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The Genoese fortress in Sudak was built between 1371 and 1469, on the site of another fortress, Sugdea, which, according to a 13th-century Greek manuscript, was built in 212. The fortress defended the city, later known in Russian chronicles under the name of Surozh. Among eastern geographers and Arab merchants it was known as Sudak. It is not precisely established who lived in the city at that time.
Sudak during the Crimean Khanate
In January 1223, the city was captured by the Mongol-Tatars. The Arab writer Ibn al-Athir described the invasion this way: “Arriving at Sudak, the Tatars took possession of it, and the inhabitants scattered, some of them with their families and their property climbed the mountains, and some went to the sea" The next invasion of the Mongol-Tatars, already under the leadership of Batu, occurred in December 1239. As soon as the influence of the Tatars weakened, the Genoese reappeared on the coast.
Restoration in the second half of the 13th century Byzantine Empire, which Genoa actively contributed to, led to active confrontation between the Genoese and Venetians. The Charter of the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea, adopted in 1316, emphasized that “The Genoese, or those who are considered or called Genoese, or enjoy or are accustomed to enjoy the benefits of the Genoese, shall not buy, sell, acquire, alienate, or transfer to anyone, either personally or through a third party, any goods in Soldai under pain... of a fine... of 100 gold perpers from each violator for each time".
Soon, after the Russian regiments defeated the Tatar hordes of Mamai on the Kulikovo Field in 1380, the Genoese, by a special agreement with the Tatars, finally secured Sudak and its surroundings.
Fortress at the Genoese Gazaria
Genoese trading posts and trading cities on the Crimean coast began to appear in the 13th century. In the first quarter of the 14th century, the Italians received Kerch (Cherchio, or Vosporo), in 1357 - Balaklava (Chembalo), then bought Feodosia (Kafa) from the nomads, and Sudak (Soldaya) was taken from the Venetians in 1365. The remaining lands were given to the Genoese under an agreement with the Tatars.
All Crimean territories, where the Italians lived, was called the Genoese Gazaria, with its center in Cafe, where a fortress was also built to protect against the Venetians and Tatars.
Genoese fortresses were built in the form of two rings of walls. Behind the first ring were workers' houses and workshops, and behind the second wall (the citadel) was the consul's house, administrative buildings, warehouses with especially important goods and, possibly, the homes of the nobility. Despite huge area- almost 30 hectares, the Genoese fortress in Sudak was practically impregnable due to its location. It was built on Mount Genevez-Kaya (Fortress Mountain), 157 meters high. By its origin, the mountain is an ancient petrified coral reef and is a flat massif from the north and steep from the south, which juts out into Sudak Bay. The height of the walls of the fortress reached six, and in some places eight meters, their thickness was one and a half to two meters. The height of the towers reached 15 meters.
The walls were crowned with battlements, reliably protecting the garrison from shelling. In the outer defense zone of the fortress there were 14 towers on Fortress Hill and one in the port area. Twelve of them still rise above the walls, one stands alone, and of two only the foundations remain. In the inner defensive line - the citadel - there are four more towers and the castle of St. Elias. The citadel was especially well fortified. Its walls and towers were located on the high rocky part of the Fortress Mountain. The main unit of defense was the castle; it seemed to complete the citadel from the east.
Three gates led to the fortress; only the main one has survived to this day. The walls of the fortifications and the tower are made of local materials: gray limestone, sandstone and shell rock. The nature of the masonry suggests that the fortress was built mainly by local masons. In the water supply system of the fortress, the law of communicating vessels was used: perhaps water was supplied to the city through pipes by gravity from a source on Mount Perchem (which is higher than Fortress Mountain), and then distributed throughout the city. The only well-preserved architectural structure on the territory of the fortress remains the mosque.
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the victorious Turks turned their attention to the Crimea. On May 31, 1475, a squadron of the Ottoman Empire approached its shores, the siege of Kafa began, and on June 6 a large garrison of the powerful fortress capitulated. Following Kafa, Soldaya and other Genoese possessions in Crimea fell.
