Where is the greatest depth of the Black Sea? All about Crimea
In any state, the anthem, coat of arms and flag are the main official symbols. In Russia, the law “On the National Anthem” Russian Federation" was signed by the President on December 25, 2000, and its first official execution in the modern interpretation took place on January 1, 2001.
Authors of music and lyrics
The authorship of the music belongs to the composer Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov (April 13, 1883 - July 8, 1946). The modern melody fully corresponds to that hymn Soviet Union, the first performance of which took place on the night of January 1, 1944.
The words were written by the poet Sergei Vladimirovich Mikhalkov (March 13, 1913 - August 27, 2009). Thus, S.V. Mikhalkov is the author of texts written in 1943, 1977 and 2000.
Melody by M. I. Glinka
Before the adoption of this law, a different anthem existed in Russia since 1990. The music used was a melody written in 1833 by the composer M. I. Glinka and found in his archive three decades later. "Patriotic Song" was approved as the anthem of the RSFSR at the end of 1990. She continued to remain in this status in the future, which was confirmed by a corresponding decree of President Yeltsin.
The performance took place without words, since for various reasons it was not possible to create and approve the text. An official competition for the creation of the text was announced, and the commission received several thousand options. The winner was even determined, but this music was never destined to find words. The impasse was created by political differences in State Duma. It became clear that it was necessary to look for another solution.
Creation of the anthem of the Russian Federation
This unnatural situation could not remain for long. In 2000, the discussion on this topic resumed. V.V. Putin suggested taking the music of the former Soviet anthem and setting it to this melody new text. This time, the legislative approval of music and text passed relatively quickly.
In December, the President submitted a draft law to parliament. Within less than a month, the bill went through all stages of discussion and was approved in both chambers.
On the first day of 2001, the first performance on television took place. The famous melody of A. Alexandrov has new words, and it is in this form that it continues to be performed at the present time.
It must be said that there was no unanimity in society regarding this option either. Opponents of A. Alexandrov’s melody argued that it glorifies negative sides that Soviet past from which Russian state Quite recently it refused. Some famous politicians and public figures actively expressed their protest, fearing a serious split in society.
Nevertheless, a significant part of citizens reacted favorably to the idea of using this particular music. It was also important that the melody itself A. Alexandrova objectively it turned out to be very successful precisely for performing in this capacity. Time-tested, beautiful, solemn and easy to remember. Now this melody is more associated with the heroic pages of the past than with its negative manifestations.
More serious discussions arose when discussing words. The text, which was written by the poet S. V. Mikhalkov and the journalist G. A. El-Registan (Gabriel Arshakovich Ureklyan), is clearly outdated and no longer corresponds modern realities. In addition, the words underwent significant correction back in 1977, when the new Constitution was adopted. By this time, G. A. El-Registan was no longer alive, so the second edition of the text was created only by S. V. Mikhalkov.
A special commission considered all proposals received. There were many of them, but in the end the commission settled on the option proposed S. V. Mikhalkov.
All Russian anthems
Behind long history Russia had seven official anthems in the country. Two of them were performed during the reign of the Romanov dynasty:
- from 1816 “God Save the King”, music of the British anthem, words by V. A. Zhukovsky “Russian Prayer”
- from 1833 “God Save the Tsar!”, music by A. F. Lvov, lyrics by V. A. Zhukovsky
After the fall of the monarchy, the third official anthem of Russia was the French “Marseillaise”, words and music by K. J. Rouget de Lisle, Russian text by P. L. Lavrov. Four more were performed in Russia and the USSR after 1917:
- from 1918 “The Internationale”, music by Eugene Potier, words by Pierre Degeyter, Russian text by A. Ya. Kots
- since 1944 anthem of the Soviet Union, music by A. V. Alexandrov, lyrics by S. V. Mikhalkov and G. A. El-Registan
- since 1990 “Patriotic song”, music by M. I. Glinka
- since 2001 the anthem of Russia, music by A. V. Alexandrov, words by S. V. Mikhalkov
Today the anthem of the Russian Federation is the most important attribute state symbols, and its execution occurs on the basis of current legislation.
In 1943, Mikhalkov, together with military journalist Georgy El-Registan (Gabriel Arkadyevich Ureklyan), wrote the text for the National Anthem of the USSR, which was first performed in New Year's Eve 1944. In 1977, Mikhalkov created the second edition national anthem THE USSR.
In 1993, by decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, writer Sergei Mikhalkov was included in the Commission (co-chairman) for the creation of the anthem of the Russian Federation. In 2001, for the third time he became the author of the text of the national anthem, now of the Russian Federation.
Anthem of the USSR. 1943 text
Great Rus' united forever.
Chorus:
And the great Lenin illuminated the path for us.
Stalin raised us to be loyal to the people
He inspired us to work and to deeds.
Chorus:
Hail, our Fatherland is free,
The happiness of peoples is a reliable stronghold!
Soviet banner, people's banner
Let it lead from victory to victory!
We raised our army in battles,
We will sweep the vile invaders off the road!
In battles we decide the fate of generations,
We will lead our Fatherland to glory!
Chorus:
Hail, our Fatherland is free,
The glory of nations is a reliable stronghold!
Soviet banner, people's banner
Let it lead from victory to victory!
Anthem of the USSR. 1977 text
The indestructible union of free republics
Great Rus' united forever
Long live the one created by the will of the peoples
United, mighty Soviet Union!
Chorus:
Hail, our Fatherland is free,
Friendship of peoples is a reliable stronghold!
