Baby winter wild animals. How do forest dwellers spend the winter?

In 1891, Nikola Tesla developed a transformer (coil) with which he experimented with high-voltage electrical discharges. The device Tesla developed consisted of a power supply, a capacitor, primary and secondary coils arranged so that voltage peaks alternate between them, and two electrodes separated by a distance. The device received the name of its inventor.
The principles discovered by Tesla with this device are now used in various areas, ranging from particle accelerators to televisions and toys.

Tesla transformer can be made with his own hands. This article is devoted to addressing this issue.

First you need to decide on the size of the transformer. You can build a large device if your budget allows. Please be aware that this device generates shocks high voltage(create microlightning) which heats and expands ambient air(create micro thunder). The electric fields created can damage other electrical devices. Therefore, it is not worth building and running a Tesla transformer at home; It's safer to do this in a remote location, such as a garage or shed.

The size of the transformer will depend on the distance between the electrodes (on the size of the resulting spark), which in turn will depend on the power consumption.

Components and assembly of the Tesla transformer circuit

1. We will need a transformer or generator with a voltage of 5-15 kV and a current of 30-100 milliamps. The experiment will fail if these parameters are not met.
2. The current source must be connected to the capacitor. The capacitance parameter of the capacitor is important, i.e. ability to hold electric charge. The unit of capacitance is the farad - F. It is defined as 1 ampere-second (or coulomb) per 1 volt. Typically, capacitance is measured in small units - μF (one millionth of a farad) or pF (one trillionth of a farad). For a voltage of 5 kV, the capacitor should have a rating of 2200 pF.

It's even better to connect several capacitors in series. In this case, each capacitor will retain part of the charge, the total retained charge will increase multiple.

3. The capacitor(s) is connected to a spark plug - a gap of air between the contacts of which an electrical breakdown occurs. In order for the contacts to withstand the heat generated by the spark during the discharge, their required diameter must be 6 mm. minimum. A spark plug is necessary to excite resonant oscillations in the circuit.
4. Primary coil. Made from thick copper wire or tube with a diameter of 2.5-6 mm, which is twisted into a spiral in one plane in the amount of 4-6 turns
5. The primary coil is connected to the arrester. The capacitor and primary coil must form a primary circuit that is in resonance with the secondary coil.
6. The primary coil must be well insulated from the secondary.
7. Secondary coil. Made from thin enameled copper wire (up to 0.6 mm). The wire is wound onto a polymer tube with an empty core. The height of the tube should be 5-6 times its diameter. 1000 turns should be carefully wound onto the tube. The secondary coil can be placed inside the primary coil.
8. The secondary coil at one end must be grounded separately from other devices. It is best to ground directly “to the ground”. The second wire of the secondary coil is connected to the torus (lightning emitter).
9. The torus can be made from ordinary ventilation corrugation. It is placed above the secondary coil.
10. The secondary coil and the torus form the secondary circuit.
11. We turn on the supply generator (transformer). Tesla transformer works.

Excellent video explaining how the Tesla transformer works

Precautionary measures

Be careful: the voltage accumulated in the Tesla transformer is very high and, in the event of a breakdown, leads to guaranteed death. The current strength is also very high, far exceeding the value safe for life.

There is no practical use of the Tesla transformer. This is an experimental setup that confirms our knowledge of the physics of electricity.

From an aesthetic point of view, the effects generated by the Tesla transformer are amazing and beautiful. They largely depend on how correctly it is assembled, whether the current is sufficient, and whether the circuits resonate correctly. The effects may include a glow or discharges formed on the second coil, or they may include full-fledged lightning piercing the air from the torus. The resulting glow is shifted to the ultraviolet range of the spectrum.

A high-frequency field is formed around the Tesla transformer. Therefore, for example, when placing in this field energy saving light bulbs, it starts to glow. The same field leads to the formation large quantity ozone.

The text of the work is posted without images and formulas.
Full version work is available in the "Work Files" tab in PDF format

Oh, how many wonderful discoveries the spirit of enlightenment is preparing for us, And experience, the son of difficult mistakes, And genius, friend of paradoxes, And chance, God the inventor...

A.S. Pushkin

Introduction

Relevance of the topic

Experimental physics has great value in the development of science. Better to see once than hear a hundred times. No one will argue that experiment is a powerful impetus to understanding the essence of phenomena in nature.

Nowadays, the issue of transmitting energy over a distance, in particular transmitting energy wirelessly, is an urgent issue. Here you can recall the ideas of the great scientist Nikola Tesla, who dealt with these issues back in the 1900s and achieved impressive success by building his famous resonant transformer - the Tesla coil. So I decided to figure out this issue on my own by trying to repeat these experiments.

