International Holocaust Remembrance Day: historical facts. International Holocaust Remembrance Day
In our time, we remember with sorrow such an international tragedy as the Holocaust. For many Jewish families, this word brings horror to memories of dinners, tragedies, grief and the death of innocent people.
Nowadays, the term Holocaust characterizes the German Nazi policy of 1933-1945, in the most brutal struggle against the Jewish people, characterized by particular cruelty and disregard for human life.
In many countries, January 27 is celebrated as World Holocaust Day, which has state status in every country. In our article we will tell you the details of this great date and the history of its appearance.
January 27 is Holocaust Day
At the initiative of several countries: the United States, Canada, and the European Union, and with the support of 156 other states, on November 1, 2005, the UN General Assembly designated January 27 as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. This date was not chosen by chance, since in 1945, on the same day, Soviet troops liberated the largest Nazi concentration camp, Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz), located in Poland.
At the UNGA meeting, it was decided to call on states to develop government programs in such a way that all subsequent generations remember the lessons of the Holocaust and further prevent the occurrence of acts of genocide, the generation of racism, fanaticism, hatred and prejudice.
In 2005, in Krakow, in honor of Holocaust Day on January 27, the 1st World Genocide Forum was held, which was dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz. On September 27, 2006, in memory of the 65th anniversary of the Babin Yar tragedy, activists held the 2nd World Forum. On January 27, 2010, the 3rd World Forum was held in Krakow in honor of the 65th anniversary of the liberation of the Polish concentration camp.
International Holocaust Remembrance Day 2012 was dedicated to the theme “Children and the Holocaust.” The United Nations honored the memory of one and a half million children of Jewish origin, thousands of children of other nationalities: Gypsies, Sinti, Roma, as well as disabled people who suffered at the hands of the Nazis.
In memory of the Holocaust - Auschwitz
Initially, this institution served as a camp for Polish political prisoners. Until the first half of 1942, most of the prisoners there were residents of the same country. As a result of a meeting in Wannsee on January 20, 1942, dedicated to resolving the issue of extermination of the Jewish people, Auschwitz became the center for the extermination of all representatives of this nationality, and was renamed Auschwitz.
In the crematoria and special gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the Nazis exterminated more than a million Jews, and representatives of the Polish intelligentsia and Soviet prisoners of war also died there. It is impossible to say exactly how many deaths there are in Auschwitz, since most of the documents were destroyed. But according to some sources, this figure reaches from one and a half to four million representatives of various nationalities. In total, the genocide destroyed 6 million Jews, which at that time amounted to a third of the population.
Holocaust Remembrance Day
Many countries create museums, memorials, hold mourning ceremonies, events, and actions in honor of the memory of innocent people killed. Until now, on Holocaust Remembrance Day on January 27, millions of Jews in Israel read a prayer for the repose. A mourning siren sounds throughout the country; during the two minutes it sounds, people stop all activities and traffic, freezing in mournful and respectful silence.
Every year on January 27, International Holocaust Remembrance Day is celebrated.
A resolution to this effect was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on November 1, 2005. The initiators of the adoption of the document were Israel, Canada, Australia, Russia, Ukraine, the USA, and their co-authors were more than 90 more states.
Holocaust - from the ancient Greek holocaustosis, meaning “burnt offering”, “destruction by fire”, “sacrifice”. In modern scientific literature and journalism, it refers to the policy of Nazi Germany, its allies and accomplices in the persecution and extermination of six million Jews in 1933-1945.
The term was first used by the future Nobel Peace Prize laureate writer Elie Wiesel as a symbol of the gas chambers and crematoria of extermination camps. Since the world premiere of the American television series of the same name in 1978, the term “Holocaust” has been actively used to name museums, memorials and educational centers. In Israel and some other countries the term Shoah is also used, meaning “Catastrophe of European Jewry.”
