International Electrotechnical Commission structure. Main objects of IEC standardization
Primary diagnostics can be done using BIOS signals that are played when the computer starts. But for this you need to know the breakdown coding tables. Each BIOS developer (AMI, AWARD, PHOENICS) uses its own coding for the type of fault. One short signal means for everyone that the primary test (POST) has been passed and no errors were detected. The absence of any signals also means that the system does not start when power is supplied and the turn-on signal is applied. But then it’s different for everyone. Read about identifying computer malfunctions
Sometimes you can distinguish a hardware problem from a software problem by a change in the computer's behavior after a power outage (as opposed to a software reset).
Many computer malfunctions can be identified as fatal in Windows, but for this you need Windows itself to work. For example, fixing the screen of death bug.
Computer hardware malfunctions, symptoms
Processor failure
What are the signs of a processor malfunction?
- the computer reboots cyclically
- motherboard won't start
- no boot from hard drive
- Windows won't install and won't boot
- Sometimes programs work with errors.
- The processor gets very hot, as well as the processor power parts on the motherboard.
If the processor has a built-in memory controller, memory errors may occur due to a faulty processor. A faulty Intel processor is an extremely rare occurrence, but burned-out AMD processors are much more common.
The processor can burn out due to improper assembly if the contacts of the board or processor socket are bent, causing a short circuit. In this case, the processor is replaced with a new one. Determining a processor malfunction yourself at home is difficult and risky. After all, checking for a faulty processor on your board is dangerous, because a burnt processor can “burn” the motherboard.
Computer memory not working
Signs of poor memory are as follows. The computer does not boot, periodic crashes occur, accompanied by a blue “screen of death” in Windows and applications. reliably diagnosed with special reliable tests. Programs with low validity work quickly, but often do not detect a problem.
Tests should be carried out on a motherboard whose memory controller is working. If the controller is in the processor, you need to test it on a known good processor. Testing your memory with a program with low reliability will only confuse you and take up additional time. Not a bad program memtest.
A faulty memory should be replaced; repairing is pointless.
Motherboard failure
If the computer motherboard does not work, then the symptoms are as follows:
- the computer does not turn on at all, or turns on but does not boot;
- The computer’s USB, sound card, and USB keyboard and mouse do not work;
- the processor is cold;
- Windows does not load or install, the processor overheats.
Troubleshooting: replacement, repair.
Hard drive problems
Signs of a bad hard drive:
- the disk does not spin up and is not detected in the motherboard BIOS;
- Windows does not load, the computer reboots cyclically, freezes, and slows down;
- regular errors and program crashes.
It is advisable to repair hard drives if the damage is minor or they contain valuable information.
A damaged SATA cable and poor contact can also be the cause of poor or unstable hard drive performance. You can diagnose poor cable quality using the UltraDMA CRC Errors parameter in S.M.A.R.T.
Read more about.
Troubleshooting: replacement, repair.
Another frequently asked question is that Windows does not see an external hard drive that is connected via USB. First you need to check whether the disk itself spins up. If there is complete silence or you can hear the disk attempting to spin up (does not gain speed), then the disk will not start. That's why Windows doesn't see the HDD. The reasons may be the following:
- The disk does not have enough power to operate (insert the second end of the splitter into USB);
- Bad cable (the performance of external hard drives greatly depends on the quality of the cable);
- Disk controller in a low quality box;
- You are connecting it incorrectly - for example, through the front USB connectors of the computer, but you need it to the motherboard at the back.
Here are the main reasons why an external drive does not work on a computer.
Video card malfunction
Symptoms of a video card malfunction:
- garbage or artifacts on the monitor screen, often even before Windows loads;
- The computer does not boot - there is no characteristic boot sound signal;
- 3D games crash;
- The video card driver crashes and is not installed, games do not work, the 3DMARK test crashes.
A typical cause of video adapter failure is overheating. The critical temperature for a video card crystal is about 105º C. To avoid overheating, do not bring the card to this temperature, clean it in a timely manner. The problem is checked on another computer.
Power supply failure
Just because the computer turns on and the fans are spinning does not mean that the computer's power supply is working well. It is possible that the power supply is the reason that the computer stopped working. The power supply has many parameters that it must provide:
- stable computer supply voltages under load +-12V, +-5V;
- limited rectified voltage ripple and high-frequency interference;
- deliver the required current to the load.
If at least one voltage drops or ripples more than permissible, the computer may not work or may not work stably.
