Youth movements in the Russian Empire. History of children's public organizations in Russia during the Soviet period
A children's public association is an association of citizens, which includes citizens under the age of 18 and adult citizens who have united for joint activities. It is necessary to distinguish, by its nature and purpose, a children's public association, on the one hand, and an association of children (students) based on interests in the system of additional education for children, as well as a children's public association and a student government body.
All children's public associations carry out their activities in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on public associations. Fixed membership in the association and registration with the justice authorities is possible; in this case, the association is called a children's public organization. There are other types of children's public associations: movement, association, union, etc. An association can be registered in the prescribed manner with the justice authorities and other state executive authorities that register public associations, have its own seal, a current account with a credit institution and have other rights of a legal entity. It is possible to operate without registration, but in this case it does not have the rights of a legal entity.
A children's association can be: all-Russian, interregional, regional, at the place of residence of the children, created in an educational institution, etc. The state ensures compliance with the rights and legitimate interests of children's public associations and guarantees conditions for them to fulfill their statutory tasks. They are provided with material and financial support. Children's organizations are given the right to use, on a contractual basis, the premises of schools, institutions of additional education for children, clubs, palaces and cultural centers, sports and other facilities free of charge or on preferential terms; during the holidays, specialized shifts of young activists of children's organizations are organized in country health camps.
In our opinion, the formulation of “preschool educational institution” would sound more correct as an association of young citizens of the Russian Federation, united not only by a common goal, but also by common interests, values and hobbies, as well as joint activities for their promotion, public recognition and popularization.
The beginning of the twentieth century was marked by a qualitative leap in the development of childhood, its transformation from an object of adult influence into a relatively independent subject capable of influencing the life of society.
L.V. Aliyeva writes that the rise of the children's movement in Russia is historically objective and natural. She views the children's movement as a socio-pedagogical reality - the result of two processes:
- - the objective process of the child’s natural development and his self-manifestation, self-realization in society;
- - a subjective socially, professionally and pedagogically organized process of awareness and comprehension of the capabilities of a child - a subject of the surrounding life and his own.
The periodization of the children's movement in Russia by researchers (T.V. Trukhacheva, L.V. Alieva, I.V. Rudenko, A.G. Kirpichnik, V.A. Kudinov, etc.) is based on the periodization of the history of the state, those events of its life , which in one way or another influenced the development of the children's movement. Researchers identify the following periods of development of children's movement:
- - Pre-pioneer;
- - Pioneer;
- - Post-pioneer.
L.V. Alieva gives the following periodization:
- Stage 1: 10s of the twentieth century - the emergence of the children's movement as a specific social reality;
- Stage 2: 20s - early 30s of the twentieth century - the formation of the children's movement in the form of pioneering - a social and pedagogical reality, a new means of targeted social education.
- Stage 3: 30s - 80s - development of the pioneer movement as a mass monopoly public children's organization - a specific educational system, a link in the system of communist education of the younger generation.
- Stage 4: 90s of the 20th century - 10s of the 21st century - self-development and self-determination of the domestic children's movement in the new socio-economic, historical conditions of Russian society.
The authors of another periodization T.V. Trukhachev and A.G. Brick makers connect the stages of development of the children's movement with the state of institutionalization of children and adolescents and the form of their associations. M.V. Boguslavsky connects the stages of development of the children's movement with the personality of an adult leader, showing how the image of an adult changes in the history of the children's movement in Russia - from dreamers, romantics to production workers and from them to professional organizers of the children's movement, class teachers capable of working with pioneers.
Let us give a brief description of the main periods of development of the children's movement in Russia.
Pre-pioneer period.
The beginning of this period can be considered the end of the 19th century. This was the period of formation on a legislative basis of associations (societies, unions) of various areas of activity. It is assumed that teenagers also took part in them. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Russia, voluntary associations of teenagers were created in educational institutions - schools, colleges. The first scout troops appear. Various children's groups appear in different cities. They are called differently: in Izhevsk - the House of the Young Proletarian, in Perm - an anthill, etc. An attempt to adapt the educational system of scouting to new socio-political conditions can be considered the detachments of “young communists” created since 1918 with the active participation of many former scoutmasters.
In the variety of directions of the children's movement (in 1917, there were more than 17 significant children's organizations), the ideology of the children's proletarian movement gradually took shape - an ally of the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
The development of the children's movement in the pre-pioneer period, according to Trukhacheva T.V. characterized by the following features:
- - choice of group, both for children and adults;
- - selection of goals, objectives, laws, customs, symbols, rituals, programs, insignia by children together with adults, by the children themselves, by the adults themselves;
- - the large number of groups and the diversity of their locations;
- - lack of control over their activities by bodies specially created for this purpose and the absence of the bodies themselves;
- - voluntariness of joining the group, both for adults and children.
The variety of structures, the variety of forms, methods of work of children's formations during this period testifies to the presence in society in the 10-20s of a unique socio-pedagogical phenomenon, characterized, in contrast to the school, by dynamism, social orientation, and a new position of the child and adult.
However, gradually the children's movement in Russia acquires a class and political orientation, gradually unifying and narrowing the scope of the movement - from a wide range of forms to a single mass organization.
The pioneer organization has been born and developed since the beginning of the 20th century in our country in the conditions of revolutionary transformations in Russia, in the world as a whole, associated with the spread of the ideas of communism, socialism, and the aggravation of class contradictions in capitalist countries and especially in Russia.
The pioneer organization is part of pioneering - a branch of the children's movement, a specific socio-pedagogical, cultural phenomenon of the 20th century. Unlike other directions, types, and forms of the children's movement, the pioneer movement basically has several sources.
First. An international workers', revolutionary, communist movement (Russian is part of it), into which children were also drawn. Second. The children's movement itself (in the world and in Russia), manifested in the experience of creating and operating a wide variety of children's communities (scouts, falcons, amusing, student organizations, agricultural unions, amateur clubs, circles of various content areas).
Third. Specific socio-political conditions of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century (after the events of 1917). The nature of pioneering (its birth, development) was reflected in the originality of its structures, forms, the nature of its relations with state and socio-political institutions, which contributed to its transformation into an organic part of the Soviet state, its political system and its history.
Thus, the pioneer period was the longest period in the history of the children's movement in our country. The duration (70 years) of this period required an understanding of the different stages of its development, which is what the researchers tried to do - Gordin I.G., Alieva L.V. etc.