Sudak fortress from the times of the Russian Empire
During the Russian-Turkish War of 1768–1774, Crimea was occupied by Russian troops. Ottoman Empire, however, did not give up hope of regaining the peninsula and many times the Turks tried to land military troops on the Crimean coast. To combat them, the commander of the troops in Crimea, Alexander Suvorov, began to fortify the coast. An artillery redoubt was erected on the territory of the Sudak fortress, and later barracks were built for the Russian garrison of soldiers and officers of the Kirillovsky regiment. These were the last military buildings in the fortress, which, after the withdrawal of Russian troops from it, was completely depopulated and quickly began to turn into picturesque ruins. The population used the dilapidated fortress for their needs.
Damage to the monument was also caused by German colonists, immigrants from Bavaria and Württemberg, who founded one of their settlements near the very walls of the fortress. The famous Russian traveler and writer Evgeny Markov, who visited Crimea in the 60s of the 19th century, wrote: “Surozh is captured by the Germans. They graze their horses and oxen inside its strongholds, they planted its ditches and trenches with vineyards and vegetable gardens, they dragged away its stones for their houses, fences and cisterns.”.
Fortress-museum
Already by end of the 19th century century, the Sudak fortress suffered such significant destruction that the question arose about the need to save this unique historical and architectural monument from destruction.
After the establishment of Soviet power in Crimea, the fortress in Sudak was declared a historical monument, taken under state protection, and in the mid-20s of the twentieth century, an archaeological and architectural survey of the Sudak fortress began, associated with the start of restoration work, which, however, was of a local nature.
After the Great Patriotic War On the territory of the Sudak fortress, a historical and archaeological reserve was created, which was under the jurisdiction of the State Historical Museum in Moscow. During this period, further steps were taken to study the monument.
Large-scale restoration work began in 1968. First of all, their targets were those parts of the fortress that were in disrepair: the upper defensive belt, sections of the western wall of the lower belt with the Corner Tower and the eastern wall with the Nameless and Corrado Cicalo towers.
Nowadays, the Sudak fortress has been turned into a museum-reserve. Its area is 29.5 hectares. From architectural structures From the 10th to the 15th centuries, defensive walls, the Watchtower (Maiden) and Astaguerra (Port) towers, the Consular Castle, a mosque, the temples of the Twelve Apostles and the Catholic Cathedral of the Virgin Mary, the remains of urban development and a seaside fortification of the 6th century were preserved on the territory of the fortress.
The Genoese fortress is located in the city of Sudak, in the southeastern part of the Crimean peninsula. The fortress is located just 2 km away. from the embankment. It occupies an area of about 30 hectares. Is business card, and one of the main attractions not only of Sudak, but also of Crimea. The fortress rises on a 157-meter high fortress mountain called Genevez Kaya, which was once a coral reef. The Genoese erected many fortifications on the Crimean coast. There are fortresses of the same name in Feodosia, Balaklava, and many other places. Therefore in lately You can often hear the name - Sudak Fortress
Story:
To truly experience the atmosphere of the romantic Middle Ages, you need to visit the Sudak fortress. The location of the fortress is such that it is visible from almost every corner of Sudak and the surrounding area. The medieval fortress, which has survived to this day in excellent condition, attracts people here. huge amount tourists who have a long-standing tradition are sure to take a photo against the backdrop of a majestic fortress with battlements, towers and cannons. There are a total of 14 towers, each of which was named after the consul who ruled Sugdea (another name for Sudak).
The fortress was practically impregnable, thanks to powerful fortifications from the west, from southeast it was protected by steep cliffs descending into the sea; most likely, there was an artificial ditch in the northeast. The Genoese fortress had two lines of defense. The entire architectural ensemble is represented by three complexes - Lower, Upper and Internal buildings.
The lower fortress is represented by the Main Gate, a battlemented fortification wall 2 meters wide and 8 meters high, and 14 towers, some of which are fully preserved and have a height of 15 meters. The area in front of the main gate is called the Barbican. This is an almost circular space, once in which the enemy would be trapped.