Lenin's Party is a people's force
Through the storms the sun of freedom shone for us,
And the great Lenin illuminated the path for us:
He raised the people to a just cause,
inspired us to work and to deeds!
Chorus:
Hail, our Fatherland is free,
Friendship of peoples is a reliable stronghold!
Lenin's Party is a people's force
leads us to the triumph of communism!
In the victory of the immortal ideas of communism
We see the future of our country,
And the red banner of the glorious Fatherland
We will always be selflessly faithful!
Chorus:
Hail, our Fatherland is free,
Friendship of peoples is a reliable stronghold!
Lenin's Party is a people's force
leads us to the triumph of communism!
Russian anthem. Text 2001
Russia is our sacred power,
Russia is our beloved country.
Mighty will, great glory -
Your treasure for all time!
Chorus:
Hail, our Fatherland is free,
From south seas to the polar edge
Our forests and fields are spread out.
You are the only one in the world! You are the only one -
God-protected native land!
Chorus:
Hail, our Fatherland is free,
An age-old union of fraternal peoples,
Ancestors given wisdom folk!
Hail, country! We are proud of you!
Wide scope for dreams and for life
The years to come reveal to us.
Our loyalty to the Fatherland gives us strength.
So it was, so it is and so it will always be!
Chorus:
Hail, our Fatherland is free,
An age-old union of fraternal peoples,
This is the folk wisdom given by our ancestors!
Hail, country! We are proud of you!
The Black Sea is one of the most beautiful places our country, it is unique and has its own interesting features.
Location
The Black Sea is located in the south of the European part of Russia. Next to it are the chains of the Caucasus Mountains.
The Black Sea on the map borders several countries. These are Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Romania, Bulgaria, Türkiye. The Black Sea area crosses the border between Europe and Asia. In the outlines of the sea you can see how deeply it cuts into it in the north Crimean peninsula. It connects with a small Sea of Azov thanks to the Kerch Strait.
General information
The area of the Black Sea is large: it is believed to be equal to 422 thousand square kilometers. This value is approximate; some sources provide other figures. Area of the Black Sea in sq. km. - 436400 (according to other data). Maximum depth is equal to 2210 meters, and the average is 1240.
The sea is located in an isolated depression formed between Southeast Europe and the Asia Minor Peninsula. The area of the Black Sea is, as it were, divided into two parts by a small rise, part of which is the Crimean peninsula. The northwestern part has wide strip shelf. The coasts of Turkey and Georgia are more indented with gorges and canyons. The great depths off these coasts begin much closer than in the north. Length coastline Black Sea - 4077 kilometers. The sea is a bit like an oval with a length of 1148 kilometers and a width of 615.
There are few bays and almost no islands. This is due to the fact that the water level is constantly rising. Scientists have calculated that every 100 years the area of the Black Sea grows by 25 centimeters. It would seem that the speed is very small, but the sea has already managed to swallow some cities.
Cities on the Black Sea
The Russian coast is replete with various resorts. There are also cities here, the largest of them are Sochi, Gelendzhik, V Lately Cities on the Black Sea located in Crimea (Kerch and Sevastopol) also began to be classified as Russian.
Sochi is the warmest region on the Black Sea in Russia. There is a lot of sun, very humid and subtropical vegetation.
In Sevastopol, the ancient ancient city of Chersonesus is well preserved. There are many monuments dedicated to the Great Victory.
The path from sea to ocean
The Black Sea on the map seems far from the oceans; it belongs to the inland oceans, but belongs to the Atlantic. To get to it from here, you need to do a lot big way: from the Black Sea through the Bosphorus Strait to Marmara, then through to the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas, and only after that through Gibraltar you can get to the Atlantic Ocean.
Climate
The climate is continental. Its features are associated with internal position seas. The coasts of Crimea and the Caucasus are protected from the penetration of cold northern winds, so the climate there is milder, Mediterranean.
Influence Atlantic Ocean affects the weather. Cyclones come from the north and west; as a rule, they bring precipitation. Sometimes North wind so strong that the mountains do not become an obstacle for him. It's called "bora". He brings the cold. Local residents nicknamed it “Nord-East”.
Flora and fauna
There is in the sea big variety seaweed These are brown, green, red and others, and there are 270 species in total. About 600 species of phytoplankton can also be found there. The so-called night light also lives in the water - this is an algae that contains phosphorus.
Can't compare with the fauna of the Mediterranean. 2,500 species live here, while in the Mediterranean there are 9,000. Reasons for the poor fauna: hydrogen sulfide on great depths, more cold water and a wide range of salinity. Therefore, the Black Sea is only for unpretentious animals living at shallow depths. At the bottom live mussels, oysters, pecten, and rapana clams.
Their shells regularly wash up on the shore. Crabs live among the stones and shrimp can be found. There are some types of jellyfish - Aurelia and Cornerot. Famous fish include: mullet, mackerel, flounder, and Black Sea-Azov herring. Most dangerous fish is sea Dragon. Mammals are represented by two species of dolphins: the common dolphin and the bottlenose dolphin, as well as the porpoise and the white-bellied seal.
Composition of sea water
The water in the Black Sea is salty, with a bitter aftertaste. This is explained by the fact that in addition to sodium chloride, the composition includes chloride and In addition, water contains 60 chemical elements.
Most of the total volume contains hydrogen sulfide. As a rule, it is found in water at great depths (more than 150 meters).
Hydrogen sulfide is formed as a result of the decomposition of marine organisms. The Black Sea differs from others in that it great depth there are no algae or sea animals. Only sulfur bacteria live there. Sometimes during a storm, hydrogen sulfide is released, causing residents near the shore to smell a foul odor.