Hello dear friend!
Today, many publications devote time to stories about youth movements both in pre-revolutionary Russia and during the USSR. The Internet newspaper “Dni.ru” has prepared a large-scale material on this topic, covering the history of the education of youth in our country from the Russian Empire to the present day. With the help of this publication, I will try to tell you about this in a brief but interesting form.
So let's begin. As noted by “Days. ru,” they began to actively engage in issues of educating young people in the world at the end of the 19th century, when the first children’s and youth movements appeared. At the beginning of the 20th century they came to Russia.
Before the 1917 revolution, youth organizations in the Russian Empire were mostly religious, and they were initiated by missionaries of the World Christian Union of Young People, which appeared in Russia in 1900. Quite quickly, the Christian Union of Young People transformed into an independent society called “Lighthouse”. In St. Petersburg alone in 1908-1909 there were 1,615 Mayak members, most of whom were between the ages of 17 and 25, but the Mayak society existed in Russia until 1923.
In November 1906, the Moscow society “Settlement” was registered in the Russian Empire, which can be called the first children's club in Russia, where there was a workshop, a kindergarten, a school, and a small observatory. Similar “Settlement” clubs were opened throughout Russia, because children were left to their own devices, but they were asked to take care of the garden, cook food, clean their rooms, and cultural, educational and sports work was also carried out with children. But the Settlement society club also did not last long and was closed by the police in December 1908 “for promoting socialism among children.”
In 1908, after Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), the youth organization “Amusement Troops” appeared. This name was taken in memory of the boys with whom Peter the Great played war, and then created from them the best guards regiments - Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky. The initiative to create them belonged personally to Emperor Nicholas II. In the “Amusement Troops,” retired non-commissioned officers taught boys to march, sing drill songs, and perform techniques with wooden guns. The widespread spread of the movement was prevented by the outbreak of the First World War and the revolution.
Since 1908, the scout movement, which came to Russia from Great Britain, has also become widespread in Russia. Its main goal was to prepare the younger generation to serve the Fatherland (not military, but in general). Tsar Nicholas II ordered that Baden Powell's book “Scouting for boys” be translated into Russian, and invited schools to try a method of educating boys in accordance with it. After 1917, the scouting movement began to be viewed as hostile to Soviet power, although the ideology of the pioneer movement absorbed much from scouting. In 1922, scout organizations were banned in Soviet Russia.
There were many youth associations in the USSR, but mostly they had a certain ideological orientation.
I’ll quote Dni.ru »: « The main role in the defeat of pre-revolutionary youth associations was played by the Russian Communist Youth Union (RCYU), created in 1918. In 1924 it was renamed the Russian Leninist Communist Youth Union (RLKSM), and in 1926 - the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM). From October 29 to November 4, 1918, the First All-Russian Congress of Unions of Workers' and Peasants' Youth was held, at which the creation of the RKSM was proclaimed.
Komsomol was created by the Bolsheviks to support the actions of the Bolshevik Party at the youth level. If in October 1918 the RKSM consisted of 22 thousand people, then by the III Komsomol Congress (1920) the movement already had almost half a million members. The Komsomol was given a large role in fulfilling the tasks set by the party. In 1941, there were more than ten million Komsomol members in the USSR. 3.5 thousand members of the Komsomol became Heroes of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War, 3.5 million were awarded orders and medals. Subsequently, the social base of the Komsomol expanded; in the 1960-1980s, almost all high school students became Komsomol members. The Komsomol participated in almost all spheres of life in the Soviet Union. During these years, the Komsomol actively promoted the participation of members of the organization in all-Union or regional “shock Komsomol construction projects.”
Under the wing of the Komsomol, a sponsored movement was created - a pioneer organization. Its appearance occurred against the backdrop of the fight against scouting and was due to the realization that it was necessary to create our own, communist, organization to work with children. At the same time, a number of scout elements, albeit in a modified form, were borrowed by the ideologists of the pioneers. This is how her symbols appeared: a red tie (instead of green), a white shirt (instead of green), and the scout motto “Be prepared!” transformed into the pioneer slogan “Always ready!” The final formation of the pioneer organization occurred on May 19, 1922, when at the All-Russian Komsomol Conference a resolution was adopted on the creation of an organization for children from ten to 15 years old. The organization was named “Young Pioneers named after Spartak”, and two years after the death of the leader of the revolution it was named after Vladimir Lenin.”
It should be noted that the main goal of the pioneer movement in the USSR was to raise children in the Soviet spirit; communist ideals, patriotism, hard work, and collectivism were instilled in the younger generation. Pioneers participated in all events of great importance for our country.
Over the entire period of its existence, more than 200 million people have been members of the pioneer movement.
It should also be noted that the guys, before becoming pioneers, were initiated into the October Revolution, and after the pioneer organization they joined the Komsomol.
After 1991, the Komsomol officially ceased to exist, and together with the parent organization, the pioneers and the Octoberists became a thing of the past.
On May 31, 1990, just before the collapse of the USSR, the Russian Youth Union (RYU) appeared in the country when it declared its independence from the central union leadership of the Komsomol Central Committee.
To date, it includes more than 70 territorial organizations with over 150 thousand members.
RSM implements a huge number of different programs and projects. It is thanks to RSM that such projects as “Student Self-Government”, “Russian Intellectual Resources”, “Art-Profi Forum”, the international camp “Be-La-Rus”, the “Personnel” program and others appeared in the life of Russian youth. The Russian Youth Union is represented in the Public Chamber and the State Duma, its members participate in expert councils of parliament and government bodies.
In the early 2000s, the youth movement “Walking Together” appeared. In March 2000, the youth organization “Walking Together” held its first action on Tverskaya Street in Moscow. And on May 7, 2000, on the day of Vladimir Putin’s inauguration as president, “Walking Together” held a rally in Moscow, in which up to 15 thousand people took part.
On April 15, 2005, the youth democratic anti-fascist movement “Nashi” was founded. Its leader was Vasily Yakemenko, who resigned as leader of the “Walking Together” organization and headed “Nashi”.
One of the most notable projects of the Nashi movement was the annual summer camp on Lake Seliger in the Tver region. The main goal of the forum is team building, meetings with prominent politicians, journalists, experts in various fields, government officials, active recreation, and work in various areas.
The forum remains very popular to this day. Russian President Vladimir Putin also visits him.