The upper fortress is the last line of defense. This is a citadel where the consul took refuge in case of danger. The castle is surrounded by powerful walls forming a courtyard with 4 towers.
The Genoese fortress in Sudak beckons local residents and tourists also with the “Genoese Helmet” festival, which opened in 2001, which annually attracts many participants and spectators. This battle-costume event is, in fact, a real knightly tournament. Residential, religious buildings, and observation platforms have been preserved on the territory of the fortification.
Video (click to play)
Opening hours, prices:
Now the Sudak fortress has the status of a museum-reserve and is available for inspection by everyone. There are at least 200,000 visitors a year, and demand for the ancient historical monument is only growing.
Excursion groups are formed every 20 minutes.
The average duration of the excursion is 40 minutes.
Opening hours, price for 2018:
Sudak fortress - a museum under open air receives visitors all year round without breaks or days off, but the duration of work depends on daylight hours and varies with the seasons.
Tour of the fortress on your own:
- Adult - 150 rub.
- children under 16 years old - for free.
The fee for excursion services for all categories of citizens is 50 rubles.
Exhibition in the "Temple with an Arcade" until 17-30
Tour groups are formed every 30 minutes.
Opening hours of the historical museum "Funk's Dacha"
SR, Thu, SB, Sun- from 9-00 to 18-00
PT- from 11-00 to 20-00, Mon- Day off, VT- sanitary day
On festival days and other events, ticket prices and excursion schedules may vary.
Address: Republic of Crimea, Sudak,
st. Genoese fortress 1
Official website of the state budgetary institution Republic of Crimea “Museum-reserve “Sudak Fortress”: http://sudak-museum.ru/
How to get there:
By car from Sudak, go along Lenin Street towards the village New World. Closer to the fortress, the street turns into the Tourist Highway. Soon we pass to the right of the Sugar Loaf rock, and the fortress is already visible. There is paid parking near the bus stop.
By public transport. From Sudak bus station minibus №1 , №5 , №6 to the stop "The village is cozy."
Walking distance to the fortress is 20 minutes.
You can visit the Genoese fortress in Sudak on many excursions. For convenience, you can go directly from the page of this attraction to view offers. The excursion to the Genoese Fortress is conducted by both private guides and excursion companies. The price depends on the excursion program, transport and guide experience. Choose proven excursions in Sudak, for this there are ratings and reviews on the site. The “excursion” will help you make an informed choice.
And places that deserve the attention of tourists. The first on their list is the Genoese fortress. I decided to dedicate this post to her.
Location
There is a defensive structure on Fortress Mountain. It used to be a coral reef. Today it enters Sudak Bay. It's very beautiful places. You can see the famous and other attractions of the surrounding area.
Founding history
Construction of the fortress began back in 242 AD, simultaneously with the founding of the city. What was then a small settlement. It is difficult to say why it was named after the Genoese. After all, they did not start construction work from scratch, which, by the way, was ideal for this.
At the same time, historians claim that the first defensive structure was erected around the 7th century. Before the arrival of the Genoese, the Khazars, the Byzantines, and even Golden Horde. But it was the people after whom the fortress was named who built what we can admire today.
They began building fortification walls in 1371. Some buildings were altered and re-equipped. All the work took almost a hundred years. Construction was completed only in 1469. Six years later, Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Turks. In 1475, during the last siege, all the surviving defenders were burned. Along with the temple in which they tried to find refuge.
Almost three hundred years later, when Prince Dolgoruky came to the Sudak lands, the fortress walls were given to him without a fight. Already in Potemkin times, several additional barracks for soldiers were built here.
Today we can see the fortress in perfect condition thanks to large-scale reconstruction in the early seventies. Perhaps, if not for her, today this building would be little different from the one in Feodosia.