The Black Sea among different peoples
The Black Sea is called that by many peoples, despite its countless shades different weather, from dark green to light blue. The ancient Greeks called it Pont Aksinsky, which translated means “inhospitable” or “black”. There were difficulties with navigation, and the shores were inhabited by hostile natives. The colonists here were met with unfavorable conditions such as fog and storm. When the Greeks finally mastered this sea, they began to call it Pont Euxine, that is, “hospitable.”
In the chronicles Ancient Rus' the sea is called Russian or sometimes Scythian. In some sources you can find information that the sea was previously called not Black, but Chermny, that is, beautiful.
The Turks called this sea Karadengiz - “inhospitable”. Probably for the same reason as the Greeks.
All sailing directions and atlases indicate that the average depth of the Black Sea is 1300 meters. From the surface of the water to the bottom of the sea basin is, on average, almost one and a half kilometers, but what we are accustomed to consider the sea has a depth several times less, about 100 meters. Below lurks a lifeless and deadly poisonous abyss.
This discovery was made by a Russian oceanographic expedition in 1890. Measurements have shown that the sea is almost entirely filled with dissolved hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas with the smell of rotten eggs. In the center of the sea, the hydrogen sulfide zone approaches the surface by about 50 meters; closer to the shores, the depth, where the sulfide zone begins, increases to 300 meters. In this sense, the Black Sea is unique; it is the only one in the world without a hard bottom.
Liquid convex lens dead water underlies a thin top layer, where all the sea life. The underlying lens breathes and swells, breaking through to the surface from time to time due to blowing winds. Major breakthroughs occur less frequently; the last one occurred during the Yalta earthquake of 1928, when even far from the sea it was felt strong smell rotten eggs and thunder lightning flared up on the sea horizon, spreading in burning pillars into the sky (Hydrogen sulfide H2S is a flammable and explosive poisonous gas).
There is still debate about the source of hydrogen sulfide in the depths of the Black Sea. Some consider the main source to be the reduction of sulfates by sulfate-reducing bacteria during the decomposition of dead organic matter. Others adhere to the hydrothermal hypothesis, i.e. release of hydrogen sulfide from cracks in seabed.
However, there seems to be no contradiction here. Both reasons apply. The Black Sea is designed in such a way that its water exchange with Mediterranean Sea goes through the shallow Bosphorus rapids. Desalinated by river flow, and therefore lighter, it goes into the Sea of Marmara and further. black sea water, and towards it, or rather under it, saltier and heavier Mediterranean water rolls down through the Bosphorus threshold into the depths of the Black Sea. It turns out to be something like a giant sump, in the depths of which hydrogen sulfide has gradually accumulated over the past six to seven thousand years.
Today this dead layer makes up over 90 percent of the sea's volume. In the 20th century, as a result of sea pollution by organic anthropogenic substances, the boundary of the hydrogen sulfide zone rose from the depths by 25 - 50 meters. Simply put, oxygen from the upper thin layer of the sea does not have time to oxidize the hydrogen sulfide that is propping up from below.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea
On October 31, 1996, Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine adopted the Strategic Action Plan for the protection and restoration of the Black Sea. In memory of this event, on October 31, the countries of the Black Sea region celebrate International Black Sea Day, a beach cleaning campaign is carried out, and other environmental actions. According to a number of experts ecological state Black Sea beyond last decade worsened despite a decline in economic activity in a number of Black Sea countries. President of the Crimean Academy of Sciences Viktor Tarasenko expressed the opinion that the Black Sea is the dirtiest sea in the world
Ten years ago, this problem was considered one of the top priorities in the Black Sea countries. Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and explosive substance. Poisoning occurs at concentrations from 0.05 to 0.07 mg/m3. Maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air populated areas 0.008 mg/m3. According to a number of experts and scientists, a charge power equivalent to Hiroshima is sufficient to detonate hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. In this case, the consequences of the disaster will be comparable to what would happen if an asteroid with a mass half the mass of the Moon crashed into our Earth.
There is more than 20 thousand cubic kilometers of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. Now the problem has been forgotten due to unknown circumstances. True, this did not make the problem go away.
In the early 1950s, in Walvis Bay (Namibia), an upward current (upwelling) brought a hydrogen sulfide cloud to the surface. Up to one hundred and fifty miles inland the smell of hydrogen sulfide could be felt, the walls of houses darkened. The smell of rotten eggs already means exceeding the MPC (maximum permissible concentration). In fact, the inhabitants of South-West Africa then experienced a “soft” gas attack. At the Black Sea gas attack could be much tougher.
Let's say someone gets the idea to mix up the sea, or at least part of it. Technically this, alas, is feasible. In the relatively shallow northwestern part of the sea, somewhere halfway between Sevastopol and Constanta, it is possible to conduct an underwater nuclear explosion relatively low power. On the shore it will only be noticed by instruments. But after a few hours, there, on the shore, they will smell the smell of rotten eggs. Under the best circumstances, within 24 hours, two-thirds of the sea will turn into a communal cemetery for marine organisms. If things go wrong, coastal cemeteries will also turn into communal cemeteries. settlements, where the organisms live are no longer marine. In the previous two phrases, the evaluative adjectives “favorable” and “unfavorable” can be swapped, depending on how you look at it.
If from the position of a person or group of people who set themselves the goal of paralyzing the peoples of half a dozen countries with horror, then it is necessary to change. However, the greed of oil and gas companies is worse than any Ben with his Frankincense. Feeling that the end of the era of hydrocarbon raw materials is very close, and is measured in a couple of decades, after which an era of total stagnation and complete decline of the raw material economy will begin, businessmen from the Russian state, in agony and despair, threw the pipe to the bottom high pressure for a fuel pipeline right along the bottom of the Black Sea. It was difficult to expect more obscurantism!
