The largest lakes on earth. Russian rivers and lakes - interesting facts
Russia is the largest maritime power, which is washed by 12 seas of the World Ocean. Small and large rivers flow across its vast territory, and there are more than two million lakes. Let's get to know the seas, lakes and rivers of Russia better.
Seas of Russia
The sea is big body of water salt water, part of the ocean. The shores of Russia are washed by the seas of three oceans: the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east.
Depending on which ocean a particular sea belongs to, they are divided into 3 main groups:
- Seas of the Arctic Ocean : East Siberian, Barents, Chukchi, Kara, Laptev Sea. These seas are very cold and covered with a thick layer of ice almost all year round. Vessels can only move along them following icebreakers. Due to the harsh climate, plant and animal world northern seas very scarce.
Rice. 1. Chukchi Sea
- Pacific Seas : Japanese, Okhotsk, Beringovo. These are also quite cold seas, over which there are often winds. strong winds and there are thick fogs.
- Seas of the Atlantic Ocean : Azov, Baltic, Black. Their distinctive feature is their remote location from the ocean. These seas are the warmest and most comfortable, especially the Black Sea.
In addition to the fact that the Black Sea is a popular seaside resort with mild climate, it is also an important transport region and is of great military and strategic importance.
Lakes of Russia
A lake is a large natural body of fresh or salt water, completely enclosed by its banks. Thanks to their beauty, the lakes have acquired a second name - the “blue eyes” of the planet. Lakes can be very tiny, and very large, the size of the sea.
Let's look at the largest and most famous lakes in Russia:
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- Baikal - the deepest and cleanest lake in the entire Russian Federation. This body of water has unique ecosystem, and is on the World Heritage List.
- Onega and Ladoga - the largest lakes in Europe. In Lake Ladoga are the sources of the Neva River, on the banks of which St. Petersburg is located.
- Lake Peipsi - had great importance during military battles, because it was there that the famous Battle on the Ice. During the Great Patriotic War icebound Lake Peipus was the “road of life.”
The largest lake not only in the Russian Federation, but throughout the world is the Caspian Sea. Despite its impressive size and salt water, this is still a lake, which throughout the history of its existence has had many different names among local peoples and tribes.
Rice. 2. Caspian Sea
Rivers of Russia
The river is continuous water flow, which moves along the channel, starting from the source to the mouth. There are more than 2 million rivers in the country, among which the largest are the following:
- Volga;
- Amur;
- Yenisei.
The main problem of all water pools The Russian Federation is polluted by industrial waste. Greatest danger for ecosystems water arteries represent petroleum products, nitrogen-containing organics and metal compounds. The most polluted rivers, seas and lakes in Russia are those located close to industrial facilities.
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A lake is a more or less significant mass of water in volume, occupying a depression in the relief of the land, not having a direct connection with the sea. Lakes occupy about 1.8% of the land surface, but are distributed extremely unevenly.
Lakes vary in size by area.
The lakes play very big role both in nature and in human life. Like the seas, they have a warming effect on the world. Lakes also influence the topography, since they also carry out erosion and accumulation work.
The largest lakes
Victoria
Location of Lake Victoria: located in East Africa on the territory of Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda, at an altitude of 1134 m above sea level.
Area of Lake Victoria: 68 thousand km², dimensions 320 by 240 km, coastline length 7 thousand km.
Depth of Lake Victoria: up to 80 m.
Lake Victoria's feeding method: receives its nutrition mainly from heavy rainfall (more than from tributaries). The largest tributary is the Kagera River.
Inhabitants of Lake Victoria: crocodiles, lang fish, Nile perch and others
Lake Huron Location: Located in North America in the USA and Canada, at an altitude of 177 m above sea level.
Area of Lake Huron: 59.6 thousand km², volume 3580 km³, coastline length 6160 km.
Depth of Lake Huron: up to 230 m (average 60 m).
Rivers flowing into and out of Lake Huron: several flow into the lake small rivers, drained by the St. Clair River and the Detroit River.
Inhabitants of Lake Huron: whitefish, trout, bream, catfish.
Michigan
Where is Lake Michigan: located in North America in the United States, at an altitude of 177 m above sea level.
Area of Lake Michigan: 57.7 thousand km². Dimensions 500x190 km.
Depth of Lake Michigan: up to 281 m.
Inflowing and outflowing rivers of Lake Michigan: connected to Lake Huron by the Straits of Mackinac, which is 3 km wide.
Inhabitants of Lake Michigan: whitefish, sturgeon, pike
Tanganyika
Location of Lake Tanganyika: located in East Africa, in the territory of Congo, Tanzania, Zambia, Burundi, at an altitude of 774 m.
Area of Lake Tanganyika: 34 thousand km², volume 30 thousand km³, length 650 km, width up to 80 km.
