Small anti-submarine. WITH
The idea of creating a specialized high-speed anti-submarine ship of limited displacement was developed in the Soviet Navy at the turn of the 50-60s, when the appearance abroad of new generation submarines (including those with nuclear power plants) required the adoption of effective countermeasures in almost all operational zones , including the neighbor. This is how a fundamentally new class of warships of the Russian fleet was born - small anti-submarine ships (SAS), designed to combat underwater enemies in coastal areas, near naval bases and deployment points. The first was the MPK of Project 204, developed by the Zelenodolsk Design Bureau (PKB) in the early 60s. With a total displacement of 550 tons, its armament included 4 fixed single-tube torpedo tubes OTA-40-204 with a caliber of 406 mm and 2 RBU-6000 rocket launchers. The design of the main power plant (GEM) with a capacity of 39,500 hp was special, consisting of two D-2 afterburning gas turbines and two “economic” (i.e., intended for economic propulsion) M-502 t diesel engines. Their serial construction was carried out at shipyards of Zelenodolsk, Kerch and Khabarovsk, from the stocks of which in 1960-1968. 64 MPKs were produced, including 4 for the Romanian Navy (project 204E) and Bulgaria. In general, the project received a fairly high rating from the Navy command, although along with positive qualities, obvious shortcomings were also noted, the main one being weak air defense. But because The experience of local military conflicts acutely confirmed the increased threat from aviation, and it was decided to strengthen air defense. However, the relatively small displacement of this ship did not make it possible to replace the existing anti-aircraft weapons with more advanced ones.
During the design work, the main attention was paid to the selection of the most optimal contours of the ship's hull, the standard displacement of which initially should not exceed 800 tons. In the course of numerous experiments, PKB specialists established that to achieve the required speed of 35 knots, the most advantageous are the so-called combined contours, combining all the advantages of sharp and round chine bodies. The freeboard was given an equally complex shape; along which, to reduce flooding and splashing, there were smoothed longitudinal projections (which, however, had to be abandoned during serial construction for reasons of manufacturability). In addition, the seaworthiness of the ship should have been favorably affected by the unconventional sheerness of the deck, as well as the presence of an extended bow superstructure occupying the entire width of the hull, which gave the “albatrosses” a characteristic appearance.
Increased attention was paid to the design of the main power plant, developed under the leadership of A. Kunakhovich and A. Myshakin. As economic engines, the power plant included 2 diesel engines of the M-507A brand with a capacity of 10 thousand hp. each working on side shafts, and as an afterburner - an M-8M gas turbine engine (GTE) with a power of 18 thousand hp. driving the rotation of the middle shaft. Both under both diesel engines and under the gas turbine engine, the ship could reach a speed of up to 20-22 knots, and when using all three units, the control of which was remote, over 35. The normal fuel supply - 130 tons - ensured a cruising range of 18 knots. traveling over 2700 miles.
The composition of the ship's weapons and hydroacoustic equipment was largely determined by the model of its combat use, which consisted of several stages - hydroacoustic reconnaissance on the move, deep listening "on the foot", detection of a submarine, quick access to the area of its intended location and attack by airborne anti-submarine weapons. The hydroacoustic complex (HAS) included 2 hydroacoustic stations (GAS) - the “under-keel” “Argun” (with an antenna located in the under-keel fairing) and the lowered (OGAS) “Shelon”, the control post of which was located in the aft superstructure of the ship. The latter allowed anti-submarine officers to unhinderedly “look” into the water to a considerable depth; under the temperature jump layer, which significantly increased the detection range of underwater targets. The initial data on the underwater situation received from the SAC was processed by the Dragon-1124 control system. With its help, the anti-submarine weapons complex was controlled. It was based on 2 rotating double-tube 533-mm torpedo tubes DTA-5E-1124, placed side by side on the upper deck behind the bow superstructure. An increase in the caliber of the TA (compared to the 406 mm) made it possible to use more powerful torpedoes to destroy enemy submarines, including homing SET-65 with a maximum speed of up to 40 knots. Their longest range was about 15 km, and the mass of the combat charging compartment (BZO) was 200 kilograms. As an auxiliary PLO weapon, two 12-barrel RBU-6000 were installed on the bow superstructure of the Albatross, capable of salvo, group and single firing of unguided RGB-60 reactive depth charges at a range of up to 6 km. The warhead of the bomb (explosive mass - 23.5 kg), equipped with a UDV-60 impact-remote fuse, ensured effective destruction of almost all types of submarines existing at that time at a depth of up to 400 meters.
The self-defense means of small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124 were represented by two weapon systems: the short-range anti-aircraft missile (SAM) Osa-M and the artillery AK-725-MR-103. The Osa-M air defense system, designed to engage single air targets, was located in the bow of the hull and included a 4R-33 fire control system coupled to a 4k-33 detection, tracking and guidance radar, and a Zif-122 launcher (PU). and 9M-33 anti-aircraft guided missiles (20 units located in the below-deck cellar in four rotating drums). The Zif-122 double-boom launcher in the stowed (non-operating) position, along with the feed and reloading systems, was also located below the forecastle deck in a special container closed at the top " lid" with sliding doors. Before firing, the installation was moved upward with the missiles already fed into the guides. After the launch of both missiles, the launcher was again “retracted” below deck, where it was reloaded, and the whole cycle was repeated. The 9M-3E missiles, made according to the canard aerodynamic configuration, had a launch mass of about 130 kg (HF mass - 14.5), and the flight speed was more than 700 m/s. Thanks to the semi-active radar guidance system, the missiles could quite effectively hit air targets (including small ones) at a range of up to 7 km and in the altitude range of 60-6000 meters. The task of the AK-725-MR-103 artillery complex was to destroy enemy small ships, boats, aircraft and helicopters, as well as weakly protected coastal objects. The structure included an AK-725 turret gun mount of 57 mm caliber and a “firing” radar station (radar) MR-103 “Bars”. The radar, whose antenna post was located on the aft superstructure, was capable of steadily tracking small sea and air targets at a range of up to 40 kilometers. The universal twin automatic installation AK-725 with an initial projectile speed of 1020 m/s had a horizontal firing range of 12.9 km and an altitude reach of 6.7 km. The high rate of fire - about 200 rounds per minute per barrel - was ensured by full automation of the loading and firing processes, as well as a system for continuous cooling of the barrels with sea water. The AU ammunition included 550 unitary loading rounds with fragmentation tracer shells (weight - 2.8 kg), placed in an below-deck bunker. The artillery complex was aimed at the chain through two channels - the main one (using the Bars radar) and the backup one - through a sighting column with foreshortening rings, openly located on the bow superstructure. It is worth noting that in both cases, the presence of only one person was required for combat maintenance of the AU, and no more than two for everyday maintenance. There were no personnel in the tower when firing. The radio-electronic armament of MPK pr. 1124 included the Rubka general-view radar, which provided detection of surface and air circuits, and the Don-2 navigation radar, the antenna posts of which were mounted on the upper platforms of the mast. Vympel-R2 electronic warfare (EW) transmitting devices were also installed there.
Serial construction of the “albatrosses” began in October 1968 with the laying of the main MPK-2 at the Zelenodolsk Shipyard named after Gorky, which entered service 2 years later. Later, the Shipyard in Khabarovsk and the Leninskaya Kuznitsa in Kyiv joined the construction, and a total of 38 ships were launched from their stocks. Already during serial construction, starting with the 13th corps, MPK Project 1124 began to be equipped with the new AK-725-MR-123 artillery complex, which included, in addition to the AK-725, an EO-mm six-barrel artillery mount AK-630 with a firing range of up to 4 km, designed to destroy anti-ship cruise missiles in the near defense zone. Both AUs were controlled by the MR-123 Vympel radar. The appearance of new ships in the Soviet Navy did not escape the attention of NATO specialists, who assigned them the code name “Grisha”, which soon migrated to all foreign reference books. According to them, the first IPCs began to be called “Grisha-1”, and ships with 3O-mm AK-630 (its installation, by the way, did not lead to a change in the project index) - (“Grisha-3”). The fairly high tactical and technical characteristics of the new MPCs attracted the attention of the command of the border troops of the KGB of the USSR, on the instructions of which the Zelenodolsk Design Bureau in 1971 -1972. developed a project for a border patrol ship (PSKR) with the index 1124P (“Grisha-2”). What distinguished it from the base one was primarily the absence of the Osa-M air defense system, which was replaced by a second AK-725 AU (on the tank), and a signal bridge was installed in the space “vacated” from the firing radar behind the wheelhouse. Anti-submarine weapons remained virtually unchanged, and only 2 racks for 16 BB-type depth charges were added at the stern.