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_stream
Blue Stream is a gas pipeline between Russia and Turkey, laid along the bottom of the Black Sea. Total length gas pipeline - 1213 km. The Blue Stream pipeline was built as part of the Russian-Turkish agreement of 1997, according to which Russia must supply 364.5 billion cubic meters to Turkey. m of gas in 2000–2025.
This is a one-time weekend design, which is not possible to repair and prevent in conditions of explosive hydrogen sulfide. Everyone still remembers passenger train Adler-Novosibirsk, completely burned due to a fuel pipeline failure. You don’t have to be an expert chemist or physicist to understand what will happen if a fuel pipeline breaks in the deep layers of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. No comments.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Stream
South Stream is a Russian-Italian-French-German gas pipeline project that is laid along the bottom of the Black Sea from the Anapa region to the Bulgarian port of Varna. Next, its two branches will pass through the Balkan Peninsula to Italy and Austria, although their exact routes have not yet been approved. Construction of the gas pipeline began on December 7, 2012 and is scheduled to end in 2015. The planned capacity of South Stream is 63 billion cubic meters of gas per year. The estimated cost of the project is 16 billion euros. May 15 - construction of the CS (compressor station) "Kazachya" began in Krasnodar region. The total design capacity of the Kazachya station will be 200 MW, from which gas under a pressure of 11.8 MPa (!) will be supplied to the Russkaya CS, and from there it will be sent to South Stream.
Thousands of businessmen who make resort money from exploiting the Black Sea do not suspect that their business will soon end, and the Black Sea coast from resort area will turn into an environmental disaster zone dangerous for human habitation. This especially applies to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, where, according to scientists, emissions into the atmosphere are most likely. large quantity hydrogen sulfide. Twenty years ago, having familiarized themselves with the calculations of scientists on the Black Sea, scientists built a graph of the decrease in the surface layer of water from 1890 to 2020. The continuation of the graph curve reached 15 meters of layer thickness by 2010. And it was already noted near the Caucasus in 2007. This was even reported on May 30, 2007 on the radio in Sochi. There were also reports about mass death dolphins in the Black Sea. Yes, and ourselves local people felt a certain dead spirit from the sea. In the area of New Athos, the sea is already different than it was 20-30 years ago; in the afternoon the water is cloudy, yellow, there are dead fish and even dead animals.
Many businessmen realized the pointlessness of their ideas of participating in investing in the resort business on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. No one thinks that a catastrophe is coming, and it is not far off, but very close. For many local residents the feeling that the 2014 Olympics will pass as a farewell to the Black Sea for an unreasonable person. Millions of people living in Black Sea coast will be forced to move further away from the coast due to the danger of dying as a result of suffocation from hydrogen sulfide and lack of oxygen in the air. And before this general flight of residents from resort cities, mass diseases of residents of the coastal zone may begin, with fatal outcomes. The end of the Black Sea resorts will come!
This will be a worthy retribution of people for their admiration for the power of the Golden Calf, for their contempt for nature, for their ignorance of questions environmental safety. After all, with a reasonable approach to business, it is possible to turn the impending troubles to the benefit of the economy and energy.
The water of the Black Sea contains silver and gold. If we extracted all the silver in the water of the Black Sea, it would amount to approximately 540 thousand tons. If all the gold was extracted, it would amount to approximately 270 thousand tons. Methods for extracting gold and silver from the water of the Black Sea have long been developed. The very first primitive installations were based on ion exchangers, special ion exchange resins that are capable of attaching ions of substances dissolved in water. But industrially, according to their special technologies, only Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania extract silver and gold from the waters of the Black Sea. (Why not Ukraine and Russia?)
It is known that at a depth below 50 meters, the deep layers of the Black Sea are a colossal warehouse of hydrogen sulfide (about a billion tons). Hydrogen sulfide is flammable gas, which upon combustion produces a corresponding amount of heat. In other words, this is a fuel that can and should be used. When hydrogen sulfide is burned according to the reaction: 2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O + 2SO2, heat is released in an amount of about 268 kcal (with an excess of oxygen). Compare with the amount of heat released during the combustion of hydrogen in oxygen according to the reaction: H2 + 1/2 O2 >H2O (about 68.4 kcal/mol is released). Since the first reaction produces sulfur dioxide ( harmful product), then of course it is better to use hydrogen as a fuel in the composition of hydrogen sulfide, which can be obtained by heating hydrogen sulfide according to the reaction:
H2S H2+S3
The decomposition of hydrogen sulfide requires slight heating. Reaction (3) will make it possible to obtain sulfur from the water of the Black Sea. If you carry out reactions to burn hydrogen sulfide in atmospheric oxygen:
2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O + 2SO2,
then by burning the resulting sulfur dioxide:
SO2 + ? O2 = SO3,
then according to the interaction of three sulfur oxides with water:
SO3 + H2O = H2SO4,
then, as is known, we can obtain sulfuric acid with associated heat production in the appropriate amount. During the production of sulfuric acid, about 194 kcal/mol is released. Thus, from the water of the Black Sea it is possible to obtain either hydrogen and sulfur, or sulfuric acid with the associated heat production in the appropriate quantity. All that remains is to extract hydrogen sulfide from the deep layers of the sea. This is confusing at first.
http://www.aif.ru/techno/article/54243/4
One of the scientific developments is based on the fact that in order to raise deep layers of sea water saturated with hydrogen sulfide, it is not necessary to expend energy on pumping it. According to this scientific development, it is proposed to lower a pipe with strong walls to a depth of 80 meters and once raise water through it from the depth in order to obtain a gas-water fountain in the pipe due to the difference hydrostatic pressure water in the sea at the level of the lower edge of the canal and the pressure of the gas-water mixture at the same level inside the canal (remember that every 10 meters the pressure in the sea increases by one atmosphere). An analogy is given with a bottle of champagne. By opening the bottle, we lower the pressure in it, which is why gas begins to be released in the form of bubbles, and so intensely that the bubbles, floating up, push the champagne in front of them. Pumping out a column of water from a pipe for the first time is precisely the opening of the plug.