Over time, any power supply loses power due to aging capacitors, and computer failures can occur due to insufficient power.
Symptoms when you need to check your computer's power supply:
- the computer does not turn on with the button (power is not supplied to the board and fans);
- no boot from hard drive;
- the computer reboots cyclically;
- when turned on, an error is diagnosed;
Repairing power supplies has practically ceased; a standard power supply costs the same as repairs. Only expensive blocks are repaired.
Computer overheating
Often computer breakdowns occur due to overheating associated with dust in the system unit. Dust is a good thermal insulation material that interferes with heat dissipation. In the photo, the video card burned out because the computer was not cleaned of dust at all.
Overheating of the processor leads to the fact that the computer begins to slow down and work slowly. Overheating of the processor itself can occur due to:
- malfunction of the cooler mounting, which leads to an air gap and reduced heat dissipation;
- wear and contamination of the fan bearing, which at the same time hums or vibrates;
- fan radiator contamination;
- as well as incorrect BIOS settings.
Incompatibility of computer components
Incompatible components are a common cause of inoperability of known-good devices. Most often, incompatibility occurs in a combination of Intel-AMD devices. For example, we replaced the Nvidia video card with a new card from AMD and the computer stopped starting.
But incompatibility of computer parts is difficult to diagnose.
Computer software problems
Half of computer problems are caused by software problems. This includes file system errors due to power failures while writing to disk. The cause may also be errors in the operating system, its applications, drivers, or the consequences of viruses.
Possible causes of virus infection:
- visiting phishing sites, opening infected emails, and downloading infected programs;
- poor antivirus protection.
If you need professional diagnostics or computer repair, questions about prices, please use the contact form. In the vast majority of cases, the cause of a breakdown cannot be determined without diagnostics.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the primary international standardization organization for electrical, electronic and all related technologies, including the development and production of temperature sensors. The IEC was founded in London in 1906. The first president of the IEC was the famous British scientist Lord Kelvin. It includes representatives of 82 countries (60 countries are full members, 22 countries are associate members). Russia, Ukraine and Belarus are full members of the IEC. Representatives of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation are members of many technical committees and working groups of the IEC. Standards for temperature sensors are developed mainly within the framework of TK 65B/RG5 (SC 65B - Measurement and control devices , WG5 - Temperature sensors and instruments). On the basis of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the IEC has created the Russian Group of Experts on Temperature (RGE), whose task is to actively participate in the development of IEC temperature standards. Details are in the RGE section. All information on current and newly developed IEC standards is obtained from the IEC portal: www.iec.ch
Current standards:
On the participation of Russian specialists in the development of IEC standards - in the section
The most significant international standardization organization after ISO is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), which was created in 1906 i.e. long before the creation of ISO. The areas of activity of ISO and IEC are clearly delineated. The IEC deals with standardization in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, radio communications, instrument engineering, ISO - in all other industries.
Countries are represented in the IEC by national committees, which should reflect the interests of all industries. In most countries, such national committees are national standards organizations. Currently, 41 national committees are members of the IEC, including all industrialized countries of the world and leading developing countries.
The goals of the IEC, according to its Charter, are to promote international cooperation in solving standardization issues and related problems in the field of electrical engineering and radio electronics. The main task of the commission is to develop international standards in this area.
The highest governing body of the IEC is the Council, in which all national committees of the countries are represented. The elected officials are the President (elected for three years), Vice President, Treasurer and General Secretary. The Council meets annually at its meetings alternately in different countries and considers all issues of the IEC's activities, both technical, administrative and financial in nature. The Council has a financial committee and a committee on standardization of consumer goods.
An action committee has been created under the IEC Council, which is on behalf of. The Council considers all issues. The Action Committee is accountable for its work to the Council and submits its decisions to it for approval. Its functions include: control and coordination of the work of technical committees (TC), identification of new areas of work, resolving issues related to the application of IEC standards, development of methodological documents on technical work, cooperation with other organizations.
The Action Committee may establish advisory groups to address specific technical body coordination issues, such as the Electrical Safety Advisory Committee (ESAC) and the Electronics and Communications Advisory Committee (ACET). The need for their creation is explained by the fact that in the field of electrical safety, the IEC has about 20 technical committees and subcommittees (electrical appliances, electronic equipment, high-voltage equipment, etc.). Position of the technical committees regarding
Security arrangements may vary and therefore it is necessary to ensure a consistent approach to addressing these issues. The same applies to ASET.