As Dni.ru notes, “the Seliger forum received a new life,” which transformed into several youth events at the federal level. Every year, hundreds of thousands of young people gather at professional venues from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka to discuss the most pressing issues on a wide range of problems. The central forum is the “Territory of Meanings” on Klyazma, which brings together more than six thousand participants to discuss political, economic and socially significant topics. For the second year in a row, the Tavrida Forum invites representatives of creative youth to Crimea: artists, musicians, journalists (about 3.5 thousand people over the summer). Smaller forums are also held. In Kaliningrad, Baltic Artek is visited by about 600 participants who discuss issues of Russian identity, culture, literature, interaction between government and society. And at the other end of the country - in the Kuril Islands - the Iturup forum is taking place, bringing together about 200 young men and women. At each of the four federal forums there is a “Project Conveyor”, within which participants present their projects to experts, the best of which receive support in the form of grants.”
In 2015, our President Vladimir Putin signed a decree that created the all-Russian children's and youth organization "Russian Schoolchildren's Movement." The purpose of its creation is to improve state policy in the field of educating the younger generation and to promote the formation of personality based on the value system inherent in Russian society. Branches of the organization will soon appear in all regions of the country. The state founder of the movement is Rosmolodezh. During the movement, a Russian Children and Youth Center will be created, which will ensure interaction between the movement and executive authorities and local governments.
By and large, the new school youth organization should, from the moment of the collapse of the USSR, unite all schoolchildren into one movement. And that's right. Society is strong by unity, and not by an atomized mass of people who do not trust each other.
Read more about the history of youth movements in Russia here: http://story.dni.ru/?p=1645
In conclusion, I want to say that society must educate its children, otherwise the state will collapse, since our children will be raised by someone else. Who else? Yes, the same Internet, which is full of foreign content. For example, a lonely student, Varvara Karaulova, after communicating with ISIS representatives on the Internet, went to fight with ISIS herself. We must not allow the minds of our young people to be manipulated by foreign organizations, so society must be united, not atomized! Patriotic youth movements are something that the state should give priority to. Thank God, there are more and more such movements in Russia!
Before talking about youth organizations, let us agree that by organization we will understand a social system that is generated, by design, in accordance with a certain ideology, a common goal and specific objectives. An organization is created in accordance with its charter, regulations or instructions, which prescribe its goals, objectives, principles of structure and operation; has an administrative, administrative and executive mechanism (apparatus).
Socio-economic and socio-political processes in the Russian Federation, which led to the weakening of state control over society in general and individuals in particular, determined the differentiation of the children's and youth movement and significantly changed its essence. This process with all its contradictions could be observed in our country in the 80s, when more than 60 thousand of various kinds of youth associations arose instead of the single and only communist youth union. First of all, the number and role of informal associations is growing, since it was with informal movements - various political circles, clubs, the bard movement, and then the rock movement - that the concept of a genuine social movement in the USSR was associated. Among the informal associations that have emerged, one can distinguish asocial ones (“majors” or highlifers, hippies, rockabilly), antisocial (“gangs”), and prosocial ones (“greens”, animal conservation society).
In September 1991, due to the collapse of the USSR, the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union ceased to exist. The Komsomol lost its position as the only youth organization in the country that controls the entire youth movement. In January 1993, the Komsomol was recreated by activists and patriots of the former youth movement. The legal successor of the regional organization of the Komsomol (LKSM of the RSFSR) became the regional organization of the RSM - the Russian Youth Union. At the congress of the renewed youth communist organization, fundamental changes were made to the Program and Charter of the Komsomol. But that's a completely different story.
The history of modern youth movements began in May 2005, when the newly emerged pro-Kremlin movement “Nashi”, which positioned itself as anti-fascist, held its mass action. 60 thousand young people who took to the Moscow streets in honor of the 60th anniversary of the Victory gave red carnations to veterans of the Great Patriotic War. Such a large-scale action was intended to show that a new force has appeared in our society, which will become an important part of political life. The movement’s manifesto says: “History is a change of generations. Every generation has a chance to go unnoticed or change the world. We are those who believe in the future of Russia and believe that its fate is in our hands.” Today there are more than 427 thousand youth and children's public associations in Russia. Among them are all-Russian, international, interregional, regional, local. According to sociologists, more than half of young people support their existence, while half as many would like to join them. In reality, 4% of Russian youth are members of youth public associations.
With the proclamation of the principles of pluralism in all spheres of public life, a rapid process began of creating new and reviving old, pre-revolutionary social formations of children and youth, designed to become an alternative to official organizations experiencing a deep crisis. In addition, a great many specialized associations of children and youth are being created based on their interests: junior associations, environmental groups, etc. Reviving scout organizations are rapidly gaining strength. The emergence of such a wide range of public associations and the programs they implement instead of a single ideology and methodology of educational work determines the differentiation of the youth movement in Russia. And although their quantitative growth is not adequate to their qualitative composition, the importance of youth public organizations in the process of formation of the Russian state should be especially noted. By uniting based on common interests, children's and youth organizations contribute to the implementation of the main strategy of youth policy - a focused solution to the problems of a specific person, group, or community. Despite the upward trend in the number of organizations and their members, they are still not massive. There are remarks in government bodies and in the media regarding the impotence of even the largest youth organizations, their artificiality, weak connections with young people and inability to carry out work. But many experts note that this is an inaccurate position, since youth and children's associations are a necessary link in the self-realization of the individual, the socialization of youth, and ultimately the formation of the rule of law and civil society.
Youth organizations existing in modern Russia can be classified on various grounds.
In relation to politics and political structures, these organizations can be divided into 4 groups:
- 1) Apolitical - their activities are politically indifferent (creative, sports organizations, interest associations).
- 2) Ideological - managers and leaders who are silent about any relationship to politics, political structures or reject the very possibility of participating in the political process. They are created “in the interests of protecting the rights and realizing the interests of youth, personal development, and their civic formation.” Such organizations, for example, include civil-patriotic and search associations.
- 3) Political - youth organizations created under certain political associations and operating within a strictly defined ideological framework. As an example, we can cite the youth union “Fatherland”, the all-Russian organization “Youth Unity” and other youth wings of political parties.
