Who drinks the blood of female or male mosquitoes? Why do mosquitoes drink human blood?
IN primary school the basis of human spelling literacy is formed.
Everyone knows that the difficulty of the Russian language is largely due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation. This is often associated with paired consonants.
What is a paired consonant?
All consonants are in one or another opposition to each other in their characteristic features. One of them is the contrast between sounds based on deafness and voicedness.
Some consonants, while all other features coincide, such as the place of formation and the method of pronunciation, differ only in the participation of the voice in the sound process. They are called pairs. The remaining consonants do not have a voiceless-voiced pair: l, m, x, ts, ch, shch, y.
Paired consonants | examples of words with paired consonants |
|
tables[b]s - table[p] |
||
draw[v]a - draw[f] |
||
doro[g]a - doro[k] |
||
boro[d]a - boro[t]ka |
||
blah[zh]it - blah[sh] |
||
frosty[z]ny - frosty[s] |
Paired consonants are given here. The table also contains examples that illustrate the spelling “Verified consonants in the root of a word.”
Spelling rule for paired consonants
During pronunciation, paired sounds can be interchangeable. But this process is not reflected in writing. That is, the letters do not change, no matter what sounds we hear in their place. This is how the principle of uniformity of morphemes is implemented in the Russian language. The spelling of paired consonants is completely subject to this law.
The rule can be stated in the following paragraphs:
- the root of the word is always written the same way, since semantics depends on this;
- spelling needs to be checked by selecting or changing word forms;
- You must select as a test one the one that has either a vowel sound or a sonorant sound after the dubious consonant (р,л,м,н,й).
This can be seen in the examples from the table: consonant spellings appear either at the end of words or before other paired sounds. In test words they are located before vowels or before phonemes that are unpaired in voicing.
Application of the rule
The spelling of paired consonants needs to be practiced. You need to start by developing the ability to see the spelling pattern being studied. This will be the end of a word or a combination of consonants, in which sounds begin to influence the sound of each other - the subsequent one changes the quality of the pronunciation of the previous one.
When we know what a paired consonant is, it is not difficult to draw a conclusion about which option to choose:
- bo[p] - beans - bean;
- bro [t] - broda - ford;
- bro[f"] - eyebrows - eyebrow;
- nail[t"] - nails - nail;
- vegetable garden [t] - vegetable gardens - vegetable garden;
- dro [sh] - trembling - trembling;
- stripe [s]ka - stripe - stripe;
- ko[z"]ba - mow - mowing;
- re[z"]ba - cut - carving;
- goro[d"]ba - fence - gorodba;
- kro[v"] - blood - blood;
- str[sh] - guard - guard.
Paired consonants. Examples of differentiating words
Deafness and voicedness are able to distinguish words by meaning. For example:
- (soup) thick - (above the river) bush;
- (telegraph) pole - (Alexandria) pillar;
- bark (oak) - (high) mountain;
- (unbearable) heat - (surface) of the ball;
- (bouquet) of roses - (boy) grew up;
- (new) house - (thick) volume.
IN weak positions, at the end of words, for example, as in the example of “roses” and “ros”, a check is required to avoid semantic confusion. Paired consonants in Russian require careful attention.
Test on the topic studied
grass[..]ka, fish[..]ka, zu[..]ki, arbu[..], lo[..]ka, kor[..]ka, ko[..]ti.
Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, jump - jumping
6. F or W?
Boots...ki, doro...ki, bum...ki, cro...ki, ro...ki, vice..ki, bara...ki, lo...ki, game...ki, cha...ki, lie down...ki.
- g...ki (__________);
- fl...ki (__________);
- gr... (__________);
- gla... (__________);
- jump...ki (____________);
- lo...ka (____________);
- horse (______________);
- zu.. (_______).
Sha(p/b)ka, provo(d/t), kru(g/k), povya(s/z)ka, myo(d/t), su(d/t), sla(d/t) cue, oshi(b/p)ka, doba(v/f)ka, uka(z/s)ka.