Many years of positive experience in operating Project 1124 ships proved the need for their further development, and in 1976, specialists from the Zelenodolsk Design Bureau developed an improved IPC project with the index 1124M (“Grisha-5”). The changes affected mainly the composition of the weapons - instead of the AK-725, the new ships were equipped with single-barrel 76-mm AK-176 guns with a firing range of 15.7 km, and the Osa-M air defense system gave way to the more advanced Osa-MA. In the GAS complex, the MG-322 "Argun" sub-keel station was replaced by the "Platina" station, and the "Rubka" radar was replaced by the "Fregat" radar with a phased antenna array. As a result of all the changes, the total displacement of the MPK increased to 1050 tons, and the full speed (with the same power plant power) dropped to 32 knots. The cruising range has also decreased, now amounting to 2,300 miles. After the collapse of the USSR, most of the Project 1124 MPKs and its modifications remained in the Russian Navy. Despite the difficulties experienced by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, they continue to serve in protecting the maritime borders of our Motherland, and I would like to hope that, thanks to their high qualities, the Albatross will serve Russia in the 21st century...
TTD
- Displacement: standard 786 t, normal 862 g, full 938 t
- length 71.21 m, beam 10.00 m, draft: bow 3.04 m, stern 3.67 m.
- Power plant: DDM507A 2x10,000 hp; GTE M-86 1x18,000 hp;
- maximum speed 36 knots, combat economic 18 knots, low speed 9 knots;
- cruising range 3250 miles (at speed 9 knots).
- Armament: 1x2 PU "Osa-M" air defense missile system (20 9M-33 missiles), 1x2 57-mm AU AK-725,
- 2x12 RBU-6000 (96 RGB-60), 2x2 TA DTA-54-1124 (8 torpedoes 53-65K and SET-65),
- 2 stern bomb releasers (12 GB RBM).
- Detection means: radar MR-303, MR-103, Don; GAS MG-322, MG-339, MG-409k; MI-110k, MI-110r.
- Crew: officers - 9, midshipmen - 14, foremen - 20, privates - 41.
- The ship's unsinkability was ensured by dividing it into 9 waterproof compartments.
Chemical weapons:
chemical reconnaissance device VPKhR
radiation monitoring devices DP-62.
radiation chemical monitoring device
for emergency batches gas masks IP-46
chemical kits KZI-2
stationary degassing and decontamination system TSSDD
SF-4 powder - 24 kg
filter gas masks for l/s - 110%
smoke bombs DShM-60 - 4 pcs.
Ship structure
- 1 compartment with 0-11 sp. forepeak, capstan, skipper's, 2 chain boxes, fuel and lubricants storage room.
- 2 compartments with 11-18 sp. refrigeration unit, anti-aircraft missile launcher "Osa-M", modular warhead-2-3
- 3 compartment with 18-34 sp. RBU guidance post, cockpit No. 1, modular radar, mine GAS "Argun" MG-322T, bomb cellar, fan No. 4, control center, general ship's office, radio room, secret communications post
- 4 compartment with 34-49 shp cockpit No. 2, control station of the Osa-M air defense system and radar No. 1, dry provisions pantry, sonar cabin, gyro post, MKV No. 1, instrument compartment of the sonar MG-322T, fans No. 5 and 6, main corridor, midshipmen's cabins, officer's corridor, officer's latrine, officers' cabins, wardroom
- 5 compartment with 49-63 sp. ZKU, bow engine room. dining room, washbasin, latrine, shower room, main corridor, galley.
- 6 compartment with 63-78 sp. aft engine room
- 7 compartment with 78-96 shp. chem. pantry, USV, PEZH.
- 8 compartment with 96-102 shp. cable corridor, fan room No. 7, warhead storeroom 3, CARP, 2 turret compartments, modular spare parts for RTS, instrument compartment of GAS MG-339, artillery storage room
- 9 compartment with 102-112 shp. tiller room, clothing storeroom, boatswain's storeroom, electrical spare parts storeroom, diving equipment.
In order to understand how large and small anti-submarine ships were born, what factors influenced the tactics of their use and the current state, one should delve into history.
Excursion into history
At the end of the 20th century, the problem related to the protection of fleets from destroyers was actively discussed in European countries. With the invention of the torpedo in 1865 by the Russian scientist Aleksandrovsky, at that time called the “self-propelled mine,” naval powers around the world began to actively develop their mine forces, the result of which was that by the end of the century most of the fleets of all countries in the world consisted primarily of small ships armed with torpedoes, called “destroyers”.
The question arose about countering these nimble ships, capable of inflicting colossal damage on the enemy fleet. The solution was found in Great Britain, where in 1881 the ram destroyer Polyphemus left the slipways of the shipyard in Chatham, becoming the only ship in the British fleet equipped with a ram. "Polyphemus" was the forerunner of squadron ships, which, in turn, were the ancestors of anti-submarine ships.
Experience of world wars
Destroyers flourished during the world wars. In the First World War, due to the fear of losing large ships in an open battle, the warring parties actively used destroyers in combat operations. And it was during the First World War that they encountered submarines, becoming the main means of combating them. During World War II, destroyers underwent a number of major changes, moving even closer to anti-submarine ships. Along with the gradual abandonment of torpedo weapons and their replacement with bombers, the anti-aircraft weapons of destroyers began to grow, and they themselves began to be used as multi-purpose ships, becoming “cannon fodder” for enemy fleets.
In the USSR during World War II, there was a special class of ships designed primarily to combat submarines. We are talking about the so-called submarine hunters. It was from them that modern anti-submarine ships came.
From destroyer to anti-submarine ship
The appearance of anti-submarine ships is primarily associated with the Cold War and the development of submarines. After World War II, the issue of nuclear war became acute. The military doctrines of the USSR and the USA assumed the delivery of nuclear strikes on enemy territory using all available means: bombs and ballistic missiles. The latter, in addition to stationary positions and mobile platforms, were also located on nuclear submarines, fully protected from nuclear attacks and capable of launching missiles in close proximity to the enemy. The question arose about countering these boats, for which work began on the construction of ships designed exclusively for combating submarines.
USSR experience
In the Soviet Union, issues of anti-submarine warfare became concerned in the 1960s. Various ideas were put forward, and particularly hotheads at the Navy headquarters in the early 70s even proposed creating an anti-submarine defense system similar to the air defense system that guarded the skies of the Land of the Soviets. This meticulous approach ensured that by the end of the USSR, the Soviet fleet had a full range of anti-submarine ships, mainly designed to search and destroy submarines or protect large attack ships. Convoy service, which was what destroyers mainly did, was not included in the range of tasks of the new subclass.
Anti-submarine ships, according to the 1990 classification, were divided into anti-submarine cruisers (ASC), large anti-submarine ships (LAS), patrol ships (SKR) and small anti-submarine ships (SAS).
First generation
In the 60s, the first generation of anti-submarine ships entered service with the USSR Navy, represented by Project 61 models, Project 159 and Project 31 patrol ships, and Project 204 small anti-submarine ships. They carried the most advanced hydroacoustic stations at that time and were armed with anti-submarine torpedoes and rocket launchers. But due to the short range of the stations, the insufficient range of weapons and the lack of helicopters, the first anti-submarine ships were of low efficiency and were quickly replaced by new ones, the projects of which began to be embodied in metal in 1967.
Second generation
The first ships of the second generation were anti-submarine cruisers of Project 1123, which did not have the ability to deploy helicopters and powerful anti-submarine anti-aircraft weapons. Next, 1134A and 1134B entered service, specially adapted for operations in the ocean and armed with helicopters, modern hydroacoustic stations, missile-torpedo and anti-aircraft missile systems.
