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During the English Reformation, the Irish remained Catholic, creating a schism between the two islands that survives to this day. In 1536 Henry VIII suppressed the rebellion of Silk Thomas Fitzgerald, the English protege in Ireland, and decided to re-conquer the island. In 1541, Henry proclaimed Ireland a kingdom and himself its king. Over the next hundred years, under Elizabeth and James I, the English consolidated their control over Ireland, although they were unable to convert the Irish into Protestants. However, the entire English administration consisted only of Protestant Anglicans.
During civil war in England, English control over the island greatly weakened, and the Catholic Irish rebelled against the Protestants, temporarily creating Confederate Ireland, but already in 1649, Oliver Cromwell arrived in Ireland with a large and experienced army, took the cities of Drogheda near Dublin and Wexford by storm. In Drogheda, Cromwell ordered the killing of the entire garrison and Catholic priests, and in Wexford the army carried out a massacre without permission. Within nine months, Cromwell conquered almost the entire island, and then handed over the leadership to his son-in-law Ayrton, who continued the work he had started. Cromwell's goal was to put an end to the unrest on the island by displacing the Irish Catholics, who were forced either to leave the country or move west to Connacht, while their lands were distributed English colonists, for the most part- Cromwell's soldiers. In 1641, more than 1.5 million people lived in Ireland, and in 1652 only 850 thousand remained, of which 150 thousand were English and Scottish new settlers.
In 1689, during the Glorious Revolution, the Irish supported English king James II, deposed by William of Orange, for which they paid again.
As a result of English colonization, the native Irish almost completely lost their land holdings; a new ruling stratum was formed, consisting of Protestants, immigrants from England and Scotland.
Within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
In 1801 Ireland became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Irish language began to be replaced by English.
IN early XIX V. about 86% of the Irish population was employed in agriculture, in which enslaving forms of exploitation dominated. Ireland served as one of the sources for the accumulation of English capital and the development of industry in England.
Population
National composition
According to the Central Statistics Office, representatives of more than 40 nationalities live in Ireland, however, almost 88.6% are Irish themselves. The remaining national minorities are migrants from Europe, Asia, Africa: Poles (1.5%), Lithuanians (0.6%), Nigerians (0.4%), Latvians (0.3%), Americans (0.29 %), Chinese (0.27%), Germans (0.24%). The relatively large British diaspora stands apart (2.74%).
general information
The population of Ireland is mainly of Celtic origin. According to the 2006 general census, it is 4.24 million people. National minorities make up 420 thousand, that is, 10 percent. 275.8 thousand are immigrants from European Union countries (Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania), the rest from Russia, China, Ukraine, Belarus, Pakistan, the Philippines, Nigeria.
Ireland has a population of over 4.7 million people.
- Irish (Celts);
- English;
- other nationalities (Lithuanians, Germans, Poles, Nigerians, Chinese).
50 people live per 1 sq. km, but Dublin has the highest population density (more than 4,000 people live here per 1 sq. km), and the western regions of the country are the least populated.
Official languages– Irish (Gaelic) and English.
Big cities: Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford, Dundalk.
The majority of residents of Ireland (91%) profess Catholicism, the rest are Judaism, Presbyterianism, and Protestantism.
Lifespan
On average, the female population lives to 80, and the male population to 74 years.
These high figures are significantly influenced by the fact that the Irish state contributes $3,700 per year per person to health care. In addition, residents of Ireland smoke 5 times less than residents of the Balkans and countries former USSR. But, nevertheless, the Irish abuse alcohol, although they do not drink strong drinks. alcoholic drinks(Irish beer is held in high esteem among them), and among them there are also obese people (23%).
Traditions and customs of the people of Ireland
The Irish are sociable people with a developed sense of camaraderie and mutual assistance.
In Ireland, an ancient tradition has been preserved - visiting fairs where it is customary to dance folk dances, watch the performances of acrobats, musicians and magicians.
One interesting tradition has something to do with the New Year - on the eve of this holiday, all people leave the doors of their houses open so that everyone can enter at any time and become a welcome guest.
Special meaning In the life of the Irish, St. Patrick's Day (March 17) is celebrated: city residents dress in green clothes and go to the parade, which is accompanied by parties, music, dancing and big amount beer.