It is reported that a group of scientists from Kherson conducted a ground-based experiment back in 1990, confirming the operation of such a fountain until the hydrogen sulfide in the sea runs out. The full-scale marine experiment also ended successfully. Very illustrative example, when the existence of life is under threat, the planet is saved by a bunch of lone heroes, who are also hindered by the government and everything around them. And where is all the state potential at this time, with its scientific power, computers, and programs?
Skeptics can easily check the data with their fingers by sailing further out to sea and lowering a thick hose with a weight at the end into the water. It’s just not recommended to smoke at this time, so that it doesn’t turn out like in Chukovsky’s poems. Many probably remember the words of Korney Chukovsky’s poem: “And the little foxes took matches, went to the blue sea, lit the blue sea.”
But few people know that the children's poems of Korney Chukovsky are studied very carefully by astrologers: as in the quatrains of Michel Nostradamus, these poems contain a lot most interesting predictions. Leonid Utesov helped with the geographic location of the “arson site”: “The bluest sea in the world is my Black Sea!” Until recently, this sea was practically the only vacation spot for residents the whole country- THE USSR. Even the great schemer, Ostap Bender, showed up there in search of twelve chairs. And for little he did not pay with his life in Yalta at the time of the famous Crimean earthquake of 1928. By “coincidence”, there was a thunderstorm at the time of the earthquake. Lightning struck everywhere. Including at sea. And suddenly something completely unexpected happened: columns of flame began to burst out of the water to a height of 500-800 meters. These are the matches and chanterelles. Chemists know two types of hydrogen sulfide oxidation reaction: H2S + O = H2O + S;
H2S + 4O + to = H2SO4.
As a result of the first reaction, free sulfur and water are formed. The second type of H2S oxidation reaction occurs explosively with an initial thermal shock. As a result, sulfuric acid is formed. It was the second course of the H2S oxidation reaction that was observed by the residents of Yalta during the earthquake in 1928. Seismic tremors stirred deep-sea hydrogen sulfide to the surface. The electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of H2S is higher than that of pure sea water. Therefore, electrical lightning discharges most often hit areas of hydrogen sulfide raised from the depths. However, a significant layer of pure surface water extinguished the chain reaction. By the beginning of the 20th century, the upper inhabitable layer of water in the Black Sea was 200 meters. Thoughtless technogenic activity has led to a sharp reduction in this layer. Currently, in some places its thickness does not exceed 10-15 meters. During strong storm Hydrogen sulfide rises to the surface, and vacationers may smell a characteristic odor.
At the beginning of the century, the Don River supplied up to 36 km3 to the Azov-Black Sea basin fresh water. By the beginning of the 80s, this volume had decreased to 19 km3: metallurgical industry, irrigation structures, field irrigation, city water supply systems. Entering Volgodonskaya nuclear power plant took another 4 km3 of water. A similar situation occurred during the years of industrialization on other rivers in the basin. As a result of the thinning of the surface habitable layer of water, a sharp reduction occurred in the Black Sea. biological organisms. For example, in the 50s, the dolphin population reached 8 million individuals.
Nowadays, meeting dolphins in the Black Sea has become very rare. Fans of underwater sports sadly observe only the remains of pathetic vegetation and rare schools of fish; rapana have disappeared. Few people think, for example, that all sea souvenirs sold along the Black Sea coast (decorative shells, mollusks, sea stars, corals, etc.) have nothing to do with the Black Sea. Traders bring these goods from other seas and oceans. And in the Black Sea even mussels have almost disappeared. Since ancient times, sturgeon, horse mackerel, mackerel, bonito, which have been caught, disappeared back in the 1990s as commercial species. (That is, there are no more scows full of mullet that Kostya brought to Odessa, and in general no one adores anyone for a long time).
But that's not the worst thing! If the Crimean earthquake happened today, then everything would end global catastrophe: Billions of tons of hydrogen sulfide are covered by a thin film of water. What is the scenario for a probable cataclysm? As a result of the initial thermal shock, there will be volumetric explosion H2S. This can lead to powerful tectonic processes and movements of lithospheric plates, which, in turn, will cause destructive earthquakes throughout to the globe. But that is not all! The explosion will release billions of tons of concentrated sulfuric acid into the atmosphere.
This will no longer be the weak acid rain of today after our factories. Acid showers after the explosion of the Black Sea will burn out everything living and inanimate on the planet! Or almost everything. Nature is wise! The origin of life on the planet is an extremely expensive undertaking from an energy-informational point of view. Almost everyone biological forms on earth - the carbon basis of the structure of the organism, and DNA with left polarization. But, as modern microbiologists know, there are 4 types of bacteria with right-handed DNA polarization. These bacteria “live” on the planet in conditions completely isolated from other forms. They were discovered in the acidic boiling water of volcanoes!