Features, description
The territory covered by the fortress walls is more than impressive - almost thirty hectares. Some fortifications are located on Cape Kyz-Kule-Burun. It has two lines of defense. The height of the walls is about 8 meters, and the thickness is 2. On its territory there are 18 fifteen-meter towers.
The entire fortress can be divided into three complexes. The Lower Complex contains the main gate, a battlemented defensive wall and 14 towers. I was most impressed by the main gate. Their appearance is majestic and impressive with the number of spectacular buildings:
- The area in front of the gate is in the shape of a horseshoe;
- Pivot type bridge;
- Ditch (dry);
- Lancet-type portal (arch) with two small turrets.
A battlement with two of the five surviving towers stretches towards the northwest. Towards the northeast, 4 towers have been preserved, including a semicircular structure with a chapel. In the upper complex - the citadel - there is a consular castle with a powerful line of defense, which formed a kind of courtyard.
There are not many buildings on the territory of the Inner Complex. But one of the most ancient structures has been preserved here - the Maiden Tower, built long before the Genoese fortress of Sudak itself. There are also the ruins of a temple on consoles. And also the Mosque, built during the rule of the Turks. Describe it amazing place possible ad infinitum. Moreover, there is still a functioning museum here. It is small, but it contains historically important finds obtained during excavations.
By the way, visiting the fortress is not free. But believe me, the price is affordable for everyone. Moreover, in comparison with the moral pleasure received, I would call it insignificant. In addition, from here there is a simply stunning view of Sudak, and another cape -.
Prices 2019, official website
Unfortunately, or maybe, on the contrary, fortunately, you won’t be able to come here whenever you want. Visiting hours are from 8 am to 6 pm. Naturally, there are no lunch breaks or days off. Only on the last Friday of every month you will not be able to visit the Temple with an Arcade Museum.
- Children under 7 years of age and tourists of preferential categories are admitted free of charge;
- Schoolchildren, as well as students, pensioners and residents of Sudak (district) - 75 rubles;
- An adult ticket will cost 150 rubles.
If you wish, you can book a guided tour of the area. This way you will learn a lot more interesting things, but it will cost more - from 100 to 200 rubles per person.
Official website: http://sudak-museum.ru/
Phone number for inquiries: 8 978 894 08 50.
How to get to the Genoese fortress of Sudak
You can get here without any problems by any type of transport, including public transport. You need to take minibus No. 1 or 5. You reach the turn to the street of the same name (Utes stop). The fortress is only a few minutes walk away.
By the way, it is possible to get here on foot from the Sudak bus station. It’s even better to travel on a personal or borrowed one. Detailed map and you will find the coordinates below.
Photo
Address: 298002, Crimea, Sudak, st. Genoese fortress, no. 1. Opening hours: from May to September - from 8.00 to 19.00, from October to April - from 9.00 to 17.00, seven days a week. Prices: independent visit: adults - 150 rubles; children (over 7 years old), students, pensioners, residents of the Sudak region - 75 rubles, visit with a guided tour: adults - 200 rubles, children (over 7 years old), students, pensioners, residents of the Sudak region - 100 rubles.
The history of the creation of the Genoese fortress in Sudak
The best preserved ancient fortress on the coast of Crimea - Genoese. It is located in the city of Sudak and covers an area of about 30 hectares. The buildings were erected on a mountain called Fortress (Dzhenevez-Kaya). This 157-meter peak is interesting because its origin is a huge petrified rock. coral reef, flat in the northern part and steep in the south.
For a long time, the fortress was called Genoese, since its buildings, which managed to pass through the centuries, were erected by the Genoese during the years 1371 - 1469. But as a result scientific research and archaeological excavations it was possible to establish that a Byzantine settlement fortified with defensive structures existed in this place already from the middle of the 7th century. This city was called Sugdeya. According to a legend dating back to the Middle Ages, it arose even earlier - around 212, but evidence for this has not yet been found.Over the almost century-long period of construction of the current fortress, more than one consul has changed here, so some of the powerful tower buildings bear the names of those of them under whom they appeared (Baldo Guarco, Giovanni Marione, Corrado Cigala, etc.). Proof of this are the smooth foundation slabs with inscriptions in medieval Latin and heraldic symbols.