Depth of Lake Tanganyika: maximum 1470 m.
Inflowing and outflowing rivers of Lake Tanganyika: the largest inflowing rivers are Malagarasi and Ruzizi, Lukugu flows out.
The water temperature of Lake Tanganyika: throughout the year 23-26 degrees Celsius, remains up to a depth of 400 m.
Inhabitants of Lake Tanganyika: hippos, crocodiles, shrimp, crayfish, mollusks, more than 250 species of fish, many of.
Baikal
Location of Lake Baikal: located in the south of Eastern Siberia, in the territory Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia.
Area of Lake Baikal: 31.5 thousand km², length 636 km, width up to 80 km, coastline length 2100 km.
Depth of Lake Baikal: greatest 1637 m, average 758 m.
Salinity of Lake Baikal: 100 mg/l
Inflowing and outflowing rivers of Lake Baikal: inflowing Selenga, Upper Angara, Barguzin, outflowing Angara. In total, more than 330 rivers and springs flow into the lake.
Inhabitants of Lake Baikal: seal, more than 50 species of fish, including omul, grayling, whitefish, sturgeon, burbot, taimen, pike.
Ladoga
Location of Lake Ladoga: located in the north-west of the East European Plain, on the territory of Karelia and Leningrad region.
Area of Lake Ladoga: 17.7 thousand km², volume 908 km³, length 219 km, average width 83 km.
Depth of Lake Ladoga: greatest depth 230 m, average 51 m.
The flowing and flowing rivers of Lake Ladoga: the rivers Svir, Volkhov, Vuoksa, Syas and others flow in, the Neva flows out.
Water temperature of Lake Ladoga: in summer (in August) the water temperature in the lake reaches 17 degrees Celsius, in March 0.1 degrees.
Inhabitants of Lake Ladoga: salmon, trout, palia, whitefish, vendace, ripus, pike perch, bream, ruffe, perch, roach, pike, silver bream, bleak, bluefish, smelt, whitefish
P. 66 Find the seas of the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean on the map. Find Baltic, Black and Sea of Azov. Using a map of the hemispheres, make sure that the Baltic, Black and Azov seas are part of the Atlantic Ocean, which extends very deeply into the land. What can you tell from the map about the seas of Russia.
Answer. Seas of the Atlantic Ocean. This group includes three seas: the Black, Baltic and Azov. They enter deep into the continent and wash small areas of it, and their connection with the ocean passes through numerous straits. All these seas are inland.
The Black Sea is the warmest of the seas washing the shores of our Motherland; it lies in a depression bordered by the continental slope. Communication with the ocean is carried out through the seas: Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean and the straits: Bosphorus, Dardanelles, Gibraltar.
The Baltic Sea is the westernmost of the seas bordering Russia. His maximum depth is very small and reaches only 470 meters. In winter, its temperature fluctuates around -1°C, and in summer - from +17 to +17°C. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the shallow Danish Straits and the North Sea.
The Sea of Azov is the smallest and shallowest sea on the planet. Its maximum depth is only 13 meters, and the average is 7 meters. The Azov Sea is an inland sea; communication with the ocean is carried out through the Black Sea, into which it flows through the shallow Kerch Strait.
2. Find the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal on the map, Ladoga lake, Lake Onega, rivers Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur. What can you tell about them from the map?
Answer. The ancient Caspian Sea is the most big lake in the world. The lake was named “Sea” because huge size and due to the fact that the lake bottom is folded earth's crust oceanic type. The maximum depth is just over one kilometer. The lake is located 25 meters below ocean level. The Caspian Sea is located on the border of Asia and Europe and washes the shores of Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran and Azerbaijan. On the shore of the lake is the city of Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan.
Ladoga is a lake in Russia, considered the most big lake in Europe. Located in Karelia and Leningrad region. Many rivers flow into the lake, the largest of them are: Svir, Volkhov, Syas, Vuoksa, Tulema, one flows out - the Neva and flows into the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea.
The cities are located: Novaya Ladoga, Sviritsa, Ilyinsky, Vidlitsa, Salmi, Pitkyaranta, Sortavala, Priozersk.
Onega is a lake in northern Russia. Located on the territory of the Leningrad region, Vologda region and Karelia. This is the second largest lake in Europe.
Many rivers flow into Lake Onega, the largest: Vodla, Shuya, Suna, Andoma. One flows out - the Svir River, which flows into Lake Ladoga.
On the coast of the lake there are cities: Petrozavodsk, Shuya, Girvas, Medvezhyegorsk, Pindushi, Povenets, Chelmuzhi, Pyalma, Peschanoye, Velikaya Guba.
There are many islands in the lake, the largest: Klimetsky, Bolshoi Lelikovsky, Kizhi, Suisari.
