Young spruce undergrowth standing separately is called. Preservation of forest undergrowth
The spruce forest is a classic setting for many folk tales. In it you can meet Baba Yaga and Little Red Riding Hood. This forest is home to many animals, it is mossy and always green. But spruce is not only an element of a fairy tale and the New Year, this tree grows quickly and is of great importance for the country’s economy and wildlife.
Meaning
The spruce forest is an abode of birds and animals, insects and bacteria. For a person, this is an opportunity to have a great time and relax, pick berries and mushrooms, and medicinal herbs. And for industry, forest is about 30% of the volume of all wood, from which not only furniture is made, but also ethyl alcohol and charcoal.
Peculiarities
The spruce forest is always shaded, but this does not prevent the trees from growing well. The crown of spruce trees is characterized by a single layer, which allows each branch to break through to the light.
An integral part of forests are berries, mushrooms and moss. Spruce prefers moist soil, groundwater, and is difficult to tolerate drought. If the soil is fertile, then spruce forests, which are not only of natural origin, can displace pine trees. They are often created artificially, since they grow much faster than deciduous trees, and therefore are of great value to the country’s economy.
Spruce blossom
Female representatives of spruce trees form small cones, which then decorate the trees. The males have elongated catkins on their branches, with pollen scattered by the tree in May. The full ripening of the cone occurs in October, when the squirrels begin to stock up on food for the winter.
Species
There are five main groups of spruce forests:
- greengrowers;
- long-haulers;
- complex;
- sphagnum;
- marsh-grass.
The group of green spruce forests includes three types of forest:
- Spruce-oxalis forest. The soil in such forests is sandy and loamy, well drained. The soil is fertile due to the ground cover of wood sorrel and oxalis, which grow only in spruce forests. Groups of spruce oxalis forests are found mainly at higher elevations.
- Spruce-blueberry grows most often in the plains. The soil is less fertile and more humid; blueberries and green moss are most comfortable here.
- Spruce-lingonberry grows at higher elevations. The soil is not highly fertile, mostly sandy and dry sandy loam. Despite the low soil productivity, there are a lot of lingonberries in such forests.
This group of forests of spruce trees retains the entire occupied area and is quickly renewed.
Dolgomoshniki are more often found in the northern regions of our country. The soil is predominantly with excess moisture, and the forest, in addition to conifers, includes birch trees. Forest productivity is low. It is worth noting the presence of blueberries, horsetail and cuckoo flax.
The complex spruce forest consists of several subspecies:
- Lime. In addition to spruce, the forests contain linden, aspen, birch and sometimes fir. The land here is quite fertile and well-drained. The ground cover is represented by a huge number of different types of grasses.
- Oak spruce forest. It is considered one of the most highly productive forest species. The forest includes oaks, maple, pine, and aspen. The undergrowth mainly consists of Euonymus verrucosa; the ground cover is characterized by a variety of grasses.
Sphagnum spruce most often appears as a result of waterlogging of the long-gross spruce forest. Characterized by liquid peaty soil. There is no undergrowth in such forests; if it is found, it consists of white alder and black currant. The topsoil layer is represented by sphagnum and
Swampy grassy spruce forest is found near streams and rivers. It is characterized by high productivity and a dense undergrowth of bushes. There is a lot of moss and grass in such forests.
Geography
Spruce forest is widespread in almost all climatic zones of the globe. These trees are found mainly in the taiga, common in Northern Eurasia and North America, closer to the North Pole they gradually turn into the tundra, and closer to the southern latitudes they are found in mixed forest. In tropical climates, conifers grow exclusively in mountainous areas.
In our country, the Urals, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories are covered with spruce forests. In the Komi Republic, these trees cover about 34% of the entire territory. In Altai and the Western Siberian part, spruce is mixed with fir. Western Siberia is represented by complex forests. In the Yenisei part of the taiga, spruce trees grow together with cedar trees. Dark spruce forest is found in central Russia and Primorye, as well as the Carpathians and the Caucasus.
Flora
Due to the large shade in the forests, the flora is not very diverse and is represented by the following types of herbs and shrubs:
- sorrel;
- mine;
- wintergreen;
- blueberry;
- cowberry;
- spiraea;
- dropsy bush;
- cuckoo flax;
- cat's paw
They grow well in low-light areas. Herbaceous plants of the spruce forest are those representatives of the plant world that reproduce vegetatively, that is, through tendrils or roots. Their blooms are usually white or pale pink. This color allows the plants to “stand out” and become noticeable to pollinating insects.
Mushrooms
What forest could there be without mushrooms? Due to the fact that undergrowth is rarely found in spruce forests, and the needles themselves take a long time to rot, the main mushroom harvest occurs in the fall. If we are talking about young animals, where the food was still short, their number and variety is amazing. Most mushrooms are found in spruce forests with sparse plantings or in stripes of mixed types. That is, where there is enough light for the rapid growth of mushrooms.
The most common edible one is white. This mushroom is dense and fleshy, and is practically not affected by worms and larvae. It can grow both in dense spruce forests and on the edges.
If there are aspen and birch trees in the forest, then you can collect boletuses and boletuses. There are always a lot of saffron milk caps in the spruce forests, which grow mainly in groups on the outskirts of the forest. Under the trees themselves there are larger specimens with a yellowish cap.
In spruce forests there are always a lot of russula, which seem to imitate their “big” neighbors in the forest: the caps of these mushrooms have a blue or lilac tint. Russulas grow in large groups and have a pleasant taste and aroma. In the wettest places of the forest, near ponds, you can find yellow milk mushrooms.
There are many inedible mushrooms in pine and spruce forests. These are fly agarics, cobwebs, reddish talkers and thin pigs.
The poorest spruce forests for mushrooms are the same type and old plantings. Most mushrooms are found in swamps and small ponds. A good harvest can be harvested in the mountain plantings of the middle and lower zones.
Animals and insects
Despite the modest species of spruce forests, there are a huge number of ants, worms, shrews and rodents in the old stumps. These are dark shrews.
Depending on the yield of spruce trees, the squirrel population also changes. In winter and spring, hares and moose are found here. In pursuit of prey, wolves wander into spruce forests. In a forest of spruce trees they can create a den for breeding.
A large number of rodents are attracted to the spruce forest by stoats and martens. Also in the deep thickets you can encounter a bear, flying squirrel or lynx.