The date of the memorable day was not chosen by chance. On January 27, 1945, the Soviet army liberated the largest Nazi death camp, Auschwitz, in which, according to various estimates, from 1.5 to 4 million people died. The exact number of deaths in Auschwitz could never be established, since many documents were destroyed, and the Germans themselves did not keep records of the victims sent to the gas chambers immediately upon arrival. According to the documents of the Nuremberg Tribunal, 2.8 million people died, 90% of whom were Jews. According to the latest estimates by historians of the disaster, the total number of deaths at Auschwitz was about 1.5 million people, of whom 85% were Jews (1.275 million).
Auschwitz is a small city in southern Poland with about 50 thousand inhabitants. In 1940-1945, the complex of German concentration camps Auschwitz Birkenau was located on the outskirts of Auschwitz. Above the entrance to the concentration camp hung the slogan: Arbeit macht frei (“Work sets you free”).
Auschwitz, also known by its German name Auschwitz, was intended to be a camp for Polish political prisoners. The first period of operation (until mid-1942) is called “Polish” by historians, since at that moment most of the prisoners were residents of Poland. The second stage in the history of the camp is called the “Jewish” one. The role of Auschwitz as a center for the extermination of Jews increased immeasurably after the meeting held on January 20, 1942 in a suburb of Berlin on Lake Wannsee. It was dedicated to the destruction of an entire people - “the final solution to the Jewish question.” It would later be called the Wannsee Conference. Her protocol appeared at the Nuremberg trials as one of the most important pieces of evidence in the section “Persecution of the Jews.”
In a resolution dated November 1, 2005, the UN General Assembly called on Member States to develop educational programs to ensure that the lessons of the Holocaust are forever remembered by subsequent generations and help prevent future acts of genocide.
“The Holocaust, which led to the extermination of one third of the Jewish people and countless other minorities, will always serve as a warning to all people about the dangers of hatred, bigotry, racism and prejudice,” the UN General Assembly resolution states.
In memory of the six million Jewish victims of Nazism, memorials and museums have been erected in many countries around the world. Among them are the Yad Vashem Museum in Jerusalem, the Documentation Center and Memorial in Paris (France), the Anne Frank House Museum in Amsterdam (Netherlands), the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington (USA), the Museum in Memory of 1.5 Million Jewish Children in Hiroshima (Japan). ), Museum of Jewish Heritage and the Holocaust in Moscow.
To ensure historical truth about the events of World War II, the decisive role of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition in the victory over fascism, as well as preserving the memory of the horrors of the Holocaust, a series of high-level events called the World Holocaust Forum (International Forum “Live for My People!”) has been held since 2005. ").
The first World Holocaust Forum was held on January 27, 2005 in Krakow (Poland) and was dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Russian President Vladimir Putin, US Vice President Richard Cheney, Polish President Alexander Kwasniewski and many others took part in its work, in total more than 30 official delegations and heads of state.
The Second World Forum took place on September 27, 2006 in Kyiv in memory of the 65th anniversary of the Babi Yar tragedy. More than 40 official delegations took part in this forum.
The third international forum “Life for My People!”, dedicated to the 65th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau by Soviet troops, took place in Krakow on January 27, 2010.
The fourth international forum “Life for my people!” took place on January 26-27, 2015 in Prague and Terezin (Czech Republic) to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the liberation of Nazi death camps.
More than 900 guests took part in the Forum, including 30 official delegations and representatives of parliaments, heads of European states, as well as world celebrities, experts and scientists. Russia was represented by Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Ilyas Umakhanov and President of the world public forum “Dialogue of Civilizations” Vladimir Yakunin.
International Holocaust Remembrance Day is not only a show of respect for survivors and a tribute to the victims of the Holocaust, it is a call to action. It provides an opportunity for Member States to engage in further efforts to combat anti-Semitism and racism and develop educational programs that will prevent similar atrocities from occurring in the future. Education plays a vital role in building capacity to combat such crimes. In particular, it helps to create a “culture of prevention”, eliminate prejudice, promote peaceful coexistence and human rights and promote respect for all peoples.
The theme for International Holocaust Remembrance Day 2018 is “Holocaust Remembrance and Education: Our Shared Responsibility.”