But the capabilities of the USSR shipbuilding industry were very limited, and it was difficult to produce the required number of large anti-submarine ships, which made it almost impossible to implement the plans of the command of the USSR Navy to increase the potential of the fleet's anti-submarine forces. The solution to this problem was the deployment of production of patrol ships of projects 1135 and 1153M, in contrast to the BOD, which had a smaller displacement, but without helicopters and anti-aircraft missile systems.
The patrol aircraft were supposed to be used in battle together with helicopter carriers and aircraft-carrying cruisers, which was the reason for the absence of helicopters. Simultaneously with the production of patrol ships, the conversion of obsolete 57bis missile ships into large anti-submarine ships and the modernization of individual first-generation anti-submarine models began.
In the second half of the 1970s, small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124M were laid down. They were followed by another model. These were small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124. They were characterized by the presence of two hydroacoustic stations that differed in design. Most of these ships became part of the KGB Border Troops under the code "Albatross". At the same time, construction began on Project 12412 small anti-submarine ships, developed on the basis of Project 1241 Molniya.
The second generation ships were already outdated by the mid-1980s, and the designers were faced with the question of replacing outdated equipment. But the planned modernization program was not implemented due to lack of funds and the same limited capabilities of the shipbuilding industry.
Several were subjected to partial modernization. In general, the ships of the second generation underwent almost no systematic repairs. This led to the fact that in the 90s most of them were written off as scrap. Currently, the Russian Navy has 22 small anti-submarine ships. Two of them deserve special attention. Among them is the small anti-submarine ship "Urengoy".
Iron "Albatross"
The first small anti-submarine ship "Albatross" left the stocks in 1967 and was immediately noted by military experts because of its speed and maneuverability. The lead ship of the series was visited by L. I. Brezhnev while on vacation in Yalta. The appearance of new anti-submarine ships quickly ceased to be a secret for a potential enemy. The Albatross were classified as corvettes and given the code name Grisha.
The ship's armament consists of a 57-mm artillery mount, a 30-mm artillery mount. installations, the Osa-M air defense system, two rocket launchers, 533-mm torpedo tubes, depth charges and mines. The ship's speed of 35 knots is provided by a gas turbine unit.
"Kazanets" in the service of the Baltic Fleet
In the 1970s, the GDR developed a project for an anti-submarine ship, which received code number 1331. It was developed on the basis of the Soviet project 1124 with the participation of Soviet specialists and was one of the first military ships created in the GDR. Thus, the Soviet leadership wanted to give the Germans the opportunity to gain experience in independently designing and building warships. In the West, these ships received the code name Parchim-II class.
One of the ships in the series is the small anti-submarine ship “Kazanets”, which is currently part of the Baltic Fleet. It was laid down at the shipyard slipway in Volgstad by order of the USSR on January 4, 1985 and launched on March 11 of the same year. Since 1986 it has been on the list of ships of the USSR Navy, in 1987 it officially became part of the Baltic Fleet, and in 1992 - part of the Russian Navy.
"Kazanets" has powerful anti-submarine, artillery and anti-aircraft weapons, two sonar stations and a long-range radar station. The speed of 25 knots is ensured by a three-shaft installation.
It should also be noted that the ship is distinguished by the quality of construction, good quality and reliability, like any German equipment.
The Russian Navy also includes the twin brother of the Kazan, the small anti-submarine ship Urengoy.
Third generation
In the 80s, a new program for the construction of anti-submarine ships was launched, which resulted in the construction of two series of ships: large anti-submarine ships of Project 1155 and patrol ships of Project 11540. Work was carried out at an accelerated pace.
Large anti-submarine ships of Project 1155 were equipped with two helicopters, a long-range sonar station "Polinom" and an anti-submarine missile system "Rastrub-B". The patrol equipment was much more modest: one helicopter, a sonar station and an anti-submarine missile system.
The ships of both projects are equipped with multi-channel anti-aircraft missile systems and 100-mm artillery systems. Also, Project 11540 patrol boats have the ability to be equipped with the Uran anti-ship missile system, thus being the first domestic multi-purpose frigates.
Current state
In 2001, the Amur Shipyard laid down the keel of the lead ship of a new series of large anti-submarine ships of Project 20380, which are intended to be the first in the era of Russian shipbuilding. This is a fundamentally new type of anti-submarine missile ships, designed to detect and destroy enemy submarines, surface targets of any rank, including aircraft carriers, latest generation fighters, cruise missiles and torpedoes. The ships also have powerful enough artillery weapons to support the landing with fire. The Baltic Fleet currently has 4 examples of Project 20380. These are Steregushchiy, Soobrazitelny, Stoikiy and Boykiy.
The new ships are equipped with powerful weapons that allow them to fight on equal terms with any enemy. A speed of 24 knots is provided by 4 diesel engines.
Prospects for the development of anti-submarine ships
Based on the modern political map of the world and recent events, the task of ensuring the security of the borders of our homeland comes to the top of the list of priorities. The threat of a nuclear war after the Cold War not only did not disappear, but, on the contrary, increased, which is why our country needs anti-submarine ships capable of fighting the submarines of a potential enemy on equal terms.
The domestic shipbuilding industry has presented a new project for a promising warship. A few weeks ago, the first information about the new small anti-submarine ship of Project 23420 was published on the official website of the Central Marine Design Bureau (CMKB) Almaz. Several images of such a ship were published, as well as basic information about its purpose, design, equipment, etc.
According to the developer, the new small anti-submarine ship is intended to conduct combat operations against surface, underwater and air enemies, as well as to attack coastal targets using artillery weapons. It is also possible to protect fleet bases, protect the state border and economic zone. Who ordered the development of the new project has not yet been clarified. Thus, in the future, similar ships may be built for both Russian and foreign fleets.
Published images of the promising Project 23420 ship show that during its development all the basic developments used in the creation of modern ships were used. Thus, the external contours of the hull and superstructure are formed from a large number of large rectilinear panels, mated at different angles. The number of elements protruding above such panels is minimized, which should lead to a decrease in the visibility of the ship to enemy radar.
The result of this design approach, as the images show, is a sleek tank without any large parts, behind which is a gun mount. The casing of the latter is also made with stealth in mind and has a corresponding multifaceted shape. To further reduce the likelihood of detection, the sides of the hull are coupled with the sides of the superstructure and are combined over most of the length of the latter. Thus, the necessary characteristics are provided, and the characteristic silhouette of the ship is formed. In the stern, as on many other domestic ships, there is a helipad.
The small anti-submarine ship of Project 23420 should have a displacement of 1300 tons and corresponding dimensions: about 75 m and a maximum width of up to 13 m. According to the developer’s calculations, the main power plants proposed for use will allow the ship to reach speeds of up to 25-30 knots and provide a cruising range of up to 2500 nautical miles. The ship will be operated by a crew of 60 people. Autonomy is set at 15 days.
Within the framework of project 23420, two options for the main power plant are proposed, differing in the composition of the equipment and characteristics. In the first option, the ship should receive a diesel engine, which will drive two fixed-pitch propellers. A power plant option with a diesel engine and electric propulsion is also provided. The screws remain the same. Apparently, such a power plant option will allow the ship to reach a speed of no more than 25 knots.
To increase the maximum speed to 30 knots, the main power plant of the second type must be used. In this case, diesel and gas turbine engines connected by gearboxes, etc. will be mounted on the ship. units. Such a ship will be able to use two adjustable-pitch propellers as propulsion. Obviously, the second version of the main power plant will exceed the first in terms of maximum power, which will correspondingly affect the characteristics of the ship.
Despite its relatively small size and displacement, a promising small anti-submarine ship must carry a relatively powerful set of electronic, hydroacoustic and other equipment, as well as corresponding weapons. In its current form, Project 23420 involves the use of a number of systems, the purpose of which is to study the environment, search for dangerous objects and ensure their destruction.
According to the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau, the new ship will be equipped with the Sigma-E combat information and control system, which will control the operation of all other equipment. The Pozitiv-ME1.2 radar station should be responsible for detecting targets and issuing target designations. It is also planned to use the Horizon-25 inertial navigation system, type 67R “Password” radar identification equipment (two sets) and the “Blocking” joint safe use system. In addition to Horizon-25, the ship’s navigation system should include the Kama-NS-V marine integrated small-sized navigation and stabilization system (MIMSNIS).