At the same time, the distribution of animals throughout the forest is uneven. Most representatives of the fauna live where spruce trees do not grow so densely, where there is undergrowth and a relatively high degree of illumination.
Feathered
There are many birds in the spruce forests. In some forests, nesting reaches 350 pairs per 1 square kilometer. Hazel grouse and wood grouse, partridges and black grouse like to settle in green moss forests. Cuckoos, Muscovites and Wrens will likely become rare here. Where the forest is dense, plumes, finches and robins settle. Nests of rattlebirds, wood pipits and warblers are set up on the ground. In sparse and mixed forests there are many jays, woodpeckers, pigeons and willow warblers.
Reptiles and amphibians
Reptiles found in spruce forests include vipers and lizards. You can find these inhabitants in sunny clearings where the grass and bushes are low.
Newts are found in puddles and on the edges of roads. also loves high humidity and shady spruce trees.
480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Dissertation - 480 RUR, delivery 10 minutes, around the clock, seven days a week and holidays
Gutal Marko Milivojevic. Viability and structure of spruce undergrowth under the canopy of tree stands and in clearings: dissertation... Candidate of Agricultural Sciences: 06.03.02 / Gutal Marko Milivoevich;[Place of defense: St. Petersburg State Forestry University named after S.M. Kirov http://spbftu.ru/science/sovet/D21222002/dis02/].- St. Petersburg, 2015.- 180 p.
Introduction
1 Problem status 9
1.1 General information about spruce phytocenoses 9
1.2 Spruce juvenile 11
1.2.1 Features of the age structure of spruce undergrowth 12
1.2.2 Features of the light regime under the canopy of spruce forests 16
1.2.3 Viability of spruce undergrowth 22
1.2.4 Number of spruce undergrowth 25
1.2.5 Influence of forest type on spruce regrowth 27
1.2.6 Features of the development of spruce undergrowth under the canopy 30
1.2.7 Influence of vegetation of lower tiers on spruce regrowth 33
1.2.8 The influence of economic activities on spruce juveniles 35
2 Research program and methodology 39
2.1 Research program 39
2.2 Study of forest phytocenosis by structural elements 40
2.2.1 Determination of the main characteristics of the forest stand 40
2.2.2 Accounting for teenagers 41
2.2.3 Accounting for undergrowth and living ground cover 46
2.2.4 Determination of biometric indicators of needles 49
2.3 Research objects 51
2.4 Scope of work performed 51
3 Dynamics of the condition of spruce undergrowth under the canopy .
3.1 Dynamics of the vital state of spruce undergrowth based on the results of long-term studies 53
3.2 Patterns of changes in the viability of spruce undergrowth in connection with the type of forest 69
3.3 Influence of the maternal canopy on the dynamics of the state and structure of spruce undergrowth
3.4 Relationship between the viability of spruce undergrowth and the value of average growth over a period of 3, 5 and 10 years.
3.5 Age structure as an indicator of the state of adolescence 86
3.6 Structure according to the height of undergrowth as an indicator of condition 89
3.7 Comparative analysis of the state and structure of spruce undergrowth in the spruce forests of the Lisinsky and Kartashevsky forest districts 93
4 The influence of economic activities on the number and viability of spruce undergrowth
4.1 The influence of thinning on the dynamics of viability of spruce undergrowth 105
4.2 Thinning the undergrowth - as a measure to promote the natural regeneration of spruce 122
5 Dynamics of the state of spruce undergrowth in the felling area 127
5.1 Features of the structure and condition of spruce undergrowth 127
5.2 Dependence of the dynamics of the state of spruce undergrowth on the recency of felling 134
6 Biometric characteristics of needles as an indicator of the viability of spruce undergrowth
6.1 Biometric indicators of needles under the canopy and in cuttings 140
6.2 Biometric indicators of needles of viable and non-viable spruce undergrowth.
References
Features of the light regime under the canopy of spruce forests
Spruce is one of the main forest-forming species in the Russian Federation, occupying fourth place in terms of area, second only to larch, pine and birch. Spruce grows from the tundra to the forest-steppe, but it is in the taiga zone that its forest-forming and edificatory role is most manifested. The genus spruce (Picea Dietr.) belongs to the pine family (Pinacea Lindl.). Individual representatives of the spruce genus date back to the Cretaceous period, that is, 100-120 million years ago, when they had one common habitat on the Eurasian continent (Pravdin, 1975).
Norway spruce or common spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is widespread in northeastern Europe, where it forms continuous forests. In Western Europe, coniferous forests are not a zonal vegetation type, and vertical differentiation occurs there. The northern border of the range in Russia coincides with the forest border, and the southern border reaches the black earth zone.
Norway spruce is a tree of the first size with a straight trunk, a cone-shaped crown and not strictly whorled branching. The maximum height reaches 35-40 meters in flat conditions, and in the mountains there are specimens up to 50 m high. The oldest known tree was 468 years old. However, age over 300 years is very rare, and in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests it decreases to 120-150 (180) years (Kazimirov, 1983).
Norway spruce is characterized by relatively high plasticity of the root system, capable of adapting to various soil conditions. The root system is most often superficial, but on well-drained soils relatively deep vertical branches often develop (Shubin, 1973). The trunk of the Norway spruce is full wood, covered with relatively thin green-brown, brown or gray bark. The bark of the common spruce is smooth, but with age it becomes scaly and furrowed.
Growth buds are small - from 4 to 6 millimeters, ovoid-conical, red with dry scales. Reproductive buds are larger and reach 7-10 millimeters.
The needles of the common spruce are tetrahedral, sharp, dark green, hard, shiny, up to 10-30 mm long and 1-2 millimeters thick. It stays on shoots for 5-10 years and falls throughout the year, but most intensively from October to May.
Norway spruce blooms in May–June. The cones ripen in the fall of the following year after flowering, the seeds fall in late winter and early spring of the following year. Male spikelets of elongated cylindrical shape are located on the shoots of the previous year. The cones are spindle-shaped, cylindrical, 6 to 16 cm long and 2.5 to 4 centimeters in diameter, located at the ends of the branches. Young cones are light green, dark purple or pinkish, while mature ones take on a different shade of light brown or red-brown. Mature cones contain from 100 to 200 seed scales on the stem. Seed scales are lignified, obovate, entire, finely serrated along the upper edge, notched. Each seed scale contains 2 seed cavities (Kazimirov, 1983). The seeds of the common spruce are brown in color, relatively small, 3 to 5 millimeters long. Weight of 1000 seeds is from 3 to 9 grams. Seed germination varies from 30 to 85 percent depending on growing conditions. Growing conditions also determine the presence of repetition of productive years, which occur on average every 4-8 years.
