Populist organization "Land and Freedom" (1876): program, tactics and revolutionary activity. Land and Freedom (populist organization) Land and Freedom 1876 1879 practical activities
LAND AND WILL (populist organization)
“LAND AND WILL”, a revolutionary populist organization of the 1870s, founded in St. Petersburg in 1876. Name since 1878. Organizers: M. A. Nathanson, (cm. NATANSON Mark Andreevich) A. D. Mikhailov (cm. MIKHAILOV Alexander Dmitrievich), A. D. Oboleshev, G. V. Plekhanov (cm. PLEKHANOV Georgy Valentinovich) and etc. Governing body- “Administration”; composition: group of “villagers”, “working group”, “disorganization group”; branches: Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov, etc. Program: peasant revolution, nationalization of land, replacement of the state with a federation of communities. Activities: settlements among the “people”, revolutionary propaganda among workers and intelligentsia. She published the newspaper “Land and Freedom”. (cm. LAND AND FREEDOM (illegal newspaper)) Disagreements between supporters and opponents political struggle led to a split (1879) into “People's Will” (cm. PEOPLE'S WILL) and “Black redistribution”. (cm. )
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"LAND AND WILL" secret society revolutionaries-populists (1876-79).
The emergence and composition of “Land and Freedom”
The society arose in St. Petersburg as a result of the unification of St. Petersburg residents with the Kharkov-Rostov circle. The name “Land and Freedom” received in 1878, initially it was called the “Society of Populists” and the “Northern Revolutionary Populist Group”. Founders and leaders of the organization - M. A. Natanson (cm. NATANSON Mark Andreevich), A. D. Mikhailov (cm. MIKHAILOV Alexander Dmitrievich), O. V. Aptekman (cm. APTEKMAN Osip Vasilievich), G. V. Plekhanov (cm. PLEKHANOV Georgy Valentinovich), A. D. Oboleshev, V. A. Osinsky (cm. OSINSKY Valerian Andreevich), A. A. Kvyatkovsky (cm. KVIATKOVSKY Alexander Alexandrovich), M. R. Popov (cm. POPOV Mikhail Rodionovich) and etc.
In 1878, former “Chaikovites” joined “Land and Freedom” (cm. CHAIKOVTSY) S. M. Stepnyak-Kravchinsky (cm. STEPNYAK-KRAVCHINSKY Sergei Mikhailovich), D. A. Klements (cm. KLEMENTS Dmitry Alexandrovich), N. A. Morozov (cm. MOROZOV Nikolai Alexandrovich), S. L. Perovskaya (cm. PEROVSKAYA Sofya Lvovna), L. A. Tikhomirov (cm. TIKHOMIROV Lev Alexandrovich), M. F. Frolenko (cm. FROLENKO Mikhail Fedorovich). In 1877, the organization included about 60 people, and about 150 more revolutionaries joined it. Printed organs - the social revolutionary review “Land and Freedom” (Petersburg, No. 1-5, October 1878 - April 1879) and its appendix - “Leaflet “Land and Freedom” (Petersburg, No. 1-6, March-June 1879 ).
The emergence of the society was the result of a revision by the populist revolutionaries of their organizational and tactical principles after the failure of “going to the people” (cm. WALKING TO THE PEOPLE).
Goals and program
The purpose of the organization was “to carry out a popular uprising in the near future.” The landowners moved from abstract propaganda of socialist ideas to putting forward demands that are “really feasible in the near future.” These demands were expressed in the slogan “Land and Freedom.” From “flying” propaganda, the landowners moved to “settlements” among the people in order to get closer to the peasantry. Settlements were organized in the Volga region (center - Saratov province), Don region and some other provinces.
The Zemlyovoltsy created a working group and carried out propaganda among industrial workers in St. Petersburg, Kharkov and Rostov. They held the first demonstration in the history of Russia on December 6, 1876 at the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg, at which Plekhanov gave a speech and a banner with the slogan “Land and Freedom” was unfurled.