The Project 23420 small anti-submarine ship should also receive a set of hydroacoustic equipment that will allow it to detect submarines or other vehicles, as well as enemy swimmers. To solve such problems, the ship will be able to carry the MGK-335EM-03 hydroacoustic complex, the Vignetka-EM hydroacoustic station, as well as the Anapa-ME combat swimmer detection station or a lowered Lovat-type sonar.
Project 23420 allows the use of various means of communication. The main element of this system is the Buran-E complex. In addition, it is possible to install other means of communication that meet the requirements of the GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System) for areas A1, A2 and A3. At the request of the customer, a promising small anti-submarine ship can receive other communication systems of various types.
The ship must receive small arms, artillery, missile and anti-submarine weapons of various types, with which it will be able to fight surface, underwater, coastal and air targets. In addition, an unmanned aircraft system is envisaged.
The artillery in the new project is represented by one AK-176MA installation with a 76 mm caliber gun and one AK-306 anti-aircraft system of 30 mm caliber. The ammunition load of the 76-mm installation is 152 rounds; up to 500 shells are stored in the stowage of the 30-mm system. A larger caliber artillery mount is mounted in front of the superstructure and has a characteristic faceted casing that reduces radar signature. The location of the anti-aircraft AK-306 still raises questions. Apparently, it is planned to be mounted in the aft part of the superstructure.
The ship's barrel systems are also represented by two heavy machine guns. This weapon with an ammunition load of 2000 rounds should be located on pedestal mounts along the sides of the superstructure.
The main anti-aircraft weapons of the Project 23420 ship are one 3M-47 “Gibka” complex and 20 portable air defense systems of the “Igla” or “Igla-S” type. Such weapons make it possible to attack air targets at ranges and altitudes of up to several kilometers. At shorter distances, the destruction of air targets should be carried out by artillery systems.
The main task of the promising ship, as can be seen from its classification, is to fight enemy submarines. To destroy detected submarines, a Project 23420 ship must carry appropriate weapons. In the aft part, at the sides below the level of the helipad, it is proposed to mount two launchers of the small-sized anti-submarine torpedo complex “Packet-NK” or “Packet-E”. The ammunition load of the complex is stated at the level of eight torpedoes. At the same time, the published images show two-pipe launchers.
The ship's additional anti-submarine weapon is the RPK-8E Zapad complex. It includes a 12-barrel rocket launcher RBU-6000, which is used to launch RGB-60 depth charges or 90R anti-submarine missiles. The total ammunition load of the system is 48 missiles and bombs. The bomb launcher should be mounted in front of the superstructure, behind the artillery mount.
Behind the superstructure, it is planned to install two launchers of the PK-10 “Brave” jamming complex. Using shells with false thermal targets, dipole reflectors or other special equipment, this system should make it difficult or impossible to detect the ship. The total ammunition load of the PK-10 complex is 40 rounds.
It is proposed to supplement the radar detection equipment with the Gorizont-AIR-S-100 unmanned aerial complex. The Project 23420 ship must carry one such system, which includes two UAVs and a set of equipment for working with them.
It is proposed to fight enemy swimmers with the help of two DP-64 anti-sabotage hand grenade launchers. The total ammunition capacity of this weapon is 240 rounds. Grenade launchers must be stored in special storage on the ship and do not require any mounting systems, allowing for hand-held firing.
In order to comply with safety requirements, the small anti-submarine ship of Project 23420 must have rescue equipment. In addition to personal equipment, it must carry several inflatable life rafts (in the available images the ship carries four containers with rafts), as well as a motor boat. The latter is located on the stern platform, near the side. To launch it into the water and lift it back, it is proposed to use a special cargo crane.
It should be noted that the Project 23420 ship depicted in the published drawings differs from the description and also has some interesting features. For example, the pictures show that on the aft part of the superstructure there is a combat module of the 3M89 “Broadsword” anti-aircraft missile and artillery system. At the same time, the description of the ship mentions the 3M-47 “Gibka” system, which should probably be installed in the same place. You can also note the parameters of the drawn launchers of the Package-NK/E complex. The proposed ship has two such systems with two launch tubes arranged horizontally. Any information about the possibility of such pipe installation has not yet appeared: all known two-pipe installations of the Package-NK/E complex had a vertical layout.
A promising project of a small anti-submarine ship may be of some interest from the point of view of updating the navy. The Navy needs ships of various classes to replace outdated equipment. Thus, Project 23420 ships will be able to take the place of ships of previous projects for a similar purpose. Currently, the Russian fleet has only a few dozen small anti-submarine ships of several projects. For comparison, about 90 units of Project 1124/1124M ships alone were built. Thus, the new project could lead to a noticeable renewal of the relevant part of the fleet.
Looking at the published data, it is easy to see that Project 23420 has some features that hint at the possible construction of ships for export. Thus, some systems proposed for installation on ships have an additional letter “E”, which denotes export modifications, and the composition of communication equipment can be determined in accordance with the wishes of the customer. Thus, small anti-submarine ships of a new type can begin service not only in the Russian Navy, but also in the navies of third countries.
It should be noted that it is too early to talk about the prospects of the 23420 project. The first information about the new development of the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau was published only a month and a half ago, which does not allow us to form full-fledged judgments about it. At the moment, this can only be a proposal worked out in general terms, which can become a full-fledged project only after interested customers appear. There is no data yet on the interest of potential customers in the new project. However, the proposed project is of some interest and has every chance of becoming the subject of another construction and supply contract.
Based on materials from sites:
http://almaz-kb.ru/
http://bastion-opk.ru/
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/
http://bmpd.livejournal.com/
Series 1124M: 21 knots (cruising), 32 knots (full)
Series 1124M: 2200 nm at 14 knots, 1940 nm at 19 knots
Series 1124M: 86 people (including 9 officers)
Series 1124M:1 - 76 mm/60 AU AK-176, 1 x 6 - 30 mm AU AK-630 M,
Series 1124M: 1x12 213 mm bomb launcher RBU-6000
Small anti-submarine ships of project 1124(cipher "Albatross", NATO code designation - Grisha class corvette) - a type of small anti-submarine ships built in the 1970s-1980s for the USSR Navy as part of 2 main series (projects 1124 and 1124M). A “sentry” version of the ship was also developed.
Background
At the beginning of the 1960s, the Soviet fleet experienced a sharp increase in the need for new escort and anti-submarine ships of limited displacement. The new ships were supposed to ensure the deployment of Soviet SSBNs and submarines, protect naval bases, formations of attack ships and convoys of ships in coastal areas. With the advent of a new generation of submarines with conventional and nuclear power plants in the leading maritime powers, the underwater threat has sharply increased in all operational zones of the Soviet Navy, including in the near sea zone. The USSR Navy had at its disposal small anti-submarine ships of projects 122A and 122bis (369 ships built), anti-submarine boats of project 199 (52 units built), anti-submarine boats (APC) of projects 201M and 201T (183 units built), as well as relatively modern MPKs project 204 (from 63 to 66 ships built). The disadvantages of the latter project included weak air defense and the insufficiently reliable AK-725 AU, while the experience of post-war local conflicts indicated an increasing threat to ships from aviation, so the Project 204 MPCs were outdated already at the time of construction, and these ships have reserves for modernization due to the relatively small displacement, it was absent.
Design history
Tactical and technical assignment
The Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy, S.G. Gorshkov, ordered the development of a new small anti-submarine ship with increased air defense and anti-aircraft defense capabilities. The USSR Navy, according to Gorshkov, was supposed to receive a new powerful anti-submarine ship for the near and coastal sea zones, which is a development of Project 204. For the first time in the practice of Soviet military shipbuilding, a small-displacement warship was supposed to be armed with a self-defense air defense system and a powerful towed hydroacoustic station.
The tactical and technical assignment (TTZ) for the design of the MPC under the code "Albatross" was issued to Zelenodolsk TsKB-340 in 1963. The chief designer of the project was appointed the head of the bureau, Yu. A. Nikolsky, and the main observer from the Navy was an employee of the Central Research Institute of Military Shipbuilding, Captain 2nd Rank I. V. Kozlovsky, who took part in the development of the TT3 Albatross. Technical solutions that were progressive for the early 1960s in the field of ship power and propulsion systems were used when designing the ship by teams of designers led by A.V. Kunakhovich and A.P. Myshakin.