Norway spruce is a species that grows over a relatively large area, in different soil and climatic conditions. As a result, Norway spruce is distinguished by high intraspecific polymorphism (in the type of branching, color of cones, crown structure, phenology, etc.), and therefore by the presence of a large number of ecotypes. In relation to air temperature, the common spruce is thermophilic, but at the same time it is a cold-resistant species, growing in a zone of temperate and cool climates with an average annual temperature of -2.9 to +7.4 degrees and the temperature of the warmest month of the year from +10 to +20 degrees (Chertovskoy, 1978). The distribution range of Norway spruce ranges from 370 to 1600 mm of precipitation per year.
The issue of soil moisture is closely related to its aeration. Although common spruce is capable of growing in conditions of excess moisture, good productivity should be expected only in cases where there is running water. On damp soils, spruce falls out at a speed of 6-7 meters per second, and on fresh and dry soils it can withstand wind flows at a speed of 15 meters per second. Wind speeds of more than 20 meters per second cause a massive fall.
The most intensive growth of common spruce occurs on sandy and loamy soils, underlain at a depth of 1-1.5 meters by clays or loams. It should be noted that there are no strict rules for the requirements for soil composition and mechanical composition as such, since the requirements of spruce for soil are of a zonal nature. Norway spruce has a high tolerance threshold to soil acidity and is able to grow at pH fluctuations from 3.5 to 7.0. Norway spruce is relatively demanding in terms of mineral nutrition (Kazimirov, 1983).
Accounting for undergrowth and living ground cover
The heterogeneity of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of adolescents is expressed, first of all, through the concept of adolescent viability. The viability of adolescents according to the Encyclopedia of Forestry (2006) is the ability of the younger generation of maternal adolescents to exist and function in changing environmental conditions.
Many researchers, such as I.I. Gusev (1998), M.V. Nikonov (2001), V.V. Goroshkov (2003), V.A. Alekseev (2004), V.A. Alexeyev (1997) and others noted that the study of the qualitative parameters of spruce forests, by and large, comes down to studying the condition of the stands.
The state of the tree stand is a consequence of the complex processes and stages through which the plant passes from its primordium and seed formation to its transition to the dominant tier. This long process of plant metamorphosis requires division into various stages, each of which must be studied in a separate order.
Thus, it can be stated that relatively little attention is paid to the concept of vitality and state of the undergrowth (Pisarenko, 1977; Alekseev, 1978; Kalinin, 1985; Pugachevsky, 1992; Gryazkin, 2000, 2001; Grigoriev, 2008).
Most researchers claim that there is a sufficient amount of viable spruce undergrowth under the canopy of mature forest stands, but most often the interdependence of the state of the undergrowth and its spatial distribution with the characteristics of the maternal tree stand is not revealed.
There are also researchers who do not claim that under the canopy of the maternal tree stand there should be viable undergrowth capable of fully replacing the mother tree stand in the future (Pisarenko, 1977; Alekseev, 1978; Pugachevsky, 1992).
Fluctuations in height and group distribution of spruce undergrowth allowed some authors to argue that spruce undergrowth as a whole is not capable of providing preliminary regeneration under the condition of intensive logging operations (Moilanen, 2000).
Another study by Vargas de Bedemar (1846) established that the number of trunks sharply decreases with age, and that of the sprouted seedlings, in the process of natural selection and differentiation, only about 5 percent are preserved to the age of ripeness.
The process of differentiation is most pronounced in the “youth” of the planting, where the oppressed classes are distinguished to the greatest extent by status, and gradually takes over the “old age”. According to G.F. Morozov, who refers to earlier works by Ya.S. Medvedev (1910) in this direction, a common feature of undergrowth growing in a plantation is depression. Evidence of this is the fact that at the age of 60-80 years, spruce undergrowth under a canopy very often does not exceed 1-1.5 m, while spruce undergrowth in the wild at the same age reaches a height of 10-15 meters.
However, G.F. Morozov (1904) notes that the productivity and productivity of individual specimens of undergrowth can change for the better, as soon as the environmental conditions change. All specimens of undergrowth, of varying degrees of depression, differ from undergrowth in the wild in the morphological characteristics of the vegetative organs, incl. fewer buds, a different crown shape, a poorly developed root system, and so on. Such morphological changes in spruce, such as the formation of an umbrella-shaped crown developing in a horizontal direction, are an adaptation of the plant to the most efficient use of the “scarce” light penetrating to the undergrowth. Studying cross-sections of the stems of spruce undergrowth growing in the conditions of the Leningrad District (Okhtinskaya Dacha), G.F. Morozov noted that in some specimens the annual layers were densely closed at the initial stage of life (which indicates the degree of oppression of the plant), and then sharply expanded as a result of some forestry measures (in particular thinning), changing environmental conditions.
The spruce youngsters, abruptly finding themselves in open space, also die from excessive physiological evaporation due to the fact that in open areas this process occurs with greater activity, to which the youngsters growing under the canopy are not adapted. Most often, this teenager dies as a result of a sharp change in the situation, but, as G. F. Morozov noted, in some cases, after a long struggle, he begins to recover and survives. The ability of a young plant to survive in such circumstances is determined by a number of factors, such as the degree of its oppression, the degree of severity of changes in environmental conditions, and, of course, biotic and abiotic factors affecting the growth and development of the plant.
Individual specimens of undergrowth often vary greatly within the same massif in such a way that one specimen of undergrowth, marked before felling as nonviable, recovered, while another remained in the category of nonviable. Spruce regrowth, formed on fertile soils under the canopy of birch or pine, often does not respond to the removal of the upper tier, because did not experience light deficiency even in its presence (Cajander, 1934, Vaartaja, 1952). After a buffer period of adaptation, the height growth of undergrowth increases many times, but small undergrowth requires more time for the functional restructuring of vegetative organs (Koistinen and Valkonen, 1993).