Objectives of the research work

Assemble operating Tesla coils using transistor technology (Class-E SSTC) and tube technology (VTTC)

Observe education various types discharges and find out how dangerous they are.

Transfer energy wirelessly using a Tesla coil

Study the properties of electro magnetic field generated by a Tesla coil

Explore practical applications of Tesla coil

Subject of study:

Two Tesla coils assembled by different technologies, fields and discharges generated by these coils.

Research methods:

Empirical: observation of high-frequency electrical discharges, research, experiment.

Theoretical: design of a Tesla coil, analysis of literature and possible electrical diagrams coil assembly.

Research stages:

Theoretical part. Studying the literature on the research problem.

Practical part. Manufacturing Tesla transformers and conducting experiments with the constructed equipment.

Theoretical part

Inventions of Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla is an inventor in the field of electrical and radio engineering, engineer, and physicist. Born and raised in Austria-Hungary, in subsequent years he worked mainly in France and the USA.

He is also known as a supporter of the existence of ether: his numerous experiments are known, the purpose of which was to show the presence of ether as a special form of matter that can be used in technology. The unit of measurement of magnetic flux density is named after N. Tesla. Contemporary biographers considered Tesla "the man who invented the 20th century" and the "patron saint" of modern electricity. Tesla's early work paved the way for modern electrical engineering, his discoveries early period had innovative significance.

In February 1882, Tesla figured out how to use a phenomenon that would later become known as the rotating magnetic field in an electric motor. IN free time Tesla worked on making a model of an asynchronous electric motor, and in 1883 he demonstrated the operation of the engine in the city hall of Strasbourg.

In 1885, Nikola introduced 24 varieties of Edison's machine, a new commutator and regulator, which significantly improved performance.

From 1888 to 1895, Tesla researched magnetic fields and high frequencies in his laboratory. These years were the most fruitful; it was then that he patented most of his inventions.

At the end of 1896, Tesla achieved radio signal transmission over a distance of 48 km.

Tesla set up a small laboratory in Colorado Springs. To study thunderstorms, Tesla designed a special device, which was a transformer, one end of the primary winding of which was grounded, and the other was connected to a metal ball on a rod extending upward. A sensitive self-tuning device connected to a recording device was connected to the secondary winding. This device allowed Nikola Tesla to study changes in the Earth's potential, including the effect of standing electromagnetic waves caused by lightning discharges in earth's atmosphere. Observations led the inventor to think about the possibility of transmitting electricity wirelessly over long distances.

Tesla directed his next experiment to explore the possibility self-creation standing electromagnetic wave. The turns of the primary winding were wound on the huge base of the transformer. The secondary winding was connected to a 60-meter mast and ended with a copper ball of a meter in diameter. When an alternating voltage of several thousand volts was passed through the primary coil, a current with a voltage of several million volts and a frequency of up to 150 thousand hertz arose in the secondary coil.

During the experiment, lightning-like discharges were recorded emanating from a metal ball. The length of some discharges reached almost 4.5 meters, and thunder was heard at a distance of up to 24 km.

Based on the experiment, Tesla concluded that the device allowed him to generate standing waves, which spread spherically from the transmitter and then converged with increasing intensity at a diametrically opposite point globe, somewhere near the islands of Amsterdam and Saint-Paul in the Indian Ocean.

In 1917, Tesla proposed the principle of operation of a device for radio detection of submarines.

One of his most famous inventions is the Tesla transformer (coil).

The Tesla transformer, also known as the Tesla coil, is a device invented by Nikola Tesla and bearing his name. It is a resonant transformer that produces high voltage and high frequency. The device was patented on September 22, 1896 as “Apparatus for producing electric currents of high frequency and potential.”

The simplest Tesla transformer consists of two coils - primary and secondary, as well as a spark gap, capacitors, a toroid and a terminal.

The primary coil usually contains several turns of wire large diameter or copper tube, and the secondary is about 1000 turns of wire of a smaller diameter. The primary coil, together with the capacitor, forms an oscillatory circuit, which includes a nonlinear element - a spark gap.

The secondary coil also forms an oscillatory circuit, where the role of a capacitor is mainly played by the capacitance of the toroid and the own interturn capacitance of the coil itself. The secondary winding is often covered with a layer epoxy resin or varnish to prevent electrical breakdown.

Thus, the Tesla transformer consists of two connected oscillatory circuits, which determines its remarkable properties and is its main difference from conventional transformers.

After the breakdown voltage is reached between the electrodes of the arrester, an avalanche-like electrical breakdown of the gas occurs in it. The capacitor is discharged through a spark gap onto the coil. Therefore, the circuit of the oscillatory circuit, consisting of a primary coil and a capacitor, remains closed through the spark gap, and high-frequency oscillations arise in it. Resonant oscillations occur in the secondary circuit, which leads to the appearance of high voltage at the terminal.