Apparently, it is these bacteria that will give a new impetus to the development of life on Earth if our civilization fails to become intelligent and ends up committing global suicide!
Attempts to become smarter are still difficult to see. Humanity is rushing headlong towards what is called catastrophe.
Bonus: More about the secrets of the Black Sea:
Millionth treasure of the lost ship
In 1854, a ship with the romantic name "Black Prince" sailed Black Sea. On board there was a lot of gold intended to pay the soldiers who participated in the Crimean War. During a storm, the ship was wrecked. The news of a sunken ship with an unappreciated treasure spread throughout Europe. But numerous searches were never successful. The jewelry still rests at the bottom of the Black Sea. http://faktu-week.ictv.ua/ua/index/view-media/id/37647
Giant waves
As you know, the waves of the Black Sea are famous for their relatively calm nature. Their height does not exceed 1-2 m, and their length reaches a maximum of 14 m. http://faktu-week.ictv.ua/ua/index/view-media/id/37649 But in the twentieth century, the Black Sea decided to show its character - scientists recorded waves 25 m high and 200 m long. Scientists then emphasized the unusual nature of such waves: “The Black Sea has too small an area for the waves in it to reach high speed And high altitude. Others believe that strong underwater earthquakes sometimes occur in the Black Sea, which cause giant waves; Scientists have not fully explored the nature of such shocks to this day." In turn, any waves over 8 meters pose a catastrophic danger to oil and gas platforms on the Black Sea shelf.
http://faktu-week.ictv.ua/ua/index/view-media/id/37650
The materials published in this post are an online review of tools mass media on the topic of the Black Sea. http://planeta.moy.su/blog/v_glubinakh_chernogo_morja_vozmozhen_vzryv_serovodoroda/2011-11-15-9793
All sailing directions and atlases indicate that the average depth of the Black Sea is 1300 meters. From the surface of the water to the bottom of the sea basin is, on average, almost one and a half kilometers, but what we are accustomed to consider the sea has a depth several times less, about 100 meters. Below lurks a lifeless and deadly poisonous abyss. This discovery was made by a Russian oceanographic expedition in 1890. Measurements have shown that the sea is almost entirely filled with dissolved hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas with the smell of rotten eggs. In the center of the sea, the hydrogen sulfide zone approaches the surface by about 50 meters; closer to the shores, the depth, where the sulfide zone begins, increases to 300 meters. In this sense, the Black Sea is unique; it is the only one in the world without a hard bottom.
A liquid, convex lens of dead water underlies the thin top layer, where all marine life is concentrated. The underlying lens breathes and swells, breaking through to the surface from time to time due to blowing winds. Major breakthroughs occur less frequently; the last one occurred during the Yalta earthquake of 1928, when even far from the sea a strong smell of rotten eggs could be felt and thunderous lightning flashed on the sea horizon, spreading in burning columns into the sky (Hydrogen sulfide H2S is a flammable and explosive poisonous gas).
There is still debate about the source of hydrogen sulfide in the depths of the Black Sea. Some consider the main source to be the reduction of sulfates by sulfate-reducing bacteria during the decomposition of dead organic matter. Others adhere to the hydrothermal hypothesis, i.e. release of hydrogen sulfide from cracks on the seabed. However, there are no contradictions here; apparently, both reasons are at work. The Black Sea is designed in such a way that its water exchange with the Mediterranean Sea occurs through the shallow Bosphorus threshold. The Black Sea water, desalinated by the river runoff and therefore lighter, goes into the Sea of Marmara and further, and towards it, or rather under it, through the Bosphorus threshold, the saltier and heavier Mediterranean water rolls down into the depths of the Black Sea. It turns out to be something like a giant sump, in the depths of which hydrogen sulfide has gradually accumulated over the past six to seven thousand years.
Today this dead layer makes up over 90 percent of the sea's volume. In the 20th century, as a result of sea pollution with organic anthropogenic substances, the boundary of the hydrogen sulfide zone rose from the depths by 25 - 50 meters. Simply put, oxygen from the upper thin layer of the sea does not have time to oxidize the hydrogen sulfide that is propping up from below. Ten years ago, this problem was considered one of the top priorities in the Black Sea countries. Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and explosive substance. Poisoning occurs at concentrations from 0.05 to 0.07 mg/m3. The maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air of populated areas is 0.008 mg/m3. According to a number of experts and scientists, a charge power equivalent to Hiroshima is sufficient to detonate hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. In this case, the consequences of the disaster will be comparable to what would happen if an asteroid with a mass half the mass of the Moon crashed into our Earth.
There is more than 20 thousand cubic kilometers of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. Now the problem has been forgotten due to unknown circumstances. True, this did not make the problem go away. In the early 1950s, in Walvis Bay (Namibia), an upward current (upwelling) brought a hydrogen sulfide cloud to the surface. Up to one hundred and fifty miles inland the smell of hydrogen sulfide could be felt, the walls of houses darkened. The smell of rotten eggs already means exceeding the MPC (maximum permissible concentration). In fact, the inhabitants of South-West Africa then experienced a “soft” gas attack. On the Black Sea, a gas attack could be much harsher. Let's say someone gets the idea to mix up the sea, or at least part of it. Technically this, alas, is feasible. In the relatively shallow northwestern part of the sea, somewhere halfway between Sevastopol and Constanta, it is possible to carry out an underwater nuclear explosion of relatively low power. On the shore it will only be noticed by instruments. But after a few hours, there, on the shore, they will smell the smell of rotten eggs. Under the best circumstances, within 24 hours, two-thirds of the sea will turn into a communal cemetery for marine organisms. If things go wrong, coastal settlements, where organisms that are no longer marine, live, will also turn into mass cemeteries. In the previous two phrases, the evaluative adjectives “favorable” and “unfavorable” can be swapped, depending on how you look at it.