The IEC budget, like the ISO budget, is made up of contributions from countries and revenues from the sale of international standards.
The structure of IEC technical bodies is the same as ISO: technical committees (TC), subcommittees (SC) and working groups (WG). In general, the IEC has created more than 80 TCs, some of which develop international standards of a general technical and cross-industry nature (for example, committees on terminology, graphic images, standard voltages and frequencies, climatic tests, etc.), and others - standards for specific types of products (transformers , electronic products, household radio-electronic equipment, etc.).
More than 2 thousand International IEC standards have been developed. From the point of view of the availability of technical requirements for products and their testing methods, IEC standards are incomparably more complete than ISO standards. This is explained, on the one hand, by the fact that safety requirements are leading in the requirements for incoming products. The scope of activities of the IEC, and on the other hand, the work experience accumulated over many decades allows us to more fully resolve standardization issues.
Thus, IEC international standards are more acceptable to member countries without their revision compared to ISO standards, which in most cases do not contain technical requirements for products.
The IEC Rules of Procedure establish the procedure for the development of IEC standards, which is identical to the procedure for the development of ISO standards. The draft of any standard developed by the WG is sent to the TC secretariat (SC), which forwards it to the Central Bureau. From the bureau it is sent to the national committees for their conclusion. One of the leading areas of standardization in the IEC is the development of terminological standards. The IEC develops and publishes a trilingual International Electrotechnical Dictionary.
A special feature of the IEC’s activities in the field of product quality is the creation of an international certification system under its auspices. In the 70s, work began on certification of electrical products. In 1986, the IEC created the Certification System for Electronic Products (CC IET), which accounts for up to 30% of international trade turnover. Electronic components certified on the basis of IEC/SS IET Rules can be used by consumers in any country without the need for additional testing.
The technical conditions to which products are certified within the IEC are part of the overall system of requirements set out in IEC standards.
The IEC international system for certification of electronic equipment SS IET is intended for the development of cooperation ties between countries in the production of electronic equipment products. IEC standards, on the basis of which the system operates, include lists of required quality indicators and are applied in the countries participating in this system. In the absence of IEC standards, other technical specifications may be used, subject to their approval by the System Steering Committee as temporary technical specifications for a period of up to three years. The system provides for a mandatory procedure for the recognition of national executive centers and supervision of quality management systems at enterprises that offer their products for certification.
Another certification system created within the IEC is the Electrical Products Certification System, which until 1984 operated as an independent system within the International Commission for the Certification of Electrical Products (CEE).
At the proposal of the CEE, the IEC Council decided to establish within the IEC the Electrical Equipment Certification System for Compliance with Safety Standards (IEC SE). The system is built on the same organizational conditions as the SS IET.
)The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) was founded in 1906 as a result of the decision of the International Electrotechnical Congress in St. Louis (USA, 1904), i.e. long before the formation of ISO, and is one of the oldest and most authoritative non-governmental scientific and technical organizations. The founder and first president of the IEC was the famous English physicist Lord Kelvin (William Thomson). The IEC unites more than 60 economically developed and developing countries.
The main purpose of the IEC, as defined by its Constitution, is to promote international cooperation in standardization in the field of electrical engineering, including electronics, magnetism and electromagnetism, electroacoustics, multimedia, remote communications, power generation and distribution, and related general disciplines such as terminology and symbols, electromagnetic compatibility, measurements, safety and environmental protection.
The main tasks of the IEC are:
- effectively meet the requirements of the global market;
- ensure the primacy and maximum use of its standards and compliance schemes worldwide;
- evaluate and improve the quality of products and services through the development of new standards;
- create conditions for the interaction of complex systems;
- promote increased efficiency of industrial processes;
- contribute to activities to improve human health and safety;
- contribute to environmental protection activities.
To implement the main tasks, the IEC publishes international standards - publications. National and regional organizations are encouraged to use the publications in their standardization efforts, which greatly improves the efficiency and development of world trade. The IEC is one of the bodies recognized by the World Trade Organization (WTO), whose regulations are used as the basis for national and regional standards to overcome technical barriers to trade. IEC standards form the core of the World Trade Organization Agreement on Technical Barriers.