Particular attention in TT3 was paid to limiting the displacement of the future ship of 800 tons, ensuring the ability to maintain a relatively low speed for a long time when searching for an enemy submarine, as well as the ability to immediately develop a full speed of at least 35 knots when attacking it. A combined three-shaft diesel-gas turbine power plant, already tested on patrol ships of projects and 159A, was chosen as the optimal option.
The choice of the most optimal contours of the hull of the future ship was limited by the rigid framework of the proposed technical specifications. In order to achieve the required 35-knot full speed with a standard displacement of 800 tons, the designers proposed combined hull lines that combine the advantages of sharp chine and round chine; At the same time, during the design, the question arose of the need to optimize the seaworthiness of the ship’s hull and its propulsion, subject to the presence of a large under-keel fairing for the gas propellant (the dimensions of the fairing greatly influenced the overall alignment and performance of the ship). The freeboard had to be given a complex shape; Along the side there were smoothed longitudinal ledges (“ridges”) to reduce splashing and flooding of the deck. During the serial construction of ships, the use of these ledges was abandoned for reasons of manufacturability.
The technical specifications of the project clearly stipulated the required composition of weapons. The ship of the project being developed was to be equipped with an Argun-type hydroacoustic all-round search station with an emitter antenna in the keel fairing, a lowered Shelon sonar, two twin-pipe 533-mm PLO torpedo tubes, two rocket-propelled bomb launchers and a 57 mm twin self-defense artillery mount.
Draft design
In June 1964, the command of the USSR Navy and the leadership of the Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry reviewed the draft design of a small anti-submarine ship of Project 1124 presented by the designers.
Based on the results of consideration of the draft design by the Navy command and the Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry, a joint decision was made to install on the ships of the Osa-M self-defense air defense missile system (4K-33) with ammunition of 20 anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) 9M-3Z (provided for at the stage advance project, the additional volumes of the body made it possible to do this). Initially, it was proposed to place a ZIF-122 type air defense missile launcher retractable below deck in the aft end of the hull (this decision was insisted on by the developers of the missile defense system, who considered it necessary to place the launcher and firing radar nearby), and the 3IF-72 artillery mount (AK -725 "), with increased firing angles, move to the bow of the ship. But in the final version of the preliminary design, the 3RK was placed by the designers in the bow of the hull, and the artillery mount took place in the stern.
The anti-submarine weapons included two twelve-barreled RBU-6000 rocket launchers, two twin-tube rotary 533-mm torpedo tubes and depth charges. As a result of the development of the preliminary design, under the keel and towed hydroacoustic stations were placed on the ship, which sharply increased the ship's ability to search and detect enemy submarines.
Technical project
The technical design of the Project 1124 small anti-submarine ship was completed in 1965. The result of the development of the technical project was the implementation of almost all the requirements of the Navy technical specifications. The designers created a “heavily armed, high-speed anti-submarine ship” and kept the total displacement to 900 tons. The technical design was reviewed in the summer of 1966.
For the development of a small anti-submarine ship of Project 1124, a group of leading specialists from the Zelenodolsk Design Bureau (formerly TsKB-340) was awarded the USSR State Prize.
Purpose
The purpose of the Project 1124 ships, according to the tactical and technical specifications, was to ensure the deployment of Soviet SSBNs, the protection of naval bases and formations of attack ships and convoys of ships in coastal areas (the waters of the Baltic and Black Seas, the Kola, Amur and Ussuri Bays and Avacha Bay with the adjacent districts). The combat operation of ships in complex naval theaters (Northern and Pacific fleets) did not imply the use of ships on the high seas.
History of construction
A total of 88 of the 90 laid down ships of various series were built, including 76 small anti-submarine ships of modifications 1124 and 1124M (5 ships of Project 1124M served as border patrol ships), as well as 12 border patrol ships 1124P.
Projects 1124 and 1124P
MPK-170 project 1124.
During the tests of the lead ship, it was necessary to abandon the exotic “freeboard ridges”, which complicated the manufacturing technology of hull structures, and to simplify the geometry of the protruding parts of the hull when developing working documentation.
Project 1124M
MPK-89 project 1124M.
In 1976, under the leadership of Yu. A. Nikolsky, with the main supervisor from the Navy, Captain 2nd Rank A. P. Demeshevich, the so-called abbreviated technical project 1124M was developed - the next (and most radical) modification of project 1124. The ships of the modified project were equipped with more modern weapons: the new 76-mm AK-176 AU, Strela-3 man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems and the more powerful Topaz-2V general detection radar.
Another difference between the new ship and the basic design was the use of the KTU-77 remote-controlled weapon system with TEST-3 torpedoes. Due to the high density of the layout of the original project and the lack of free space, it was decided to abandon the right bomb launcher and use the vacant premises to house the complex’s instruments. The total weight of the complex instruments placed on the ship was 1200 kg. Modification of the project led to overloading and an increase in displacement by more than 30 tons. The standard displacement of the modified project increased by almost 10%. According to the NATO code system, the modified Project 1124M was designated as a Grisha-5 class corvette. Construction of ships of this modification began in 1982. Until 1994, it was possible to build 38 ships of Project 1124M, of which five ships were received from the Khabarovsk Shipyard by the naval units of the border troops of the KGB of the USSR, and three more ships, which were supposed to be transferred to the border guards, were not completed.
Design
Hull and superstructure
The body is assembled using a longitudinal frame system with a spacing size of 500 mm. The thickness of the outer plating ranges from 6-8 mm, the second bottom has a thickness of 5 mm, and the thickness of the deck, platform and main bulkheads reaches 4 mm. There is no armor for the main command post or vital centers of the ship. Eleven watertight bulkheads extending to the upper deck divide the hull into twelve compartments. The hull has upper and lower decks, below them there is a platform, hold and double bottom.
With a standard displacement of 800 tons, a normal displacement of 850 tons, the wetted surface area is 642 m², the midship frame completeness coefficient is 0.652, and the overall completeness coefficient is 0.420.
To make the structure lighter, the ship's superstructures are made of aluminum-magnesium alloy AMG-5V. The bow superstructure occupies almost a third of the length of the hull. Internal baffles and a number of foundations of individual devices are made of aluminum-magnesium alloys, which made it possible to lower the position of the ship's center of gravity and reduce the total weight of the hull structure. The double bottom space makes up almost 90% of the hull length and is used to store fresh water and fuel supplies.
Due to more powerful weapons, compared to the Project 204 MPK, the displacement of the new ship has more than doubled.
Power plant
The main power plant of the ship is a three-shaft diesel-gas turbine echelon type. The ship's power plant is analogous to the power plant of Project 159 patrol ships, but unlike the latter, a Project 1124 power plant is powered by an M-8M type gas turbine engine with a power of 18,000 hp. With. (used as an afterburner engine), and one M-507A1 diesel engine with a power of 10,000 hp runs on each side shaft. With .
The power plant is located in autonomous echelons in two compartments, in the bow and stern engine rooms. In the aft echelon, two main four-stroke, reversible, one hundred and twelve-cylinder diesel engines of the M-507A brand with a gas turbine supercharging weighing 17 tons are placed on board. The diesel engines operate on side shafts with propellers with a diameter of 2.0 m. The technical life of the diesel engines is 2,000 hours. The M-8M gas turbine unit is located in the forward echelon, operating on the middle shaft with a propeller with a diameter of 2.4 m. The time for starting the turbine from a cold state to idle speed does not exceed three minutes, and the development of full turbine power is possible in 10 minutes, including five-minute pre-warm-up stage. The technical resource of the turbine is 10,000 hours. The gas outlet pipe6a is located above the bow engine room and is discharged into a rectangular chimney.
The power plant of Project 1124 ships includes three diesel generators (DG-500, DG-300 and DG-200). Diesel generators provide the ship with three-phase alternating current with a voltage of 380 V and a frequency of 50 Hz.
The main diesel engines and gas turbine unit are controlled from the control panel using an automated remote control system. There is an electric compressor of the EK-3 brand and a diesel compressor of the DK-2-3 brand, an auxiliary boiler unit of the KVA 1.0/5 M brand (with a working steam pressure of 5 kg/cm²). The ship's energy management is carried out using two main switchboards (main distribution boards) “PMZh-7905-6361” and “PMZh-7906-6331”, a distribution board and compensators “EK-2”.