Terror
The program of the Land Volyas included actions aimed at “disorganizing” the government, i.e. terror. Terror did not initially occupy a leading place in their activities; it was considered only as a weapon of self-defense and revenge. However, under the influence of disappointment in propaganda activities that do not bring visible results, as well as repression by the authorities, some of the Land Volunteers actually turn to terror, gradually entering the path of political struggle. Osinsky Circle - D. A. Lizoguba (cm. LIZOGUB Dmitry Andreevich), operating in Kyiv and Odessa, organized in 1878 - early 1879 the murders of police agent A. G. Nikonov, gendarme officer G. E. Geiking, Kharkov Governor-General D. N. Kropotkin; since March 1878, on proclamations regarding assassination attempts, a seal appears with the image of a revolver, dagger and ax and the signature “Executive Committee of the Social Revolutionary Party”; the terrorist struggle, having begun in the south, spreads to the capital; August 4, 1878 Stepnyak-Kravchinsky killed the chief of gendarmes, General N.V. Mezentsev (cm. MEZENTSOV Nikolay Vladimirovich) On March 13, an attempt was made on the life of his successor, General A.R. Drenteln.
Split of “Land and Freedom”
In "Land and Freedom" there are sharp disagreements over the use of new tactics, which actually marked the transition from anarchism to political struggle. “The piece of Land and Freedom, edited by N. A. Morozov, essentially becomes an organ of terrorists. The assassination attempt of A.K. Solovyov caused acute controversy (cm. SOLOVIEV Alexander Konstantinovich) to Alexander II (cm. ALEXANDER II Nikolaevich) April 2, 1879; Some members of the organization protested against the preparation of a terrorist attack, believing that it would ruin the cause of propaganda.
In May 1879, terrorists created the “Freedom or Death” group, without coordinating their actions with the “villagers,” that is, with supporters of propaganda (Aptekman, Plekhanov). On June 15, on the eve of the general congress of landowners, “politicians” gather in Lipetsk to develop additions to the organization’s program and a common position; Some supporters of the political struggle who were not members of Land and Freedom were invited to the Lipetsk congress, including A. I. Zhelyabov (cm. ZHELYABOV Andrey Ivanovich). At the congress in Voronezh on June 19-21, 1879, the landowners tried to resolve contradictions and maintain the unity of the organization.
However, the compromise turned out to be fragile, and on August 15, 1879, “Land and Freedom” ceased to exist, dividing into a faction of “politicians” (Mikhailov, Tikhomirov, Kvyatkovsky, etc.), who adopted the name “ People's will» (cm. PEOPLE'S WILL), and the “populists” faction (Plekhanov, Popov, Aptekman, etc.), who took the name “Black Redistribution” (cm. BLACK REDEL (populist organization)).
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See what “LAND AND WILL (populist organization)” is in other dictionaries:
1. LAND AND WILL, secret society in 1861 64 (name since 1862), federation of circles. It arose under the ideological influence of A. I. Herzen and N. G. Chernyshevsky. Organizers and leaders: N. A. and A. A. Serno Solovyevich, A. A. Sleptsov, N. N. Obruchev, V. S ... Russian history
- “Land and Freedom”, a secret revolutionary society of populists in the 70s. 19th century Founded in St. Petersburg in 1876. The name “Z. and in." given to the society at the end of 1878, with the advent of the printed organ of the same name; former title: “Northern revolutionary... ...
Leader: Period 1861 1864 N. N. Obruchev S. S. Rymarenko I. I. Shamshin and others. Period 1876 1879 A. D. Mikhailov G. V. Plekhanov D. A. Lizogub Later S. M. Kravchinsky N. A Morozov S. L. Perovskaya L. A. Tikhomirov. Founding date... Wikipedia
1) revolutionary populist organization of the 1870s, founded in St. Petersburg in 1876. Name since 1878. Organizers: M. A. Nathanson, A. D. Mikhailov, A. D. Oboleshev, G. V. Plekhanov and others. Governing body “Administration”; composition: group... ... Political science. Dictionary.