- 4) Political and educational - public associations aimed at training future representatives of the Russian political elite. The peculiarities of the activities of such formations are: firstly, the lack of orientation towards the doctrine of a particular political party; secondly, orientation towards political education of members of the association; thirdly, non-professional political activity of teenagers and young men, internships in government agencies, participation in the work of public commissions, committees, foundations, voluntary work as assistants to deputies, political figures, etc.
The range of activities can be distinguished:
- 1) Organizations that highlight priority areas in their activities - creative, search, military-patriotic, socio-political, sports, religious, cultural and leisure, historical, professional (Youth Union of Lawyers), social orientation.
- 2). Organizations that organize activities within the free time of young people, without highlighting priority areas - headquarters and unions of student youth, student organizations.
- 3). Organizations that implement a wide range of activities are usually the largest. Such youth public associations in Russia are:
- - All-Russian Association of Public Associations “National Council of Youth and Children's Associations of Russia”;
- - All-Russian public organization “National System for the Development of Scientific, Creative and Innovative Activities of Youth of Russia “Integration”;
- - All-Russian public organization “Russian Youth Union”,
- - All-Russian public organization “Children and Youth Social Initiatives” (DIMSI);
- - All-Russian public organization “Union of MZhK of Russia”;
- - All-Russian public organization “Youth Union of Lawyers of the Russian Federation”,
- - All-Russian public organization “National Youth League”,
- - All-Russian public organization “Youth Unity”.
Among those listed, one of the largest all-Russian youth organizations today is the Russian Youth Union. Today RSM is the largest all-Russian youth organization in Russia. RSM territorial organizations operate in 76 constituent entities of the Russian Federation; about 5 million young people participate in RSM programs. Since its creation in 1990 to this day, the organization’s activities have been aimed at the development and development of the personality of a young person, at the implementation of programs that allow boys and girls to realize their potential, express themselves, and find their place in life. Legally and structurally, RSM is the legal successor of the Russian Komsomol, but since 1991 it has been a non-political, non-governmental, non-profit, independent organization that works in all spheres of life and activity of young people: career guidance and employment, education and culture, leisure and sports.
Based on regional coverage, organizations are divided into:
- 1) Regional - city, district, regional, regional, etc. An important characteristic of the modern social movement is its uneven distribution throughout the country. Most of the unions of children and youth are concentrated in large cities - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Volgograd, Saratov, in some other large economic centers, in the capitals of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation. Registers of children's and youth public associations are being formed at the regional level as the basis for their state support.
- 2) Interregional. Often such organizations are created on the basis of the union of several youth organizations.
- 3) International. Currently, on the territory of the Russian Federation there are branches of such international youth organizations as the Christian Association of Young People, scout organizations in different regions, a branch of the World Brotherhood of Orthodox Youth “Syndesmos” and others.
Based on the level of interaction with the state, we can distinguish:
- 1) Included in the Registers of organizations supported by the state. This means the possibility of interaction with the state at the level of partial financing of the programs of these organizations. As of December 31, 1997, the Federal Register included 48 organizations, of which 32 were youth. In 2003, there were 61 public organizations in the Federal Register, of which 44 were youth organizations and 17 were children’s organizations.
- 2) Not included in the Registers, but registered with the justice authorities. For example, according to the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, at the beginning of 2002, 79 all-Russian and international youth and children's public associations were registered in the Russian Federation.
- 3) Not registered with the justice authorities of the Russian Federation, but carrying out their activities on the basis of constituent documents and not pursuing anti-state goals. Unfortunately, most youth organizations remain such, since the procedure for registering public associations is constantly becoming more complicated.
There is currently a debate about whether youth organizations should be large and mass-based, or whether they should be small but free from state pressure or any political forces, in order to prevent a return to the universality and inclusiveness of a single youth movement. So, V.I. Skorobogatova, the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Youth Union, believes that: “we must part with the ideas of creating federal organizations from above, uniting all young people like the Komsomol, which arises from time to time in various minds: officials, politicians, scientists, leaders of federal subjects.”
In our region, the active development of the children's and youth movement began in 1996, when the first regional program “Youth of the Trans-Urals” was adopted. From that moment on, state support for associations began to be systemic and stable. Young people realized that from now on they are considered not only as a demographic category, but also as an important part of society, without which the full development of all spheres of public life is impossible. Young people also realized that their initiatives, ideas and projects are interesting and necessary for the Trans-Urals, and received a guarantee of support.
State support for youth and children's public associations in the Kurgan region is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of June 18, 1995 No. 98-FZ “On State Support of Youth and Children's Public Associations” and the Law of the Kurgan Region of February 10, 1997 No. 12 “On State support of youth and children's public associations in the Kurgan region.”
According to the Department of Justice, about 40 youth and children's public associations are registered in the Kurgan region, of which 17 have state support (Appendix 15). There are about 500 children's and youth public associations that have not undergone official registration. About 46,000 young people participate in programs and projects of public associations. The main directions in their work: prevention of asocial phenomena; environmental education; patriotic education; organization of employment for children and youth; solving social problems of youth; development of sports and tourism.
In Shadrinsk, work with youth is organized by the Youth Policy Committee. The main directions of the committee's activities are civil-patriotic, moral development and self-determination of youth, solving socio-economic problems of youth, social support for youth and young families, aesthetic education, intellectual, creative and physical development of youth. The city is implementing a targeted comprehensive youth policy program “Youth of the city of Shadrinsk 2008-2009”. Within the framework of which the following are being implemented: the program of interdepartmental interaction with the media “Interaction”, the program for identifying and developing talented youth in the city of Shadrinsk “Spring”, the program for the prevention of social negative phenomena among children and youth “Leader”, a program aimed at for the integration of difficult teenagers into society “Vector of Success”, the program for organizing leisure and employment for teenagers “Men”, the employment project “Our City” and the program aimed at preventing negative phenomena among young people “Perspective”. For more than 10 years, the city has been hosting a hockey tournament among children's and youth yard teams "Golden Puck", a family sports festival "Dad, Mom, I am a sports family", a football tournament among children's and youth teams for the prize of the "Leather Ball" club, festival of young performers “Living Spring” and the City Season of KVN games. Such events as the festival of amateur artistic performances among educational institutions of the city “Colors of Life”, the festival of modern music “City on Iset” have become permanent. The work of the “Our City” detachment is being organized, which is engaged in the improvement and landscaping of the city, organizing leisure time for children, helping the disabled and veterans.