Here in Russia, it is customary for the birthday boy to be pulled by the ears, but in Ireland he is lightly hit on the floor, after turning the birthday boy upside down, the number of times he is old + 1 more time.
As for the Irish wedding, it is a very beautiful ceremony: the bride puts on a dress blue color, and on the head - a crown of symbolic Celtic flowers (lavender). Modern newlyweds take part in an ancient ritual - the “union of hands” (they take each other’s hands through a ribbon).
Heading to Ireland? Please note the following information:
- You can greet the Irish with a handshake, a nod of the head, or a raised index finger;
- smoking in restaurants, bars, cinemas and hotels is prohibited;
- when going to a meeting with an Irishman, you should be punctual;
- Recommended topics for conversation with Irish people are sports, family, hobbies, politics (you should not talk about topics such as religion and feminism).
Also in ancient times Ireland was called the Emerald Isle. Thanks to special climatic conditions, in this amazing country the atmosphere is preserved eternal spring. Today, living in this small, friendly state has become somewhat more difficult than in the Celtic period. Prices in Ireland have become much higher during the economic crisis and are in no hurry to decline.
“Try to get to heaven half an hour before Satan finds out about your death,” says an old Irish proverb. This proverb includes the entire Irish people.
The inhabitants of the country, in which, according to legend, the wise Dark Patrick once lived, who outwitted the arrogant Oxford professors, are distinguished by their cheerful disposition, gentleness and tolerance towards visitors.
About 10% of the population are immigrants in this state. Very often, immigrants are foreigners who came to obtain higher education in Ireland.
Unlike residents of other European countries, the Irish first of all pay attention to professional quality person. Ireland is a conservative country, but nationality and old citizenship do not matter when applying for a job. This approach helped reduce crime rates.
Many citizens of the former USSR find life in Ireland attractive not because last resort due to high medical care. It's quite specific. Doctors' offices are the mainstay here. general practice. An appointment with a doctor can be either paid or free. A person decides independently whether to buy or not to buy an insurance policy.
In some cases, the insurance or some part of it is paid by the employing company.
Food and real estate prices
Even by Western European standards, Ireland is an expensive country. Standard of living in different regions the country is almost no different. In Dublin alone, prices are 5 percent higher than in the provinces.
Besides the capital, Cork is considered the most attractive city for living. Every qualified specialist can find a highly paid job and relatively inexpensive housing here.
In general, prices in Ireland are higher than in most countries Western Europe. They differ little from prices in Norway, Denmark, Sweden and England.
How much do the products cost?
The cost of products in Irish supermarkets and stores for 2019 looks like this:
- Apples - 2.0 euros.
- Carrots - 1.0 euros.
- Potatoes - 1.3 euros.
- Meat - from 9 to 12 euros/kilo.
- Cod fillet – 6 – 7 euros.
- Bread - from 0.7 to 2.0 euros.
- Cheese (1 kilo) - 18 euros.
- Milk (1 l) - 1 euro.
- Eggs (10 pcs.) - 3 euros.
- Butter – 4 – 5 euros.
Renting and purchasing real estate
The cost of renting one room in a furnished apartment varies from 400 to 1.0 thousand euros/month. Rent a nice house in rural areas today you can get it for 1.2-2.0 thousand euros/month. The closer the property is to the sea, the more expensive the rental price.
Today, the cost of renting Irish real estate looks something like this:
- One-room apartment (Dublin) – 650 – 1.0 euros/month.
- One-room apartment (Cork) – 600 – 800 euros/month.
- Three-room apartment (Dublin) - 1.0 - 1.8 euros/month.
- Three-room apartment (Cork) – 900 – 1.6 thousand euros/month.
Cost of 1 sq. meters in Dublin varies from 2.0 to 5.0 thousand euros.
Salaries and pensions
Today the Irish state continues to struggle with the protracted economic crisis. The crisis is explained by the difficult socio-economic situation of many Irish people, who do not find life in Ireland comfortable. Another reason is the almost massive migration of young people to other EU countries.
But this does not prevent the country from occupying 13th place in terms of GDP per capita.
