Maximum temperature in a Russian bath. Temperature in the steam room of a Russian bath
Amundsen Roald
Biography of Roald Amundsen - early years
Roald Engelbert Gravning Amundsen was born on July 16, 1872 in Norway, in the city of Borg, Östfold province. His father was a hereditary navigator. According to Amundsen's recollections, the idea of becoming a polar explorer first came to him at the age of 15, when he became acquainted with the biography of Canadian Arctic explorer John Franklin. After graduating from high school in 1890, Roald entered the Faculty of Medicine Christiania University, but after completing two courses he interrupted his studies and got a job as a sailor on a fishing sailing vessel. Two years later, Rual passed the navigator exam long voyage
. In 1897-1899, Amundsen participated in the Belgian Antarctic expedition as the navigator of the Belgica. After returning from the expedition, he passed the exam again, becoming a sea captain. In 1900, Roual makes one important acquisition - he buys the fishing yacht "Joa". The yacht was built in Rosendalen by shipwright Kurt Skaale and was originally used for herring fishing. Amundsen deliberately acquired a small ship in preparation for a future expedition: he relied not on a crowded crew, which would require significant supplies of provisions, but on
small detachment who could earn his own food by hunting and fishing. In 1903, the expedition started from Greenland. The crew of the yacht "Gjoa" continued to travel through the seas and straits of the Canadian Arctic archipelago for three years. In 1906, the expedition reached Alaska. During the voyage, more than a hundred islands were mapped and many valuable discoveries were made. Roald Amundsen became the first person to navigate the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to
Pacific Ocean . However, this was only the beginning of the amazing biography of the Norwegian navigator. Antarctica, where Amundsen visited in his youth, attracted him with its unknown nature. Icebound which was supposed to be the conquest South Pole. The motor-sailing schooner Fram, created by shipbuilder Colin Archer, was chosen for the expedition - the strongest wooden ship in the world, which had previously taken part in Fridtjof Nansen’s Arctic expedition and Otto Sverdrup’s voyage to the Canadian Arctic archipelago. Equipment and preparatory work continued until the end of June 1910. It is noteworthy that among the expedition participants was the Russian sailor and oceanographer Alexander Stepanovich Kuchin. On July 7, 1910, the crew of the Fram set sail. On January 14, 1911, the ship reached Antarctica, entering Whale Bay.
Roald Amundsen's expedition took place in the most acute competition with the English expedition "Terra Nova", led by Robert Falcon Scott. In October 1911, Amundsen's team began moving inland by dog sled. On December 14, 1911, at 3 p.m., Amundsen and his comrades reached the South Pole, 33 days ahead of Scott's team.
Biography of Roald Amundsen - mature years
Having conquered the South Pole of the Earth, Amundsen was inspired by a new idea. Now he is rushing to the Arctic: his plans include a transpolar drift, sailing across the Arctic Ocean to the North Pole. For these purposes, using the drawings of the Fram, Amundsen builds the schooner Maud, named after the Queen of Norway, Maud of Wales (Amundsen also christened the mountains he discovered in Antarctica in her honor). In 1918-1920, the Maud sailed through the Northeast Passage (in 1920, an expedition starting from Norway reached the Bering Strait), and from 1922 to 1925, it continued to drift in the East Siberian Sea.
The North Pole, however, was not reached by Amundsen's expedition. In 1926, Captain Amundsen led the first non-stop trans-Arctic flight on the airship "Norway" along the route Spitsbergen - North Pole - Alaska. Upon his return to Oslo, Amundsen received a grand reception; in his own words, it was the happiest moment in his life. Roald Amundsen hatched plans to study the cultures of the peoples of North America and, there were also new expeditions in his plans. But 1928 was the final year in his biography. The Italian expedition of Umberto Nobile, one of the participants in the 1926 Norway flight, suffered a disaster in the Arctic Ocean. The crew of the airship "Italy", on which Nobile was traveling, ended up on a drifting ice floe. Significant forces were deployed to rescue the Nobile expedition, and Roald Amundsen also took part in the search. On June 18, 1928, he took off from Norway on a French Latham plane, but suffered an air crash and died in the Barents Sea.