In all types of Tesla transformers, the main element of the transformer - the primary and secondary circuits - remains unchanged. However, one of its parts, the high-frequency oscillation generator, can have a different design.

Practical part.

Tesla Coil (Class-ESSTC)

A resonant transformer consists of two coils that do not have a common iron core - this is necessary to create a low coupling coefficient. The primary winding contains several turns of thick wire. From 500 to 1500 turns are wound on the secondary winding. Due to this design, the Tesla coil has a transformation ratio that is 10-50 times greater than the ratio of the number of turns on the secondary winding to the number of turns on the primary. In this case, the condition for the occurrence of resonance between the primary and secondary oscillatory circuits must be met. The voltage at the output of such a transformer can exceed several million volts. It is this circumstance that ensures the occurrence of spectacular discharges, the length of which can reach several meters at once. You can find it on the Internet different variants manufacturing of high frequency and voltage sources. I chose one of the schemes.

I assembled the installation myself based on the above diagram (Fig. 1). A coil wound on a frame from a plastic (plumbing) pipe with a diameter of 80 mm. The primary winding contains only 7 turns, a wire with a diameter of 1 mm, single-core copper wire MGTF was used. The secondary winding contains about 1000 turns of winding wire with a diameter of 0.15 mm. The secondary winding is wound neatly, turn to turn. The result is a device that produces high voltage at high frequency. (Fig.2)

Large Tesla Coil (VTTC))

This coil is assembled on the basis of a gu-81m generator pentode using a self-oscillator circuit, i.e. with self-excitation of the lamp grid current.

As can be seen from the diagram (Fig. 3), the lamp is connected as a triode, i.e. all grids are interconnected. Capacitor C1 and diode VD1 form a half-wave doubler. Resistor R1 and capacitor C3 are needed to adjust the operating mode of the lamp. Coil L2 is needed to excite the grid current. The primary oscillating circuit is formed from capacitor C2 and coil L1. The secondary oscillatory circuit is formed by coil L3 and its own interturn capacitance. The primary winding on a frame with a diameter of 16 cm contains 40 turns with taps of 30, 32, 34, 36 and 38 turns to adjust the resonance. The secondary winding contains about 900 turns on a frame with a diameter of 11 cm. On top of the secondary winding there is a toroid - it is necessary for the accumulation of electrical charges.

Both of these installations (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3) are intended to demonstrate high-frequency high-voltage currents and how to create them. Also coils can be used for wireless transmission electric current. During the work, I will demonstrate the operation and capabilities of the Tesla coils I have made.

Experimental experiments using a Tesla coil

With a finished Tesla coil you can draw a series interesting experiments however, safety rules must be followed . To conduct experiments, there must be very reliable wiring, there must be no objects near the coil, and it must be possible to turn off the power to the equipment in an emergency.

During operation, the Tesla coil creates beautiful effects associated with the formation of various types of gas discharges. Usually people collect these reels to look at these impressive, beautiful phenomena.

A Tesla coil can create several types of discharges:

-Sparky- these are spark discharges between the coil and any object, producing a characteristic bang due to a sharp expansion of the gas channel, as when natural lightning, but on a smaller scale.

-Streamers - dimly glowing thin branched channels that contain ionized gas atoms and free electrons split off from them. It flows from the coil terminal directly into the air without going into the ground. A streamer is the visible ionization of air. Those. the glow of ions that forms the high voltage of the transformer.

-Corona discharge- glow of air ions in a high voltage electric field. Creates a beautiful bluish glow around high-voltage parts of a structure with a strong surface curvature.

-Arc discharge- is formed when the power of the transformer is sufficient, if a grounded object is brought close to its terminal. An arc lights up between it and the terminal.

Some chemical substances, applied to the discharge terminal, are capable of changing the color of the discharge. For example, sodium changes the bluish color of the discharge to orange, boron to green, manganese to blue, and lithium to crimson.

Using these coils you can conduct a number of quite interesting, beautiful and spectacular experiments. So, let's begin:

Experiment 1: Demonstration of gas discharges. Streamer, spark, arc discharge

Equipment: Tesla coil, thick copper wire.

Fig.4 and Fig.5

When the coil is turned on, a discharge begins to emerge from the terminal, which is 5-7mm long

Experiment 2: Demonstration of discharge in fluorescent lamp

Equipment: Tesla coil, fluorescent lamp (fluorescent lamp).

Fig.6 Fig.7

A glow is observed in a fluorescent lamp at a distance of up to 1 m from the installation.

Experiment 3: Paper experiment

Equipment: Tesla coil, paper.