What is the salary level
Several years ago, the country’s authorities increased the level of the “minimum wage”. Despite all the difficulties, the minimum wage remains stable and does not decrease. It is 9.45 euros per hour.
Today the average salary in Ireland looks something like this:
- minor worker - 9.45 euros/hour;
- young worker with no experience - 10.92 euros/hour;
- young worker with 12 months experience. — 11.79 euros/hour;
- worker with more than 24 months of experience. - 12.65 euros/hour.
Statistics say that about 4.9% of the country’s working population receives the “minimum wage”. This amounts to approximately 83.7 thousand people.
EU citizens do not need a work permit. But Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians undertake to take care in advance of receiving this important document. The list of required certificates should be clarified with the Irish diplomatic staff. institutions.
How do Irish pensioners live?
There are almost no working pensioners in Ireland. There are two types of pensions in Ireland: private and public. To receive the state “minimum wage,” a person undertakes to pay on time for 10 tax years.
The size of pension contributions depends on how many tax years a person has paid in excess of the required 10. On average, the pension in Ireland for a 66-year-old person with 36 years of working experience is quite high. Its size for 2019 is about 1.6 thousand euros.
Some Irish people of retirement age receive a private pension. This is possible if the company where the person worked made timely contributions to the private pension fund. In this case, the pension amount increases significantly.
Prescription medications are provided free of charge to senior citizens. The same applies to medical care. The fee for 1 prescription is 50 cents.
Tax system
Ireland is officially considered a low tax jurisdiction. By European standards, taxes in Ireland are considered very democratic.
In Ireland, like in no other European country, there are strong family values. Therefore, the income tax rate for those who have not started a family is 20 percent on the first 3.3 euros of profit. 41% tax applies to the remaining balance. The income tax rate for family citizens is as follows: 20 percent on the first 65.6 thousand euros and 41 percent on everything else.
Five years ago, a social tax was introduced in Ireland, the size of which varies from 2 to 4 percent. If a resident has a medical card, the tax is 4%.
Features of Irish transport
In this country, driving on the left is practiced. The steering wheel of the car is on the right. The country's roads are quite narrow. Restriction signs are very common, making movement significantly more difficult.
Bus transport is quite well developed in Ireland. Buses operate in most populated areas of this state. Public transport in Dublin, two-storey.
You can purchase a ticket from the driver. The cost of travel in the capital of the country looks like this:
- day - 6.2 euros;
- 3 days - 13.5 euros;
- 5 days - 19 euros;
- 10 days - 22 euros.
A person who has purchased a bus and train ticket is entitled to receive a discount.
The country also has a well-developed air transport system. This type of transport is relevant for large Irish cities. All major Irish settlements connected by railway. Trains are especially popular among both the indigenous population and tourists. This type of transport is distinguished by clean and comfortable Super-standard and Standard-class carriages.
Travel from Ireland to England or the Isle of Man is carried out using water transport. The speed depends on the season and type of transport.
The cost of a taxi ride varies from 14 to 22 euros.
Ireland is a country with a rich historical past. The Irish are considered direct descendants of the Celts, who settled and established themselves in the northern lands since the beginning of the second millennium BC. Their established proto-state, however, did not occupy the entire territory of the island, but in parallel with how the population of Ireland grew, the boundaries of its possessions expanded.
It has been established that the Irish are heirs to the cultural characteristics of the Celtic people. And they are still successfully coping with this role, because, despite centuries-old pressure and attempts at intervention from the British, they managed to maintain their identity, uniqueness, language and devotion to Catholicism.
Goals and objectives
The objectives of this article are to analyze how the population of Ireland has changed over the course of history in quantitative and qualitative terms, and to trace the dependence of its changes on historical processes. In addition, it is worth considering the demographic situation, which this moment observed in this country, draw certain conclusions.
Let's go back to history
The Celts, considered the descendants of the modern Irish, are in fact not entirely the indigenous population of Ireland: they came from the Mediterranean and settled permanently in new lands. And the people who originally lived on the island were expelled from there.
