Unguided aircraft missiles as means of destruction. Armament of attack helicopters Unguided missile weapons of a helicopter
This machine can be piloted both from the cockpit and from the cockpit of a pilot-operator serving as an instructor. “Night Hunter” with dual controls will significantly simplify and speed up the process of training combat crews, which will open up new export opportunities for the Mi-28NE, representatives of the aircraft plant noted in a conversation with an RG correspondent. Indeed, in addition to the acquired training function, the vehicle must retain the entire arsenal of an all-weather attack helicopter aimed at destroying enemy armored vehicles, defeating low-flying low-speed air targets, aerial reconnaissance - not only during the day, but also - justifying its name - at night, including in difficult weather conditions.
At the moment, the manufacturer’s portfolio includes two contracts for the supply of Mi-28NE with dual controls abroad, the company said. Representatives of the company did not specify which countries will receive the new helicopters and in what quantities.
Let us recall that earlier, in particular, Algeria, India, Kenya and Iraq expressed interest in purchasing the “Night Hunter”. The latter signed a contract for the purchase of more than 40 Mi-35 and Mi-28N helicopters from Russia back in 2013, and the first batch of Mi-28NE was delivered to this country in the fall of 2014. Algeria, according to some information, planned to receive helicopters with dual controls.
Among the most valuable advantages of the dual-control Mi-28NE are not only its maneuverability and the ability to be used around the clock, but also its firepower. The helicopter's arsenal includes guided and unguided missile weapons, as well as a mobile gun mount, which is equipped with a 30 mm caliber cannon. All vital systems and assemblies of the helicopter are duplicated. The crew cabin is reliably armored - it is not afraid of armor-piercing bullets and shells of up to 20 mm caliber.
The “impenetrability” of the helicopter became possible thanks to the use of the latest materials and design solutions. The Mi-28NE main rotor blades with dual control are made of composite materials, and the design of the fuel system prevents explosion or combustion of fuel.
In addition, the new “Night Hunter” will be very difficult to detect by ground-based air defense systems. The helicopter is equipped with an integrated set of avionics, which, among other things, allows you to find and recognize ground and air targets, determine their coordinates and transmit target designations to ground and air command posts.
In 2014, a prototype Mi-28NE with dual control was manufactured. At the end of 2015, State joint tests were completed.
Characteristics of “Night Hunter”
Normal take-off weight – 10900 kg;
Maximum flight speed – 300 km/h. Cruising flight speed – 265 km/h.
Main weapons
Ataka-V air-to-surface guided missile system;
Strelets air-to-air guided missile system;
Fixed movable gun mount with a 30 mm caliber gun;
Units of unguided aircraft missiles (UAR) B-8V20A with an S-8 missile of 80 mm caliber;
Blocks of unguided aircraft missiles (UAR) B-13L1 with a S-13 type missile of 130 mm caliber.
Mi-28N helicopter performing a training flight on August 6, 2012 at Mozdok airfield (North Ossetia). The helicopter crew was not injured during landing and there was no damage on the ground. The helicopter received minor damage.
In 2002, factory tests were completed.
In March 2006, a state commission chaired by the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force issued a preliminary conclusion on the release of an pilot batch of Mi-28N helicopters.
In February 2008, the first two helicopters entered service with the Russian Armed Forces.
On December 26, 2008, the state commission, based on the results of state tests, recommended adopting the Mi-28N combat helicopter into service with the Russian Ministry of Defense and putting it into mass production.
Serial production of the Mi-28N was launched at the Rostov plant (JSC Rostvertol).
During the operation of this Mi-28N machine. On June 19, 2009, during a flight at the Gorokhovetsky combined arms training ground (Nizhny Novgorod region), the helicopter made an emergency landing, during which the main rotor and tail boom were destroyed. There were no casualties. On February 15, 2011, the Mi-28 helicopter made a hard landing in the Budennovsky district of the Stavropol Territory, during which the crew received injuries of varying severity. The commander of the helicopter crew died on the same day in a military hospital. On August 6, 2012, a Mi-28N helicopter made a hard landing at Mozdok airfield (North Ossetia). The helicopter received minor damage during landing, but the crew was not injured.
Crew: 2 people (if necessary, another 2-3 people can be transported in the rear compartment).
Power plant - 2 TV3-117VMA engines with a power of 2200 horsepower each.
Takeoff weight:
Normal - 10400 kg,
- maximum - 11500 kg.
Weight of combat load:
Maximum - 1605 kg,
- normal - 638 kg.
The empty weight of the helicopter is 7890 kg.