In Shadrinsk, according to statistics for 2008, there are 21,815 young people from 14 to 30, which is 28.5% of the total population, of which more than 2,400 people are members of youth public associations of the city of Shadrinsk, which is more than 11% of all Shadrinsk youth. In total, 15 youth public associations have been created in our city, 8 of which are registered with the justice authorities and 7 are not registered. The areas of work in these associations are very different. The Weightlifting Federation promotes a healthy lifestyle, trains elite athletes, and improves sportsmanship.
“The Sports Club “Junior” is engaged in the popularization of motorcycle sports among the youth of the city, and the “City Tourists Club” organizes leisure, promotes and introduces a healthy lifestyle, and implements a program for the organization and development of sports and health tourism. The main direction of work of the Public Organization of the Shadrinsk City Aviation Sports and Technical Association is military-patriotic education of the younger generation, pre-university preparation of students for admission to aviation educational institutions. The activities of the Medved boxing sports club are to promote a healthy lifestyle. Physical training and improving sportsmanship. Children and Youth Center named after. Poddubny development and popularization of Greco-Roman wrestling. “The Youth Union of JSC SHAAZ” is engaged in local history, charity, patronage, health-preserving, artistic and aesthetic work. The youth movement “Leader” is engaged in the promotion of a healthy lifestyle, the prevention of drug addiction, HIV infection, antisocial behavior and the development of leadership qualities.
Having become acquainted with the activities of urban youth organizations, I am convinced that they not only create a field for social activity, but also an opportunity for the manifestation of social and civic feelings, common experiences, and the desire for transformation.
The results of a survey by the Public Opinion Foundation: 69% of the Russian population recognize the importance of the fact that young people should take part in the public life of the country, however, 75% could not name a single youth movement existing in Russia.
To find out the opinion and attitude towards the youth movement among young people in our city, a sociological survey was conducted. A total of 178 people took part in the survey. Among the respondents were 64 students of gymnasium No. 9, 43 students of PU-15, 48 students of the Financial College and 23 students of the Pedagogical Institute. The survey results showed that only 18% were able to name all-Union youth organizations. The most famous were the Nashi and Young Guard movements. It is worth noting that the students of gymnasium No. 9 and PU-15 turned out to be the most knowledgeable. Almost 8% of respondents still included the Komsomol among all-Russian youth organizations. Almost 57% of respondents know the city movement “Leader”. To the question: “How do you feel about youth movements?” more than 50% responded positively, 48.5% neutrally and only 1% negatively. Among the respondents, only 7% are members of youth organizations, and only 9% are planning to join them. One of the questions asked respondents to indicate the reasons why they do not join youth organizations. Among the main reasons, 36% cited lack of time, 32% had no desire, and 21% noted laziness. 33% of respondents believe that young people join various organizations and movements for self-realization, 39% in order to do something, and 27% in order to defend their ideas. The survey results showed that, in general, young people have a positive attitude towards youth organizations, but have little interest and knowledge about public youth movements at the all-Russian and regional levels. Among the youth organizations in our city, they are mostly called “Leader” and know nothing at all about other associations.
Today it is important to realize that in order to build a rule of law state, changes in the political culture of society are necessary. Therefore, the active involvement of young people in the social process is becoming increasingly important. Despite the fact that in our city a lot of work is being done with young people by the Youth Policy Committee and youth public organizations, this is not enough. We, young people, need to be taught to understand political problems, instill a culture of political discussions, familiarize ourselves with socio-political activities, while protecting us from extremist actions, focusing on defending the interests of young people within the legal framework.
The history of the development of the youth movement in Russia dates back no more than 200 years from the birth of youth itself as a social group. But even during this not so long time, the youth movement managed to undergo many changes, periods of prosperity and degradation. So what was the essence of the youth movements of Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union? What were their life values and priorities? This article provides a brief analysis of the essence of 10 key youth movements in Tsarist Russia and the USSR.
Heyday: 1860–1880s
Accepted values: Equality, education, justice, social progress, sacrifice, building an ideal world.
Rejected values: Aristocratism, privilege, conservatism.
Lifestyle: Today the populists could be called volunteers. Thousands of young people left their studies, their families and “went to the people” - to teach, heal, and propagandize. Some simply taught peasant children to read and write, others hoped to incite a peasant revolt. Later, many of them became disillusioned with enlightenment and exchanged books for bombs and revolvers.
Main works: Texts by Herzen, Lavrov, Bakunin, Mikhailovsky; newspapers and magazines “Narodnoye Delo”, “Narodnaya Volya”, “Forward!”, “Alarm”.
Heyday: 1890–1910s
Accepted values: Equality, belonging to the working class, revolutionary struggle, building an ideal world.
Rejected values: Private property, hoarding, exploitation, tsarism, capitalism.
Lifestyle: Conscientious worker activists who, unlike their comrades, did not get drunk in the evenings, but diligently studied revolutionary brochures and prepared strikes. The confrontation often resulted in bloody clashes with the police and Black Hundreds.
Main works: The works of Lenin, Marx, Plekhanov and other theorists, or rather short brochures retelling their ideas. Newspapers “Iskra”, “Revolutionary Russia”, “Rabocheye Delo”.
Heyday: 1910s
Accepted values: Aesthetics, individualism, experimentation in creativity and sex, sophistication, mysticism.
Rejected values: Conservative morality, philistinism, state, money, sociality.
Lifestyle: They wrote poems, pictures, and composed music. They created their own magazines, galleries, art and poetry groups. They gathered in cafes or apartments and organized creative evenings with endless debates about the principles of creativity. By constantly hanging out, they emphasized their individualism. Thus, the poet Konstantin Balmont wrote: “I hate humanity, / I run away from it in a hurry. / My one and only fatherland - / My deserted soul.”
Main works: Poetry collections by Sologub, Bryusov, Merezhkovsky, Gippius, Balmont.
Heyday: 1890-1930s
Accepted values: Experiment, progress, novelty, building an ideal world, technologies of the future.
Rejected values: Traditions, historical continuity.
Lifestyle: These are atheists and anarchists. As Vadim Rudnev, compiler of the “Dictionary of 20th Century Culture,” writes, “the meaning of the avant-garde position is an active and aggressive influence on the public. To produce shock, scandal, outrageousness - without this avant-garde art is impossible.” The avant-garde dreamed of reorganizing life, at the very least “on the scale of the globe.” Some of their works have not yet been fully deciphered, for example, Malevich’s “Black Square,” which has already become the talk of the town.