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
“Thank you for life” - the words inscribed on the mourning ribbon of the wreath with which former juvenile prisoners of the Minsk ghetto were traveling to the village of Porechye, Pukhovichi district, always attracted the eye. Why thanks to this particular village? At the end of October 1943, residents of Porechye welcomed into their homes and saved from death 40 boys and girls - prisoners of the Minsk ghetto, who managed to escape from prison. However, inevitable death would have awaited the children even further if human kindness had not been preserved in the sea of death that then swept the world.
While the bus with participants of the memorial event dedicated to the International Holocaust Remembrance Day and organized by the charitable association "Gilf", the Jewish religious community "Beis Yisroel", the international charitable public organizations "Dialogue" and The Together Plan (Belarus - Great Britain), slowly but confidently I made my way along a sun-drenched winter road, framed by tall snow-covered spruce trees, and I wanted to think more about something fabulous, pleasant, wonderful. Just a hundred kilometers from Minsk - and such virgin nature. Beautiful! “Yes, it’s beautiful...” agrees Maya Isaakovna Krapina, one of those forty children saved by the peasants of Porechye, and today there is only one of them left here in Belarus (three still live outside the country). And he adds: “We walked along this road from the city itself, at the end of the road the elders carried me in their arms...” That’s it! What a fairy tale when there is such a merciless reality here. And again the eye is drawn not by the landscape outside the window, but by that same funeral wreath with the inscription “Thank you for life” and the baskets with flowers of memory standing next to it...
They are always together: Raisa Semashko, Viktor Cherny - Righteous Among the Nations (far left and right) and former juvenile prisoners of the Minsk ghetto Frida Reizman and Maya Krapina (center)
Then Maya Isaakovna busily tells the driver which turn to take. She learned the road to Porechye better than ever. And not because I walked it - it was like a bad dream. After the war, she often came to the village, as if to her own home, to her relatives, to her Nastya - Anastasia Zinovievna Khurs, in whose house a half-dead girl once came back to life. Years later, Maya Isaakovna and Frida Vulfovna Reizman, another child of war who miraculously survived the flames of the Holocaust, erected a monument in Porechye in gratitude to the residents for their salvation. The words are engraved on the black marble: “During the Great Patriotic War (1941 - 1944), the residents of the village of Porechye accomplished a feat by saving Jewish children who fled from the Minsk ghetto. From the saved...” Now the villagers themselves look after the holy place and, of course, the local Pukhovichi authorities help.
Elena Khurs
Frida Vulfovna also calls Porechye her home. Her father was from these places, from Shatsk, and her grandfather died here - he was shot by a Nazi. And she herself escaped after the Minsk ghetto in a partisan detachment under the command of Israel Lapidus - very close to Porechye. So she has a “terrain connection” too! Speaking at the rally, Frida Vulfovna made a touching appeal to the local authorities: let's call Porechye the “Village of Kindness.” But I think that the efforts of administrative structures will not be needed here. You cannot “establish” kindness by order or decree; it either exists or it does not. And Porechye has long received its honorable status - in the hearts of people, because we are all rewarded according to our deeds.
After the end of the memorial meeting, I heard an older woman standing on the sidelines - a local resident - say quietly: “We also had Jewish children hiding in our house...” Unfortunately, 82-year-old Elena Khurs does not know their future fate. I don’t even remember their names, although they lived and played together. And the family does not have a Righteous Among the Nations diploma. But Elena Frantsevna is not worried about this: it was not for the sake of awards and honors that her mother took those unfortunate children into her house: simply - how could it be otherwise? How to turn a hungry, cold, sick, orphaned child out of the door. Let someone else's. Let it be “dangerous”. But - suffering.
“This was an event of no small scale, it was an extraordinary feat, because every savior was at gunpoint. The saved children never forgot about that, and we also remember,” the words of the chairman of the Jewish religious community of Minsk “Beis Yisroel” David Starobinsky sounded like a requiem.