Indirect confirmation of the fact of the expressed ability of spruce undergrowth to change the category of condition for the better was given by P. Mikola (1966), noting that a significant part of rejected spruce forests (based on the state of undergrowth), in the process of forest inventory in Finland, was later recognized as suitable for forest growing.
Age structure as an indicator of the state of adolescence
Depending on the structure of the planting, from 3 to 17 percent of photosynthetic active radiation can penetrate under the canopy of spruce forests. It should also be noted that as edaphic conditions worsen, the degree of absorption of this radiation decreases (Alekseev, 1975).
The average illumination in the lower tiers of spruce forests in blueberry forest types most often does not exceed 10%, and this, in turn, on average provides the minimum energy for annual growth, which ranges from 4 to 8 cm (Chertovskoy, 1978).
Research in the Leningrad region, conducted under the direction of A.V. Gryazkina (2001) show that the relative illumination on the soil surface under the canopy of tree stands is 0.3-2.1% of the total, and this is not enough for the successful growth and development of the young generation of spruce. These experimental studies showed that the annual growth of the young generation of spruce increases from 5 to 25 cm with an increase in light penetrating under the canopy from 10 to 40%.
Viable spruce undergrowth in the overwhelming majority of cases grows only in the windows of the canopy of a spruce stand, since in the windows the spruce undergrowth does not experience a lack of light, and besides, the intensity of root competition there is much lower than in the near-trunk part of the stand (Melekhov, 1972).
V.N. Sukachev (1953) argued that the death of undergrowth is largely determined by root competition of mother trees, and only then by light deficiency. He supported this statement by the fact that in the very early stages of a teenager’s life (the first 2 years) “there is a strong decline of spruce regardless of the light.” Authors such as E.V. Maksimov (1971), V.G. Chertovsky (1978), A.V. Gryazkin (2001), K.S. Bobkova (2009) and others question such assumptions.
According to E.V. Maksimov (1971), undergrowth becomes unviable when illumination is from 4 to 8% of full. Viable undergrowth is formed in the gaps between the crowns of mature trees, where illumination averages 8-20%, and is characterized by light needles and a well-developed root system. In other words, viable undergrowth is confined to gaps in the canopy, and strongly suppressed undergrowth is located in the zone of dense closure of the upper tiers (Bobkova, 2009).
V.G. Chertovskoy (1978) also claims that light has a decisive influence on the viability of spruce. According to his arguments, in medium-density stands, viable spruce regrowth usually accounts for more than 50-60% of the total. In tightly closed spruce forests, nonviable undergrowth predominates.
Research in the Leningrad region showed that the lighting regime, i.e. The canopy closeness determines the proportion of viable undergrowth. When the canopy density is 0.5-0.6, undergrowth with a height of more than 1 m predominates. In this case, the proportion of viable undergrowth exceeds 80%. When the density is 0.9 or more (relative illumination less than 10%), viable undergrowth is most often absent (Gryazkin, 2001).
However, other environmental factors should not be underestimated, such as soil structure, soil moisture, and temperature conditions (Rysin, 1970; Pugachevsky, 1983; Haners, 2002).
Although spruce is a shade-tolerant species, spruce undergrowth in high-density plantings still experiences great difficulties in low light conditions. As a result, the quality characteristics of undergrowth in dense plantations are noticeably worse compared to undergrowth growing in medium-density and low-density plantations (Vyalykh, 1988).
As the spruce tree grows and develops, the threshold of tolerance to low light decreases. Already at the age of nine years, the need for light in spruce trees increases sharply (Afanasyev, 1962).
The size, age and condition of the undergrowth depend on the density of forest stands. Most mature and overmature coniferous plantations are characterized by different ages (Pugachevsky, 1992). The largest number of juvenile specimens is found at a density of 0.6-0.7 (Atrokhin, 1985, Kasimov, 1967). These data are confirmed by the research of A.V. Gryazkina (2001), who showed that “optimal conditions for the formation of viable undergrowth with a population of 3-5 thousand individuals/ha are formed under the canopy of tree stands with a density of 0.6-0.7.”
NOT. Dekatov (1931) argued that the main prerequisite for the appearance of viable spruce regrowth in the sorrel forest type is that the completeness of the maternal canopy is in the range of 0.3-0.6.
Viability, and therefore growth in height, is largely determined by the density of the planting, as evidenced by the research of A.V. Gryazkina (2001). According to these studies, the increase in non-viable undergrowth in sorrel spruce forests with a relative stand density of 0.6 is the same as the increase in viable undergrowth when the sorrel spruce forest density is 0.7-0.8.
In blueberry-type spruce forests, with increasing stand density, the average height of undergrowth decreases and this dependence is close to a linear relationship (Gryazkin, 2001).
Research by N.I. Kazimirova (1983) showed that in lichen spruce forests with a density of 0.3-0.5, spruce undergrowth is rare and qualitatively unsatisfactory. The situation is completely different with sorrel forests, and especially with lingonberry and blueberry forest types, where, despite the high density, there is a sufficient amount of undergrowth that is satisfactory in terms of vital condition.
Dependence of the dynamics of the state of spruce undergrowth on the recency of felling
As the relative density of the tree stand increases, the proportion of medium and large viable spruce undergrowth also increases, since competition for light in such a closed canopy most affects the small undergrowth. With a high stand density, the proportion of non-viable small spruce undergrowth is also very large. However, this proportion is significantly larger when the relative density is low, since in such light conditions competition increases, from which small juveniles primarily suffer.
With an increase in the relative density of the forest stand, the share of small non-viable undergrowth changes as follows: at low density, the share of small non-viable undergrowth is greatest, then it falls and reaches a minimum at a density of 0.7, and then increases again with increasing density (Figure 3.40).
The distribution of spruce undergrowth by condition and size categories confirms that the life potential of undergrowth grown in the conditions of the Lisinsky forestry is greater than that of spruce undergrowth in the Kartashevsky forestry. This is especially clearly seen in the altitudinal structure of the undergrowth, since the proportion of medium and large spruce undergrowth is, as a rule, greater at the Lisisinsky sites under similar forest conditions (Figures 3.39-3.40).