Biography of Roald Amundsen – shining example heroic life. WITH early youth, setting ambitious goals for himself that seemed unrealistic to others, he inexorably moved forward - and won, becoming a pioneer in the harsh ice of the Arctic seas or the snowy expanses of Antarctica. Fridtjof Nansen said wonderfully about his outstanding fellow countryman: “He will forever occupy a special place in the history of geographical exploration... Some kind of explosive force lived in him. In the foggy horizon of the Norwegian people, he rose like a shining star. How many times has it lit up bright flashes! And suddenly it immediately went out, and we cannot take our eyes off the empty place in the sky.”
A sea, a mountain and a glacier in Antarctica, as well as a crater on the Moon, are named after Amundsen. Raoul Amundsen outlined his experience as a polar explorer in the books he wrote, “My Life,” “The South Pole,” and “On the Ship Maud.” “Willpower is the first and most important quality a skilled explorer,” said the discoverer of the South Pole. “Forethought and caution are equally important: foresight is to notice difficulties in time, and caution is to prepare most thoroughly to meet them... Victory awaits the one who has everything in order, and this is called luck.”
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© Biography of Amundsen Rual. Biography of geographer, traveler, discoverer Amundsen Rual
Norwegian traveler, record holder, explorer and great person Roald Amundsen known all over the world as
- the first person to conquer both poles of our planet;
- the first person to visit the South Pole;
- the first person to commit trip around the world with its closure at the North Pole;
- one of the pioneers of the use of aviation - seaplanes and airships - in arctic travel.
Brief biography of Roald Amundsen
Roald Amundsen ( full name — Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen) born July 16, 1872 in Borg, Norway. His father - Jens Amundsen, hereditary sea merchant. His mother - Hannah Salquist, daughter of a customs official.
Schooling
Rual was always at school worst student, but stood out for his stubbornness and keen sense of justice. The school director even refused to allow him to take the final exam for fear of disgracing the institution as a failing student.
Amundsen had to sign up for final exams separately, as an external student, and in July 1890 he and with great difficulty received a matriculation certificate.
Further studies
After his father's death in 1886, Roald Amundsen wanted to study to the sailor, but the mother insisted that her son choose medicine after receiving his matriculation certificate.
He had to submit and become a medical student at the university. But in September 1893, when his mother suddenly died, he became the master of his fate and, leaving the university, went to sea.
Maritime specialty and travel to the Arctic
For 5 years, Rual sailed as a sailor on different ships, and then passed the exams and received navigator diploma. And in this capacity, in 1897, he finally went to the Arctic for research purposes on a ship "Belgica", which belonged to the Belgian Arctic expedition.
It was the hardest test. The ship was trapped in ice, hunger and disease began, and people went crazy. Only a few remained healthy, among them Amundsen - he hunted seals, was not afraid to eat their meat, and thus escaped.
Northwest Passage
In 1903 Amundsen used the accumulated funds to buy a used 47-ton motor-sailing yacht "Yoa", built just in the year of his birth. The schooner had a diesel engine of only 13 horsepower.
Together with 7 crew members, he went out to the open sea. He managed to walk along the banks North America from Greenland to Alaska and open the so-called northwest passage.
This expedition was no less harsh than the first. I had to survive wintering in ice, ocean storms, encounters with dangerous icebergs. But Amundsen continued to conduct scientific observations, and he managed to determine the location of the Earth's magnetic pole.
He reached “residential” Alaska by dog sled. He had aged a lot, at 33 he looked 70. Difficulties did not frighten the experienced polar explorer, seasoned sailor and passionate traveler.
Conquest of the South Pole
In 1910, he began to prepare a new expedition to North Pole. Just before going to sea, a message arrived that the North Pole had been conquered by an American Robert Peary.
The proud Amundsen immediately changed his goal: he decided to go to the South Pole.
The travelers overcame 16 thousand miles in a few weeks, and approached the iciest Ross Barrier in Antarctica. There we had to land ashore and move on with dog sleds. The path was blocked by icy rocks and abysses; the skis barely glided.
But despite all the difficulties, Roald Amundsen December 14, 1911 reached the South Pole. Together with his comrades he walked through the ice 1500 kilometers and was the first to plant the Norwegian flag at the South Pole.