The speed of the project ships only under diesel engines can reach 22 knots with a freely rotating middle shaft. According to other sources, the full speed of the first ships of Project 1124 when operating diesel engines and a gas turbine exceeded 36.1 knots, and for ships of Project 1124M it reaches 32 knots. With one diesel engine, the ship can reach a speed of 7 knots, with two diesel engines - 16 knots, and when using only a gas turbine engine - 21-22 knots.
Autonomy
The normal fuel supply on small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124 is 134 tons; the ship could take 143 tons of fuel when overloaded. The oil reserve is 10.5 tons, fresh water - 27.2 tons. The supply of provisions on Project 1124 ships is taken at the rate of 7 days of autonomy, and on Project 1124M ships - for 9 days of autonomy. The ship's cruising range at full speed is 950 nautical miles, at a speed of 14 knots - 2,750 nautical miles and at a speed of 10 knots - 4,000 nautical miles.
General ship devices
Steering gear
The steering device is represented by two balancing rudders, a two-cylinder electro-hydraulic steering machine R-14 with a piston drive for the steering wheel, two electrically conductive pumps of variable capacity (in the afterpeak and in the tiller compartment) and the Python-211 auto-steering control system. Streamlined balance rudders are made of SXL-45 steel; rudder blade weight with filler - 810 kg; the weight of the forged steel steering stock is 365 kg. The rudder angle does not exceed 36.5°.
Anchor mooring device
The anchor-mooring device of a ship of type SHER 1/3 is located in the bow of the ship and consists of an anchor-mooring electro-hydraulic capstan of type ZHE or SHEG-12, providing anchorage at a nominal depth of up to 50 m and etching of the anchor and anchor-chain at a speed not exceeding below 23 meters per minute. The device control panel is located in the wheelhouse, the control post is located at the breakwater. The anchoring device consists of two Hall anchors weighing 500 kg each and two anchor chains of 200-meter length of increased strength, with 28 mm caliber spacers, chain stoppers, deck and anchor fairleads, chain boxes under the forepeak platform. The mooring device consists of four steel cables with a diameter of 23.5 mm and a length of 220 m, six bollards, six bale strips and three views. At the stern of the ship there is a mooring capstan Ш3 with a cable withdrawal speed of 15 meters per minute.
Thruster
In the tiller compartment of the ship, in the center plane, a thruster device is installed, designed to hold a small anti-submarine ship on the foot against the wave. The device can operate effectively in sea conditions up to 4 points and wind force up to 5 points and is capable of turning the ship to the required angle in sea waves up to 3 points with the MG-Z39T Shelon sonar system lowered.
The thruster includes a retractable propulsion-steering column “P-159M”, equipped with an electro-hydraulic lifting (lowering) drive and electromechanical drives for propeller rotation and column rotation, a UK3K control system, a metal mesh fence, a 50-liter hydraulic tank, a power supply system and a special structural niche with a metal lattice in the aft part of the ship's hull. The inoperative column "P-159M" rises inside the ship's hull; it can be in a lowered state, but according to the strength conditions, the ship’s speed should not exceed 8 knots. The column is controlled remotely from the wheelhouse using the UK3K system or from a backup control panel in the tiller compartment. Emergency control of the steering column using a manual drive is also provided. The power supply of the thruster is carried out from the main switchboard No. 1, 2 through automatic machines A-3334; the dispenser is started using a diesel generator DSDG-500 or, in parallel operation, two diesel generators (DG-200 and DG-300). To prevent freezing of the device, it is heated with steam. Due to technical limitations, it is not recommended to perform more than 12 thruster activations within an hour.
Rescue device
Life-saving equipment on small anti-submarine ships of this project is represented by a YAL-6 type lifeboat, four PSN-10M inflatable life rafts (each for 10 people), ten lifebuoys and individual ISS life jackets (for each crew member). Some ships of the project were also equipped with other options for life-saving equipment.
Seaworthiness
The shape of the contours of the bow of the hull in the form of an “axe” turned out to be unsuccessful in operation. The ship “cuts” the wave, and during waves it gets heavily splashed and flooded, and has a sharp pitching motion. The circulation diameter of Project 1124 small anti-submarine ships does not exceed 7 ship lengths with a roll angle of no more than 12°.
Habitability
The crew size of Project 1124 ships in 1974 was 83 people: 9 officers, 12 midshipmen and 62 foremen and conscript sailors. On Project 1124 ships, the number was increased by 3 people. The crew of the border patrol ships was 79 people, including 9 officers.
During the development of the project, increased attention was paid to the habitability of the ship. The ships were equipped with year-round cooling and air conditioning systems in residential, service areas and combat posts, which made it possible to maintain normal temperature, humidity, cleanliness and air changeability in the ship's premises. The ships are also equipped with a space heating and ventilation system, utility steam piping systems and a fresh water system.
Armament
Radio-technical weapons
General detection and targeting systems
On small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124, the MR-302 (“Rubka”) radar for detecting air and surface targets, operating in the radio wave range 3-10 cm long, was used as radio equipment for general detection; The detection range of this airborne target (AT) radar reaches 98 km, and the detection range of surface targets is 25 km. Project 1124M ships are equipped with a more powerful general detection radar "MR-320" "Topaz-2V", operating in the radio wave range 10-12 cm long; The detection range of this radar for air targets reaches 100 km, and the detection range for surface targets is 40 km. The latest ships of the 1124M modification had the Fregat-MA.1 (MR-755) with a phased array antenna and a detection range of air targets up to 250 km as a general detection radar.
On ships of the basic project 1124, target designation for artillery systems is provided by the MR-10Z (Bars) radar with a target detection range of 205 cables (40 km) at a target speed of up to 705 m/s; The MR-103 radar can also be used for navigation purposes. On the MPK of later modifications, the artillery fire of the AK-176M and AK-630M AUs is controlled by the MR-123-02 (Vympel-221) radar with a target detection range of up to 45 km in the absence of electronic interference and up to 30 km in its presence.
Signal reconnaissance and electronic warfare equipment
To conduct electronic reconnaissance on small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124, a Bizan-4B enemy radar detection station with a detection range of 155 cables (28 km) was installed. The station preparation time for operation is 90 s, the continuous operation time is 48 hours. On ships of the modernized Project 1124M, instead of the Bizan-4B station, the Vympel-R2 electronic intelligence radar is installed.
Radio communications and special-purpose equipment
Stable radio communication on Project 1124 ships is ensured by a wide range of radio receivers and radio transmitters, including: two “R-654”, three “R-625”, two “T-612”, “T-225”, two “T-606” , “R-105”, two “R-680”, “R-676”, two “R-758” and a hammer drill, “DKM-80”, “Volna-K”, two NPCHU, “R-069”, “L-460.5”, five POO, three VPS, “PTK-3K”, “KMA-6”, “KVR”, ZAS equipment “PTK-39”, “P-400K” and several antennas: two “K-698” ", "K-698-2", "Double", two whip antennas "Sh-10", three whip antennas "Sh-6".
The ships are equipped with special-purpose equipment: “Zvezda”, “Violet” (“082”), “067”, “KMG-12” and the product “6730-6S”.
Hydroacoustic weapons
The hydroacoustic armament of small anti-submarine ships of the basic project 1124 consisted of two hydroacoustic stations (GAS): the underwater sonar "Argun", operating in echo direction finding mode at ship speeds of 14 and 25 knots, and the lowering sonar "Shelon", operating only at a stop as in echo mode - and noise direction finding. The detection range of the Argun GAS is within 2 - 10 km, and the Shelon GAS is within 2 - 50 km. The two-stage cycle of searching for enemy submarines consisted of searching for a submarine on the foot using the Shelon sonar and then following the ship at full speed with the raised Shelon sonar to the area where the submarine was detected to search for it and attack using the underwater sonar.
On small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124M, the Argun GAS was replaced by a more powerful Platina or Platina-M GAS with an underwater target detection range of up to 15 km; unlike the Argun, the new GAS could operate in modes such as echo, and noise direction finding.