Fig.8 Fig.9

When the paper is discharged, the streamer quickly covers its surface and after a few seconds the paper lights up

Experiment 4: “Tree” made of plasma

Equipment: Tesla coil, thin stranded wire.

We branch the wires from a wire that has been previously stripped of insulation, and screw it to the terminal, as a result we get a “tree” of plasma.

Experiment 5: Demonstration of gas discharges on a large Tesla coil. Streamer, spark, arc discharge

Equipment

Fig.11 Fig.12 Fig.13

When the coil is turned on, a discharge begins to emerge from the terminal, which is 45-50 cm long; when an object is brought to the toroid, an arc lights up

Experiment 6: Shocks to the arm

Equipment: large Tesla coil, hand.

Fig.14 Fig.15

When you bring your hand to the streamer, the discharges begin to hit your hand without causing pain

Experiment 7: Demonstration of gas discharges from an object located in the field of a Tesla coil.

Equipment: large Tesla coil, thick copper wire.

Fig.16 Fig.17

Fig.18 Fig.19

When a copper wire is introduced into the field of a Tesla coil (with the terminal removed), a discharge appears from the wire towards the toroid.

Experiment 8: Demonstration of a discharge in a ball filled with rarefied gas in the field of a Tesla coil

Equipment: a large Tesla coil, a ball filled with rarefied gas.

Fig.20 Fig.21

Fig.22 Fig.23

When a ball is brought into the field of a Tesla coil, a discharge inside the ball lights up.

Experiment 9: Demonstration of discharge in neon and fluorescent lamps.

Equipment: large Tesla coil, neon and fluorescent lamps.

Fig.24 Fig.25

When a lamp is brought into the field of a Tesla coil, a discharge inside neon and fluorescent lamps lights up at a distance of up to 1.5 m.

Experience 10: Discharges from the hand

Equipment: large Tesla coil, hand with foil fingertips.

Fig.26 Fig.27 Fig.28

When you bring your hand into the field of the Tesla coil (with the terminal removed), a discharge appears from the fingertips towards the toroid.

Conclusion

All set goals have been achieved. I built 2 coils and used them to prove the following hypotheses:

A Tesla coil can generate actual electrical discharges of various types.

The discharges created by a tesla coil are safe for humans and cannot cause damage to them by impact electric shock. You can even touch the high voltage output coil with a piece of metal or your hand. Why does nothing happen to a person when he touches a high-frequency voltage source of 1,000,000 V? Because when a high-frequency current flows, the so-called skin effect is observed, i.e. charges flow only along the edges of the conductor, without touching the core.

The current flows through the skin and does not touch internal organs. This is why it is safe to touch these lightning bolts.

A Tesla coil can transmit energy wirelessly by creating an electromagnetic field.

The energy of this field can be transferred to any objects in this field, from rarefied gases to humans.

Modern application of Nikola Tesla's ideas:

Alternating current is the main method of transmitting electricity over long distances.

Electric generators are the main elements in generating electricity at turbine-type power plants (hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants).

AC electric motors, first created by Nikola Tesla, are used in all modern machine tools, electric trains, electric cars, trams, and trolleybuses.

Radio-controlled robotics received wide use not only in children's toys and wireless television and computer devices (control panels), but also in military sphere, in the civilian sphere, in matters of military, civil and internal, as well as external security of countries, etc.

Wireless chargers are already used to charge mobile phones.

Alternating current, pioneered by Tesla, is the primary way to transmit electricity over long distances.

Use for entertainment purposes and shows.

In films, episodes are based on demonstrations of the Tesla transformer, in computer games.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Tesla transformer also found popular use in medicine. Patients were treated with weak high-frequency currents, which, flowing through a thin layer of the skin surface, did not cause harm. internal organs, while providing a “tonic” and “health-improving” effect.

It is used to ignite gas discharge lamps and to detect leaks in vacuum systems.

It is a mistaken belief that Tesla coils do not have a wide range of practical application. Their main use is in the entertainment and media sphere of entertainment and shows. At the same time, the coils themselves or devices that use the principles of operation of coils are quite common in our lives, as evidenced by the above examples.

Literature

Pishtalo V. Nikola Tesla. Portrait among masks. - M: ABC-classics, 2010

Rzhonsnitsky B. N. Nikola Tesla. Life wonderful people. Series of biographies. Issue 12. - M: Young Guard, 1959.

Feigin O. Nikola Tesla: The legacy of the great inventor. - M.: Alpina non-fiction, 2012.

Tesla and his inventions. http://www.374.ru/index.php?x=2007-11-19-20

Tsverava G. K. Nikola Tesla, 1856-1943. - Leningrad. The science. 1974.

Wikipedia https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0% BE%D0%BB%D0%B0

7. Nikola Tesla: biography http://www.people.su/107683