The IEC implements two forms of active participation in international standardization work. These are - full members - national committees with full voting rights, and - partners - national committees of countries with limited resources, with limited voting rights. Associate members have observer status and can participate in all IEC meetings. They don't have the right to vote. As of July 1, 2001, national committees of 51 countries were full members of the IEC, national committees of 4 countries were partners, and 9 countries had the status of associate members. The USSR has participated in the work of the IEC since 1921, and the Russian Federation, represented by the State Standard of Russia, became its legal successor. From 1974 to 1976, the representative of the USSR, Professor V.I., was elected president of the IEC. Popkov. The Lord Kelvin Prize, awarded for outstanding contribution to the development of standardization in the field of electrical engineering, was awarded in 1997 to V.N. Otrokhov, a representative of the State Standard of Russia.
The highest governing body of the IEC is the Council, which is the General Assembly of the national committees of the participating countries. The management of the work of the IEC involves executive and advisory bodies, as well as senior managers - the President, Assistant to the President, Vice Presidents, Treasurer and Secretary General.
The Council determines the IEC's policies and long-term strategic and financial objectives. The Council is a legislative body that meets once a year. The executive body that manages all the work of the IEC is the Board of the Council. It prepares documents for Council meetings; considers proposals from the Action Committee and the Board of Directors of the conformity assessment body; where necessary, establishes advisory bodies and appoints their chairmen and members. The Board of the Council meets at least three times a year.
The Board of the Council has four management advisory committees at its disposal:
- Presidential Advisory Committee on Future Technologies, its tasks include informing the President of the IEC about new technologies that require preliminary or immediate standardization work;
- Marketing Committee;
- Commercial Policy Committee;
- Finance Committee.
The functions of managing the development of standards, including the creation and dissolution of technical committees, and relations with other international organizations are assigned to the Action Committee.
The Action Committee coordinates the work of:
- Boards of three sectors: for the equipment of high voltage substations, industrial automation systems and infrastructure for remote communication systems;
- 200 technical committees and subcommittees, 700 working groups;
- four technical advisory committees: on electronics and remote communications (ACET - Advisory Committee on Electronics and Telecommunications), safety (ACOS - Advisory Committee on Safety), electromagnetic compatibility (ACEC - Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility), on environmental aspects (ACEA - Advisory Committee on Environmental Aspects), whose task is to coordinate efforts to include the necessary requirements in IEC standards.
The IEC budget, like the ISO budget, consists of contributions from member countries and proceeds from the sale of published documents.
The main activity of the IEC is the development and publication of international standards and technical reports. International standards in the field of electrical engineering serve as the basis for national standardization and as guidelines for the preparation of international proposals and contracts. IEC publications are bilingual (English and French). The National Committee of the Russian Federation prepares Russian-language publications. The official languages of the IEC are English, French and Russian.
The IEC recognizes the need to develop international standards based on market demand in light of rapidly changing technologies and shortening product life cycles. The IEC reduces the time it takes to develop standards while maintaining their quality.
Technical committees (TCs) are responsible for the development of standards in various areas of IEC activity, in which national committees interested in the work of a particular TC take part. If the technical committee finds that the scope of its work is too broad, subcommittees (SCs) are organized with a narrower focus. For example, TK 36 "Insulators", PC 36V "Insulators for overhead networks", PC 36C "Insulators for substations".
The IEC is the key organization in the preparation of international information technology standards. The joint technical committee on information technology, JTC 1, which was formed in 1987 under an agreement between the IEC and ISO, works in this area. JTC1 has 17 subcommittees, whose work covers all developments from software to languages
programming, computer graphics and image processing, interconnection of equipment and security methods.
The preparation of new IEC standards is based on several stages.
At the preliminary stage (IEC - PAS - publicly available specification), the need to develop a new standard is determined, its duration is no more than two months.
Offer stage. Proposals for new developments are made by industry representatives through national committees. No more than three months are given to study proposals in technical committees. If the result is positive and at least 25 percent of the committee members commit to actively participating in the work, the proposal is included in the work program of the technical committee.
The preparatory stage consists of developing a working draft of the standard (WD - working draft) within the working group.
At the technical committee stage, the document is submitted to national committees for comments as a technical committee draft (CD - committee draft).
Request stage. Before being accepted for approval, a bilingual technical committee draft for vote (CDV) is submitted to all national committees for approval. The duration of this stage is no more than five months. This is the last stage at which technical comments can be taken into account. A CDV is approved if more than two-thirds of the technical committee members vote in favor and the number of negative votes does not exceed 25 percent. If a document is intended to become a technical specification rather than an international standard, a revised version is sent to the central office for publication. Four months are allotted for the development of the final draft international standard (FDIS - final draft international standard). If the CDV is approved by all members of the technical committee, it is sent to the central office for publication without the FDIS stage.