Traditionally, in memory of the 6 million victims of Nazi genocide, victims of the Holocaust, 6 symbolic memorial lights are lit. In Porechye, and then in the museum-gallery in Maryina Gorka, at a meeting with schoolchildren, one of these sacred candles was lit by Righteous Among the Nations Raisa Kirillovna Semashko and Viktor Alekseevich Cherny. Now there are more than 900 names on the Belarusian list of righteous people. And every year it is replenished. But only list lines. There are fewer and fewer people alive: in Minsk - ten, around the country - about forty...
Maya Krapina and Frida Reizman near the monument to the noble inhabitants of Porechye
The small hill on which the monument to the inhabitants of Porechye is located can be called a pantheon. There is also a memorial dedicated to the partisans of the Kalinin Brigade, and a little to the side are the graves of the fallen defenders of the Motherland and the priest of the Porechensk Orthodox Church, Yakov Slabukho. During the war, the priest also received an award - the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”, 1st degree - for helping the partisans and hiding Jewish children behind the church walls during German raids. The priest explained his actions simply: “Before God, everyone is one.”
Our common memory of those years and events is also united.
date
January 27 is International Holocaust Remembrance Day. Established by the UN General Assembly on November 1, 2005 and dedicated to the date of the liberation by Soviet troops of prisoners of the Nazi death camp Auschwitz, the victims of which were at least 1.4 million people in 1941 - 1945, of which 1.1 million were Jews.
Every year, January 27 is celebrated (International Holocaust Remembrance Day). A resolution to this effect was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on November 1, 2005. The initiators of the adoption of the document were Israel, Canada, Australia, Russia, Ukraine, the United States, and their co-authors were more than 90 more states.
In memory of the six million Jewish victims of Nazism, memorials and museums have been erected in many countries around the world. Among them are the Yad Vashem Museum in Jerusalem, the Documentation Center and Memorial in Paris (France), the Anne Frank House Museum in Amsterdam (Netherlands), the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington (USA), the Museum in Memory of 1.5 Million Jewish Children in Hiroshima (Japan). ), Museum of Jewish Heritage and the Holocaust in Moscow.
To ensure historical truth about the events of World War II, the decisive role of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition in the victory over fascism, as well as preserving the memory of the horrors of the Holocaust, a series of high-level events called the World Holocaust Remembrance Forum (International Forum “Live for My People!”) has been held since 2005. ").
The first World Holocaust Forum was held on January 27, 2005 in Krakow (Poland) and was dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Russian President Vladimir Putin, US Vice President Richard Cheney, Polish President Alexander Kwasniewski and many others took part in its work, in total more than 30 official delegations and heads of state.
The Second World Forum took place on September 27, 2006 in Kyiv in memory of the 65th anniversary of the Babi Yar tragedy. More than 40 official delegations took part in this forum.
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
Holocaust Remembrance Day
January 27, 1945 - the day of the liberation of prisoners of the Auschwitz death camp by the Red Army Tatyana Grigorieva
1.Can you hear? .. Children are crying. They won't understand at all
Why do their uncles scold them, why do they beat them so hard?
They are left without a mother and their sister is silent next to them.
The dank sky will settle and hunger will strike again...
And instead of names, only numbers grow like tattoos,
A small weak boy, empty eyes... no tears.
Here is the cold wind, the smell from the chimneys is oppressive!
The girl can't cry, dry eyes without tears...
Well, where are you, mom, where are you?! You were always there,
The boy cannot cry; his mother has died.
Clenching his little hands helplessly, he looks at the smoke in the chimney,
Big - big numbers on a thin, weak hand
These numbers live like a severe tattoo, they live!
The boy's dry eyes look for his sister and wait.
Dank gray sky and gray suffocating smoke.
All that remains is only ashes and they can no longer be collected.
The cold wind will disperse, its traces will be carried away...
Living people remember this! Don't allow war!
Dry eyes of a boy, weak hands of a sister
Remember! Don't forget! Their bodies are fragile,
Auschwitz with dry eyes,
Who was there... yesterday...