Large-scale external threats and disasters did not occur in Ireland until the twelfth century, with the exception of occasional Viking raids. However, soon its territories arouse the interest of the British, who need new lands. There is no point in listing all the clashes between these two nations at war from century to century. In 1801, England conquered and finally subjugated the Irish lands, incorporating them into the British Kingdom. The consequences of this event are sad: by the middle of the 19th century, due to crop failure and, as a consequence, famine, mass emigration, the Reformation with its persecution of Catholics, almost a third of the population died or was killed.
Moreover, English influence led to the territorial division of the island: in 1919, the northern part, Ulster, where Protestants predominate, was recognized by Great Britain. And the Catholic population of Ireland remained to live in a sovereign separate state with the same name and capital in the city of Dublin. Naturally, this division was also reflected in the demographic indicators, because the population (whose numbers were considerable due to the greater degree of development of this territory) was lost and gained
Population dynamics of Ireland since 1801
Let's move directly to statistics and numbers. It is known that the maximum population of the country was recorded during the years of Ireland’s entry into the British Kingdom and amounted to approximately 8.2 million. Literally a decade later, it underwent a rapid decline and further recession until the sixties of the twentieth century.
In numbers it looks like this: 1850s - 6.7 million; 1910s - 4.4 million; 1960s - 2.81 million (minimum); 1980s - 3.5 million. In the 2000s, the most active population growth was observed, associated both with increasing natural growth and stable immigration. Therefore, in the first decade of the 21st century, the number of people increased from 3.8 to 4.5 million people. The current population for this year is 4,706,000. Experts estimate that the figure increases by 40 people every day, taking into account those migrating and the dead. Of all European countries, Ireland boasts the highest
Age and gender characteristics
During the last census of the country's inhabitants in April 2016, information appeared about internal structure population. The following percentages were calculated:
- Firstly, it turned out that the country has approximately equal amount men and women, the former are literally 5 thousand more.
- Secondly, the current age ratio was derived: from 0 to 15 years, about 993 thousand people were recorded, starting from 16 years old and ending retirement age(65 years old) there are 3.2 million registered residents, and there are only 544 thousand people over 66 years old. Interestingly, there are male and female residents in each age category approximately equal number. Moreover, the weaker sex in Ireland lives on average 3 years longer than the stronger sex (82 years and 78 years, respectively). This high life expectancy is explained by the considerable government spending on healthcare.
National composition, language factor
During the already mentioned population census, it was determined which nationalities people inhabit the island. It is logical that the majority of citizens are Irish (88%). The British come second in the ranking (3%). By the way, the influence of the British has not weakened over the past century, and Ireland is still under pressure in all areas of life. This is understandable, because the great historical past of England and its ambitions are known to everyone. And Northern Ireland is ten times larger than Ireland (64.7 million), so assimilation can be seen with the naked eye.
There are also significant diasporas of immigrants from EU countries in the country: Germans, Poles, Latvians, Lithuanians, Romanians. There are many citizens of the Chinese nation, immigrants from Russia, Ukraine, Nigeria, and the Philippines. In general, all peoples other than the Irish and English are considered national minorities and together they make up 9% of total number population.
Despite the dominance of the Irish nation in the country, not every representative speaks their own language. Now a lot of work is being done to spread it, and Irish has been given state status along with English. But still, the latter is still the most common on the island.
Religious question
Initially, the Celts professed Catholicism. However, the Reformation, with its mission to spread Protestantism, affected them too. That is why there was a split into Northern Ireland with the Protestant population and southern state, devoted to Catholicism (they are now about 91% of the population). However, there is now an increase in the number of Protestant families in Ireland, which is causing concern to the government.
Additional indicators
It is necessary to determine another demographic feature that Ireland has - population density. Due to western regions countries are less developed and developed than northern lands, people unevenly populate the island. But on average the population density is about 66-67 people per square kilometer. It is worth considering that in megacities (Dublin, Cork, Limerick) it is much larger. For example, in Dublin, up to 4,000 people are concentrated in one square kilometer.
The Irish are almost universally literate (about 97%), and young people are really interested in learning higher education(75% of young people are students).
In general, Ireland's population is growing successfully every year, and the country has a fairly favorable demographic situation, with the birth rate exceeding the death rate. In the forecasts, the indicators will only improve: it is assumed that in a hundred years the population will pass the 6 million mark, and life expectancy will be at least 90 years.