Approval stage. The final draft of the international standard is sent to the national committees for approval for a period of two months. The FDIS is approved if more than two-thirds of the national committees vote in favor and the negative vote does not exceed 25 percent. If a document is not approved, it is sent to technical committees and subcommittees for review.
Multilateral conformity assessment schemes are based on IEC international standards, which reduce trade barriers caused by different product certification criteria in different countries; reduce the cost of testing equipment at the national level while maintaining an appropriate level of safety; reduce the time to bring products to market. IEC conformity assessment and product certification schemes are designed to confirm that a product meets the criteria of international standards, including the ISO 9000 series of standards. The IEC Conformity Assessment Body Board coordinates the work of:
- Electronic components quality assessment systems (IECQ – IEC Quality assessment system for electronic components);
- Systems for conformity testing and certification of electrical equipment (IECEE – IEC System for conformity testing and certification of electrical equipment);
- Certification schemes for electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres (IECEx – IEC Scheme for Certification to Standards for safety of electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres).
The IEC cooperates with many international organizations. The collaboration between the IEC and ISO is of greatest importance.
Taking into account the commonality of tasks of ISO and IEC, as well as the possibility of duplication of activities of individual technical bodies, an agreement was concluded between these organizations in 1976 aimed at both delimiting the scope of activities and coordinating these activities. Many documents have been adopted jointly by ISO and IEC, including ISO/IEC Guide 51, General requirements for the presentation of safety issues in the preparation of standards. This guidance addresses issues related to the integration of safety requirements into emerging international standards.
The established Joint ISO/IEC Technical Advisory Committee submits proposals to the ISO Technical Steering Bureau and the IEC Action Committee to eliminate duplication in the activities of both organizations and resolve controversial issues.
In the future, the activities of the IEC and ISO will gradually converge. At the first stage, this is the development of uniform rules for the preparation of MS, the creation of joint technical committees.
At the second stage - a possible merger, since most countries are represented in ISO and IEC by the same bodies - national standardization organizations.
ISO, IEC and ITU, whose areas of activity in the field of standardization complement each other, form an integral system of voluntary international technical agreements. These agreements, published as ISs or recommendations, are intended to help ensure interoperability of technologies worldwide. Their implementation can give additional weight to both large and small businesses in all sectors of economic activity, in particular in the field of trade development. International agreements being developed within ISO, IEC and ITU promote borderless trade.
7.4. Activities of the Secretariat for Internationalstandardization of Gosstandart of Russia,www. gost. ru
According to the Standardization Rules "Organization and implementation of work on international standardization in the Russian Federation" (PR 50.1.008-95), Gosstandart of Russia is the national standardization body and represents the Russian Federation in international and regional organizations carrying out standardization activities, including :
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO);
- International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC);
- Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (in the UNECE Working Group on Standardization Policies);
- CEN and CENELEC in accordance with the Agreement between ISO and CEN and IEC with CENELEC.
Gosstandart of Russia organizes work on international standardization in the Russian Federation in accordance with the Charter and Rules of Procedure of the above organizations, as well as taking into account the fundamental state standards of the State Standardization System of the Russian Federation.
The main objectives of international and regional scientific and technical cooperation in the field of standardization are:
- harmonization of the state standardization system of the Russian Federation with international and regional standardization systems;
- improving the stock of domestic regulatory documentation on standardization based on the application of international and regional standards and other international documents on standardization;
- promoting the improvement of the quality of domestic products, their competitiveness in the world market and the elimination of technical barriers to trade;
- protection of Russia's economic interests in the development of international and regional standards;
- promoting mutual recognition of the results of certification of products and services at the international and regional levels.
Gosstandart of Russia carries out activities on international and regional standardization (hereinafter referred to as international standardization) in close cooperation with other federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Russian TCs for standardization, business entities, scientific, scientific-technical and other public associations .
Organizational and technical work on international standardization in the Russian Federation is carried out by the National Secretariat for International Standardization of the State Standard of Russia (hereinafter referred to as the National Secretariat).
The National Secretariat is maintained by the division of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Standardization (VNIIStandart) of the Russian State Standard for International Cooperation in the Field of Standardization.