Polar aviation
Roald Amundsen flew to the North Pole on seaplanes, landed on the island of Spitsbergen, and landed in the ice. In 1926 on a huge airship "Norway"(106 meters long and with three engines) together with the Italian expedition Umberto Nobile and an American millionaire Lincoln-Ellsworth Amundsen realized his dream:
flew over the North Pole and landed in Alaska.
But all the glory went to Umberto Nobile. Head of the fascist state Benito Mussolini glorified only Nobile, promoted him to general, they didn’t even remember about Amundsen.
Tragic death
In 1928 Nobile decided to repeat his record. On an airship "Italy", the same design as the previous airship, he made another flight to the North Pole. Italy was eagerly awaiting his return, national hero prepared for a triumphal meeting. The North Pole will be Italian...
But on the way back, due to icing, the airship "Italy" lost control. Part of the crew, together with Nobile, managed land on an ice floe. The other part flew away with the airship. Radio communication with castaways interrupted.
Amundsen agreed to become a member of one of the rescue expeditions of the Nobile team. June 18, 1928 together with the French crew he took off on a seaplane "Latham-47" towards the island of Spitsbergen.
This was Amundsen's last flight. Soon radio contact with the plane over the Barents Sea was lost. The exact circumstances of the death of the plane and the expedition remained unknown.
In 1928, Amundsen was awarded (posthumously) the highest honor in the United States - Congressional Gold Medal.
2.3 Conquest of the South Pole
2.4 Northeast sea route
2.5 Transarctic flights
2.6 Last years and death
- Objects named after the traveler.
- List of used literature.
Norwegian polar traveler and explorer. First man to reach the South Pole (December 14, 1911). The first person (together with Oscar Wisting) to visit both geographic poles of the planet. The first explorer to make a sea crossing through both the North-Eastern (along the coast of Siberia) and the North-Western sea route (along the straits of the Canadian archipelago). He died in 1928 during the search for the expedition of Umberto Nobile. He received awards from many countries around the world, including highest award USA - Congressional Gold Medal.
- Brief chronology
In 1890-1892 he studied at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Christiania.
From 1894 to 1899 he sailed as a sailor and navigator on various ships. Beginning in 1903, he made a number of expeditions that became widely known.
First passed (1903-1906) on a small fishing vessel "Gjoa" along the Northwest Passage from East to West from Greenland to Alaska.
On the ship "Fram" went to Antarctica; landed in Whale Bay and on December 14, 1911 reached the South Pole on dogs, a month ahead of the English expedition of R. Scott.
In the summer of 1918, the expedition left Norway on the ship Maud and in 1920 reached the Bering Strait.
In 1926 he led the 1st trans-Arctic flight on the airship "Norway" along the route: Spitsbergen - North Pole - Alaska.
In 1928, during an attempt to find and assist the Italian expedition of Umberto Nobile, which crashed in the Arctic Ocean on the airship Italia, Amundsen, who flew on June 18 on the Latham seaplane, died in the Barents Sea.
- Life
2.1 Youth and first expeditions
Roald was born in 1872 in southeastern Norway (Borge, near Sarpsborg) into a family of sailors and shipbuilders. When he was 14 years old, his father died and the family moved to Christiania (since 1924 - Oslo). Rual entered the medical faculty of the university, but when he was 21 years old, his mother died and Rual left the university. He subsequently wrote:
« With inexpressible relief, I left the university to devote myself wholeheartedly to the only dream of my life. »
In 1897-1899 as a navigator, he took part in the Belgian Antarctic expedition on the ship “Belgica” under the command of the Belgian polar explorer Adrien de Gerlache.
2.2 Northwestern Sea Route
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Figure 1. Map of Amundsen's Arctic expeditions
In 1903, he bought a used 47-ton motor-sailing yacht “Gjøa”, “the same age” as Amundsen himself (built in 1872) and set off on an Arctic expedition. The schooner was equipped with a 13 hp diesel engine.
Personnel expedition included:
- Roald Amundsen - head of the expedition, glaciologist, specialist in terrestrial magnetism, ethnographer.
- Godfried Hansen, a Dane by nationality, is a navigator, astronomer, geologist and photographer of the expedition. Senior Lieutenant in the Danish Navy, participated in expeditions to Iceland and the Faroe Islands.
- Anton Lund - skipper and harpooner.
- Peder Ristvedt is a senior machinist and meteorologist.
- Helmer Hansen is the second navigator.