Main works: Paintings by Malevich, Kandinsky, Tatlin, Lissitzky, poems by Mayakovsky, Vvedensky, Khlebnikov, Kharms.
Heyday: Late 1950s - mid 1980s
Accepted values: Labor, collectivism, camaraderie, altruism, social activity.
Rejected values: Acquisitiveness, hoarding, hedonism.
Lifestyle: Students usually lived in tents with all the romance that entailed. The main attribute of the appearance is a work jacket, a “fighter’s jacket,” as the construction brigades themselves called it, with sewn-on chevrons and insignia of a specific squad.
What did you do: They raised virgin soil, built highways and hydroelectric power stations. Almost no global construction project in the USSR was completed without student labor.
Main works: BAM, KATEK, Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, the cities of Ust-Ilimsk and Bratsk.
Heyday: 1960–1970s
Accepted values: Collectivism, sincerity, self-government, creativity, experiment.
Rejected values: Individualism, formalism.
Lifestyle: The Communards wanted to raise a new person, one hundred percent prepared for the close life of a commune. And in order to achieve this, they started with schoolchildren: they taught children using a new method - a kind of mixture of the scout movement, creativity pedagogy, group psychotherapy and educational games. According to some estimates, the teaching detachments numbered more than 60 thousand students.
Main works:“Pedagogical poem” by Makarenko, methodological works of teacher-researcher Igor Ivanov, the “Scarlet Sail” column in “Komsomolskaya Pravda”.
7. Tourists-kaespeshnikov
Heyday: 1960–1970s
Accepted values: Creativity, nature, team, overcoming difficulties, sincerity.
Lifestyle: Storm jacket and backpack - maximum tarpaulin, minimum comfort. One of the obligatory attributes is a guitar, to the accompaniment of which one’s own and other people’s songs were performed. Lifestyle - regular trips to nature, from the near Moscow region to Altai and Pamir. Often a tourist group was a kind of mini-state in which images of an ideal world were constructed.
Main works: Songs by Vizbor, Gorodnitsky, Okudzhava and many, many others.
Heyday: Late 1940s - early 1960s
Accepted values: Individualism, relaxation, hedonism, apoliticality.
Rejected values: Collectivism, unification, strict morality, asceticism.
Lifestyle: They imitated the hobbies of the advanced youth of Europe and America. This was a “slap in the face to the public taste” of gray and uniform average Soviet citizens. Outwardly, this was expressed among young men by wearing bright, colorful shirts and ties, baggy checkered jackets and wide-brimmed hats. The girls wear bright makeup and equally bright outfits. The dudes spoke in a special slang, words from which are still in use today: for example, “hut” - apartment, “dude” - your boy, “socks” - socks.
Main works: Boogie-woogie and rock 'n' roll tunes.
9. Hippie
Heyday: 1970–1980s
Accepted values: Freedom, naturalness, hedonism, pacifism, individualism, creativity, travel.
Rejected values: Unification, militarism, patriotism, family, money, power, pathos.
Lifestyle: The average type resembles Christ in the flesh: long hair, inexpensive, simple clothes in bright colors, all kinds of ethnic jewelry that symbolized the rejection of races and cultures. Often there is a ribbon on the forehead - so as not to “break the roof”, on the wrist there is a “bauble”, given by a hippie friend “as a keepsake”. They sat in the streets and squares, sang soulful tunes with a guitar, read poetry and smoked weed. They often hitchhiked from place to place.
Main works: Photographs and paintings by Sergei Solmi, music by Umka, early “Aquarium”.
10. Punks
Heyday: 1980s
Accepted values: Protest, independence, experiment.
Lifestyle: The first and most noticeable distinctive punk sign is the colored mohawk crest on the top of the head. Next - a leather biker jacket, holey, worn jeans tucked into high boots or soldier boots. This entire simple outfit is decorated with skulls and other metal attributes.
Main works: Music of "Civil Defense", works of punk rock.
1.1 Development and establishment of youth organizations in Soviet Russia
At the beginning of the twentieth century, due to the increased attention of society to children, the idea of creating a harmoniously developed personality gained popularity. It was also not lost sight of the fact that youth educated in this way would be able to overcome class antagonism over time. State structures were also interested in a healthy, full-fledged younger generation - after all, this is the future workforce, the army reserve.
Serious changes have occurred in the theory and practice of upbringing and education. The reduction in working hours for children and adolescents has led to an increase in their free time and the problem of constructive employment. Education has become a matter of national importance. Many countries have laws on compulsory education. The state took on part of the burden of education. The problem of juvenile delinquency began to be solved in a completely different way.
The socio-economic situation (living and working conditions, isolation of classes), educational traditions (patriarchy), school officialdom (rules for students), control by the Russian Orthodox Church did not allow children and adolescents to go beyond the established system.
One of the attempts to create public youth organizations in pre-revolutionary Russia was the emergence of scouts. Having emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century, this movement used and combined bit by bit the experience of pre-existing children's and youth organizations, some gymnastics societies and sports clubs.
The year 1917, which split Russia into Reds and Whites, also left a deep crack in scouting. Most of the scouts preferred the white side, but there were also red scouts. Yesterday's patrol brothers sometimes became mortal enemies.
The new government was wary of the existing scout troops, and then, through the hands of the Komsomol and law enforcement agencies, began the deliberate destruction of scouting in Russia. We can say that the state tried to subjugate youth organizations.
Some scoutmasters were forced to start organizing groups of a “new type”, and this is how the first groups began to appear, later called “pioneer” groups.
The pioneer organization was born and developed in our country in the conditions of revolutionary transformations in Russia, in the world as a whole, associated with the spread of the ideas of communism, socialism, and the aggravation of class contradictions in capitalist countries and especially in Russia.
The pioneer organization is part of pioneering - a branch of the children's movement, a specific socio-pedagogical, cultural phenomenon of the 20th century.
Unlike other directions, types, and forms of the children's movement, the pioneer movement basically has several sources.
The first source is the international workers', revolutionary, communist movement, into which children were also drawn.
The second source is the children's movement itself (in the world and in Russia), which manifested itself in the experience of creating and operating a wide variety of children's communities (scouts, falcons, amusements, student organizations, agricultural unions, amateur clubs, circles of various content areas).