The better life potential of spruce undergrowth at the Lisinsky sites is also evidenced by the growth rates of undergrowth, which are shown in Figures 3.41-42. For each age group, regardless of life state, the average height of spruce undergrowth at the Lisinsky sites is greater than the average height of undergrowth grown in the conditions of the Kartashevskoe forestry. This once again confirms the thesis that in relatively less favorable environmental conditions (in terms of soil moisture and fertility - closer to the blueberry type of forest), spruce young trees are more able to demonstrate their competitive abilities. It follows that changes occurring in the canopy as a result of anthropogenic or other impacts give a more positive result in the context of improving the condition of spruce undergrowth in the conditions of Lisinsky rather than Kartashevsky forestry.
1. At each stage of development, the number of undergrowth, as well as the structure in height and age in the experimental plots, change in different directions. However, a certain pattern has been identified: the more the number of undergrowth changes (after fruitful seed years it increases sharply), the more the structure of undergrowth changes in height and age. If, with an increase in the number of undergrowth due to self-seeding, a significant decrease in the average height and average age occurs, then with a decrease in the number as a result of mortality, the average height and average age can increase - if predominantly small undergrowth goes into decline, or decrease - if mainly large undergrowth goes into decline teenager
2. Over 30 years, the number of undergrowth under the canopy of the sorrel spruce and blueberry spruce forests has changed; in this component of the phytocenosis, the change of generations is continuous - the main part of the older generation goes into decline, and the undergrowth of new generations regularly appears, and first of all, after a bountiful seed harvest.
3. Over three decades, the composition of undergrowth at the observation sites has changed significantly, the share of deciduous trees has increased markedly and reached 31-43% (after cutting). At the beginning of the experiment it did not exceed 10%.
4. In section A of the ecological station, the number of spruce undergrowth increased by 2353 specimens over 30 years, and taking into account the surviving model specimens, the total number of spruce undergrowth by 2013 amounted to 2921 specimens/ha. In 1983 there were a total of 3049 specimens/ha.
5. Over three decades, under the canopy of the blueberry spruce and sorrel spruce forests, the share of undergrowth that moved from the “nonviable” category to the “viable” category was 9% in section A, 11% in section B and 8% in section C, i.e. on average about 10%. Based on the total number of undergrowth on the experimental plot of 3-4 thousand/ha, this proportion is significant and deserves attention when carrying out accounting work when assessing the success of natural regeneration of spruce in the indicated forest types. 103 6. From the “viable” category to the “non-viable” category over the specified period of time, from 19 to 24% moved from the “viable” category to the “dry” category (bypassing the “non-viable” category) – from 7 to 11%. 7. Of the total amount of growing undergrowth in section A (1613 specimens), 1150 specimens of undergrowth of different heights and different ages were lost, i.e. about 72%. In section B – 60%, and in section C – 61%. 8. During observations, the proportion of dry undergrowth increased with increasing height and age of the model specimens. If in 1983-1989. it amounted to 6.3-8.0% of the total, then by 2013 dry undergrowth already accounted for from 15 (blueberry spruce forest) to 18-19% (sorrel spruce forest). 9. Of the total number of certified undergrowth in section A, 127 specimens became trees of reduced size, i.e. 7.3%. Of these, the majority (4.1%) are those specimens that moved in different years from the “non-viable” category to the “viable” category. 10. Repeated recording of the same specimens of spruce undergrowth over a long period of time makes it possible to indicate the main reasons for transitions from the “non-viable” category to the “viable” category. 11. Changes in the structure of undergrowth in height and age, fluctuations in numbers are a dynamic process in which two mutually opposite processes are simultaneously combined: the decline and arrival of new generations of undergrowth. 12. Transitions of adolescents from one category of condition to another, as a rule, occur more often among small adolescents. The younger the teenager is, the more likely a positive transition is. If during the first 6 years of observation, about 3% of specimens moved from the “VF” category to the “F” category. (with an average age of 19 years), then after 20 years - less than 1%, and after 30 years - only 0.2%. 13. The dynamics of the state of undergrowth is also expressed by forest type. The transition of non-viable undergrowth to the “viable” category is more likely in the blueberry spruce forest than in the sorrel spruce forest.
Text by Boris Kolesov:
(1) Clear frosty winter morning. (2) I walk along a narrow village path with a bucket to the spring. (3) I am not yet old enough to bring two buckets of water at a time. (4) Later there will be two voluminous galvanized vessels, and even a rocker. (5) Following the example of my grandmother, I will go to the source with a well-armed village auxiliary device, but I will not be able to balance buckets - I will continue to walk.
(6) So, as a small peasant, I’m going to a ravine, deep and snow-covered, where a clean, never-freezing stream flows. (7) I see above, behind the white gap, behind the sky-blue snowdrifts, green fir trees. (8) And for some reason my soul becomes joyful and I want to skip and run into the ravine, so that later, at the exit from it, I can turn around and again notice the green living trees. (9) Together with them, I am pleased with the transparency of the sky, the whiteness of the snow and the brisk, not very strong frost.
(10) Then, already in the summer, more than once I walked past those Christmas trees three kilometers to the neighboring village.
(11) And he always met them on the road - on the side of the path - with such enthusiastic joy, as if he had never seen anything more beautiful on earth! (12) Or maybe I really haven’t seen anything to match their thick emerald charm: in our village, lost in the snow in February, and in the bird cherry gully wilds in July, there were no art galleries, not even a club.
(13) Now I’m almost seventy, but I always remember those Christmas trees with bated breath.
(14) I can’t explain what’s wrong with me - sometimes I’m in tears: my dear, beloved ones!
(15) Meanwhile, the days continued into a series of years; many events and meetings became familiar, memories were slowly erased. (16) But those days have not gone away when the feet of an idle spectator were led through the protected virgin lands of the Prioksko-terrace spruce forests, through the marvelous nature reserve there. (17) The spruces here were special. (18) The reserve itself, with all its plants and animals, is extremely interesting. (19) The bison alone are worth it! (20) Where else can you see the mighty giants that existed during the time of the ancient Slavic peoples? (21) But as for the reserved spruce undergrowth... (22) Keep your eyes open here!