The main tasks of the National Secretariat are:
- organizational and methodological support and coordination of activities on international standardization in the Russian Federation;
- accounting and control over the timely and high-quality fulfillment of the obligations of the Russian Federation in the technical bodies of international organizations carrying out standardization activities;
- providing representatives of the Russian Federation in international organizations with information on the results of the activities of governing and technical bodies, international organizations and on events carried out by the Russian Federation through international standardization organizations;
- implementation of measures to improve the forms and methods of activity of representatives of the Russian Federation in the technical departments of international organizations;
- participation in the preparation and holding of meetings, seminars and meetings of representatives of the Russian Federation in technical bodies of international organizations;
- promotion of ideas and achievements of international standardization in the Russian Federation.
Direct work on the preparation of documents on international standardization in the Russian Federation is carried out by Russian TCs for standardization, business entities, scientific, scientific-technical and other public associations.
Organizations that perform work on international standardization in the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the implementing organizations) participate in the development of draft international standards, the formation and representation of the position of the Russian Federation in the technical bodies of international organizations in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives on technical work, as well as Rules for standardization of the Russian Federation.
Implementing organizations in the technical bodies of international organizations carry out the following work:
- prepare and, through the State Standard of Russia (National Secretariat), send to the technical bodies of international organizations proposals for the development of new standards, revision and amendments to existing international standards;
- take part in the preparation of draft international standards;
- conduct, on behalf of the State Standard of Russia, the secretariats of the ISO and IEC technical bodies assigned to the Russian Federation;
- formulate and prepare technical specifications and other documents for delegations of the Russian Federation to meetings of technical bodies of ISO and IEC and coordinate them with the State Standard of Russia (Ministry of Construction of Russia);
- organize meetings of technical bodies of ISO, IEC and UNECE in the Russian Federation;
- prepare proposals for the application of international standards in the Russian Federation, including those containing references to other international standards.
Implementing organizations carry out work at the preliminary stages of developing international standards (stages 1, 2, 3 of the ISO/IEC Technical Work Directives) directly in Russian TCs for standardization, which can, with the permission of the State Standard of Russia, carry out correspondence on these issues independently.
If Gosstandart of Russia is the leading developer of a draft international standard, the Russian TC for standardization appoints a project development manager and informs Gosstandart of Russia about this. The project development manager organizes and is responsible for the preparation, coordination and timely submission of the draft international standard to the technical bodies of international organizations.
Implementing organizations responsible for preparing an opinion on a draft international standard, upon receipt of it (in English and/or French), must:
- organize the translation of the draft international standard into Russian and send it to interested organizations for conclusion;
- ensure responsible storage of a control copy of the translation of the draft international standard for the purpose of its use at the final stages of work;
- organize consideration of the draft international standard in the manner established for draft state standards of the Russian Federation according to GOST R 1.2;
- prepare a draft conclusion of the State Standard of Russia on the draft international standard.
The final position of Gosstandart of Russia on the technical content of the draft international standard is formed by implementing organizations at stage 3 of the “draft committee” of the ISO/IEC Technical Work Directives.
To vote on a draft international standard received from the central body of an international organization after its consideration in the manner established for consideration of the final version of the GOST R draft, the implementing organization sends the following documents to the State Standard of Russia:
- translation of the draft international standard into Russian;
- draft conclusion of the State Standard of Russia on the draft international standard.
The covering letter must indicate the results of consideration of the draft international standard at a meeting of the Technical Committee or technical meetings of the enterprise (organization), proposals for the application of the international standard in the Russian Federation, information on the presence or absence of a similar Russian standard or other regulatory document.
Gosstandart of Russia reviews the documents and makes the final decision on voting on the draft international standard. A voting ballot on a draft international standard, drawn up in accordance with the ISO/IEC Technical Work Directives, is sent to the central body of the relevant international organization.
Gosstandart of Russia, after receiving an officially published international standard from the central body of an international organization, carries out:
- publication of information about officially published international standards in the monthly information index "State Standards" (IUS);
- clarification of the translation of the international standard into Russian;
- publication of information about completed translations;
- transfer of the original of the received international standard to the Federal Standards Fund of the State Standard of Russia;
- ensuring the publication of translations of an international standard officially published by an international organization in Russian and its submission to the central body of international organizations.
The distribution of an international standard officially published by an international organization in the Russian Federation is carried out by the State Standard of Russia.