Volga is a river in the European part of Russia. A small part of the Volga delta, outside the main river bed, is located on the territory of Kazakhstan. Volga is one of largest rivers on Earth and the longest in Europe. The part of Russian territory adjacent to the Volga is called the Volga region.
There are four millionaire cities on the Volga (from source to mouth): Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Volgograd. The Volga originates on the Valdai Hills (at an altitude of 228 meters) and flows into the Caspian Sea. The mouth of the river lies 28 meters below sea level. The Volga is the world's largest river of internal flow, that is, not flowing into the world ocean.
The Lena River is the largest river in the Russian Federation). Lena begins about ten kilometers from Lake Baikal. Its source is the Yakut swamp, located at an altitude of approximately one thousand four hundred and seventy kilometers above sea level. The Lena River has four large tributaries: Vitim (right tributary), Olekma (right tributary), Aldan (right tributary) and Vilyui (left tributary). In addition to these rivers, the Lena basin includes about thirty smaller rivers.
The Ob is one of the largest rivers in the Arctic Ocean basin and throughout Russia. The Ob flows into the Kara Sea, the mouth is represented by a long bay Ob Bay. The beginning of the basin is the source of the Irtysh River, which flows into the Ob.
The Yenisei is one of the largest rivers in the world: it begins at the confluence Big Yenisei and the Small Yenisei.
Yenisei - natural boundary between Western and Eastern Siberia. The left bank of the Yenisei ends the great West Siberian Plain, and the right bank represents the kingdom of mountain taiga. From the Sayan Mountains to the Arctic Ocean, the Yenisei passes through everything climatic zones Siberia. It flows into the Kara Sea of the Arctic Ocean.
Amur - river on Far East V East Asia. It flows through the territory of Russia and the border between Russia and China. It flows into the Sea of Okhotsk or the Sea of Japan.
Check yourself.
1. Show the seas of Russia on a map.
Answer. The territory of Russia is washed by 12 seas of three oceans - the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic. And only one sea – the Caspian – belongs to the internal drainless basin of Eurasia.
The Arctic Ocean includes the Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi seas (from the north).
All seas, except the White Sea, are located on the shelf and are marginal. The White Sea is inland.
TO Pacific Ocean relate marginal seas: Beringovo, Okhotsk and Japanese (from the east)
TO Atlantic Ocean include the Baltic, Azov, Black Sea. All these seas are internal.
2. What lakes and rivers did we get acquainted with in the lesson?
Answer. Rivers – Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur.
Lakes – Caspian, Baikal, Ladoga, Onega.
Homework assignments.
1. Prepare and display the “Where We Were” exhibit in the classroom. Invite parents, school teachers, and children from other classes to the exhibition.
2. Write short essay on the topic: “What kind of Russia do I imagine when looking at the map.
Answer. The map can show how wide our homeland is. Looking at it, it is immediately clear that our country has large territory. We have everything: lakes, seas, mountains and plains. Russia is more than 1100 settlements, huge deposits of minerals, two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. Our Motherland borders on many other states. Such as - Ukraine, Mongolia, China, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Poland and others. Russian Federation occupies about 1/3 of the territory of Eurasia and 1/9 of the earth's land. Looking at the map you can see that Russia is the most big country in the world. She is very huge and majestic. I am very fascinated by its extraordinary spaces.
Numerous rivers, like snakes, meander through the vast expanses of our Motherland. And how many lakes we have! It’s not for nothing that our Russian lakes are called “ blue eyes Russia."
Also, looking at the map, you can see how many minerals are hidden in the bowels of the earth. You can also see huge plains and high mountains with snow-capped peaks. Lifeless deserts, arctic ice, flowering meadows, dense forests– all this is our Russia! Kamchatka, Altai, Baikal are included in the World Heritage List natural heritage. And all of them are located on the territory of our country.
I really want all the wealth of our vast Russia to be preserved and increased. I also have a big dream - to visit all corners of our vast Motherland.
3. Using the Internet, find out which seas, lakes, and rivers in Russia are especially polluted. What is being done to protect them.
Answer. Today we are talking about the dirtiest bodies of water in our country. Some of them can still be helped, but some can no longer be helped. The specialists simply give up. The dirtiest bodies of water in Russia are located near Dzerzhinsk in Nizhny Novgorod region. In fact, the so-called “White Sea” and “Black Hole” cannot be called lakes - these are just illegal landfills industrial waste from chemical production. There is only one way out, experts are sure: to approach solving problems comprehensively - that is, to clean up not just one river, but the entire basin, and, of course, invest in “green” production technologies. Otherwise, the country with the largest reserves of water in the world will become the country with the dirtiest water bodies. China has already taken this path, and we do not need to learn from our mistakes, environmentalists say. Natural areas of Russia
Environmental problems of the Caspian Sea are associated with water pollution as a result of oil production, the flow of pollutants from the Volga and other rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea, and the life of coastal cities.