(23) On the other side of the Oka, in the forest-steppe or steppe south, it is already difficult to find a Christmas tree growing quite naturally. (24) In central Russia, nature has set a limit for such trees, an invisible line has been drawn, explained by the peculiarities of the Russian climate. (25) Take, for example, moisture, which they were very keen on - there’s not enough of it in the steppes * isn’t it? (26) In a drier and hotter climate, it is not so easy for a small Christmas tree to survive, grow quickly in order to take root deeper into the ground and gain strength. (27) Even artificial forest plantations, where young trees are provided with careful care, turn out, in the language of foresters, unprofitable, and pine trees are preferred over coniferous species. (28) I saw neat green lines of young pines even on the steppe Don. (29) But I didn’t see any spruce plantings.
(30) Spruce is highly valued in woodworking, in paper production, in the manufacture of melodious musical instruments... (31) But how can one appreciate the beauty of its wonderful green decoration in the middle of the Russian snows?
(32) Our nature is so amazing that there is a desire to be at one with it in the desire to live, overcome difficulties and be useful to people. (ZZ) I had joyful, happy days. (34) There were also times when a business-like attitude made us understand what was important in people’s everyday life, full of all sorts of troubles. (35) Give someone a book, someone a violin, someone some wood for the stove, someone some blocks for building a house... (Zb) Whoever, but foresters know why they nurture artificial plantings.
(37) But my heart aches and aches for the spruce forest... (38) 3 and those spruce trees, as wet forest areas with a predominance of this species of conifers were called in the old days, for those plantings in nature reserves where young spruce trees are subject to merciless attack. (39) Who is stepping on them, the poor, in our times? (40) Often wild harvesters try to cut down a large and strong tree in order to take its lush top. (41) In addition, in large plantings, where it is not possible to provide adequate security, the collection of firewood is in full swing. (42) Maybe there will be people who will object to me, but why then are there so many ugly stumps in young forests, huh?
(43) Take care of the miracle of nature, take care of the beauties, especially on New Year's days.
(44) Young Christmas trees are for everything and everyone. (45) Youth is a golden fund for the country. (46) The green beauties of the reserves are a blessing for the Russian forest. (47) These tender Christmas trees are quite worthy youth.
(According to B. Kolesov)
Boris Kolesov is a Russian writer, journalist, screenwriter.
Essay based on the text:
What is the true beauty of nature? The Russian writer and journalist Boris Kolesov discusses this issue in the text.
The author recalls his childhood, how, heading to a source for water, he met green fir trees on his way. It would seem that they were ordinary spruces, of which there are many everywhere, but B. Kolesov remembered them all his life. Many years later, the author cannot forget the emotions that the “green beauties” gave him.
The author's position is clear: nature is beautiful. We must be able to see this beauty and take care of it.
I share the opinion of Boris Kolesov. Indeed, we need to be able to see and appreciate the beauty that surrounds us. After all, nature does not hide it from us.
Let us turn to the poem “Winter Morning” by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. The lyrical hero is delighted with the beauty of the winter morning. The author brings the picture to life in every possible way, forcing the reader to penetrate the landscape of a beautiful winter morning and experience everything for himself. To show all the beauty, the author turns to such a means of artistic expression as personification: “the blizzard was angry,” “the darkness was rushing.”
In Vasily Shukshin’s story “The Old Man, the Sun and the Girl,” an eighty-year-old man, being blind, admired nature every day in the same place. The story makes you think about the fact that a person not only sees the beauty of nature, but also feels it.
Boris Kolesov is sure that it is much better to live in unity with nature than apart. The kind of emotions that nature and its beauty brings to humans cannot be found anywhere.
According to OST 56-108-98, the following terms are distinguished:
Seedlings are plants of tree species up to one year old, formed from seeds.
Self-seeding is young woody plants of natural seed origin at the age of two to five, and in northern conditions up to ten years.
The undergrowth is the young generation of the forest, capable in the future of entering the upper tier and taking the place of the old forest stand, under the canopy of which it grew. Undergrowth refers to the generation of woody plants older than two to five years, and in the conditions of the North - older than ten years, before the formation of young growth or a layer of the forest stand.
Young growth includes viable, well-rooted trees of the main species with a height of more than 2.5 m and a diameter at breast height below the release diameter established in the regional logging rules, capable of participating in the formation of a stand, and therefore the logging of such trees is prohibited.
The undergrowth can be of seed or vegetative origin.
Seed reforestation is considered the most advanced, allowing new generations of trees, as a result of the splitting of characteristics, to successfully improve in response to a changing environment.
Vegetative regeneration, in its essence, is an absolute copying of the properties of the parent organism with the absence of genetic differences. This reduces the adaptive abilities of the new generation of such plants. Among tree species, almost all deciduous trees renew themselves vegetatively, unlike conifers. In this case, new individuals appear from the vegetative organs of the parent plant: dormant and adventitious buds on the trunk, branches, roots. This ability is used in forestry to propagate particularly valuable clones or individual specimens. The formation of adventitious roots on shoots of conifers in a natural environment is a rare phenomenon. Therefore, vaccinations are used for their vegetative propagation.
The process of accumulation of undergrowth under the canopy of a tree stand is called preliminary regeneration, i.e. renewal that occurs before the forest is cut down (before its death). The undergrowth under the canopy is called pregeneration undergrowth
Regeneration that occurs after forest cutting is called subsequent. Accordingly, the undergrowth that appears after felling is called the undergrowth of the subsequent generation.
The undergrowth of all tree species is divided into:
· in height - into three categories of size: small up to 0.5 meters, medium - 0.6-1.5 meters and large - more than 1.5 meters. Young animals to be preserved are counted together with large juveniles;
· according to density - into three categories: rare - up to 2 thousand, medium density - 2-8 thousand, dense - more than 8 thousand plants per hectare;
· by area distribution - into three categories depending on occurrence (the occurrence of undergrowth is the ratio of the number of counting plots with plants to the total number of counting plots laid out in a trial plot or cutting area, expressed as a percentage): uniform - occurrence over 65%, uneven - occurrence 40-65%, group (at least 10 small or 5 medium and large specimens of viable and closed undergrowth).
Viable undergrowth and young growth of coniferous forest plantations are characterized by the following characteristics: dense needles, green or dark green color of the needles, noticeably pronounced whorl, pointed or cone-shaped symmetrical dense or medium density crown extending at least 1/3 of the trunk height in groups and 1/2 trunk height - with a single placement, height growth over the last 3-5 years has not been lost, the growth of the apical shoot is not less than the growth of the lateral branches of the upper half of the crown, straight undamaged stems, smooth or fine-scaly bark without lichens.