Flight speed:
- maximum - 282 km/h,
- cruising - 260 km/h.
Static ceiling - 3450 m.
Dynamic ceiling - 5750 m.
Flight range with normal take-off weight is 460 km.
Ferry range - 1105 km.
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
The Mi-28N “Night Hunter” helicopter has a special pilot protection system and can “see” the enemy at a distance of 35 kilometers even in the dark. Test pilots call it a “fighter helicopter,” and people have already dubbed it a “flying tank.”
“This is a whole complex that allows the pilot to fight at night, these are thermal imagers. In this helicopter they are implemented in two versions - for the pilot and the operator, there are night vision goggles,” said Dmitry Sergeev, deputy chief designer of the Moscow helicopter plant.
As the creators note, the helicopter is equipped with an impressive supply of weapons. The built-in ten-round mobile cannon mount can literally tear apart an enemy armored personnel carrier; The Igla missile complex is designed to destroy enemy helicopters and unmanned aircraft. However, the main strength of the “Night Hunter” is the “Attack” anti-tank missiles, against which not a single enemy tank can withstand.
“Night Hunter” is equipped with a special survivability system. The rotorcraft is designed in such a way as to protect the crew as much as possible - the fully armored cabin can withstand even a direct hit from 12.7 mm bullets. The crew is positioned in a special way - the pilot's seat is located above the gunner's seat, thus making the vehicle flatter and therefore less vulnerable in battle.
Mi-28N Night Hunter helicopters are already entering service with the Russian army. First of all, they will be equipped with military districts in the Caucasus and the Far East.
The Mi-28NE round-the-clock combat helicopter is a two-seater (pilot and navigator-operator) helicopter with a classic single-rotor design with a five-bladed main rotor and an X-shaped tail rotor controlled by a stabilizer, wheeled fixed landing gear with a tail support. The wing is used for mounting weapons and additional fuel tanks. The Mi-28NE is designed to search for and destroy tanks and other armored vehicles, as well as low-speed air targets and enemy personnel.
To perform these tasks, the helicopter uses the following weapons:
Fixed mobile gun mount NPPU-28N with a 2A42 cannon of 30 mm caliber with 250 rounds of ammunition;
- universal gun containers UPK-23-250 (2 pcs) with a GSh-23L cannon of 23 mm caliber and 250 rounds of ammunition in each container;
- anti-tank missile system 9-A2313 “Ataka-V” with guided missiles 9M120, 9M120F, 9A-2200 (up to 16 pcs);
- guided missiles with a thermal homing head “Igla” (up to 8 pcs);
- unguided missiles of the S-8 type, 80 mm caliber, in B8V20-A blocks (up to 4 blocks);
- unguided missiles of the S-13 type, 122 mm caliber, in B13L1 blocks (up to 4 blocks);
- unified containers of small-sized cargo KMGU-2 (up to 4 blocks).
The helicopter is equipped with a complex of on-board radio-electronic and instrumentation equipment (avionics), which ensures the use of weapons and the solution of flight and navigation tasks day and night in simple and difficult weather conditions at extremely low altitudes with automatic contouring of the terrain and avoiding obstacles.
The avionics also provides control over the operation of the power plant and other systems; voice notification to the crew; radio communications between helicopters and with ground stations; communication between crew members and recording of their conversations. The avionics include: a navigation system, a flight control system, an on-board computer system, an information and control system, a multifunctional information display system, a weapon control system, a survey and sighting station, a pilot's thermal imaging station, an on-board radar station, a missile weapons control system, a helmet-mounted target designation system and indications, night vision goggles, a set of communications equipment, a warning system for radar and laser irradiation and radio identification equipment.
Design features ensure high survivability of the helicopter. Crew survival during emergency landings with vertical speeds of up to 12 m/sec is ensured by the use of a passive protection system with energy-absorbing structural elements (undercarriage, seats, fuselage elements).
1. Main and tail rotors
2. Power plant
3. Cockpits
4. Tricycle chassis
5. Radar "Crossbow"
6. Observation and sighting system
7. Wings
8. Fixed gun
9. Suspended weapons
The new generation Mi-28N combat helicopter is designed for:
- search and destruction of enemy tanks, armored vehicles, and manpower;
- destruction of protected objects and destruction of area targets (trench lines, defensive structures, etc.);
- laying minefields;
- search and destruction of boats and other small watercraft;
- combating high-speed and low-flying enemy aircraft;
- destroying low-speed air targets day and night in simple and adverse weather conditions.