The most well-known source of water pollution is domestic (or municipal) wastewater. Soap and other household chemicals are present in dissolved form in wastewater. Residential buildings receive paper waste, vegetable waste and animal food. Rain and melt water with sand or salt flows from the streets into the sewer system, used to accelerate the melting of snow and ice on the roadways and sidewalks.
To protect water bodies from pollution, wastewater from enterprises and farms must be passed through various filters. To do this, it is necessary to build complexes of treatment facilities, post-treatment facilities, storm drains. Prohibit reset hazardous substances not only into reservoirs, but also into sewers.
The main rivers of the country are the Volga, Don, Kuban, Dnieper, Northern Dvina, Pechora, Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Kolyma, Amur, are assessed as polluted, and some as “dirty” and “very dirty”. Large tributaries - Oka, Kama, Tom, Irtysh, Tobol, Miass, Iset, Tura - as “very dirty”, in some places “extremely dirty”.
In the most critical condition due to sewage industrial waters there are small rivers, including in the Northern Dvina basin, as well as small rivers Kola Peninsula, most of the rivers in the territory of the Altai Republic and the Altai Territory, in the basin of the Volga, Ob and Amur rivers.
Researchers also called a number of marine areas extremely dirty, including the Golden Horn Bay and Petra Bay (Sea of Japan), the mouth of the Terek River, coastal areas near the cities of Derbent and Izberbash (Caspian Sea), the delta of the Kuban River (Azov Sea), Neva Bay (Baltic Sea) and certain sections of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk.
P. 70 Remember what you know about the diversity of nature in Russia.
Answer. Russia occupies about 1/3 of the territory of the Eurasian continent, where about 23% of the country's area is located in eastern Europe and about 76% of the area in northern Asia. Thanks to vast territories and in some places far from the sea, the climate of Russia is continental, characterized by all four seasons with pronounced summer and winter. The nature of Russia is diverse and has its own characteristics V different corners countries. The territory of Russia consists of different natural zones: arctic deserts, tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forests, steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. Along with climatic conditions this gives big variety in Russian nature for the world of plants and animals.
The flora is hugely diverse plant communities, growing in all types of natural zones in Russia.
The most common types of vegetation in Russia are tundra, forest, steppe, meadow, swamp and others. characteristic climate for certain natural areas.
The fauna is diverse rich fauna, characterized various types representatives of the animal world living throughout Russia.
In different natural areas the more diverse is the animal world of Russia when moving from north to south and from plains to mountains, where the number of endemic and relict species animals.
All plants and animals in the nature of Russia are in close relationships determined by climate and geographical location throughout the country. However, each region, being in certain natural zones, has its own distinct flora and fauna, defining the unique diversity of nature different regions Russia.
Khantaiskoye Lake, Segozero, Kulundinskoye Lake and.
Lake Ladoga is located in the north-west of Central Russia. The area is 17,700 kilometers. Greatest depth The lake is 230 meters. The average depth is approximately 51 meters. Lake Ladoga directly depends on the rivers flowing into it. Coastline The lake has a length of 1570 km. The volume of water contained in the lake is 908 cubic kilometers of water. There are 660 on this large lake. There are many large ones among them. It's about. Mantinsari with an area of 39.4 square kilometers, about. Kilpola with an area of 32.1 square kilometers, about. Tulolansari with an area of 30.3 square kilometers, about. Valaam has an area of 27.8 square kilometers. On Valaam there is the most famous monastery in Russia - Valaam.
On Onega (photo by Vladimir Cherkas)
Lake Ilmen is located in the northwest European Russia. total area The lake is 55.3 square kilometers. Lake Ilmen is located in the center of the Ilmen lowland. The lake is 18 meters above sea level. Many rivers flow into Ilmen: Msta, Lovat, Pola, Shelon. In the area close to the lake there are many swamps. Ilmen is translated from the Finno-Ugric language as stormy. In Dahl's dictionary, Ilmen is a lake into which a river flows and then flows out. In ancient times, the path “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed here. On Ilmen, for the first time in the USSR, a hydroelectric power station was built. Now the lake is used for transportation and.
Khantayskoye Lake is located in the north Krasnoyarsk Territory. The area of the lake is 58 square kilometers. The depth of the lake is 420 meters. The Khantayka River flows out of the lake. Many tourists come to the lake every year. Since this natural reservoir is very picturesque and beautiful. During the Soviet era, the lake was turned into. The maximum depth of the reservoir is 97 meters. The Segezha River flows from Segozero and flows into another lake - Vygozero. In winter, Segozero freezes.