9. Insert letters in the text:
Lebe...b is the king of all waterfowl. He is, like a dream..., white, graceful, he has shiny eyes, black varnishes and a long, flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!
10. Correct errors:
- I love reading stories.
- How fragrant the strawberries are!
- Carrots are sown on the beds.
- A flexible birch tree flutters its petals in the wind.
- The tray floated on the lake.
- Berek is gradually approaching.
- Storosh is not sleeping.
- A mongrel rattles loudly in the yard.
- Yosh rustles in the bushes.
Answers
1. What is a paired consonant? A consonant that has a pair of deafness or voicedness.
2. Complete the sentence:
To check paired consonants, you need choose a test word.
3. Highlight the words that need checking:
immer..ka, underwater... smooth, smart... horse, careful..prepare, du..ki, l o...ki, other..ny.
4. Write the sounds in square brackets:
grass[V]ka, lo[D]ka, zu[B]ki, arbu[Z], lo[D]ka, koro[B]ka, ko[G]ti.
5. Underline the test word:
Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - ditch, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, bounce- jumping
6. F or W?
Boots, paths, pieces of paper, crumbs, horns, powders, lambs, spoons, toys, cups, frogs.
7. Write down the test words and insert letters instead of dots:
- beeps(beep);
- checkboxes(checkbox);
- griB (mushrooms);
- glaZ (eyes);
- jumping (jump);
- boat (boat);
- horse(horses);
- tooth teeth).
8. Choose the correct option:
Hat, wire, circle, bandage, honey, court, sweet, mistake, additive, pointer.
9. Insert letters in the text:
The swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is like snow, white, graceful, he has sparkling eyes, black paws and a long flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!
10. Correct errors:
- I love reading fairy tales.
- How fragrant the strawberries are!
- Carrots are sown in the beds.
- A flexible birch tree flutters its petals in the wind.
- The boat was sailing on the lake.
- The coastline is gradually approaching.
- The watchman is not sleeping.
- A mongrel barks loudly in the yard.
- The hedgehog rustles in the bushes.
What sounds are called consonants?
What does a consonant sound consist of?
What are the different consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant?
Sounds in the pronunciation of which the air encounters an obstacle in the mouth are called consonant sounds. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice or only noise.
Consonant sounds are divided into voiced and unvoiced. Voiced ones consist of noise and voice, while deaf ones consist only of noise.
The sounds only consist of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [ch], [sh], [sch]. These are voiceless consonants.
Many consonant sounds form pairs by voicing -deafness: [b] — [p], [v] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [z] — [s], [w] — [w].
To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: “ THE LION AND THE TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.
Voiceless consonants are easy to remember from the phrase: “ STYOPKA, DO YOU WANT A CHECK?— Ugh!».
Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:
B,IN,G,D,AND,Z,Y,TO,L,M,N,P,R,WITH,T,F,X,C,H,Sh,SCH.
In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.
Consonant sounds are also hard and soft.
Solid and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue when pronounced. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate.
Most consonant sounds form pairs based on hardness and softness:
The following hard and soft consonant sounds do not form hard-softness pairs:
Solid | [and] | [w] | [ts] |
---|---|---|---|
Soft | [h❜] | [u❜] | [th❜] |
Table “Consonant sounds: paired and unpaired, voiced and voiceless, hard and soft” (grades 1-4)
Note: V primary school hard consonant sounds are indicated in blue, soft consonant sounds - green, vowel sounds - in red.
Hardness consonant sounds are indicated in writing by vowels A , ABOUT , U , Y , E .
Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E, Yo, I, Yu, I, as well as the letter b(soft sign).
Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], corner[corner] - coal[ugal❜].
Unpaired ringing sounds[th❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means “sonorous” in Latin.
The sounds [zh], [sh], [ch❜], [sch❜] are called sizzling. They got this name because their pronunciation is similar to hissing.
The sounds [zh], [sh] are unpaired hard hissing sounds.