Revolutionary populist organization of the 1870s, founded in St. Petersburg in 1876. Name since 1878. Organizers: M. A. Nathanson, A. D. Mikhailov, A. D. Oboleshev, G. V. Plekhanov and others. Governing body Administration ; composition: group... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
I secret revolutionary society of commoners in Russia in 1861 64 (name since 1862), federation of revolutionary circles. It arose under the ideological influence of A. I. Herzen and N. G. Chernyshevsky. Organizers and leaders: N. A. and A. A. Serno Solovyevich,... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
For the newspaper, see Zemlya i Volya (newspaper). Land and Freedom is a secret revolutionary society that arose in Russia in 1861 and lasted until 1864, from 1876 to 1879 it was restored as a populist organization. Contents 1 ... Wikipedia
I Zemlya i Volya ("Zemlya i Volya"), a secret revolutionary society in Russia in the early 60s. 19th century The appearance and activities of “Z. and in." due to the revolutionary situation of 1859 61 in the country. Education and start of activity of “Z. and in." relate … Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Land and Will- 1) existing in Russia in the 60s of the XIX century. revolutionary society; 2) a revolutionary populist organization of the 70s of the last century, which conducted socialist propaganda and campaigned for “land and freedom.” The failures of populist propaganda in... ... Popular political dictionary
- “BLACK RE-DELIVERY”, a populist organization in St. Petersburg in 1879 81. It arose after the split of “Land and Freedom”, preserved its program; denial of political struggle and terror, propaganda among workers. Center St. Petersburg Circle (G.V.... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Created under the influence of awareness of the reasons for the failure of “going to the people.” Initially called the “Northern Revolutionary Populist Group”, it was renamed “Land and Freedom” in 1878. The organization made itself known with a political demonstration on December 6, 1876 at the Kazan Cathedral. The protest was dispersed and beaten, up to 30 participants were brought to trial and sent to hard labor and exile. Plekhanov managed to escape.
Organization. The cell was a closed group of fives; everyone knew only the members of their own group of five. Structurally, the organization was divided into groups:
· “Center” (“Administration”) – management. Elected by the “main circle” of 30 people (the core of the organization)
· Villagers - agitation in the village
· Working group– workers’ agitation
· Intellectual group – student agitation
· Disorganization group - reconnaissance, obtaining information from punitive institutions, attracting officials and military personnel to their side, Act of terrorism)
· “Heavenly Office” - preparation of passports, residence permits, etc.
Program:
· Transfer of all land to peasants with the right of communal use
· Introduction of self-government
· Assertion of civil liberties (speech, religion, assembly)
· Creation of production agricultural and industrial associations
Facilities:
· Propaganda among peasants, workers, students, artisans, military
· Influence on liberal opposition circles of Russian society in order to attract them to one’s side
Like Bakunin, they abandoned the idea of political struggle (since the popular masses are indifferent to the nature of the political system). The problem of terror had not yet been raised; it came to light in 1879. Previous acts of violence were caused by bad behavior authorities or self-defense (1878 - Zasulich vs Trepov)
In January 1879, Kletochnikov entered service in the 3rd department and gained access to classified materials, and for 2 years he leaked important information revolutionaries. In the end, he was discovered and sentenced to execution, which was replaced by eternal hard labor, which he did not live to see - he died in Pertropavlovka.
The group “Southern Rebels” organized the “Chigirin Conspiracy” (1877), which consisted of transferring a revolutionary program to the peasants under the guise of a royal decree. 2 thousand peasants were gathered. The organization was discovered in June. The organizers themselves escaped from prison, and four peasants were sentenced to hard labor.
In 1879, many supporters of terror tactics appeared. 04/2/1879 - Solovyov’s unsuccessful attempt on A2 on Palace Square. Repression of the populists. There were heated discussions within the organization about the advisability of terror and political struggle. Supporters of terror created the organization “Freedom or Death”. On June 18-24, 1879, a congress of land Volunteers took place in Voronezh. Supporters of terror had already gathered in Lipetsk to determine a line of conduct. At the Voronezh congress, a heated debate broke out between Andrei Zhelyabov (for terror) and Plekhanov (against terror). Zhelyabov won. 08/15/1879 “Land and Freedom” divided into “People’s Will” (the majority of the Land Volyas) and “Black Redistribution” (kept to the same principles)
In the second half of the 50s of the XIX century. (the period of preparation for the peasant reform) in the socio-political life of Russia there was a certain convergence of different ideological trends. The whole society understood the need to renew the country. It pushed and stimulated the government's transformative activities that had begun. However, the implementation of the reform and its results caused an intensification of the ideological and political struggle and an even greater division of society.
Land and freedom."
It was the first major revolutionary democratic organization. It included several hundred members from different social strata: officials, officers, writers, students. The organization was headed by the Russian Central People's Committee. Branches of the society were created in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tver, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kharkov and other cities. At the end of 1862, the Russian military revolutionary organization created in the Kingdom of Poland joined “Land and Freedom”.