The application of the international standard in the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the requirements established by GOST R 1.0 and GOST R 1.5.
Figure 1. Operating principles of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Author24 - online exchange of student works
Long before the emergence of the leader of international standardization, ISO, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) was created. This event took place in St. Louis, America in 1906.
Note 1
Currently, the IEC is the oldest international scientific and technical organization, whose authority extends to all economically developed countries of the world.
The non-governmental International Electrotechnical Commission today unites more than 60 world powers under its wing. One of the founders of the organization was the famous British physicist William Thomson (Kelvin). He was the first president of the IEC.
Goals and objectives of the IEC
Note 2
The main purpose of the creation and existence of the international organization was to promote interstate cooperation in standardization in the field of electrical engineering.
Assistance was provided in electronics, electroacoustic systems, in the field of magnetism and electromagnetism, remote communications, multi-media, including in the generation and distribution of electricity. The cooperation involved assistance in the use of common terminology, symbols, graphics, electromagnetic compatibility, safety, measurements, and environmental protection.
The tasks of the International Electrotechnical Commission included:
- searching for an optimal and effective response to the demands of the global market;
- use of our own standards to the maximum extent possible, including compliance schemes worldwide;
- improving and assessing the quality of products and services through the development of new standards;
- creating conditions for the interaction of complex systems;
- guarantee of increased efficiency in the development of industrial processes;
- creation of new methods to improve human life safety;
- creation of promising ways to protect the environment.
All these tasks are carried out through the publication of special publications - standards. Regional and national organizations can use publications to support their own standardization. This significantly improved the quality of products, adjusted technological processes, and influenced the efficiency and development of world trade.
The work of the IEC is fully recognized by the World Trade Organization. IEC regulations are used as the basis for many regional and national standards to overcome emerging technical barriers to international trade.
IEC structure
The International Electrotechnical Commission is actively involved in standardization work and uses two main forms. The IEC forms national committees, which have full voting rights. They are full members of the organization. Partners are national representatives of those countries that have limited resources. They have limited voting rights. Only associate members of the IEC cannot vote. They have the status of observers, which gives them the opportunity to attend commission meetings.
Note 3
The USSR became a full member of the IEC in 1921. Today, Russia is the legal successor of the USSR. A representative from the State Standard of the Russian Federation is present at the meetings of the organization.
The highest body that governs the IEC is the Council. The work of the IEC is managed by:
- executive committees;
- advisory bodies;
- The president;
- Assistant to the President of the IEC;
- vice presidents;
- treasurer;
- General Secretary.
The Council is called upon to shape the policies of the IEC, as well as long-term plans and financial objectives.
The Council is the legislative body and meets approximately once a year. The Board of the Council is the executive body of the IEC, so it manages all the work of the commission. The Board prepares documents for the Council, considers various proposals and, if necessary, establishes advisory bodies.
The Council Board gives direction to four management advisory committees:
- The Presidential Advisory Committee on Future Technologies informs the head of the IEC about new technological solutions that need to be considered as preliminary standardization work.
- The Finance Committee carries out the functions of managing the development of standards, including issues of the creation or dissolution of technical committees.
- The Action Committee directs the work of 200 technical committees and subcommittees, as well as 700 working groups.
- Marketing and commercial policy committees.
Activities of the IEC
Technical committees are directly involved in the activities of the IEC. They are responsible for developing various standards that are applied in the organization's area of responsibility. National committees of member countries of the organization may participate in the work of IEC technical commissions if they are interested in the outcome of the publication of certain standards.
International standards in the field of electrical engineering serve as the basis for national standardization and act as recommendations in the preparation of international proposals and contracts. All IEC publications are prepared in the two official languages of the international organization – English and French. National committees of participating countries prepare their own publications.
New standards are formed during several stages of preparation. At the preliminary stage, the need and relevance of developing a new standard is being determined. The duration of the preliminary stage usually does not exceed two months. At the proposal stage, documents are studied in technical committees. The duration of the stage is 3 months. Then, within the working group, a preparatory stage takes place, during which a working draft of the standard is developed.
At the request stage, a bilingual draft of the new standard is made available to all national committees for study and adjustment. They must approve the document and send it to the organization's central office for approval. Once approved, the new standard is published. It must be published no later than two months from the date of approval by the board.
The IEC cooperates with many international organizations. Of greatest importance is the cooperation of the IEC with the International Organization for Standardization ISO.