- Gustav Yul Wik - second driver, assistant during magnetic observations. Died of an unexplained illness on March 30, 1906.
- Adolf Henrik Lindström - cook and provisions master. Member of the Sverdrup expedition in 1898-1902.
Amundsen passed through the North Atlantic, Baffin Bay, Lancaster, Barrow, Peel, Franklin, James Ross Straits and in early September stopped for the winter off the southeastern coast of King William Island. In the summer of 1904, the bay was not free of ice, and the Gjoa remained for a second winter.
On August 13, 1905, the ship continued sailing and practically completed the North-West Route, but still froze into the ice. Amundsen travels by dog sled to Eagle City, Alaska.
He later recalled:
« When I returned, everyone put my age at between 59 and 75, even though I was only 33.”
2.3 Conquest of the South Pole
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Figure 2. Map of Amundsen's Antarctic expedition
2.4 Conquest of the South Pole
In 1910, Amundsen planned a transpolar drift through the Arctic, which was to begin off the coast of Chukotka. Amundsen hoped to be the first to reach the North Pole, for which he obtained support from Fridtjof Nansen back in 1907. By an Act of Parliament, the ship "Fram" (Norwegian Fram, "Forward") was provided for the expedition. The budget was very modest, amounting to about 250 thousand crowns (for comparison: Nansen had 450 thousand crowns in 1893). Amundsen's plans were unexpectedly destroyed by Cook's announcement of the conquest of the North Pole in April 1908. Soon Robert Peary also announced the conquest of the pole. There was no longer any need to count on sponsorship support, and then Rual decided to conquer the South Pole, for the achievement of which a race was also beginning to unfold.
By 1909, the Fram (Figure 3) had been completely rebuilt, but was already intended for a new expedition. All preparations were kept secret: except for himself, Amundsen’s brother-lawyer Leon Amundsen and the commander of the Fram, Lieutenant Thorvald Nielsen, knew about Amundsen’s plans. It was necessary to make non-standard solutions: a significant part of the provisions for the expedition was supplied by the Norwegian army (they had to test a new Arctic diet), ski suits for the expedition members were made from decommissioned army blankets, the army provided tents, etc. The only sponsor was found in Argentina: at the expense of the tycoon of Norwegian origin, Don Pedro Christoffersen, kerosene and many supplies were purchased. His generosity made it possible to make Buenos Aires the main base of Fram. Later, a mountain as part of the Transantarctic Range was named in his honor.
Before sailing, Amundsen sent letters to Nansen and the King of Norway, explaining his motives. According to legend, Nansen, upon receiving the letter, cried out: “Fool! I would provide him with all my calculations” (Nansen was planning to make an expedition to Antarctica in 1905, but his wife’s illness forced him to abandon his plans).
The expedition personnel were divided into two detachments: ship and coastal. The list is as of January 1912.
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Figure 3. Fram under sail
Coastal detachment:
- Roald Amundsen - head of the expedition, head of the sleigh party on the trip to the South Pole.
- Olaf Bjoland - participant in the expedition to the Pole.
- Oscar Wisting - participant in the expedition to the Pole.
- Jorgen Stubberud - participant in the campaign to the Land of King Edward VII.
- Christian Prestrud - head of the sleigh party to King Edward VII's Land.
- Frederik Hjalmar Johansen, a member of Nansen's expedition in 1893-1896, did not join the polar detachment due to a conflict with Amundsen.
- Helmer Hansen - participant in the trip to the Pole.
- Sverre Hassel - participant in the expedition to the Pole.
- Adolf Henrik Lindström - cook and provisions master.
Team "Frama" (ship group):
- Thorvald Nielsen - commander of the Fram
- Steller is a sailor, German by nationality.
- Ludwig Hansen - sailor.
- Adolf Ohlsen - sailor.
- Karenius Olsen - cook, cabin boy (the youngest member of the expedition, in 1910 he was 18 years old).
- Martin Richard Rönne - sailmaker.
- Christensen is the navigator.
- Halvorsen.
- Knut Sundbeck is a Swede by nationality, a ship mechanic (the engineer who created the diesel engine for the Fram), an employee of the Rudolf Diesel company.
- Frederik Hjalmar Jertsen - first assistant commander, lieutenant in the Norwegian Navy. He also served as the ship's doctor.