The third source is the specific socio-political conditions of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century (after the events of 1917).
The birth and development of pioneering reflected the uniqueness of its structures, forms, the nature of its relations with state and socio-political institutions, and contributed to its transformation into an organic part of the Soviet state, its political system and its history.
It was the new ideology of the movement, its goals, principles, and direction of content that became the subject of heated discussions in these years by the Komsomol, the party, educational authorities, and the pedagogical community. To study these issues, a special state-public commission was created, which included N.K. Krupskaya, E.M. Yaroslavsky, V.A. Zorin, V.F. Vasyutin and others.
An important role in the creation of the children's organization was played by the Third Congress of the Komsomol (1920), at which V.I. Lenin made a keynote speech, defining the tasks of youth unions.
The children's movement was seen as “an urgent need for self-organization of proletarian children,” with the goal of uniting, educating and preparing the masses to fight for the interests of the proletariat.
All groups united into the “organization of young pioneers” under the local organization of the Russian Komsomol Youth Union (RKSM), headed by a council appointed by the RKSM committee. In order to implement amateur activities, children were asked to elect various commissions from among themselves, and even a comrades’ court.
The materials of the V Congress of the RKSM enshrined the position of pioneers - a change in the Komsomol. The temporary bureau was transformed into the Central Bureau of Children's Communist Groups of Young Pioneers (CB UP). It included S. Tarkhanov, V. Zorin, I. Zhukov, A. V. Lunacharsky, N. K. Krupskaya. The number of pioneers is growing. Serious discussions continue on important issues: about leadership, about the target orientation of activities, about the basing of detachments, etc. .
The naming of the organization of young pioneers after V.I. Lenin in 1924 (before that, the detachments of young pioneers were named after Spartak) gave a powerful impetus to the growth of its ranks.
By 1924, pioneer organizations had been created in all union republics. A unified “Organizational Regulations of the Children’s Communist Organization of Young Pioneers named after Comrade” was adopted. Lenin" (August, 1924), which consolidated the fact of the creation and organizational design of a single pioneer organization as a means of educating a new generation of builders of a socialist society.
In March 1926, the pioneer organization began to be called the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I.Lenin. The first pioneer detachments, uniting the children of workers and peasants, worked at Komsomol cells of factories, factories, and institutions; participated in community cleanups, helped in the fight against child homelessness and in eliminating illiteracy.
By the end of the 30s. The restructuring of the All-Union Pioneer Organization was completed according to the so-called school principle: class - detachment, school - pioneer squad. Military and defense work began in pioneer groups; circles for young shooters, orderlies, and signalmen were created, and military sports games were held.
In the late 40s - early 50s. The All-Union Pioneer Organization participated in the restoration of destroyed cities and villages, the pioneer movement “Let’s Decorate the Motherland with Gardens” began, and all-Union expeditions were held to study the native land. The Plenum indicated that the main task of the pioneer organization is to widely involve pioneers in active socio-political work and, above all, in socially useful work. The Plenum emphasized that the forms and methods of activity of the pioneer organization should differ from the forms and methods of educational work at school; the activities of pioneer squads should not be limited to the school.
In 1962, the All-Union Pioneer Organization was awarded the Order of Lenin for its great work in the communist education of children and in connection with its 40th anniversary.
The 16th Congress of the Komsomol (1970) adopted an appeal to all pioneers of the USSR in connection with preparations for the 50th anniversary of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin. The appeal, the resolution of the congress, and the recommendations of the section “Komsomol, Pioneer Organization and School” provide a specific program for the activities of the Pioneer organization at the present stage, and outline ways to increase the role of Pioneer groups in improving the educational process at school. The congress paid special attention to the issues of training pioneer workers.
A concrete embodiment of the amateur nature of the pioneer organization is pioneer self-government (detachment council, squads, district and city headquarters of young pioneers, periodically held rallies). Each detachment had its representatives in the active squad, the squad - in city and district headquarters.
The “Timurov movement” became a very noticeable phenomenon in the sphere of children's leisure in the late 30s and early 40s. It unfolded in the USSR among pioneers and schoolchildren in the early 1940s. under the influence of A.P. Gaidar’s story “Timur and His Team”. Timurites provided assistance to the families of military personnel during the Great Patriotic War, the elderly, collective and state farms in agricultural work, kindergartens, improvement of settlements, settlements, caring for the graves of fallen soldiers, etc.
According to researcher of the Timur movement V.P. Tatarova, the Timurov team was conceived by A.P. Gaidar as “an alternative to the pioneer organization, then, in the 30s, already tightly tied to the school, bureaucratic, dull. He, by his own admission , prepared - and prepared - a “bomb” for it.
The methodology proposed by A.P. Gaidar for children (in the form of a story) for organizing an amateur initiative association of “the children themselves,” caring for their elders, looked suspicious for the late 30s. However, the story was published thanks to N. A. Mikhailov, Secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee, who took responsibility.
During the war years there was a massive scale of the movement. In 1942, the newspaper "Moscow Bolshevik" wrote that the pioneer organization in Moscow had disbanded, and its role had actually been replaced by Timurov's teams. The Komsomol was concerned about the situation. According to the memoirs of N.A. Mikhailov, the movement became so widespread that Komsomol organizations had to think about how to make this movement organically join the work of the pioneer organization?
The Timurites themselves did not feel any particular desire to “join” the pioneer organization, but the Komsomol tried to use this movement as a “form of work”. As Tatarova writes, “the Komsomol and pioneer bodies hastened to take them into their hands. Drive them into pioneer formations, chain them to school; give them to the power of circulars and “scientific recommendations” issued from above. And, alas, it worked. The movement is quietly fading, only isolated pockets are smoldering Hopes for revival began to warm up during the “thaw” of the 50s and 60s, when Timur’s men broke out of the schools and into the courtyards...”
The Timur movement did not die at the end of the 50s, but “passed the baton” to the communist movement.
The communard movement is an informal association that arose in the 60s of the 20th century, connecting communard clubs - informal groups that, to one degree or another, are followers of a certain pedagogical methodology, which is known in the pedagogical literature under the names: communard methodology, methodology of collective creative affairs, methodology I .P. Ivanova, the Eaglet method, etc. The term “communard movement” appeared in the press around 1963, when hundreds of “sections of the Young Communards Club” (YUK, KYUK club) appeared in the country. The "incubation period" of this movement began much earlier - in the mid-50s. On the initiative of the Leningrad philosopher and teacher-researcher I.P. Ivanov, a small youth initiative subcultural association of teachers, the Union of Enthusiasts (SEN), was created in Leningrad in 1956. Initially, it was a circle of predominantly pioneer leaders (L.G. Borisova and others), who were extremely dissatisfied with the contemporary domestic pedagogy, the system of educational work that dominated the pioneer organization.