Poisonous sea
If from the position of a person or group of people who set themselves the goal of paralyzing the peoples of half a dozen countries with horror, then it is necessary to change. However, the greed of oil and gas companies is worse than any Ben with his Frankincense. Feeling that the end of the era of hydrocarbon raw materials is very close, and is measured in a couple of decades, after which an era of total stagnation and complete decline of the raw material economy will begin, businessmen from the state, in agony and despair, threw high-pressure pipes for a fuel pipeline right along the bottom of the Black Sea. It was difficult to expect greater obscurantism. This is a one-time weekend design, which is not possible to repair and prevent in conditions of explosive hydrogen sulfide. Everyone still remembers the Adler-Novosibirsk passenger train, which completely burned down due to a fuel line failure. You don’t have to be an expert chemist or physicist to understand what will happen if a fuel pipeline breaks in the deep layers of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. No comments.
Thousands of businessmen making resort money from the exploitation of the Black Sea do not suspect that their business will soon come to an end, and the Black Sea coast from a resort area will turn into a zone of environmental disaster, dangerous for human habitation. This especially applies to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, where, according to scientists, large amounts of hydrogen sulfide are most likely to be released into the atmosphere. Twenty years ago, having familiarized themselves with the calculations of scientists on the Black Sea, scientists built a graph of the decrease in the surface layer of water from 1890 to 2020. The continuation of the graph curve reached 15 meters of layer thickness by 2010. And it was already noted near the Caucasus in 2007. This was even reported on May 30, 2007 on the radio in Sochi. There were also reports of mass deaths of dolphins in the Black Sea. And the local people themselves felt a certain dead spirit from the sea. In the area of New Athos, the sea is already different than it was 20-30 years ago; in the afternoon the water is cloudy, yellow, there are dead fish and even dead animals.
Many businessmen realized the pointlessness of their ideas of participating in investing in the resort business on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. No one thinks that a catastrophe is coming, and it is not far off, but very close. Many local residents have the feeling that the 2014 Olympics will be held as a farewell to a foolish person with the Black Sea. Millions of people living on the Black Sea coast will be forced to move away from the coast due to the danger of dying as a result of suffocation from hydrogen sulfide and lack of oxygen in the air. And before this general flight of residents from resort cities, mass diseases of residents of the coastal zone may begin, with fatal outcomes. The end of the Black Sea resorts will come! This will be a worthy retribution of people for their admiration for the power of the Golden Calf, for their contempt for nature, for their ignorance of environmental safety issues. After all, with a reasonable approach to business, it is possible to turn the impending troubles to the benefit of the economy and energy.
The water of the Black Sea contains silver and gold. If we extracted all the silver in the water of the Black Sea, it would amount to approximately 540 thousand tons. If all the gold was extracted, it would amount to approximately 270 thousand tons. Methods for extracting gold and silver from the water of the Black Sea have long been developed. The very first primitive installations were based on ion exchangers, special ion exchange resins that are capable of attaching ions of substances dissolved in water. But industrially, using their own special technologies, only Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania extract silver and gold from the waters of the Black Sea.
It is known that at a depth below 50 meters, the deep layers of the Black Sea are a colossal warehouse of hydrogen sulfide (about a billion tons). Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable gas that, when burned, produces a corresponding amount of heat. In other words, this is a fuel that can and should be used. When hydrogen sulfide is burned according to the reaction: 2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O + 2SO2, heat is released in an amount of about 268 kcal (with an excess of oxygen). Compare with the amount of heat released during the combustion of hydrogen in oxygen according to the reaction: H2 + 1/2 O2 >H2O (about 68.4 kcal/mol is released). Since the first reaction produces sulfur dioxide (a harmful product), it is of course better to use hydrogen as a fuel in the composition of hydrogen sulfide, which can be obtained by heating hydrogen sulfide using the reaction:
H2S H2+S3 The decomposition of hydrogen sulfide requires slight heating. Reaction (3) will make it possible to obtain sulfur from the water of the Black Sea. If you carry out reactions to burn hydrogen sulfide in atmospheric oxygen:
2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O + 2SO2,
Then, by burning the resulting sulfur dioxide:
SO2 + ? O2 = SO3,
Then, according to the interaction of three sulfur oxides with water:
SO3 + H2O = H2SO4
As is known, we can obtain sulfuric acid with associated heat production in the appropriate amount. During the production of sulfuric acid, about 194 kcal/mol is released. Thus, from the water of the Black Sea it is possible to obtain either hydrogen and sulfur, or sulfuric acid with the associated heat production in the appropriate quantity. All that remains is to extract hydrogen sulfide from the deep layers of the sea. This is confusing at first.
One of the scientific developments is based on the fact that in order to raise deep layers of sea water saturated with hydrogen sulfide, it is not necessary to expend energy on pumping it. According to this scientific development, it is proposed to lower a pipe with strong walls to a depth of 80 meters and lift water through it once from the depth in order to obtain a gas-water fountain in the pipe due to the difference in the hydrostatic pressure of water in the sea at the level of the lower cut of the channel and the pressure of the gas-water mixture at that the same level inside the canal (remember that every 10 meters the pressure in the sea increases by one atmosphere). An analogy is given with a bottle of champagne. By opening the bottle, we lower the pressure in it, which is why gas begins to be released in the form of bubbles, and so intensely that the bubbles, floating up, push the champagne in front of them. Pumping out a column of water from a pipe for the first time is precisely the opening of the plug.