- high-precision weapon system;
- an integrated complex of on-board radio-electronic equipment;
- highly effective armored cabins (including side armored glass), providing protection for the crew from armor-piercing incendiary bullets of 12.7 mm caliber and from 20 mm caliber shells;
- onboard multifunctional helicopter defense complex;
- separation of engines and shielding of vital units by secondary ones;
- the use of new materials and structures that are resistant to combat damage, including a fuel system that prevents explosion or combustion of fuel.
- flight at night in difficult weather conditions, following the terrain at extremely low altitudes (5-15m) in automatic mode;
- search, detection and recognition of ground and air targets, determination of their coordinates and issuance of target designation to ground and air command posts;
- interaction of helicopters in a group with target designation from master to wingmen and data exchange between helicopters;
- deep built-in control, operation based on the condition and training of the crew.
Guided missile weapons: |
|
Uncontrollable missile weapons: | Unguided rockets and rockets:
|
Built-in small arms and cannon weapons: |
|
Suspended small arms and cannon weapons: |
|
Bomb and mine weapons: |
|
Engine TVZ-117VMA | 2 x 2200 hp |
Takeoff weight: | |
| 11000 kg 12100 kg 12000 kg |
Weight of combat load | up to 2400 kg |
Speed: | |
| 305 km/h 270 km/h |
Ceiling: | |
| 3600 m 5700 m |
Range of flight: | |
| 450 km up to 1000 km |
Crew | 2 people |
Encyclopedia of modern military aviation 1945-2002: Part 2. Helicopters Morozov V.P.
GUIDED MISSILE WEAPONS
Aerodynamic designs used in aircraft guided missiles: 1 – wing; 2 – rudders; 3-destabilizer; 4 – movable aerodynamic surfaces; 5 – stabilizers
Brief information about the design of guided aircraft missiles
Aircraft missiles are equipped with three types of control systems
– homing systems;
– telecontrol systems;
– autonomous control systems.
The homing system operates on the principle of detecting any radiation from a target (for example, electromagnetic, thermal, etc.) or radiation reflected from it. A special device - the seeker - detects radiation created or reflected by the target, and uses it to guide the missile towards the target. There are passive, active and semi-active homing and, accordingly, passive, active and semi-active homing systems
With passive guidance, the missile is guided by the radiation of the target itself, such as, for example, by the electromagnetic radiation of operating radars or the infrared radiation of a jet engine nozzle
In an active system, the missile irradiates the target and is guided by the radiation reflected from the target
In a semi-active system, target irradiation is carried out from a carrier aircraft, ship or ground target designation point.
Aircraft missile remote control systems are divided into two groups:
– radar beam guidance systems
– radio command systems
The rocket is controlled using the equipment on board, following commands issued from the carrier aircraft.
A missile guidance system based on a radar beam is sometimes considered a special type of command guidance. The only difference is that it is not commands that are sent from the aircraft to the missile, but a narrow radio beam indicating its direction of movement.
Guidance along a radar beam differs from homing in that, although the missile itself is controlled, it moves along the beam “blindly,” regardless of whether there is a target in space or not. When homing, the missile “sees” the target and follows it.
Autonomous guidance systems provide for the placement of all controls on the missile itself, i.e. during the guidance process the missile is not associated with either the carrier aircraft or the target
Typically the autonomous guidance system is an inertial guidance system. It can be equipped with astro-correction systems and rocket position correction based on ground landmarks
To control the flight of missile launchers, aerodynamic rudders are usually used; less often - gas rudders; located in the engine nozzle, or interceptors. Interceptors are flat plates that provide disruption to the air flow, which are installed on the wings or tail of the rocket and are driven by dual electromagnets.
Several aerodynamics are used in aviation missiles
mic schemes (see figure above), which are usually distinguished by the relative position of the wing and rudders on the rocket body.
Normal layout - rudders (2) are located behind the wing (1).
Reverse scheme, or “canard” - the rudders (2) are located in front of the wing 1
Elevon design - rudders (2), called elevons, are installed on the trailing edges of the wing consoles (1), and a destabilizer (3) is located in front.
Scheme with a rotating wing - moving aerodynamic surfaces (4) create the main part of the control force and are called a rotating wing, and stationary aerodynamic surfaces (5), called stabilizers, are installed in the tail of the rocket.
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The helicopter is made according to the classic single-rotor design with a fixed landing gear and an auxiliary wing with attachment points for the combat load.
The fuselage of the Mi-28NE is a semi-monocoque of mixed construction, made primarily of aluminum alloys and composite materials using riveted and adhesive-welded joints. Technologically, it is divided into bow and central parts, keel and tail booms.