The twentieth member of the expedition was biologist Alexander Stepanovich Kuchin, but at the beginning of 1912 he returned to Russia from Buenos Aires. For some time, Jakob Nödtvedt was the Fram mechanic, but he was replaced by Sundbeck.
In the summer of 1910, the Fram carried out oceanographic surveys in the North Atlantic, and it turned out that the ship's mechanic, Jakob Nödtvedt, was unable to cope with his duties. It was decommissioned and was replaced by marine diesel designer Knut Sundbeck. Amundsen wrote that this Swede had great courage if he decided to go into such long journey with the Norwegians.
On January 13, 1911, Amundsen sailed to the Ross Ice Barrier in Antarctica. At the same time, Robert Scott's English expedition set up camp in McMurdo Sound, 650 kilometers from Amundsen.
Before going to the South Pole, both expeditions prepared for the winter and placed warehouses along the route. The Norwegians built the Framheim base, 4 km from the coast, consisting of a wooden house with an area of 32 sq.m. and numerous auxiliary buildings and warehouses, built from snow and ice, and deepened into the Antarctic glacier. The first attempt to go to the Pole was made back in August 1911, but extremely low temperatures prevented this (at −56 C. the skis and runners of the sled did not slide, and the dogs could not sleep).
Amundsen's plan was worked out in detail back in Norway, in particular, a movement schedule was drawn up, which modern researchers compare with a musical score. The pole crew returned to the Fram on the day prescribed by the schedule 2 years earlier.
On October 19, 1911, five people led by Amundsen set off to the South Pole on four dog sleds. On December 14, the expedition reached the South Pole, having traveled 1,500 km, and hoisted the flag of Norway. Expedition members: Oscar Wisting, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Olav Bjaaland, Roald Amundsen. The entire trip covers a distance of 3000 km at extreme conditions(ascent and descent to a plateau 3000 m high at constant temperature over −40° and strong winds) took 99 days.
Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (born July 16, 1872 – died June 18, 1928) was a polar explorer from Norway.
What Roald Amudsen discovered
The first person in the world to reach the South Pole (December 14, 1911). The first person (together with Oscar Wisting) to visit both geographic poles of the planet. He was the first in the world to travel through the North-West Passage from Greenland to Alaska, and later completed the passage along the North-Eastern route (along the coast of Siberia), completing the round-the-world distance beyond the Arctic Circle for the first time.
One of the pioneers in the use of aviation - seaplanes and airships - in Arctic travel. He died in 1928 while going in search of the missing expedition of Umberto Nobile. He received awards from many countries around the world, including America's highest award - the Congressional Gold Medal; numerous geographical and other objects bear his name.
Childhood. Youth
Roald Amundsen was born into a family of hereditary seafarers and youth dreamed of a sequel family tradition. But he knew well what was needed for this good health– something he didn’t have. However, being sick and physically weak, Roald set himself the task of strengthening his body as much as possible, for which he trained and hardened himself every day. He even wanted to become a doctor, but after two courses at the medical faculty of the University in Christiania (now Oslo), he left his studies and hired a sailor on a sailing schooner going seal fishing in the Greenland Sea.
First travels. Education
After two years of sea travel, Amundsen, salted sea winds, strengthened and even more confident in himself, passed the exams to become a long-distance navigator. In 1897–1899 As a navigator, he took part in the Belgian Antarctic expedition on the ship "Belgica", after which he passed the exam to become a sea captain.
Discovery of the Northwest Passage
In 1903–1906, Roald, for the first time in the history of navigation, sailed on his own sailing schooner “Gjoa” with a crew of 7 people from Greenland to Alaska through the waters of the Canadian Arctic archipelago. From Barrow Strait he headed south through the Peel and Franklin Straits to the northern tip of King William Island. Having rounded the island on the eastern side, he spent two winters in the harbor off the south-eastern coast of King William Island. 1904, autumn - he carried out a survey by boat of the narrowest part of Simpson Strait, and at the end of the summer of 1905 he moved directly west along the coast of the mainland, leaving the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to the north. 1906, summer - after the third winter, the traveler passed through the Bering Strait into the Pacific Ocean and ended his voyage in San Francisco. With this, he was able to open the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean from east to west. During the expedition, he conducted valuable geomagnetic observations and mapped more than 100 islands.
Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1910-1912)
In 1910–1912, Amundsen led an expedition to Antarctica on the ship Fram, owned by F. Nansen, with the goal of discovering the South Pole. The Fram crew included Russian sailor and oceanographer Alexander Stepanovich Kuchin. In January, Amundsen's expedition landed on the Ross Glacier in Whale Bay. Founded there base camp to prepare for a trip to the South Pole.
1911, October 19 - a group led by Roald Amundsen (Oscar Wisting, Helmer Hansen, Sverre Hassel, Olaf Bjaland) set off on 4 sleighs drawn by 52 dogs and on December 17, 1911 were able to reach the South Pole. During the expedition's work in Antarctica, the traveler discovered the Queen Maud Mountains. But only on March 7, 1912, while in the city of Hobart (Tasmania), Amundsen notified the world of his victory and the safe return of the expedition.
Northeast sea route
In 1918–1921 Roual built the ship Maude with his own money and sailed on it from west to east along northern shores Eurasia, repeating Nansen's drift on the Fram. With two winterings he traveled from Norway to the Bering Strait.
Air expedition 1925
In 1923–1925 Amundsen made several attempts to reach the North Pole. Biographers of the great Norwegian have preserved the details of the 1925 expedition. On May 21, 1925, two seaplanes set course for the North Pole. On one were Ellsworth, Dietrichson and Omdahl, on the other were Amundsen, Riiser-Larsen and Voigt. At a distance of 1000 km from Spitsbergen, the engine of the plane Amundsen was on began to malfunction. We had to make an emergency landing, fortunately there was a large ice hole nearby. The second seaplane failed during landing.
We had to wait in the ice for weather suitable for takeoff for more than 3 weeks. It was clear that everyone would have to return on the same plane. Everything was thrown out of it except the most necessary things. Riiser-Larsen took the pilot's seat. The remaining 5 people could barely fit in the cabin.
Rual described what was happening like this: “The engine was started, and the plane took off. The next seconds were the most exciting of my entire life. Rieser-Larsen immediately gave full throttle. As the speed increased, the unevenness of the ice became more and more noticeable, and the entire hydroplane tilted so terribly from side to side that I was more than once afraid that it might somersault and break its wing. We were quickly approaching the end of the starting track, but the bumps and jolts showed that we were still not off the ice. With increasing speed, but still not separating from the ice, we approached a small slope leading into the wormwood. We were transported across the ice hole, fell onto a flat ice floe on the other side and suddenly rose into the air ... "
After 8 hours 35 minutes of flight, the rudder drives jammed. But under the wing of the plane it was already shining open water. The pilot confidently landed the seaplane on the water and steered it like a motorboat. This happened near the northern shores of Spitsbergen. Soon a small fishing boat approached the travelers, and the captain agreed to tow the plane to Kingsbay. From Spitsbergen, its participants traveled by boat along with the plane. 1925, July 5 - Amundsen's plane, greeted by thousands of jubilant people, landed in Oslo harbor. Norway honored its national heroes.
Airship "Norway"
1926, May - Roald led the first successful flight over the North Pole in an airship. Aircraft lighter than air bore the name home country hero - "Norway".
Death
2 years later, when another airship - with the proud name "Italy" - crashed after reaching the pole, Amundsen went in search of the expedition of General Umberto Nobile. He took off from Tromso on a French twin-engine seaplane Latham 47. During a flight from Norway to Spitsbergen, the plane crashed into the waters for unknown reasons. Barents Sea. And no one heard anything more about the famous polar explorer.
General Nobile was rescued five days after the traveler disappeared.
Memory
A mountain in the eastern part of Antarctica, a bay in the Arctic Ocean, a sea off the coast of the Southern Continent, and the American polar station Amundsen-Scott are named after Roald Amundsen. His works “Flight across the Arctic Ocean”, “On the ship “Maud””, “Expedition along the northern coast of Asia”, “The South Pole” and a five-volume collection of works were translated into Russian.
Fridtjof Nansen dedicated to the memory of his colleague and compatriot sincere words: “He will forever occupy a special place in the history of geographical research... Some kind of explosive force lived in him. On the foggy horizon of the Norwegian people he rose as a shining star. How many times did it light up with bright flashes! And suddenly it immediately went out, and we cannot take our eyes off the empty place in the sky.”