The first secret organizations did not last long. The decline of the peasant movement, the defeat of the uprising in the Kingdom of Poland (1863), the strengthening of the police regime - all this led to their self-dissolution or defeat. Some members of the organizations (including N.G. Chernyshevsky) were arrested, others emigrated. The government managed to repel the onslaught of radicals in the first half of the 60s. There has been a sharp turn in public opinion against the radicals and their revolutionary aspirations. Many public figures, who previously stood on democratic or liberal positions, moved to the conservative camp (M.N. Katkov and others).
In the second half of the 60s, secret circles arose again. Their members preserved the ideological legacy of N.G. Chernyshevsky, but, having lost faith in the possibility of a popular revolution in Russia, they switched to narrowly conspiratorial and terrorist tactics. They tried to realize their high moral ideals by immoral means. In 1866, a member of the circle N.A. Ishutina D.V. Karakozov made an attempt on the life of Tsar Alexander II.
In 1869, teacher S.G. Nechaev and journalist P.N. Tkachev created an organization in St. Petersburg that called on student youth to prepare an uprising and use any means in the fight against the government. After the defeat of the circle, S.G. Nechaev went abroad for a while, but in the fall of 1869 he returned and founded the “People’s Retribution” organization in Moscow. He was distinguished by extreme political adventurism and demanded blind obedience to his orders from his participants. For refusing to submit to the dictatorship, student I.I. Ivanov was falsely accused of treason and killed. The police destroyed the organization. S.G. Nechaev fled to Switzerland, he was extradited as a criminal. The government used trial against him to discredit the revolutionaries. “Nechaevism” for some time became a serious lesson for subsequent generations of revolutionaries, warning them against unlimited centralism.
At the turn of the 60-70s, largely based on the ideas of A.I. Herzen and N.G. Chernyshevsky, populist ideology took shape. It became very popular among democratically minded intellectuals in the last third of the 19th century. There were two trends among the populists: revolutionary and liberal.
Land and freedom” (1876-1879).
In 1876, the surviving participants of the “going to the people” formed a new secret organization, which since 1878 has taken the name “Land and Freedom”. Its program provided for the implementation of a socialist revolution by overthrowing the autocracy, transferring all land to the peasants and introducing “secular self-government” in the countryside and cities. The organization was headed by G.V. Plekhanov, A.D. Mikhailov, S.M. Kravchinsky, N.A. Morozov, V.N. Figner et al.
A second “going to the people” was undertaken - for long-term agitation of the peasants. The landowners also engaged in agitation among workers and soldiers and helped organize several strikes. In 1876, with the participation of “Land and Freedom,” the first political demonstration in Russia was held in St. Petersburg on the square in front of the Kazan Cathedral. G.V. spoke to the audience. Plekhanov, who called to fight for land and freedom for peasants and workers. The police dispersed the demonstration, many of its participants were injured. Those arrested were sentenced to hard labor or exile. G.V. Plekhanov managed to escape from the police.
In 1878, some populists again returned to the idea of the need for a terrorist struggle. In 1878 V.I. Zasulich attempted to assassinate St. Petersburg mayor F.F. Trepov and wounded him. However, the mood of society was such that the jury acquitted her, and F.F. Trepov was forced to resign. Discussions began among the landowners about methods of struggle. They were prompted to do this by both government repression and a thirst for activism. Disputes over tactical and programmatic issues led to a split.
Black redistribution.”
In 1879, part of the landowners (G.V. Plekhanov, V.I. Zasulich, L.G. Deych, P.B. Akselrod) formed the organization “Black Redistribution” (1879-1881). They remained faithful to the basic program principles of “Land and Freedom” and agitation and propaganda methods of activity.
People's will."
In the same year, another part of the Zemlya Volya members created the organization “People's Will” (1879-1881). It was headed by A.I. Zhelyabov, A.D. Mikhailov, SL. Perovskaya, N.A. Morozov, V.N. Figner and others. They were members of the Executive Committee - the center and Main Headquarters organizations.