2. Among all periods of genocide, the Holocaust stands out (from the Greek word - burnt offering, sacrifice by fire). This is the most common term for persecution and destruction 6 million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators after Hitler came to power and until the end of World War II (1933 - 1945).
3. On the night of November 9-10, 1938, an event took place in Germany that went down in history as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). This was the first mass action of direct physical violence against Jews on the territory of the Third Reich.
4. To this day, the entire civilized world bows its head to the victims of the barbaric actions of the Nazis, which became the tragic prologue of the Holocaust. The progressive forces of the planet will continue to do everything possible to ensure that this never happens again.
5. Perhaps the most terrible manifestation of the Holocaust were the death camps created by the Nazis for the physical extermination of people declared “subhumans,” to which the Nazis included Slavs, Jews, Gypsies and many, many, many others. According to the most conservative estimates, more than a third of all victims of the Nazi occupation of the USSR ( 5 million Russians, 3 million Ukrainians, 1.5 million Belarusians) were destroyed on racial grounds.
6. Among all the peoples who were doomed to physical extermination by the Nazis - the Jews. The Nazis declared them the main enemy and, according to their plans, this people were subject to complete destruction. And it is no coincidence that in the most notorious death camp, Auschwitz (Poland, Upper Silesia, 55 km from Krakow), in which about one and a half million people were killed, mostly Jews were killed. January 27, 1945 Auschwitz was liberated by the Soviet Army, thereby preventing further mass executions.
7. We used to call it “Auschwitz”. This word is familiar from childhood. From school lessons and scary films about war. The whole world calls it the barking German word Auschwitz. He doesn’t name a cute Polish town, but the place where there was a concentration camp.
8. CHILDREN. Of the 1 million 300 thousand prisoners of Auschwitz, children and teenagers under 18 years of age accounted for about 234,000.
Of these - 220,000 Jewish children, 11 thousand Roma; several thousand Belarusian, Ukrainian, Russian, Polish. In the fall of 1943 alone, there were 907 children and teenagers on transport from Belarus.
9. Some children, like Joseph Gomez-Fitterling, were born in the camp. They also wore a number on the prisoner's striped clothing.
10. Most Jewish children were destroyed immediately after arrival. In September 1944, for example, 12,300 children from Kaunas were sent to the gas chambers.
At the beginning of October 1944, there were 2,510 boys and girls in Auschwitz. On January 10, 1945, there were 611 left.
11. The mass extermination of people by gas began at the end of 1941. The first victims were Soviet prisoners of war, on whom experiments were conducted to determine the amount of Zyklon B gas necessary to kill a person. In the spring of 1942, gas chambers began operating in Birkenau. Four new crematorium complexes (with built-in gas chambers) that were put into operation in the spring of 1943 were also located here.
12. The massacres reached their climax in the spring and summer of 1944. At this time, three to four trains arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau every day, bringing 3 to 3.5 thousand people. About a tenth was selected for “work”, the rest were immediately sent to the gas chambers.
13. In total, 12 million prisoners died in camps in Eastern Europe. Auschwitz was a real “death factory”.
Naum Korzhavin
14. CHILDREN IN AUSCHWITZ Men tortured children. Smart. On purpose. Skillfully. They did everyday things They worked and tortured children. And this is every day again, Cursing, swearing for no reason. But the children didn’t understand What do men want from them? Why the offensive words? Beatings, hunger, growling dogs. And the children thought at first What kind of disobedience is this? They couldn't imagine That they can be killed: According to the ancient logic of the earth | Children expect protection from adults. And the days went by, like death is terrible, And the children became exemplary; But they all beat them. Also. Again. And they were not absolved of guilt. They grabbed people. They begged. And they loved it. But the men had ideas: Men tortured children. (And by order, right on time, completely exhausted, they killed, and to sum it all up, the shoes were handed over to warehouses.) I'm alive. I'm breathing. Love people. But life can be hateful to me, As soon as I remember: it was - Men tortured children. |
Compiled and conducted by the head of the RDO “Nadezhda” Matinova N.A.
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