The sounds [ch❜] and [ш❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.
The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [ts] are called whistling.
Consonant can not be stressed or unstressed.
In the Russian language, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].
Attention! A consonant sound can form a syllable only with
The Russian language has 21 consonants and 36 consonant sounds. Consonant letters and their corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], g - [g], d - [d], g - [g], j - [th], z - [z], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], p - [p], p - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], ch - [ch], sh - [sh], shch - [sch].
Consonant sounds are divided into voiced and voiceless, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are a total of 36 different combinations of consonants by pairing and unpairing, hard and soft, voiceless and voiced: voiceless - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).
Scheme 1. Consonants and consonant sounds of the Russian language.
Hard and soft consonants
Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish between words. Compare: horse [kon’] - kon [kon], bow [bow] - hatch [l’uk].
For understanding, let’s explain it “on the fingers”. If a consonant letter in different words means either soft or solid sound, then the sound belongs to pairs. For example, in the word cat the letter k denotes a hard sound [k], in the word whale the letter k denotes a soft sound [k’]. We get: [k] - [k’] form a pair according to hardness and softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be classified as a pair, for example [v] and [k’] do not form a pair in terms of hardness-softness, but they do form a pair [v]-[v’]. If a consonant sound is always hard or always soft, then it belongs to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [zh] is always hard. There are no words in the Russian language where it would be soft [zh’]. Since there is no pair [zh]-[zh’], it is classified as unpaired.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonant sounds are voiced and unvoiced. Thanks to voiced and voiceless consonants, we distinguish words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Voiceless consonants are pronounced with the mouth almost closed; when pronouncing them, the vocal cords do not work. For voiced consonants you need more air, vocal cords are working.
Some consonant sounds have a similar sound in the way they are pronounced, but are pronounced with different tonality - dull or voiced. Such sounds are combined in pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of a voiceless and a voiced consonant.
- paired consonants: b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, z-s, zh-sh.
- unpaired consonants: l, m, n, r, y, c, x, h, shch.
Sonorant, noisy and sibilant consonants
Sonorants are voiced unpaired consonant sounds. There are 9 sonorant sounds: [y’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’].
Noisy consonant sounds are voiced and unvoiced:
- Noisy voiceless consonants (16): [k], [k"], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x'], [ts], [h'], [w], [w'];
- Noisy voiced consonant sounds (11): [b], [b'], [v], [v'], [g], [g'], [d], [d'], [g], [z ], [z'].
Hissing consonant sounds (4): [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sch’].
Paired and unpaired consonants
Consonant sounds (soft and hard, voiceless and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The tables above show the division. Let's summarize everything with a diagram:
Scheme 2. Paired and unpaired consonant sounds.
To be able to do phonetic analysis, in addition to consonant sounds, you need to know
In this lesson we will learn to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonant sounds and denote them in writing with consonant letters. Let's find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired according to their voicing - deafness, sonorant and hissing.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Let's remember how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from his lungs. It runs down the windpipe into the narrow larynx, where special muscles are located - the vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonants, he closes his mouth (at least a little), which causes noise. But consonants make different noises.
Let's conduct an experiment: cover our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we pronounced the sound [b], the ligaments became tense and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a slight ringing in my ears.
You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on the neck on the right and left sides and pronouncing the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds sonorous, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.
Paired consonant sounds in terms of voicedness and deafness
Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: dull sounds will live on the first floor, and voiced sounds will live on the second floor. Residents of the first house:
[b] | [d] | [z] | [G] | [V] | [and] |
[P] | [T] | [With] | [To] | [f] | [w] |
These consonant sounds are called paired by sonority - deafness.
Rice. 1. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants ()
They are very similar to each other - real “twins”, they are pronounced almost identically: the lips form the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they also have pairs of softness and hardness. Let's add them to the house.
[b] | [b’] | [d] | [d’] | [z] | [z’] | [G] | [G'] | [V] | [V'] | [and] |
[P] | [P'] | [T] | [T'] | [With] | [With'] | [To] | [To'] | [f] | [f’] | [w] |
The sounds [zh] and [sh] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called sizzling sounds.