Brief chronology
- B - studied at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Christiania.
- He sailed as a sailor and navigator on different ships. Since then he has made a number of expeditions that have become widely known.
- For the first time he passed (-) on a small fishing vessel “Gjoa” through the Northwest Passage from East to West from Greenland to Alaska.
- The Fram sailed to Antarctica; landed in Whale Bay and on December 14 reached the South Pole on dogs, a month ahead of the English expedition of R. Scott.
- In the summer, the expedition left Norway on the ship Maud and reached the Bering Strait.
- He led the 1st trans-Arctic flight on the airship “Norway” along the route: Spitsbergen - North Pole - Alaska.
- In 1928, during an attempt to find the Italian expedition of Umberto Nobile, which crashed in the Arctic Ocean on the airship Italia, and to provide assistance to it, Amundsen, who flew on June 18 on the Latham seaplane, died in the Barents Sea.
Life
Youth and first expeditions
Roald was born in 1872 in southeastern Norway (Borge, near Sarpsborg) into a family of sailors and shipbuilders. When he was 14 years old, his father died and the family moved to Christiania (since 1924 - Oslo). Rual entered the medical faculty of the university, but when he was 21 years old, his mother died and Rual left the university. He subsequently wrote:
“It was with inexpressible relief that I left the university to devote myself wholeheartedly to the only dream of my life.”.Northwestern Sea Route
Amundsen's Arctic Expeditions Map
In 1903, he bought a used 47-ton motor-sailing yacht “Gjøa”, “the same age” as Amundsen himself (built in 1872) and set off on an Arctic expedition. The schooner was equipped with a 13 hp diesel engine. The expedition personnel included:
- Roald Amundsen- head of the expedition, glaciologist, specialist in terrestrial magnetism, ethnographer.
- Godfried Hansen, Danish by nationality, is a navigator, astronomer, geologist and expedition photographer. Senior Lieutenant in the Danish Navy, participated in expeditions to Iceland and the Faroe Islands.
- Anton Lund- skipper and harpooner.
- Peder Ristvedt- senior driver and meteorologist.
- Helmer Hansen- second navigator.
- Gustav Yule Wik- second driver, assistant during magnetic observations. Died of an unexplained illness on March 30, 1906.
- Adolf Henrik Lindström- cook and provisions master. Member of the Sverdrup expedition in 1898-1902.
Amundsen passed through the North Atlantic, Baffin Bay, Lancaster, Barrow, Peel, Franklin, James Ross Straits and in early September stopped for the winter off the southeastern coast of King William Island. In the summer of 1904, the bay was not free of ice, and the Gjoa remained for a second winter.
Last years and death
Amundsen spent his last years in his home in Bunnafjord, near Oslo. His life was called Spartan. He sold all the orders and openly quarreled with many former comrades. Fridtjof Nansen wrote to one of his friends this year:
“I have the impression that Amundsen has completely lost peace of mind and is not fully responsible for his actions.”Relations with Umberto Nobile, whom Rual called “an arrogant, childish, selfish upstart,” “a ridiculous officer,” “a man of a wild, semi-tropical race,” also went poorly.
Nobile became a general under Mussolini. On May 23, 1928, he decided to repeat the flight to the North Pole. Starting from Spitsbergen, he reached the Pole, but on the way back, due to icing, the airship crashed, the members of the expedition were thrown onto drifting ice, and radio contact with them was interrupted.
At the request of the Norwegian Minister of War, Amundsen joined the many rescuers who went in search of Nobile. On June 18, 2010, he took off on a seaplane Latham 47 with a French crew from the city of Tromsø in northern Norway and headed towards Spitsbergen. When the plane was in the area of Bear Island in the Barents Sea, the radio operator reported that the flight was taking place in dense fog and requested a radio bearing, after which the connection was lost. On the night of August 31 to September 1, the Latama-47 float was found near Tromsø. The exact circumstances of Amundsen's death are unknown.
To an Italian journalist who asked what fascinated him so much about polar regions, Amundsen replied:
“Oh, if you ever had a chance to see with your own eyes how wonderful it is there, I would like to die there.”Umberto Nobile and his seven other surviving companions were discovered five days after the death of Roald Amundsen.
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