It is reported that a group of scientists from Kherson conducted a ground-based experiment back in 1990, confirming the operation of such a fountain until the hydrogen sulfide in the sea runs out. The full-scale marine experiment also ended successfully. A very illustrative example, when the existence of life is under threat, the planet is saved by a bunch of lone heroes, who are also hindered by the government and everything around them. And where is all the state potential at this time, with its scientific power, computers, and programs?
Black Sea disaster
Skeptics can easily check the data with their fingers by sailing further out to sea and lowering a thick hose with a weight at the end into the water. It’s just not recommended to smoke at this time, so that it doesn’t turn out like in Chukovsky’s poems. Many probably remember the words of Korney Chukovsky’s poem: “And the little foxes took matches, went to the blue sea, lit the blue sea.” But few people know that the children's poems of Korney Chukovsky are studied very carefully by astrologers: as in the quatrains of Michel Nostradamus, these poems contain a lot of interesting predictions. Leonid Utesov helped with the geographic location of the “arson site”: “The bluest sea in the world is my Black Sea!” Until recently, this sea was practically the only vacation spot for residents of the entire country - the USSR. Even the great schemer, Ostap Bender, showed up there in search of twelve chairs. And for little he did not pay with his life in Yalta at the time of the famous Crimean earthquake of 1928. By “coincidence”, there was a thunderstorm at the time of the earthquake. Lightning struck everywhere. Including at sea. And suddenly something completely unexpected happened: columns of flame began to burst out of the water to a height of 500-800 meters. These are the matches and chanterelles. Chemists know two types of hydrogen sulfide oxidation reaction: H2S + O = H2O + S;
H2S + 4O + to = H2SO4.
As a result of the first reaction, free sulfur and water are formed. The second type of H2S oxidation reaction occurs explosively with an initial thermal shock. As a result, sulfuric acid is formed. It was the second course of the H2S oxidation reaction that was observed by the residents of Yalta during the earthquake in 1928. Seismic tremors stirred deep-sea hydrogen sulfide to the surface. The electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of H2S is higher than that of pure sea water. Therefore, electrical lightning discharges most often hit areas of hydrogen sulfide raised from the depths. However, a significant layer of clean surface water quenched the chain reaction. By the beginning of the 20th century, the upper inhabitable layer of water in the Black Sea was 200 meters. Thoughtless technogenic activity has led to a sharp reduction in this layer. Currently, in some places its thickness does not exceed 10-15 meters. During a strong storm, hydrogen sulfide rises to the surface, and vacationers may smell a characteristic odor.
At the beginning of the century, the Don River supplied up to 36 km3 of fresh water to the Azov-Black Sea basin. By the beginning of the 80s, this volume had decreased to 19 km3: metallurgical industry, irrigation structures, field irrigation, city water supply systems. The commissioning of the Volgodonsk nuclear power plant took another 4 km3 of water. A similar situation occurred during the years of industrialization on other rivers in the basin. As a result of the thinning of the surface habitable layer of water, a sharp decline in biological organisms occurred in the Black Sea. For example, in the 50s, the dolphin population reached 8 million individuals. Nowadays, meeting dolphins in the Black Sea has become very rare. Fans of underwater sports sadly observe only the remains of pathetic vegetation and rare schools of fish; rapana have disappeared. Few people think, for example, that all the marine souvenirs sold along the Black Sea coast (decorative shells, mollusks, starfish, corals, etc.) have nothing to do with the Black Sea. Traders bring these goods from other seas and oceans. And in the Black Sea even mussels have almost disappeared. Sturgeon, horse mackerel, mackerel, and bonito, which have been caught since ancient times, disappeared back in the 1990s as a commercial species. (That is, there are no more scows full of mullet that Kostya brought to Odessa, and in general no one adores anyone for a long time).
But that's not the worst thing! If the Crimean earthquake had occurred today, it would have ended in a global catastrophe: billions of tons of hydrogen sulfide are covered by a thin film of water. What is the scenario for a probable cataclysm? As a result of the initial thermal shock, a volumetric explosion of H2S will occur. This can lead to powerful tectonic processes and movements of lithospheric plates, which, in turn, will cause destructive earthquakes throughout the globe. But that is not all! The explosion will release billions of tons of concentrated sulfuric acid into the atmosphere. This will no longer be the weak acid rain of today after our factories. Acid showers after the explosion of the Black Sea will burn out everything living and inanimate on the planet! Or almost everything. Nature is wise! The origin of life on the planet is a very expensive undertaking from an energy-informational point of view. Almost all biological forms on earth have a carbon basis for the structure of the body, and DNA with left polarization. But, as modern microbiologists know, there are 4 types of bacteria with right-handed DNA polarization. These bacteria “live” on the planet in conditions completely isolated from other forms. They were discovered in the acidic boiling water of volcanoes!
Apparently, it is these bacteria that will give a new impetus to the development of life on Earth if our civilization fails to become intelligent and ends up committing global suicide!
P.S. In order to clarify, one more detail needs to be clarified: when reading the article, it may seem that at the depths of the Black Sea there is not a solution of hydrogen sulfide in water, but huge bubble pure hydrogen sulfide gas, which for unknown reasons cannot float to the surface on its own and can explode... In reality, there is just a solution of hydrogen sulfide acid, i.e. it's just there mineral water. The same as in many hydrogen sulfide mineral springs, which hit the surface without exploding anything around.
So, as you can see, there are many opinions on this matter.