Undergrowth and young growth of coniferous forest plantations growing on dead wood can be classified as viable according to the indicated characteristics if the dead wood has decomposed and the roots of the undergrowth have penetrated into the mineral part of the soil.
Viable undergrowth of hardwood forest stands is characterized by normal foliage of the crown and stems proportionally developed in height and diameter.
Paragraph 51 of the Timber Harvesting Rules states “When felling mature, overmature forest plantations, the preservation of undergrowth of forest plantations of economically valuable species in areas not occupied by loading points, highway and apiary trail routes, roads, production and domestic sites, in an amount of at least 70, is ensured. percent when carrying out clear cuttings, 80 percent when carrying out selective cuttings (for mountain forests - 60 and 70 percent, respectively).”
In connection with this requirement, if there is a sufficient amount of viable undergrowth, the technological map for the development of a cutting area indicates the need to preserve it throughout the entire area of the cutting area or on parts of it if the undergrowth is arranged in clumps. Felling of undergrowth is permitted:
· when cutting sights;
· when cleaning hanging and dead trees;
· on the territory of upper warehouses and loading points;
· on logging roads;
· on skidding roads;
· in places where mechanisms are installed;
· during mechanized felling of trees within a radius of up to 1 m from the tree being felled;
· on routes up to 3 m long to allow the feller to move away from the tree.
Clauses 13 and 14 of the Reforestation Rules read:
Measures to preserve the undergrowth of forest plantations and valuable forest tree species are carried out simultaneously with the felling of forest plantations. In such cases, felling is carried out mainly in winter on snow cover using technologies that make it possible to ensure that the amount of undergrowth and young growth of valuable forest tree species is not less than that provided for during the allocation of cutting areas from destruction and damage.
During felling of forest plantations, viable undergrowth and young growth of pine, cedar, larch, spruce, fir, oak, beech, ash and other valuable forest plantations must be preserved in their corresponding natural and climatic conditions.
The undergrowth of cedar, and in mountain forests also the undergrowth of oak and beech, must be recorded and preserved as the main species for all logging methods, regardless of the quantity and nature of its distribution over the cutting area and the composition of the forest stand before felling.
To protect the undergrowth of the main forest tree species from unfavorable environmental factors in clearing areas, more successful growth and formation of forest plantations of the required composition, the undergrowth of accompanying forest tree species (maple, linden, etc.) and shrub species are fully or partially preserved.
In pine forests growing on sandy loam soils, the regrowth of spruce forest plantations is preserved provided that the spruce plantation does not reduce the quality and productivity of the forest stand. When restoring pine and spruce forest plantations, undergrowth is, if necessary, retained in the felling to protect the soil and form stable and highly productive pine and spruce forest plantations.
Undergrowth affected by pests, underdeveloped and damaged during logging must be cut down at the end of logging work.
When carrying out selective felling, all undergrowth and young growth under the forest canopy must be counted and preserved, regardless of the number, degree of viability and the nature of their distribution over the area.
To determine the amount of undergrowth, conversion factors from small and medium undergrowth to large undergrowth are used. For small undergrowth, a coefficient of 0.5 is applied, for medium-sized ones - 0.8, for large ones - 1.0. If the undergrowth is mixed in composition, regeneration is assessed based on the main forest tree species corresponding to the natural and climatic conditions.
Counting of young and young animals is carried out using methods that ensure the determination of their number and viability with an accuracy error of no more than 10 percent.
In all cases, it is necessary to maintain predetermined distances between sites on the sights and counting tapes. On plots of up to 5 hectares, 30 registration plots are laid out, on plots from 5 to 10 hectares - 50 and over 10 hectares - 100 plots.
Currently, it is believed that of all the measures to promote natural reforestation, the most effective is the preservation of undergrowth, i.e., the emphasis is on preserving the results of preliminary reforestation. To preserve undergrowth, special methods of wood harvesting have been developed (“Kostroma method” with mechanized felling, shuttle method when working with VTM, etc.), which make it possible to preserve up to 65% of the undergrowth available in apiaries, but at the same time significantly reducing the productivity of the main work.
Preservation of undergrowth and young growth during logging ensures the restoration of forests from clearings with economically valuable species and prevents unwanted change of species, reduces the period of forest restoration and the time of growing technically mature wood, reduces the costs of reforestation work, and contributes to the preservation of the water protection functions of forests. In the scientific literature, for example, in the works of prof. V.N. Menshikov, there is information that this method of promoting reforestation can reduce the turnover of cutting the main species by 10–50 years.
However, as practice shows, a primary focus on preserving adolescence is not always justified for the following reasons:
· on most of the forested flat lands of the forest fund of the Russian Federation, the main species are conifers;
· in forests where light-loving conifers (pine, larch) are chosen as the main species, the regrowth of these species is almost absent due to their inability to develop normally under the maternal canopy;
· in forests formed by shade-tolerant conifers (spruce, fir), there is a large amount of undergrowth, however, according to our observations and according to other researchers, a large amount of undergrowth preserved during logging dies in the first 5–10 years after clear cutting due to a sharp change in the microclimate and light regime after removal of the maternal canopy (burning the needles and root collar, squeezing the roots, etc.). Moreover, the percentage of dying undergrowth directly depends on the type of felling, and, consequently, on the type of forest that preceded it;
· the undergrowth dying off within 1–2 classes of age litters the cutting area, increasing its fire hazard and increasing the risk of forest damage by pests and diseases.
In connection with the above, it can be argued that in certain types of forest, when focusing on natural forest regeneration, refusal to preserve undergrowth, with the obligatory abandonment of sources of contamination, can give more positive than negative results for the following reasons:
· logging technologies without preserving undergrowth are more productive than technologies with its preservation;
· rejection of a strictly defined network of apiary skidding tracks means that the load work of skidding routes (one track) can be significantly reduced (depending on the distance from the upper warehouse, the forest stock per hectare and the carrying capacity of the skidding tractor), which will contribute to the improvement of forest soil due to its mineralization, as well as bringing the soil density to optimal for seed development, i.e. improving conditions for subsequent natural reforestation);
· when clearing cutting areas from logging residues, it becomes possible to use high-performance rake-type pick-ups;
· refusal to preserve undergrowth will allow wider use of tree skidding technology, sharply increasing the productivity of the operation of clearing trees from branches (using mobile delimbing machines), will allow concentrating most of the logging residues in the upper warehouse, significantly facilitating their further disposal and reducing the labor intensity of cleaning cutting areas.