Kulundinskoye Lake is located near the city of Slavgorod ( Altai region). The lake is located 99 meters above sea level. The depth is approximately the same everywhere - 5 meters. The area of the entire lake is 600 square kilometers. The lake is quite shallow, but the rivers flowing into it do not allow it to dry out completely. These are the Kulunda River and the Suetka River. They feed the lake and streams. In summer, the water in the lake warms up quickly. The temperature is usually 26 degrees Celsius.
Lake Peipsi
Lake Teletskoye, with an area of 230.8 square kilometers, is the largest lake. The lake is named after the tribe. Sometimes Lake Teletskoye is called younger brother Lake Baikal. The lake is the largest in Altai. The depth of the lake is 330 meters. Many rivers and streams flow into the lake. Only one river, Biya, flows from the lake.
MBOU Secondary School No. 2, Pochinka
Completed:
Mamkovich Tatiana
9A class students
Teacher: Pankiv Ilya Romanovich
Pochinok
2013
There are 1,149 rivers and streams flowing in the Smolensk region, and there are 420 lakes and reservoirs. The region is rich in its
picturesque lakes in the northern part of the region are such as Sapsho, Dgo, Baklanovskoye, Rytoe, Lososno,
Chistik, Mutnoye, Akatovskoye (the largest lake in the Smolensk region - 650 hectares).
These lakes appeared after the retreat of the last glacier. Of these, the most famous lake is Sapsho, stretching for 6 km, with its islands and resort village Przhevalskoe.
The territory of the region is a hilly and undulating plain with a number of hills and lowlands. The hills are the watershed of the main rivers belonging to three sea basins: the Caspian, Black and Baltic seas. Over 60% belongs to the Dnieper River basin, Western Dvina- 15%, Volga - 25% of the region’s area.
The Smolensk region is located in a zone of sufficient moisture and therefore its rivers form a dense branched network (significantly higher than the Russian average), the density of the river network is 450 m per 1 sq. km. Average long-term incidence of possible emergency from floods once every 2 years. The average area of a probable emergency situation can be 0.5 thousand square meters. km, with a population of more than 4.2 thousand people, the possible prevented damage could amount to up to 0.2 million rubles.
The territory of the Smolensk region is subject to spring floods every year, but the water rise levels in the rivers and reservoirs of the region do not always reach values that lead to an emergency; this depends on the water supply in the snow cover before the onset of spring snowmelt, the depth of soil freezing, the amount of precipitation during the snowmelt period and floods, autumn-winter soil moisture at the beginning of snowmelt, intensity of snowmelt and other factors.
Rivers of the Smolensk region
In total, 1149 rivers flow in the region total length more than 12 thousand km.
The river network is dense. The Dnieper and its major tributaries- Desna and Sozh. Other rivers belong to the basins of the Volga (the largest are Vauza, Ugra) and Western Dvina, the Western Dvina is navigable within the region.
Ugra River from source to mouth of Vori
The Ugra River, a large left tributary of the Oka, originates near the village of Vysokoye and flows along Smolenskaya and Kaluga regions and flows into the Oka at a level of 117 m. The section is described to the mouth of the Vori at a level of 144 m. The river first flows to the north, east and northeast in the east of the Smolensk region along an undulating plain. At the mouth of the left tributary of the Zhizhaly, the Ugra turns sharply to the southeast. Almost along its entire length, the Ugra flows on high banks, covered in the upper and middle reaches with forest. The length of the river is 399 km, the section being described is 229 km, its average slope is 0.197 m/km. In a number of places in the Ugra Valley there are limestone outcrops with springs. The river's feeding is mixed: the share of meltwater runoff averages about 60%, more than 30% of the annual runoff comes from groundwater, and only about 5% from rainwater runoff. The level regime of the river is characterized by a clearly defined high spring flood, a low summer-autumn low water period interrupted by rain floods, and a stable long-term low winter low water period. Spring flood begins at the end of March and ends in the first ten days of May. During the flood period, the total rise of water above the winter low-water period in the middle and lower reaches of the Ugra in high-water years is 10-11 m.
The average water flow 35 km from the mouth is about 90 m?/sec. It freezes in November - early January.
In the east of the Smolensk region, the Ugra flows through the Ugra lowland. Its relief is predominantly flat, hilly in places, the height above sea level is 150-200 m. The Ugra Valley is one of the most picturesque in Central Russia, and the river enjoys
popular with tourists.
Dnepr River
The length of the Dnieper at present (after the construction of a cascade of reservoirs) is 2201 km, the basin area is 504 thousand km?. The current speed ranges from 0.3 to 1.2 m/s in the area up to the mouth of the Desna; the prevailing current speed in the underlying areas is about 0.6-0.7 m/s; water mineralization - 300-350 mg/dm?. The width of the river valley is up to 18 km. The width of the floodplain is up to 12 km. Delta area - 350 km?