State identification system
Navigation weapons
The ship's navigational armament consists of the Kurs-5 gyrocompass, AP-4 autoplotter, MGL-50 log, NEL-5 echo sounder, 127-mm UKMP-3, KUS-9U magnetic compass, KIV ship wind meter, ARP-50R radio direction finder, thermal probe T30-21G, KPM "Gals" and KPI-5F, 18 nautical watches, two stopwatches, an anemometer, sextant SNO-T, hydrograph, thermometer, thermograph, two magnetic 75-mm boat compasses, a star globe and a set of maps of the navigation area.
Anti-aircraft missile weapons
The Osa-M anti-aircraft missile system located on Project 1124 ships is designed to provide air defense and destroy single air targets. The complex is located in the bow of the ship. The air defense system includes a two-beam launcher "ZiF-122", in the non-operating position located under the tank deck in a special cellar and during the transition from the stowed to the combat position, it rises together with two anti-aircraft missiles ready for launch, a missile supply and reloading system, a 4P control system -33 and ammunition of 20 9M-33 anti-aircraft missiles. The rate of fire of the air defense system is two launches per minute when firing at air targets and 2.8 launches when firing at surface targets; the launcher reload time does not exceed 16-21 s.
The Osa-M air defense system is capable of hitting targets flying at a speed of 300 m/s at altitudes of 200-5000 m and at a range of up to 9000 m (for supersonic targets - 7100); at low altitudes (50-100) the range of hitting targets is reduced up to 4000-6000 m. Adopted in 1979 by the USSR Navy, the modernized Osa-MA air defense system had an increased range of destruction of air targets (15 km) at altitudes of 15 m.
MANPADS "Strela-3"
The low rate of fire of the Osa family of air defense systems does not allow them to repel simultaneous attacks from several air targets or anti-ship missiles; for this reason, at the beginning of the 21st century, all modifications of the Osa air defense system are outdated and ineffective weapons.
Artillery weapons
The artillery of small anti-submarine ships of the basic project 1124 is represented by one double-barrel turret artillery mount (AU) AK-725 of 57 mm caliber, located in the aft part of the hull. The AU turret is unarmored and made of 6 mm thick duralumin alloy with the inner surface coated with polyurethane foam (to prevent sweating). The turret gun contains two 57-mm/75 ZiF-74 assault rifles in one cradle with a total ammunition capacity of 1,100 rounds and a rate of fire of 200 rounds per minute with a continuous burst length of 100 rounds. AC calculation - 2 people. Horizontal guidance angles - 200° on both sides. Gun mass - 3.9 tons. Firing range - 8420 m (6950 m with self-liquidator). The guns are aimed either from a remote control panel or remotely from a fire control radar of the MP-103 “Bars” type with a maximum target detection range of 40 km.
The low efficiency of the 57-mm projectile with a proximity fuse, demonstrated in practice, influenced the strengthening of the naval artillery of ships of the modernized Project 1124M. At the AK-725 installation site there is a single-barrel automatic 76-mm/59 AU turret-type AK-176 with 152 rounds of ammunition. The AU tower is made of aluminum-magnesium alloy AMg-61 with a thickness of 4 mm. Crew - 2 people (4 people in manual ammunition supply mode). Horizontal guidance angles on both sides do not exceed 175°. AC mass - 10.45 tons.
On the aft superstructure of Project 1124M ships, to combat low-flying anti-ship missiles, there is a six-barreled 30-mm/54.5 AU AK-630M with a belt magazine for 2000 rounds and a spare belt of 1000 rounds, stored in a barbette in a special bunker. The weight of the gun without ammunition and spare parts is 1.85 tons. The total weight of the gun with the control system is 9114 kg. Firing range is 4000 m. In standard mode, firing is carried out in 4-5 bursts of 20-25 shots, starting from the maximum range; at the distance of the most effective fire, fire is fired in bursts of 400 shots with a break between bursts of 3-5 s.
Anti-submarine and torpedo weapons
In the bow of the Project 1124 MPK superstructure, two 12-barrel rocket launchers with mechanical loading “RBU-6000” are located on board. On ships of the 1124M modification, only the left installation was left; in place of the right installation, a salute gun was installed on some ships. Under the installations in the below-deck room there are cellars for 96 (on ships of Project 1124M - 48) RSL-60 depth charges of 212 mm caliber (projectile weight - 11.5 kg, charge - 23.5 kg. Loading and unloading of the barrel package occurs automatically using a special lift, without accessing the crew installation to the upper deck. Maximum guidance angles of the RBU-6000 in the horizontal plane along the heading angle: from 0° to +170°; in the vertical plane from - 90° to +65°. Guidance speed in automatic mode. 30 °/s, with manual guidance - no more than 4 °/s. Automatic reload speed - 3 minutes, manual - 24 minutes. The firing range of the RBU-6000 is within 1.2 - 5.8 km.
Target designation of the RBU was received from the ship's GAS by transmitting the received bearing and distance to the submarine to the "Storm" fire control device (FCU) system, which generated the horizontal and vertical guidance angles of the RBU; then electric power drives guided the RBU along continuously generated angles and kept the installations at the required angles when firing; The explosion depths of the bombs were entered into the depth charge fuses remotely using the PUSB on command from the main command post of the ship. Rocket launchers could be used in sea conditions up to 8 points and conduct both salvo and single fire with intervals between salvos of 0.3 s.
The torpedo armament of the ships of the project consists of two two-tube rotary torpedo tubes of the DTD53-1124 brand, installed on the side behind the bow superstructure. The torpedo tubes are equipped with a remote automatic device for inserting the current angle into the torpedoes (ATU.1) and have an air-fired firing system. Before firing, the torpedo tubes are rotated to a fixed angle of 27°. The devices can fire either anti-ship torpedoes of the 53-65K brand or anti-submarine torpedoes of the SET-53, SET-53M and SET-65 brands. Project 1124M ships are equipped with the KTU-77 Terek remote-controlled weapon system. The TEST-3 torpedo, created on the basis of the TEST-71 torpedo, is used for firing. The TEST-3 electric torpedo has a range of 15-20 km, a speed of 25 and 40 knots, a running depth of 20-400 m, and also switches speeds to reduce its own noise level. A torpedo's cruising range of 20 km is achieved provided that 50% of the time it moves at a speed of 23-25 knots. The length of the wire in a torpedo coil for telecontrol is 20 km, in a ship coil - 5 km. The torpedo homing system is acoustic, active-passive, two-plane, with a response radius of 1000 m along the active channel. Non-contact fuse - sonar, circular action, with a response radius of 10 m.
Modernization
The subsequent development of Project 1124 with the installation of more modern weapons on it did not take place due to the lack of modernization displacement reserves for the ships of the project. “The project exhausted itself and the country’s Navy in the 1980s. Fundamentally new ships were already required. A kind of enlarged version of the Project 1124 MPK was also the Project 1159 patrol ship, created at the Zelenodolsk Design Bureau under the leadership of the same Yu. A. Nikolsky for export deliveries to “socialist and developing” countries.”
Combat survivability
The unsinkability of the project ship was ensured when any three adjacent compartments were flooded, both at normal and full displacement. The emergency static roll should not exceed 13°. If the freeboard height is less than 0.5 meters, the ship may capsize.
The fire protection of the engine rooms of small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124 was relatively weak. The liquid fire extinguishing station was quickly discharged (freon was supplied to one or two fire-hazardous rooms) and was unsuitable for reuse. The steam extinguishing system was low-power; in addition to it, the ship was equipped with a single-wire water fire-fighting main with water outlets for consumers. Two fire pumps of the NTs8-16O180 brand with a capacity of 160 m³ of water per hour are switched on automatically from a pressure switch, manually from the pump installation site or remotely from the PES (energy and survivability station).
The ships' chemical weapons included two VPHR devices (military chemical reconnaissance device), four KRBGs and one FPU, KRVP and KID-6G each. Project 1124 MPCs are also equipped with a demagnetization device, a universal water protection system (USVZ), a room ventilation system, emergency cooling systems for the main engines and sea water supply.