It is noteworthy that some towers connecting high (6-8 meters) walls are tripartite, that is, they do not have walls in the interior of the fortress. And this is not the destructive influence of bygone eras, and not a way to save on construction or reconstruction. This version of the device was deliberately used by military architects and was justified from a defensive point of view. Firstly, the commander of the fortress defense could observe with his own eyes what was happening in the tower and send additional forces there in time. Secondly, even if a separate tower was captured by the enemy, the enemy would not be able to use it as a defensive fortification.
Description of the fortress
Genoese fortress has two tiers. The outer edge of the defense runs along the northern slopes of Fortress Mountain and consists of 14 tower buildings united by impressive (1.5 - 2 meters wide) battlemented walls. Previously, three gates led to the fortress, but now only the Main Gate remains.
At the top of the mountain there is an internal protective complex - the citadel. This includes 4 tower buildings united by a common wall, the Consular Castle, consisting of two towers, and the Watchtower, or Maiden Tower.
In addition to defensive walls and solid towers on a vast territory Genoese fortress There are also other interesting buildings. For example, an ancient religious building, which is often called a temple with an arcade. Initially, the building, erected by Turkish craftsmen, was intended for Muslim worship. Subsequently it became Catholic and Orthodox church, Lutheran Church and Armenian Catholic Church. In the 20s of the 20th century, a well-preserved ancient building housed a museum with archaeological exhibits, which is still in operation today.
M between the top and lower tiers The fortress once had many residential buildings and outbuildings. And today, looking at the deserted landscape, it is difficult to imagine that city life was in full swing here many centuries ago. All that remained were ruins and some structures, including a warehouse and a cistern where water was stored in case of a long siege or drought. But even what has been preserved evokes a reverent feeling of contact with history. Looking at the ancient walls, it’s as if you are transported to medieval life. This feeling intensifies when you come here during historical festivals and see warlike knights in armor.
A skillful creation of Genoese architects - Sudak fortress- can be seen from almost anywhere in the city, and from its observation platforms, numerous guests can see the city lying at the foot of the Fortress Mountain and wonderful seascapes, which you can admire endlessly.
The Genoese fortress is the main attraction of Sudak, located on the Crimean peninsula on Fortress Mountain. She represents fortification, built in the 7th century. In ancient times, it was a defensive line for a number of tribes and states, and in the 19th century it became a museum. Thanks to the unique preserved architecture, filming took place here. large number films, for example, “Othello” (1955), “Pirates of the 20th Century” (1979), “The Master and Margarita” (2005). Today, hundreds of guests come to Sudak to enjoy the beauty of this structure.
Genoese fortress: history and interesting facts
According to some sources, it appeared in 212; it was built by the warlike Alan tribes. However, most scientists still date the construction of the structure to the 7th century and assume that it was done by the Byzantines or Khazars. It was owned in different centuries various peoples: Polovtsians, Turks and, of course, residents of the city of Genoa - the fortress is named in their honor.
Outside, the structure has two lines of defense - internal and external. The outer one has 14 towers and the main gate. The towers are about 15 meters high, each of them bears the name of a consul from Genoa. The key building of this line is the castle of St. Cross.
The height of the walls of the first line is 6-8 meters, thickness - 2 meters. The structure was considered one of the most protected in Eastern Europe. The inner line has four towers and two castles - Consular and St. Ilya. Beyond the line was the city of Soldaya, built in best traditions medieval cities.
The Genoese did not stay here long. In 1475, five years later, the Turks took the Genoese fortress, the population left the city, and life here virtually came to a standstill. With the annexation of Crimea to Russian Empire, the authorities decided not to restore the building. Only under Alexander II the fortress was transferred to the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities, after which the building was turned into a museum.