In the bow there are two armored cabins, separated by an armored partition, for the navigator-operator (in front) and the pilot (in the rear). Armor protection includes titanium armor and ceramic tiles glued to the frame of the forward fuselage, and silicate bulletproof glass that can withstand hits from 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary bullets and 23 mm caliber shells. The navigator's door is on the left side, the pilot's door is on the right. The doors are equipped with emergency release mechanisms. During an emergency exit from a helicopter, special ladders are inflated under the doors to protect the crew from hitting the landing gear.
At the front, under the forward part of the fuselage, there is a stabilized platform of the combined observation and sighting station KOPS and an artillery mount.
Under the floor of the pilot's cabin there are blocks of electrical equipment, sighting and flight-navigation systems.
In the tail boom there is a rear compartment of radio equipment, the free volume of which allows you to transport airfield equipment necessary for the redeployment of a helicopter, or transport up to three people in special cases. Access to the compartment is through a hatch and a folding ladder on the left side.
The lower position of the tail boom eliminated the possibility of the main rotor blades colliding with it.
The tail rotor and the controlled stabilizer are located on the keel beam in the form of a single console.
Cable wiring for controlling the tail rotor and stabilizer is located inside the keel and tail booms.
The helicopter wing, with a span of 4.88 m, is cantilevered with four pylons designed for hanging missiles, small arms, guns, bombs and other weapons, additional fuel tanks and KMGU-2 containers. Devices for creating passive interference are placed at the ends of the wing. The wing of the caisson structure is made of aluminum alloys, with the exception of the nose and tail sections, which are made of composite material.
The landing gear is a three-wheel non-retractable one. The main racks are equipped with brake wheels measuring 720x320 mm. The chassis track is 2.29 m, the base is 11.0 m. The rear support is equipped with a wheel measuring 480x200 mm. The design of the chassis supports includes hydropneumatic shock absorbers with additional (emergency) travel.
The crew rescue system ensures that overloads during impact are reduced to a physiologically tolerable level. It includes energy-absorbing seats with increased shock absorption travel of up to 30 cm and a system for attaching seat belts to the pilot and navigator's seats, allowing an emergency landing at vertical speeds of up to 12 m/s. The rescue system is activated manually, but if for some reason the pilot is unable to do this, then, thanks to the appropriate sensors, the automation is activated.
At high altitudes, the crew can leave the helicopter with a parachute, having first shot off the wing.
In addition, constructive measures are provided to prevent the crew members from coming into contact with the controls and interior elements of the cabins at the moment of impact, as well as to reduce the likelihood of an explosion, fire and significant deformation of the cabin, precluding their independent exit on the ground.
The power plant includes two TVZ-117VMA turboshaft engines produced by Motor Sich OJSC (Ukraine). The engine control system allows you to adjust takeoff power in the range from 2000 to 2500 hp. (depending on the type of helicopter), power in emergency mode for all engine modifications is 2800 hp. Water injection ensures stable operation of engines during launches of unguided rockets. The power plant is equipped with dust filters and screen-exhaust devices. Thanks to the improved characteristics of the TVZ-117V series 02, the speed and ceiling increase (by almost 1000 m), the load capacity increases by more than 1000 kg, and the maneuverability of the helicopter improves. In the future, it is planned to replace the engines with VK-2500, developed at JSC Klimov on the basis of TVZ-117VMA.
In the engine compartment of the gearbox compartment, above the ceiling panel of the central part of the helicopter fuselage, there is a fan and an oil cooler. The TA-14 engine is used as an auxiliary power unit, used as a source of compressed air necessary to start the TVZ-117VMA (the prototypes had an AI-9V with a power of 3 kW, dry weight 70 kg).
The Mi-28 fuel system consists of two independent systems to power each engine with automatic cross-feed of fuel.
Three tanks (two consumables, one for each engine, and one common), with a volume of about 1900 liters, are located in a protected container under the floor of the central part of the fuselage. As they are emptied, they are filled with polyurethane foam, which protects them from explosion. For maximum range flights, additional fuel tanks can be attached.
The main rotor is five-bladed, with a diameter of 17.2 m, the steering rotor is four-bladed with a diameter of 3.84 m, made in an X-shaped pattern. The main and tail rotor blades are rectangular, with a chord of 0.67 m and swept tips. The blades are made of polymer composite material; structurally, the blade consists of a nose part, to which the tail sections, also made of polymer composite materials with honeycomb core, are attached. The rotor rotation speed is 242 rpm, the peripheral speed of the blade tips is 216 m/s. The main rotor blades can withstand hits of 20 - 23 mm caliber projectiles without destruction.