The Dnieper was part of an important trade route connecting the Baltic states with the Black Sea coast (“The Road from the Varangians to the Greeks”). On the lower Dnieper there was a natural barrier in the form of rapids, which was overcome only in modern history with the construction of the Dnieper hydroelectric dam. In the lands around the middle reaches of the Dnieper in the 9th century, the core of the Old Russian state was formed; the capital of Rus' (now the capital of Ukraine) - Kiev - was located here. In the 16th century, in the bend of the lower Dnieper, a base of the Ukrainian Cossacks was formed - the Zaporozhye Sich, which served as a buffer between the steppe nomads and the agricultural Slavic regions to the north-west. It was from here that the Cossack troops of Bohdan Khmelnytsky began their victorious campaign to the west in 1648.
The most common are carp, anadromous and semi-anadromous fish (herring, sturgeon, ram and others), which previously entered high upstream, but after the construction of reservoirs they linger on the dam, or even do not leave the lower reaches at all.
Of interest is the upper reaches of the Dnieper to Smolensk. High steep banks alternate here with low ones, sandy ones with marshy ones. There are few forests in the upper reaches; towards Smolensk they are more common. In spring, the river is wide in some places
it overflows, and in the area up to Emelyanovo it becomes very shallow. Cargo and passenger shipping is carried out from Dorogobuzh.
Rivers Vazuza and Gzhat
The length of the Vazuza River is 162 km, the basin area is 7120 km?. The source of the Vazuza is located on the northern slopes of the Smolensk Upland, not far from the village of Maryino, Vyazemsky district, Smolensk region. The river is fed by snow and rain, with freezing from November to April.
Three kilometers above Zubtsov, a dam was built for the Vazuza reservoir, which flooded the rapids part of the Vazuza valley to the mouth of the Losmina River near the city of Sychevka and that’s it downstream the right tributary is the Gzhat River.
The Vazuza, a right tributary of the Volga, flows through a narrow, shallow valley for the first 30 km. There are few forests along the banks. Near the mouth, above Zubtsov, a dam was built, which formed a reservoir used for water supply to Moscow. The water back-up on Vazuza at its highest level extends to the city of Sychevka, along Osuga to the village of Rakitki, along Kasna to the mouth of Sezha, along Gzhati to the mouth of Aleshni. The Salik, the right tributary of the Vazuza, has a length of 31 km. The Vazuza flows in relatively high hilly banks, in some places covered with small copses. The bottom is sandy, sometimes gravelly, the water is clean. Vazuza is a treeless river, but places for bivouacs with fuel for a fire can be found.
Below the mouth of the left tributary - Losminki, the backwater of the dam in Zubtsov may occur. Without support, the Vazuza in this place is shallow, wide, and the current is strong. The left bank is high and mountainous. Further, the channel gradually widens and the flow slows down. You need to go, sticking to the left bank, cutting off the bays, first to the northeast, below the mouth of Gzhati - to the northwest, and beyond the village. Khepen - to the north. The width of the reservoir below the confluence of the Gzhati does not exceed 3 km, and generally less than 1.5 km.
Gzhat flows through a flat treeless, sometimes swampy plain. Fuel is difficult to find. The river originates south of the city of Gagarin (formerly Gzhatsk) and flows into Vazuza about 50 km above its mouth. The length of Gzhati is 110 km. There are almost no forests along the banks, except for willow thickets. Only in front of the village of Bolshoye Nikolskoye a small forest has been preserved. There are many villages on the banks of the Gzhati, often with bridges over the river. The river bottom is mostly sandy, the banks are dry. There are practically no parking places, unless you take the risk and sail by boat or walk along the shore. Since Gzhat flows through the city of Gagarin, getting to it is not difficult.
Kasplya River
Kasplya is a river in the northeast of the Smolensk region, a tributary of the Western Dvina (flows into the territory of Belarus).
Length 224 km (within Russia – 157 km, together with Lake Kasplya – 164 km). Originates in the lake. Kasplya (Kasplyanskoe), to the regional center Demidov flows in a general northern direction. It flows through an area with a pronounced glacial landscape, the banks are low and swampy in places. From the mouth of the right tributary - Zherespeya almost to Demidov itself on both banks of the forest, then the banks are open. After the confluence of a significant right tributary, the Gobza (within Demidov), the river makes a global turn to the west-northwest. The nature of the banks changes - they rise, in the area of dd. The Upper and Lower Khrapuny are stone ridges in the riverbed that once interfered with navigation. Further, the river flows through the territory of Belarus, flowing into
Zap. Dvina within the city of Surazh. Main tributaries: on the right: Zherespeya, Svaditsa, Gobza, Starka, Boroda, Vyazmena; From left: Olsha, Vyatsha, Galiska, Rutavech, Chernavka, Polennitsa and Balazna. The river is rich in fish (bream, pike perch, pike, perch, etc.), and its valley is rich in archaeological sites (fortifications, sites) - the village. Kasplya, Smolino village, etc.). In ancient times, one of the routes on the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed along the Kasplya River.