A number of scientific publications devoted to the success of natural reforestation note that in clearings in Western and Central Siberia, 15–95%, and sometimes 100% of the preserved viable coniferous undergrowth perishes. The same data were obtained on some types of clearings for the conditions of the North-Western region of the Russian Federation V.I. Obydennikov, L.N. Rozhin. They note that “the mortality of spruce undergrowth (20 years old at the time of felling) over a five-year period after clear felling (in the conditions of the Krestetsky private farm) amounted to 18.5% in the emerging forb-reed type of fellings, and 57% in the reed-reed type. 3%, in Sitnikovovoye – 100% .
In addition, as a result of large-scale studies carried out in the 80s of the twentieth century, it was established that in general in the North-West region the area of forest plantations with a sufficient amount of undergrowth of main species for sustainable reforestation does not exceed 49.2%, and in some areas it does not exceed 10% (Novgorod region - 9.0%, Pskov region - 5.9%).
The above facts allow us to assert that in large forest areas the preservation of undergrowth is unprofitable due to poor prospects for its development or its insufficient quantity. In this case, subsequent natural reforestation comes to the fore, based on the mandatory preservation of sources of seeding and supported by such assistance measures as soil preparation, cleaning of cutting areas, etc.
From the point of view of subsequent natural reforestation (germination of seeds that have fallen into the soil), the condition of the soil will be one of the main factors influencing the success of this process. It is also obvious that the use of machines and mechanisms to perform special technological operations to prepare the soil for natural reforestation will increase the cost and complexity of the logging process. Therefore, when carrying out logging operations, it is necessary to strive for such an impact on the forest environment, in particular on the soil of the cutting area, which would provide optimal conditions for subsequent reforestation.
This approach is reflected in the Timber Harvesting Rules, in paragraph 56 of these rules it is stated: “In lowland forests, with clear cuttings without preserving young growth in forest types where the mineralization of the soil surface has a positive impact on forest regeneration, the area of the trails is not limited. The types (groups of types) of forest where such logging is allowed are indicated in the forestry regulations of the forest district or forest park.”
At the same time, the regulatory documents do not yet provide more specific instructions in which cases it can be considered that the mineralization of the soil surface has a positive effect on reforestation.
Caring for a teenager
After the completion of logging operations during summer harvesting and after the melting of snow and thawing of the soil during winter felling, the preserved undergrowth is trimmed and cared for. Undergrowth and young growth are freed from logging residues, and the root systems of plants that have lost contact with the soil are pressed to the ground. Broken, shriveled and severely damaged specimens during the logging process are cut down and removed from apiaries or landed along with logging residues.
After the main mortality, after 2-3 years, shrunken, severely damaged individuals of the main species are removed, for example, those with stripped bark wider than 2 cm, undergrowth of undesirable species or their trees of subsequent renewal and shrubs that interfere with the growth of the main species. In the first year after felling, such work should not be carried out, because unwanted tree and shrub vegetation serves as protection for the undergrowth from the sun, frost, and wind, which increases evapotranspiration. Caring for young trees, as a measure of promoting natural reforestation, is especially necessary for light-loving species: pine, oak, larch.
Under conditions of normal moisture supply, reliable (light) undergrowth increases not only transpiration, but also photosynthesis, metabolism increases, and root respiration is activated, which contributes to the development of the root system and assimilation apparatus. It is important that from the buds laid under the forest canopy, needles are formed in clearings, which are close in anatomy and morphology to light needles. New needles also arise from dormant buds.
Let us imagine a forest capable of bearing fruit. The crowns of the trees are closed into a dense canopy. Silence and twilight. Somewhere high above, seeds are ripening. And so they ripened and fell to the ground. Some of them, once in favorable conditions, sprouted. So he appeared in the forest forest regrowth- young generation of trees.
What conditions do they find themselves in? The conditions are not very favorable. There is not enough light, there is not enough space for the roots, everything is already occupied by the roots of large trees. But we have to survive, to win.
Young generation of the forest
Young generation of the forest, replacing the old one, is important for renewal. Naturally, existing in harsh conditions, with a lack of light and a constant lack of nutrients in the soil, the undergrowth does not look good. A common feature of adolescence is severe depression. Here is an example of such oppression. Spruce undergrowth, only one and a half meters high, can have a fairly respectable age - 60 and even 80 years. Over the same years, fellow juveniles, grown from the same seeds somewhere in a nursery or near a forest, can reach a height of 15 meters. It is very difficult for a teenager to exist. But he nevertheless adapts to the living conditions under the maternal canopy and patiently waits for changes in his living conditions.
It depends on your luck: either the mature trees will die or the young trees will die. It also happens that people interfere in this fight by choosing ripe trees for their needs. The regrowth then recovers and subsequently becomes new forest.
Especially tenacious spruce undergrowth. In a depressed state, he sometimes lives almost half of his life, up to 180 years. One cannot help but admire his vitality and boundless adaptability, which, however, is understandable.
You have to be very careful with teenagers.. Without knowing his specific growth, driven by the most noble motives - to give him freedom, we can nevertheless destroy him. Living in dim light and suddenly receiving the long-awaited freedom from inexperienced hands, he unexpectedly dies. As they say, a teenager is “scared” of light. The needles quickly turn yellow and fall off, because they are adapted to a different mode of operation, to different living conditions. On the other hand, a teenager suddenly exposed to freedom may die of thirst. Not because there is not enough moisture in the soil. Maybe there is even more of it there, but with its poorly developed roots and needles the undergrowth cannot quench its thirst,
What's the matter? But the fact is that previously, under the mother’s canopy in a humid atmosphere, the young growth had enough moisture. Now the wind has begun to blow around, the physiological evaporation of the undergrowth has increased, and the pitiful crown and root system are unable to supply the tree with a sufficient amount of moisture.
Of course, earlier parent trees oppressed and suppressed young growth, but at the same time they protected them from the wind and from frost, to which young spruce, fir, oak, and beech are so sensitive; protected from excessive solar radiation and created a soft, humid atmosphere.
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