The Narodnaya Volya program reflected their disappointment in the revolutionary potential of the peasant masses. They believed that the people were suppressed and reduced to a slave state by the tsarist government. Therefore, its main task they believed in fighting this government. The program requirements of the Narodnaya Volya included: training
political revolution and overthrow of the autocracy; convening the Constituent Assembly and establishing a democratic system in the country; destruction private property, transfer of land to peasants, factories to workers. (Many program provisions Narodnaya Volya was accepted turn of XIX-XX centuries their followers are the Socialist Revolutionary Party.)
The Narodnaya Volya carried out a number of terrorist actions against representatives of the tsarist administration, but considered their main goal to be the murder of the tsar. They assumed that this would cause a political crisis in the country and a nationwide uprising. However, in response to the terror, the government intensified repression. Most of the Narodnaya Volya members were arrested. SL, who remained at large. Perovskaya organized the assassination attempt on the Tsar. On March 1, 1881, Alexander II was mortally wounded and died a few hours later.
This act did not live up to the expectations of the populists. It once again confirmed the ineffectiveness of terrorist methods of struggle and led to increased reaction and police brutality in the country. In general, the activities of the Narodnaya Volya members were significantly slowed down evolutionary development Russia.
Related information.
"Land and Freedom" (1876--1879)
In 1876, the surviving participants in the “walking among the people” formed a new secret organization, which in 1878 took the name “Land and Freedom.” Its program provided for the implementation of a socialist revolution by overthrowing the autocracy, transferring all land to the peasants and introducing “secular self-government” in the countryside and cities. The organization was headed by G.V. Plekhanov, A.D. Mikhailov, S.M. Kravchinsky, N.A. Morozov, V.N. Figner et al.
A second “going to the people” was carried out - with the aim of long-term agitation among the peasants. The landowners were also involved in agitation of workers and soldiers and helped organize several strikes. In 1876, with the participation of “Land and Freedom”, the first political demonstration in Russia was held in St. Petersburg on the square in front of the Kazan Cathedral. G.V. spoke to the audience. Plekhanov, who called to fight for land and freedom for peasants and workers. The police dispersed the demonstration, many of its participants were injured. Those arrested were sentenced to hard labor or exile. G.V. Plekhanov managed to escape from the police.
In 1878 V.I. Zasulich made an attempt on the life of the St. Petersburg chief F.F. Trepov and wounded him. However, the mood of society and the circumstances of the case were such that the jury acquitted her, and F.F. Trepov was forced to resign.
Some populists again returned to the idea of the need for a terrorist struggle. They were prompted to do this by both government repression and thirst active work. Disputes over tactical and programmatic issues led to a split in Land and Freedom.
Organization.
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At the turn of the 1850s-1860s, a number of student circles operated in the largest cities of Russia. They were under the ideological influence of “The Bell” by Herzen and Ogarev and were engaged in the propaganda of liberation ideas. Some societies were disclosed by the authorities, so information about them was preserved: the Kharkov-Kiev secret society, the Perm-Kazan secret society, the Kazan students library, the Argyropulo-Zaichnevsky circle that spun off from the latter.
The first composition 1861-1864.
The inspirers of the society were Herzen and Chernyshevsky. The participants set their goal to prepare a peasant revolution. Policy documents were created under the influence of the ideas of Herzen and Ogarev. One of the most important demands put forward by members of the organization was the convening of a classless people's assembly.
The first Executive Committee of the organization included 6 of its organizers (N. N. Obruchev, S. S. Rymarenko, brothers N. A. and A. A. Serno-Solovyovich, A. A. Sleptsov, V. S. Kurochkin). “Land and Freedom” was an association of circles located in 13-14 cities. The largest circles were Moscow (Yu. M. Mosolov, N. M. Shatilov) and St. Petersburg (N. I. Utin). Military organization“Land and Freedom” was presented by the “Committee of Russian Officers in Poland” under the leadership of Second Lieutenant A. A. Potebnya. According to the data available to A. A. Sleptsov, the number of “Land and Freedom” was 3,000 people (the Moscow branch consisted of 400 members).
Second composition 1876-1879
The second composition of “Land and Freedom,” which was restored in 1876 as a populist organization, included such figures as A. D. Mikhailov, G. V. Plekhanov, D. A. Lizogub, later S. M. Kravchinsky, N. A Morozov, S. L. Perovskaya, L. A. Tikhomirov, N. S. Tyutchev. In total, the organization consisted of about 200 people. “Land and Freedom” relied on a wide circle of sympathizers in its activities.