The source of Kaspli is at the northern end of the lake, in this place there is a village. Kasplya. This is an ancient settlement, known since the 12th century. There is an ancient settlement in the village. There is a highway bridge across the river. For several kilometers further, Kasplya flows through open, populated areas. The floodplain is swampy in places. The valley is quite wide. Further, below the mouth of the river. Zherespei, the valley narrows. Here the first and second terraces are observed with heights of 5-6 and 7-9 m, respectively. The current accelerates, along the banks there are damp spruce and birch forests. There are few parking places. Almost until Demidov itself there are no villages along the banks. As you approach Demidov, the shores become drier and the forests recede.
The third section is from the mouth of the river. Polovy to the border of the region. Here the valley narrows and deepens again. The width of the floodplain is up to 50-150 m. The heights of the first and second terraces increase to 5.5-8.5 and 9-11 m, respectively. The first terrace has a width of 50-100 m. Against its background, the size of the second terrace stands out, the surface of which is eroded in places and consists of boulder fields (near the town of Demidov, in the village of Ponizovye, the villages of Pochinok, Myshkovo, etc.). The river bed winds strongly and is replete with reaches, rifts, and boulders. In this section of the valley there are several lake-like extensions with oxbow lakes. Near the border with Belarus in the area of the villages of Verkh. and Nizh. The riverbed is crossed by rocky ridges - an interesting section of the river.
Lakes of the Smolensk region
In addition to rivers, in the Smolensk region there are more than 700 reservoirs, of which 160 are large and small lakes. The total area of their water surface is about 70 square meters. km, the area of artificial reservoirs and ponds is 3556 hectares.
The Smolensk region is rich in its picturesque lakes in the northern part of the region there are such as Sapsho, Dgo, Baklanovskoye, Rytoe, Lososno, Chistik, Mutnoe,). These lakes appeared after the retreat of the last glacier.
In the north-west there are lakes of glacial origin (the largest are Lake Sapsho and Akatovskoye).
Lake Divnoe
North-west of Smolensk, on the road to Demidov, among the wooded hills there is Lake Divnoe. The name alone gives it some kind of fabulousness; it is not without reason that there are many legends about this lake among local residents. The lake is not very big,
but deep (there are places more than 25 m). The banks are high, dry, overgrown with young forest. There is a narrow strip of reeds at the water's edge. In the middle are two picturesque islands overgrown with hazel trees. One of the islands is called Orekhovy. The bottom of the lake is rocky-sandy and only silted in places. The shores are very winding and abound in many quiet coves where it is convenient to fish from a boat.
Two small rivers flow into the lake, and one flows out - Divitsa. Along its shore lies the small village of Divo. After looping for 4 km, the Divitsa River flows into the large Akatovskoye Lake.
Lake Divnoye is home to roach, rudd, large bream and ide, huge humpback perches, pike, burbot and tench. The pike perch does not live in this lake; it moved to Akatovskoye.
Lake Divnoe has all the conditions for a good holiday: excellent fishing, mallard ducks fly to the lake during the hunting season, and there is a lot of upland game in the forest. There are mushrooms and berries around the lake. It’s not far to go to the village of Divo for groceries.
Active bite on the lake from May to late autumn. The main gear here is considered to be a float rod with a worm, caddis and dough attachment. Large perch and pike are used for spinning. Predators are also well caught using mugs and
"path". Excellent bite for perch and roach from a boat using a jig - with an earthworm attachment.
In the summer months, bream can be caught all day long using float and bottom rods. Line 0.2-0.25, weight - pellet, hook No. 8 with a long shank, attachment - earthworm brush, long feather float. Roaches and rudd actively peck at the meadow grasshopper and the forest ant.
Getting to Lake Divnoye is not difficult: take the Smolensk - Demidov bus up to 56 km, walk 200-300 m - and you are on the shore of the lake. You can rent a boat from local residents, but it is better to bring a kayak or inflatable boat.
Lake Akatovskoye
This reservoir is located in the most picturesque corner of the Smolensk region. The hilly shores of the lake are covered with pine forests, which in summer contain an abundance of berries and mushrooms. Lake of glacial origin. Its size is quite large - it stretches 9 km in length, and the average width is about a kilometer. The depths are very varied. Deep muddy pits alternate with rocky ridges - luds, the depth above which is 2.5 -3 m.