Inside the Genoese fortress
Besides its massive appearance, The Genoese fortress presents great interest and internal structures. The entrance to the museum grounds is through the main gate. An interesting attraction here is the barbican - a platform in front of the gate, which is shaped like a horseshoe. Also interesting is the drawbridge leading to the entrance.
On an area of more than 30 hectares, outbuildings, warehouses, tanks, a mosque, and temples have been preserved. However, the main attraction of the fortress are its towers. Inside, guests will be shown various buildings, the oldest of which is the Maiden Tower, located on the very high point Genoese fortress (160 meters).
Its second name is Watch (reveals its purpose). In addition, interesting to visit are the eastern and western towers, named after the consuls from Genoa. It is also worth looking at the arched portal with an arrow-shaped opening, which is named after the consul.
It is impossible not to mention the castles that are located in the Genoese fortress. The largest is the Consular Castle - the head of the city was in this building in case of danger. This is the tallest tower in the city, otherwise called the donjon, and is surrounded on all sides by small towers.
You can view the building either independently or as part of a tour. For those who want to not only walk around the impressive territory, the guides provide an entertaining story about the history of the building. The ticket price for the excursion is small - 50 rubles, the group is formed every half hour, average duration– 40 minutes. It includes not only a visit to the ruins, but also a small museum inside the well-preserved buildings. The “Temple with an Arcade” houses an exhibition telling the history of the Genoese fortress, as well as an exhibition about the history of the war with the Nazis.
During the excursion or during a free inspection, you should definitely visit the observation deck located next to the mosque. From here you can enjoy a panoramic view of the picturesque surroundings of the tower and Sudak. There is an opportunity to take amazing photos here.
Festival "Knight's Helmet"
Since 2001, knightly tournaments have been reconstructed in the very heart of the Genoese fortress. For the most part, they are small in number and are made for the amusement of museum guests. However, every year the international festival “Knight's Helmet” is held here, which is a costume performance during which historical reconstructions of medieval tournaments take place. Every year tourists come to Sudak to attend this festival.
It is worth noting separately that during the “Knight’s Helmet” prices for excursions, tickets to museums, and souvenirs increase several times. In 2017, the festival was held at the end of July every weekend until the end of August. In addition to the tournament itself, these days an exhibition-fair “City of Craftsmen” is held, where you can buy homemade products of modern artisans - products from various materials, starting from wood and ending with cast iron.
In addition to the Knight's Helmet, a large number of tournaments, historical reconstructions and other events are held. The schedule of festivals can be found on the official website of the museum.
General information
In the final part of the article it is worth saying a few common words by answering key issues regarding visiting the Genoese fortress.
Where is it located? The main Sudak attraction is located at st. Genoese Fortress, no. 1 on the western outskirts of the city. Coordinates: 44°50′30″N (44.84176), 34°57′30″E (34.95835).
How to get there? You can arrive by public transport from the center of Sudak - to do this, you need to take route No. 1 or No. 5, get off at the “Uyutnoye” stop, and then walk a few minutes on foot. The road will run through narrow streets, allowing you to feel the atmosphere of a medieval city. By private car you need to drive along the Tourist Highway, which ends at the Genoese fortress. There is convenient parking next to the museum.
Opening hours and cost of visiting. The museum has different times works and entrance prices depending on the season. IN high season(May-September), the building welcomes guests from 8:00 to 20:00, from October to April the museum is open from 9:00 to 17:00. Entrance ticket – 150 rubles for adults, 75 rubles for beneficiaries, children under 16 years old enter free of charge. The price includes only a tour of the Genoese fortress. Excursion, museum exhibitions and other entertainment are paid separately, but additional services are inexpensive.
Where to stay? For those who will be attracted by the fortress so much that they will want to look at it for several days, the question of choosing a hotel will definitely arise. In the immediate vicinity there are various hotels, guest houses, hotels and mini-hotels for every taste and budget. Finding a room will not be difficult, but in high season, especially during the festival, you need to take care of the room in advance, and we recommend doing this using this site, where you will find a comfortable hotel at an affordable price.