The name “Land and Freedom” was given to the society at the end of 1878, with the appearance of a printed organ of the same name; former name: “Northern Revolutionary Populist Group”, “Society of Populists”.
The organization’s propaganda was based not on the old socialist principles, incomprehensible to the people, but on slogans emanating directly from the peasantry, that is, the demands of “land and freedom.” In its program, the program proclaimed the ideal of “anarchism and collectivism.” The specific requirements were the following:
- transfer of all land to peasants in equal shares
- introduction of full community self-government
- introduction of religious freedom
- granting nations the right to self-determination
The means of achieving these goals included organizational (propaganda, agitation among peasants and other classes and groups) and disorganization (individual terror against the most objectionable government officials and secret police agents). The organization had its own charter.
The organization consisted of a main circle (divided into seven special groups by type of activity) and local groups located in many major cities empires. "Land and Freedom" had its own press organ with the same name. Agent “Land and Freedom” N.V. Kletochnikov was introduced into the Third Department. Landlords organized village settlements as a transition to “sedentary” propaganda. However, this action, as well as “going to the people,” ended in failure. After this, the populists concentrated all their efforts on political terror.
Landlords took part in several strikes in St. Petersburg in 1878-79. “Land and Freedom” influenced the development of the student movement. She organized or supported demonstrations in St. Petersburg, including the Kazan demonstration on December 6 (18), 1876, to which “Land and Freedom” first openly declared its existence. The Kazan demonstration was the first political demonstration in Russia with the participation of advanced workers. The demonstration was organized and carried out by the land populists and members of workers’ circles associated with them on Kazanskaya Square in St. Petersburg. About 400 people gathered in the square. G. V. Plekhanov delivered a passionate revolutionary speech to those gathered. The young worker Ya. S. Potapov unfurled a red banner with the words “Land and Freedom.” The demonstrators resisted the police. 31 demonstrators were arrested, 5 of whom were sentenced to 10-15 years of hard labor, 10 were sentenced to exile in Siberia, and three workers, including Y. Potapov, were sentenced to imprisonment for 5 years in a monastery. The Kazan demonstration marked the beginning of the conscious participation of the Russian working class in the social movement.
The Lipetsk Congress of members of the populist organization “Land and Freedom” took place in June 1879 in Lipetsk. Convened in an atmosphere of heightened disagreement among the revolutionary populists on the issue of the future direction of the organization's activities. A. D. Mikhailov, A. A. Kvyatkovsky, L. A. Tikhomirov, N. A. Morozov, A. I. Barannikov, M. N. Oshanina, A. I. Zhelyabov, N. I. Kolodkevich, G. D. Goldenberg, S. G. Shiryaev, M. F. Frolenko. The congress decided to include in the “Land and Freedom” program recognition of the need for a political struggle against autocracy as a priority and independent task. Participants in the Lipetsk Congress declared themselves the Executive Committee of the Social Revolutionary Party and adopted a charter based on centralism, discipline and secrecy. The Executive Committee, in the event of the agreement of the general congress of “landers” in Voronezh with new program had to take upon himself the implementation of terror.
Voronezh Congress of members of the populist organization “Land and Freedom,” convened in June 1879 in Voronezh in connection with disagreements among the revolutionary populists on the issue of the future direction of activity. About 20 people took part, including G.V. Plekhanov, A.D. Mikhailov, A.I. Zhelyabov, V.N. Figner, S.L. Perovskaya, N.A. Morozov, M.F. Frolenko, O. V. Aptekman. Supporters of the “politics” of political struggle and terror (Zhelyabov, Mikhailov, Morozov, etc.) came to the congress as a united group, which was finally organized at the Lipetsk Congress (June 1879). Plekhanov’s supporters (“villagers”) took a conciliatory position, considering the main task to be work among the peasants: they did not, in essence, object to terror. Plekhanov, who proved the danger of being carried away by terror for the prospects of working among the people, formally resigned from Land and Freedom and left the congress.
The resolutions of the congress were of a compromise nature: along with activities, the people also recognized the need for political terror.
The organization existed until 1879, after which it collapsed. The terrorist wing formed new organization“Narodnaya Volya”, and the wing that remained faithful to purely populist tendencies is society
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