All these sounds are indicated by letters:
[b] | [b’] | ||
[P] | [P'] | ||
[d] | [d’] | ||
[T] | [T'] | ||
[z] | [z’] | ||
[With] | [With'] | ||
[G] | [G'] | ||
[To] | [To'] | ||
[V] | [V'] | ||
[f] | [f’] | ||
[and] | |||
[w] |
Unpaired voiced consonants
But not all consonant sounds and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's put unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.
To the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:
Let us remind you that the sound [th’] always just soft. Therefore, he will live alone in our house. These sounds are represented in writing by letters:
[l] | [l’] |
(ale) |
|
[m] | [m’] | ||
[n] | [n’] | ||
[R] | [R'] | ||
[th’] |
(and short) |
The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of the voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word “sonorant” is translated from the Latin “sonorus” meaning sonorous.
Unpaired voiceless consonants
We will put you in the third house unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:
[X] | [X'] | [ts] | [h’] | [sch'] |
Let us remember that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h’] and [sch’] - always soft. Unpaired voiceless consonants are indicated in writing by letters:
[X] | [X'] | ||
[ts] | |||
[h’] | |||
[sch'] |
Sounds [h’], [h’] - sizzling sounds.
So we populated our city with consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonant letters and 36 sounds.
Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()
Consolidating knowledge in practice
Let's complete the tasks.
1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonant sounds.
d points - point
b glasses - kidney
w ar - heat
fishing rod - duck
2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:
1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With the ringing one - I myself am ringing to the expanse . (Spike - voice)
2) With a deaf person - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced sound, it eats the leaves. (Scythe - goat)
3) With “em” - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter “el” it appears in winter, but disappears in spring . (Honey - ice)
In order to develop the ability to pronounce certain sounds, especially hissing ones, they learn tongue twisters. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then the pace is accelerated. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:
- Six little mice rustle in the reeds.
- The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a squeeze.
- Two puppies were chewing a brush in the corner, cheek to cheek.
So, today we learned that consonant sounds can be voiced and unvoiced and how these sounds are indicated in writing.
- Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. ().
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M.: Ballas. ().
- Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook for teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book/textbook.
- Fictionbook.ru ().
- Deafnet.ru ().
- Samouchka.com.ua ().
- Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. 4.
- Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants are in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various - 6, voiceless consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
- Read the proverb: « Know how to speak at the right time, and be silent at the right time.” Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonant sounds in the proverb are represented by the letters M, J, V, R, Z, L.)
- 4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the theme “In the city of consonant sounds.”
Many Russian consonants form pairs based on hardness and softness: –, – and others. Sounds corresponding to stressed sounds and after soft consonants in a weak, unstressed position sound the same. The letter denotes a sound, for example vowels after hard consonants and consonants before vowels: weather.
The presenter Vasilisa asked to repeat everything that the students had learned about consonants. Friends from Shishkino Les remembered a lot: There are more consonants than vowels. Consonants cannot be sung. They are pronounced with noise and voice: B, Zh, Z. Or only with noise: P, T, F. Consonants are voiced, voiceless paired unpaired.
§6. Hard and soft consonants
The thing is that you missed the previous lesson, where we studied paired consonants,” Vasilisa explained. The voiced “Zh” will be paired with the unvoiced “Sh”. For example: heat - ball. “I understand,” said Zubok. A dull sound is the same as a voiced sound, but said quietly, without a voice. It is enough to change the word so that after an incomprehensible consonant there is a vowel. However, not all consonants are paired.
Paired consonants will live in one, and unpaired consonants in the other. Paired Unpaired F - Sh M, N Z - S X, Ts K - G R, L And now let's make up a story from words that contain only unpaired consonants. Even though these consonants are paired, they are still very different. In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced less clearly and sound for less duration (i.e., they are reduced).