Used
- USSR
- Russia
- Ukraine- during the division of the USSR Black Sea Fleet on August 1, two ships of Project 1124 were transferred to Ukraine - MPK-43 (until 02/15/1992 “Odessa Komsomolets”) and MPK-52. In the Ukrainian Navy, the ships were reclassified as corvettes and renamed U209 "Sumy" (Ukrainian: Sumi) and U210 "Kherson" (Ukrainian: Kherson), respectively. Removed from the fleet and decommissioned: "Sumy" - in the year, "Kherson" - in the year. In addition, on January 19, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine handed over to the Navy two ships of Project 1124P - the PSKR Dnepr and Izmail. Reclassified as corvettes and renamed U206 "Vinnitsa" (Ukrainian: Віння) and U205 "Chernigov" (Ukrainian: Chernihiv) respectively. That year, Chernigov was withdrawn from the fleet and decommissioned. The most popular corvettes of the Ukrainian Navy are the Project 1124M U205 MPKs completed in the post-Soviet period. (until 2007 U200)"Lutsk" (Ukrainian: Lutsk), introduced into the fleet on 02/12/1994 and U209 "Ternopil" (Ukrainian: Ternopil), introduced into the fleet on 02/16/2006
- Lithuania - during the division of the USSR Baltic Fleet on October 29, two ships of Project 1124 of the 2nd series - MPK-44 (Komsomolets of Latvia) and MPK-108 - were transferred to Lithuania without the right to sell to third countries. In the Lithuanian Navy, the ships were reclassified as frigates (lit. fregatos) and renamed F-11 "Zemaitis" (lit. Žemaitis) and F-12 "Aukštaitis" (lit. Aukštaitis), respectively. Withdrawn from the fleet and decommissioned: "Žemaitis" - on October 22, 2010, "Aukštaitis" - on November 18, 2017.
Organizational and staffing structure
USSR NavyAt the time of the collapse of the USSR, the Twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet included only four Project 1124 ships; all of them were part of the 109th division of anti-submarine ships of the 118th brigade of OVR ships and were based at the Liepaja naval base.
At the beginning of the 1990s, the Red Banner Northern Fleet had 27 albatrosses. The ships were part of the 141st separate division of anti-submarine ships (Linahamari naval base), the anti-submarine ship division of the Severodvinsk brigade of OVR ships (NAB Severodvinsk), the 58th division of the PLC of the 67th brigade of OVR ships (NAB Port Vladimir), the 12th division anti-submarine ships of the 2nd brigade of OVR ships (Gremikha naval base) and the 2nd division of the 77th Guards brigade of anti-submarine ships (Polyarny naval base).
Russian Navy
The Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy in 2008 included 7 small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124M: the 270th Guards Pechenga Red Banner IPC Division of the 7th Brigade of Water Area Security Ships (based at Olenya Guba) included the MPK-14 Monchegorsk, MPK-59 "Snezhnogorsk", MPK-194 "Brest", MPK-203 "Junga"); The 43rd division of water area security ships (based in Severodvinsk) included the MPK-7 Onega, MPK-130 Naryan-Mar and MPK-139.
The Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy in 2008 included 10 small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124M: the 11th division of water area security ships (based in Vladivostok) included Project 1124M ships MPK-17, MPK-28, MPK-64 “Metel” ", MPK-221 "Primorsky" and MPK-222; Project 1124M ships MPK-82, MPK-107, MPK-178 served as part of the 117th MPK division of the 114th OVR brigade (based on the Zavoiko Peninsula); The division of ships guarding the water area of the Sovgavan naval region (base point - Sovetskaya Gavan) included Project 1124M ships MPK-125 "Sovetskaya Gavan" and MPK-191 "Kholmsk".
The Baltic Fleet does not include small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124 and 1124M.
The Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy includes 6 small anti-submarine ships of projects 1124 and 1124M for a year:
400th division of anti-submarine ships of the 68th brigade of water area security ships (base point - Sevastopol, Yuzhnaya Bay)
- "Aleksandrovets" no. 059 (until July 2004 MPK-49) project 1124;
- "Muromets" no. 064 (until April 1999 MPK-134) project 1124M;
- "Suzdalets" w/n 071 (until April 1999 MPK-118) project 1124M.
- "Povorino" no. 053 (until 1999 MPK-207) project 1124M;
- "Eysk" w/n 054 (until September 1999 MPK-217) project 1124M;
- "Kasimov" no. 055 (until 2001 MPK-199) project 1124M.
Small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124, located in the Ukrainian Navy, are classified as corvettes and are part of the 5th brigade of surface ships (Novoozernoye, Lake Donuzlav).
Service history
Project 1124 ships served in the 1970s and 1980s as part of the Northern, Baltic, Pacific and Black Sea fleets of the USSR Navy, searching for and pursuing enemy submarines. Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Sergei Georgievich Gorshkov called the ships of this project “the workhorse of the fleet.”
In addition to detecting and pursuing foreign submarines, the “albatross” escorted individual ships and convoys in dangerous areas. In 1990-1991, during the civil war in Ethiopia, the MPK-118 “Komsomolets of Moldova” carried out combat service in the Red Sea. On October 19, 1990, while escorting the Komsomolets Moldavia convoy of two large landing ships, the Sheksna tanker and the Paravan sea minesweeper, a detachment of Soviet ships was fired upon from Cape Karoli and Asarka North Island by two coastal batteries of Eritrean separatists, which fired at the lead small anti-submarine The ship received 6 122-mm shells and 3 unguided Grad-type shells. With return fire, the Komsomolets Moldavii suppressed both batteries and destroyed the enemy's ammunition depot, for which the ship's commander and 10 crew members received government awards. During the entire period of combat service in the Red Sea, “Komsomolets of Moldova” successfully conducted more than 30 convoys.
Small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124 were also used in combat service in the Mediterranean Sea.
Project evaluation
Small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124 became landmark ships of the Soviet fleet, “the most widespread and very successful representatives of their class in the domestic fleet.” All the best achievements of Soviet shipbuilding were embodied in the ships of this project. At the beginning of the 1970s, small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124 had improved anti-submarine capabilities due to the use of two hydroacoustic stations (under the keel and lowered on the foot); for the first time, the Oca-M anti-aircraft self-defense missile system was installed on ships of relatively small displacement. Thanks to this, the “albatrosses” were well-armed ships for their time.
Just like other Soviet small anti-submarine ships, representatives of Project 1124 are superior to all foreign analogues in anti-submarine capabilities, air defense systems and performance. But in comparison with the latest foreign multi-purpose ships of the “corvette” or “small frigate” class, they are inferior to the latter in strike capabilities (anti-ship missile systems were not installed on Soviet ships of this class) and in the capabilities of illuminating the surface and underwater situation
Notes
- Kostrichenko V.V."Albatross" sentinel at sea. History of ships of Project 1124. - M.: Military Book, 2005. - P. 12. - 166 p. - ISBN 5-902863-04-X
Small anti-submarine ship project 204
Small anti-submarine ship(abbreviated: IPC) - a subclass of anti-submarine ships according to the Soviet naval classification. Designed to search, track and destroy submarines in the near sea and coastal zone. In NATO countries, small anti-submarine ships are classified as anti-submarine corvettes - English. corvettes ASW (anti-submarine warfare).
Story
Small anti-submarine ships have become a logical development of the water area security boat projects: small hunters of the MO-4 type and projects 199 and 201; large hunters of projects 122, 122A, 122 bis (later reclassified as MPK). They are designed for anti-submarine warfare in the near sea and coastal zones.
The first type of small anti-submarine ships specially developed in the USSR was Project 204 (63-66 units were built in 1960-1968). The Black Sea Fleet of the USSR Navy included 42 MPKs (including projects 1124, 1141, 204).
A further development of the MPK subclass was the small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124 and its modifications (71 units of the MPK version were built).
Technical data
(Using the example of MPK project 204) Displacement 555 tons, length 58.3 m, width 8.1 m, draft 3.09 m, maximum speed 35 knots, crew 54 people. The armament consisted of 4 torpedo tubes, 2 bomb launchers and a two-gun 57 mm gun mount.
See also
Literature
- Apalkov Yu. V. Ships of the USSR Navy. Directory in 4 volumes. - St. Petersburg. : Galeya Print, 2005. - T. III. Anti-submarine ships. Part I. Large anti-submarine ships. Patrol ships. - 124 s. - ISBN 5-8172-0094-5.
- Apalkov Yu. V. Ships of the USSR Navy. Directory in 4 volumes. - St. Petersburg. : Galeya Print, 2005. - T. III. Anti-submarine ships. Part II. Small anti-submarine ships. - 112 s. -