The “incubation period” lasted until March 1959, i.e., until the time when the “Senovites” created a consolidated regional pioneer squad at the House of Pioneers of the Frunzensky District of Leningrad, called the “Commune of Young Frunzenians” (KYuF).
To designate a new type of out-of-school educational community, the term “commune” was taken. From the very beginning, the KYF became an amateur, initiative, self-governing subcultural association of children and their “older friends.” Essentially, it was an informal association, although it was officially considered a “district school of pioneer activists.”
But in essence, KYuF became the antipode of the “schools of pioneer activists”, which “trained” the “elected pioneer activists” using the methods of “educational practice” usual for secondary schools. KYuF, first of all, provided conditions for “life practice”, conditions for self-realization. It is not for nothing that the “Kyufites” liked to emphasize that “no one ever teaches in a commune, they live in a commune.”
Objectively, education and training took place at KYuF, but this was carried out in accordance with the principle of a “hidden pedagogical position” and was done not by means of “open educational influence”, but indirectly through the organization of “educational situations”, through educational “collective creative activity”.
“There was the experience of a commune of young Frunzenians in Leningrad - a good school for the ideological training of pioneer and Komsomol activists. However, other communes created following its example turned into unique sections within school Komsomol organizations, opposed themselves to them, and tried to almost completely replace the school Komsomol. Members sections of young communards, without trying to improve the content of the work of school Komsomol organizations, indiscriminately criticized them. This led to an incorrect, simplified understanding of the Komsomol charter. Instead, they were characterized by empty phraseology and a lack of specific content. It is quite natural that this form of work died like that. as soon as she was born..."
Leading Komsomol functionaries were more and more inclined to view the YC Club as a “form of school Komsomol work,” as a “school of Komsomol activists.” Attempts were made to declare the entire “school Komsomol” communards. The leaders of the movement began to resist the Komsomol’s attempts to subjugate it and formalize it. The leaders of the student youth department of the Komsomol Central Committee insisted on unifying the forms of life of communitarian associations. Most of the leaders of the movement did not agree to unification and it was announced to them that in this case the future fate of the communist associations would depend on their relationship with the Komsomol bodies “on the ground”. The “Thaw” was ending and by the end of the 60s there was less and less desire to be a “Komsomol guard” among young Communards.
An important event not only for the “communard movement”, but for the entire “social-pedagogical movement” was the January 1968 gathering of the Sverdlovsk SC club “Scarlet Sail”. Participants in the gathering came to the conclusion that the experience of the “communard movement” contributes to the prevention of alienation and versatile education. However, for greater efficiency in the development of culture, it was considered advisable to make a number of changes to the now traditional “communard method.”
We can say that a process of pedagogization was taking place. If the first decade of the “communard movement” was marked by a sharp contrast between “life practice” and “educational practice”, education mediated by “open” education, then its new decade was assumed, predicted and projected as a combination of “life practice” with “educational practice”, a combination of pedagogy “ hidden pedagogical influences" with the pedagogy of an "open pedagogical position".
And indeed, the 70s were marked by the “movement of pedagogical detachments,” which was later joined by those who initially opposed the “open pedagogical position.” The transition from the communard movement" to the "movement of subdetachments" was not simple, painful, but in the conditions of the "era of stagnation" it was necessary. This "transition period" was in relation to the "movement of the peddetachments" and a kind of "incubation period" during which a kind of “laboratory” (experimental) work to transform the “model” of a “communal association” into a “model” of a “pedagogical detachment”.
At the end of 1970, when the first generation of “cult army commissars” was raised, young members of the “Orion” cultural army were invited by the department of pedagogy and the Komsomol committee of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin to create the first “Experimental Pedagogical Unit” in Moscow and the country. Of the three “outposts” of this ESPO, created in the “red corners” of different Moscow microdistricts, one “survived” (and celebrated its 30th anniversary). And “survived”, probably, primarily due to the most consistent implementation of “commander pedagogy” and “cult army methodology”.
ESPO "laid the beginning" of a mass movement of student teaching teams.
At the very beginning of the movement of the pedagogical detachments, on the initiative of the Moscow ESPO, regular meetings of the pedagogical detachments and the Leningrad KIM began, at one of which it was decided to name (at the suggestion of I.P. Ivanov) this community the “Kommunarsky-Makarenkovsky Commonwealth” (KMS). Under this name (and with the support of the Pedagogical Society of the Russian Federation), the KMS held 13 all-Russian meetings and several more after changing the name to the “Creative Commonwealth of Makarenko Komsomol Pedagogical Teams.”
The further history of the movement of pedagogical detachments showed that it was precisely those detachments that survived the longest that retained the “commander pedagogy”. But KIM itself found itself in a deep crisis for a long time, ceased to exist as a student commune and has an “after-effect” in a completely different capacity - in the form of the association “Pedagogy of Social Creativity”. This public organization is of great importance as “the guardian and interpreter of the scientific and methodological heritage of I.P. Ivanov.” But in this capacity, the community of “Kimovites” has largely lost the role of a “school of teacher-organizers” and, even more so, a “team of communist education enthusiasts.”
After the Resolution of the Komsomol Central Committee on the creation of pedagogical detachments was adopted in 1976, they began to be created everywhere without fail. The Komsomol undertook to lead the organization of rallies of pedagogical detachments. Soon the amateur movement was “formalized” and compromised. A few years later, nothing remained of the pedagogical detachments organized at the command of the Komsomol. Some units (which arose even before the Decree) continued to work.
Thus, it can be noted that all youth organizations in Soviet times were created to educate the younger generation and were considered as part of the communist education system. This system included pioneers, communards and pedagogical detachments. But, in order to prevent an ideology alien to politics from growing, and in order for there to be a unified system of education in the country, the Komsomol tried to subjugate both the communist movement and the pedagogical detachments. Thus, the main youth organizations that existed in the USSR remained pioneering and the Komsomol, whose activities were regulated by the Communist Party.
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