How many pairs of consonants are formed according to deafness and voicedness?
Do not forget that paired voiced consonants in a weak position at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant are always voiced, and voiceless consonants in front of a voiced consonant are sometimes voiced. When letters that usually denote voiceless consonants, when voiced, denote voiced sounds, this seems so unusual that it can lead to errors in transcription. In tasks related to comparing the number of letters and sounds in a word, there may be “traps” that provoke errors.
There are words that can only consist of vowels, but consonants are also necessary. In the Russian language there are many more consonants than vowels. Consonants are sounds, when pronounced, the air encounters an obstacle in its path. There are two types of obstruents in the Russian language: gap and stop - these are the two main ways of forming consonants.
The stop, the second type of articulation of consonants, is formed when the speech organs close. The air flow abruptly overcomes this obstacle, the sounds are short and energetic. Let's compare the words: house and cat. Each word has 1 vowel sound and 2 consonants.
2) before them there is no voicing of paired deaf consonants (i.e. the position in front of them is strong in deafness-voicing, just like before vowels). But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of hardness and softness. School textbooks say that and are unpaired in hardness and softness. How so? We hear that sound is a soft analogue of sound. When I was studying at school, I couldn’t understand why?
Paired consonant sounds in terms of voicedness and deafness
Confusion arises because school textbooks do not take into account that the sound is also long, but not hard. Pairs are sounds that differ in only one attribute. A and - two. That's why they are not pairs. Firstly, children often mix sounds and letters at first. The use of a letter in transcription will create the basis for such confusion and provoke an error.
You need to understand, comprehend, and then remember that in fact, sounds and a pair of hardness and softness do not form. The conditions in which a particular sound occurs are important. The beginning of a word, the end of a word, a stressed syllable, an unstressed syllable, a position before a vowel, a position before a consonant - these are all different positions.
In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo changes: they are shorter and are not pronounced as clearly as under stress. Both under stress and in unstressed position we clearly hear: , and we write the letters that are usually used to denote these sounds. Simplified. But many children with good hearing, who clearly hear that the sounds in the following examples are different, cannot understand why the teacher and the textbook insist that these sounds are the same.
It shows clearing of vowels after soft consonants. Positional changes are observed only for paired consonants. In all cases, positional softening of consonants is possible in a weak position. Naturally, in the school tradition it is not customary to present the characteristics of sounds and the positional changes that occur with them in all the details. Therefore, below is a list of positionally determined changes in consonants based on the method and place of formation.
A letter can denote the quality of the preceding sound, for example ь in the words shadow, stump, shooting. Comparison with vowel sounds. Each consonant has characteristics that distinguish it from other consonant sounds. In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in a word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonant sounds in a word in order to spell them correctly.
Classification of consonants.
If a person pronounces consonants, he closes his mouth (at least a little), which causes noise. But consonants make different noises. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let’s agree: dull sounds will live on the first floor, and voiced sounds will live on the second floor.
Sounds do not have paired soft sounds, they are always hard. But not all consonant sounds and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's put unpaired consonant sounds in our houses. The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous, because they are formed with the help of the voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. In the first place we put those whose names contain some soft sounds, in the second those in whose names all consonant sounds are hard.
In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, only they put it on top.
And then we will understand exactly what letter needs to be written. Let's find these loners together in the Russian alphabet. He didn't notice it because he was looking at the moon. And then his faithful knight entered. And scared away the fly. Well done! Either loud, or quieter, Cat - cat, year - year. We can easily distinguish them. And at the end we will write the letter correctly. Vowels without stress generally retain their sound. The letters e, ё, yu, ya play a dual role in Russian graphics. Sound is the minimum unit of sounding speech. Each word has a sound shell consisting of sounds.
Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. They have different nature. According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. The standard pronunciation is “hiccup”, i.e. non-distinction between E and A in unstressed position after soft consonants. This change in vowels in a weak position is called reduction. In a word, vowels can be in stressed and unstressed syllables. In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them.
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