The main gearbox, fan, auxiliary power unit and other units are mounted on the ceiling panel of the central part of the fuselage. Power from the engines is transmitted to the main rotor through gearboxes: two corner UR-28 and the main VR-29. In addition, the main gearbox drives two alternating current electric generators with a voltage of 208 V.
The main rotor hub is a titanium housing with five remote spherical elastomeric hinges. In the movable joints of the bushing, fluoroplastic and fabric bearings are widely used, which do not require constant lubrication.
The elastomeric bushing not only reduced labor costs for maintaining the helicopter, but also increased the maneuverability and controllability of the machine.
The tail rotor has a diameter of 3.84 m, its blades are installed at angles of 45° and 135° relative to each other to reduce noise levels. The blades are rectangular in plan with a chord of 0.24 m. Structurally, the tail rotor is made of two modules connected by an elastomeric bearing. The main and tail rotor blades are equipped with an electrothermal anti-icing system.
The helicopter control system is mechanical, with four combined steering actuators installed on the main gearbox and performing the functions of hydraulic boosters and autopilot steering gears. The stabilizer control is kinematically connected to the rotor collective pitch handle.
The hydraulic system of the Mi-28 consists of two independent systems designed to power the combined steering actuators of the helicopter and the hydraulic damper in the track control system.
The helicopter equipment also includes a pneumatic system and air conditioning device, as well as oxygen equipment.
The Mi-28NE is equipped with a set of instrumentation equipment that allows you to pilot a helicopter and solve air navigation problems at any time of the day and in any meteorological conditions. Onboard radio-electronic and instrumentation equipment includes equipment for an ATGM radio command line with an antenna located under a radio-transparent fairing in the forward part of the fuselage.
Below it is the operator’s gyro-stabilized combined viewing and sighting station (COPS) with optical, infrared and television channels for monitoring and controlling missile weapons. COPS has wide and narrow direct optical fields of view (3- and 13-fold magnification). The COPS also includes a laser rangefinder-target designator and a pilot's television and infrared stations. On board there are control and display systems, color multifunctional liquid crystal displays, flight navigation equipment and communications equipment.
The most important element allowing round-the-clock and all-weather use of the helicopter is the NO-25 all-round radar above the hub, operating in the millimeter range. This station allows you to detect air targets at a distance of over 20 km, as well as ground obstacles, providing flight in automatic terrain following mode.
The crew is required to use night vision goggles. The cockpit instrumentation includes a head-up display (HUD) and a helmet-mounted sight for aiming the gun.
The helicopter's armament consists of a fixed mobile installation NPPU-28N with a 2A42 30 mm cannon (rate of fire 550 rounds/min against air targets and 200 - 300 rounds/min against ground targets). Deviation range of NPPU-28: in azimuth from +110° to -110°; by elevation angle from +13° to -40°. The gun's ammunition capacity is 250 rounds.
The combat load weighing 1605 kg is placed on four hardpoints under the wing. External beam holders provide suspension in transport and launch containers for up to 16 anti-tank guided supersonic missiles 9M120, 9M120F or 9A-220O of the Ataka-V complex with tandem cumulative, high-explosive or rod warheads or 9M114 missiles of the Shturm-V complex with radio command guidance systems.
It is also envisaged to use the “Sturm” - “Attack” combined missile weapons system with a maximum firing range of 6000 m, which has high noise immunity and a rate of fire of two to three launches per minute.
In addition, the Mi-28N arsenal includes up to eight 9M39-2 air-to-air missiles with a thermal seeker of the Igla-V complex and two blocks of 9M123 anti-tank missiles of the Khrizantema-V complex, which are a further development of the Ataka. . This complex also includes a guidance radar suspended in a container under the wing of a helicopter.
Up to four B-8V20-1 NAR units with 20 S-8 80 mm caliber missiles in each or up to four B-13L1 (five S-13 122 mm caliber NARs each) or KMGU-2 small cargo containers with mines and small caliber aerial bombs. The holders could also carry 250 and 500 kg aerial bombs or additional fuel tanks. It is possible to install two UPK-23-250 containers with 23-mm GSh-23L cannons and ZB-500 incendiary tanks. The helicopter is equipped with devices for laying mines from the air.
To protect against damage from guided missiles, the Mi-28NE is equipped with equipment for jamming radar stations and guided missiles with infrared and radar homing heads; equipment for warning of helicopter irradiation by enemy radar stations and laser target designators; device for firing UV-26 jamming cartridges for protection against missiles with thermal homing heads.
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