forced labor, discrimination, etc.);
the fight against poverty, for improving the living standards of workers, developing social security;
assistance in vocational training and retraining of employed and unemployed people;
development and implementation of programs in the field of improving working conditions and the working environment, occupational safety and health, environmental protection and restoration;
assistance to organizations of workers and entrepreneurs in their work together with governments to regulate social and labor relations;
development and implementation of measures to protect the most vulnerable groups of workers (women, youth, elderly people, migrant workers).
The ILO uses various methods in its work. Of these, four main ones can be distinguished:
development of social partnership between governments, labor organizations and entrepreneurs;
development and adoption of international labor standards: conventions and recommendations;
providing assistance to countries in solving social and labor problems.
The International Labor Organization calls this technical cooperation.
Tripartism is the main method of work of the ILO, its distinctive feature from all international organizations. The solution to all social and labor problems can only be successful as a result of coordinated actions of governments, workers and entrepreneurs.
Hungary, Venezuela, Vietnam
Gabon, Haiti, Guyana, Gambia, Ghana,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Germany, Honduras, Grenada, Greece, Georgia
Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic
Egypt, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Israel, India, Indonesia, Jordan,
Iraq, Islamic Republic of Iran, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Yemen
Cape Verde, Kazakhstan, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,
Qatar, Kenya, Cyprus, Kiribati, China, Colombia,
Comoros, Congo, Korea, Republic of, Costa Rica,
Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan.
Lao People's Democratic Republic, Latvia,
Lesotho, Liberia, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Lithuania, Luxembourg
Mauritius, Mauritania, Madagascar, Malawi,
Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Morocco, Mexico, Mozambique, Moldova, Republic of, Mongolia, Myanmar
Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway
United Arab Emirates, Oman
Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal
Russian Federation, Rwanda, Romania
El Salvador, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,
Swaziland, Seychelles, Senegal, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Singapore, Syrian Arab Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, United Kingdom,
United States of America, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Sierra Leone.
Tajikistan, Thailand, Tanzania,
United Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Türkiye
Uganda, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Uruguay
Fiji, Philippines, Finland, France
Croatia, Central African Republic, Chad, Czech Republic, Chile
Switzerland, Sweden, Sri Lanka
Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia
Yugoslavia, South Africa
Events
1818. At the Congress of the Holy Alliance in Germany, English industrialist Robert Owen insists on introducing provisions for the protection of workers and the creation of a commission on social issues.
1831-1834. Two uprisings of weavers in silk factories in Lyon were brutally suppressed.
1864. The 1st International Workers' Association is founded in London.
1866. The Congress of the 1st International demands the adoption of international labor legislation.
1867. Publication of the first volume of Karl Marx's work Capital.
1833-1891. Adoption of the first social legislation in Europe in Germany.
1889. The 2nd International of Working People is founded in Paris.
1890. Representatives of 14 countries at a meeting in Berlin put forward proposals that will affect the national labor laws of a number of countries.
1900. At a conference in Paris, the first association for the protection of workers was created.
1906. At a conference in Bern, two international conventions are adopted - to limit the use of toxic white phosphorus in the production of matches and to prohibit women's night work.
1919. Birth of the ILO. The First International Labor Conference adopts six conventions, the first establishing an 8-hour working day and a 48-hour working week.
1927. The first session of the Committee of Experts on the Application of the Conventions takes place.
1930. The Convention for the Gradual Abolition of Forced and Compulsory Labor is adopted.
1944 The Declaration of Philadelphia reaffirms the fundamental purposes of the ILO.
1946: The ILO becomes the first specialized agency associated with the UN.
1969. The ILO was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
2002. World Day Against Child Labor was established.
Sources
Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia, WikiPedia
ilo.org – Official website of the ILO
calend.ru – Events calendar
academic.ru – Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
un.org – Declarations
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