The maximum depth in the lake is about 11m. The coastal zone is overgrown with reeds in places. The water is clean - this is reflected in the abundance of springs flowing into the lake.
There is a wide variety of fish in the lake. There are a lot of pike perch here, and there are two varieties - white and silver. The catches are dominated by predators weighing 2 - 5 kg; fish twice as large are often caught. The second place in the fish stock of the lake is occupied by bream. The reservoir's food supply is so rich that bream is a fish weighing at least two and a half to three kilograms.
There is an abundance of roach in the lake. Experienced anglers can catch fish weighing a kilogram here!
There are also a lot of perch and pike in the reservoir, even whitefish have taken root.
Many fishermen who have recognized this lake and adapted to it will not exchange it for anything else. Fish can be caught on Akatovsky all year round. In winter, the most interesting time is the first ice (December) and the end of winter (February, March, April). They catch large bream and pike perch from the ice.
Lake Rytoe
The area is 178 hectares, the maximum depth is 20.4 m, the average is 6.7 m. Before the formation of the National Park, the Smolensk Society of Amateur Fishermen carried out fish farming and reclamation activities on this lake, and there was a boat station.
Lake Rytoye is distinguished by a high number of fish of this family. carp (bream, roach, silver bream, rudd). Currently, the largest number of fishermen visit this reservoir. Lake Rytoe belongs to the glacial lakes of the Smolensk region. It is located in the Demidov district. It is connected to the Western Dvina basin through the Elsha River. Rytoe was formed due to glacial erosion and therefore belongs to the hollow lakes. In connection with the annual resumption of erosion processes, the origin of potholes and the natural alternation of holes is explained.
Since fishing on Lake Rytnoye is a pleasure, because it is the most stocked of the lakes in the national park. The lake is home to 16 species of fish, of which two hybrids were found: crucian carp and bream-roach.
Lake Chistik
Lake Chistik is located in Russia in the north of the Smolensk region, two and a half kilometers from the village of Przhevalskoye. It is part of the Smolensk Lakeland National Park. It is connected by a channel to Lake Sapsho, located in Przhevalsky, and belongs to the Mezhi River basin.
The total area of the lake is 57 hectares, the maximum depth of Chistik is 19.4 meters, the average depth is 8.9 meters. Lake Chistik is of glacial origin, round in shape. It is surrounded on all sides by sandy ridges tightly approaching the shore. It has constant ground nutrition, and there is almost no surface drainage, which is extremely rare for lakes in northwestern Russia, but Chistik is unique in this regard. The basin of the reservoir is thermokarst in origin; the lake is fed by underground sources, which is the main reason for the extraordinary purity and transparency of the water. Chistik's location among the hills is explained by the fact that the lake was formed from buried ice.
This is unique, lost among pine forest The lake attracts people with its magical purity of water; even at depth the lake is clearly visible. Throughout the year, the transparency of the water in Lake Chistik does not fall below 4-6 meters. This is explained by the fact that there are no natural drains in the lake. The emerald color of the water resembles the sea, and the lake itself radiates positive energy that charges you for a long time.
The rugged topography of the reservoir bottom and the picturesque landscape attract lovers spearfishing and fishermen. The lake is home to 10 species of fish, and although it is not distinguished by a large number of fish, there are quite large specimens of burbot, pike and perch, and crayfish are found. Lake Ryto e is adjacent to Chistik from the west.
On this moment Lake Chistik is almost inaccessible for recreation. Such temporary measures were forced to be taken by tourists themselves, who did not remove garbage after themselves, because of which the anthropogenic load on the reservoir increased, unable to cope with the flow of waste, and this led to the fact that some representatives of fauna and flora, which are a kind of indicator of cleanliness, began to disappear. On the lake you can sunbathe, swim, pick mushrooms and berries, but it is strictly forbidden to make fires, pitch tents and barbecue. Violation of these rules will result in a fine. The tourist sites have all been dismantled, and raid groups regularly make the rounds.
Lake Baklanovskoye
Lake Baklanovskoye is located in the Demidovsky district of the Smolensk region, approximately 80 km north of the regional center.
The lake is of glacial origin and is located on the territory of the national park " Smolensk Lake District».
Baklanovskoye is one of the cleanest and deepest reservoirs in the Smolensk region. With an average depth of 8 m, the lake has sections up to 28 m. The length of the reservoir is about 3 km, width 1 km, area - 221 hectares. The lake is flowing, the bottom is mostly sandy.
With its purity and relative inaccessibility, Baklanovskoye is attractive to rare birds. Species such as swan, osprey, and white-tailed eagle nest here. Frequent guests here are otters, beavers and minks.
The species composition of fish living in Baklanovsky is very wide: bream, roach, redfish, silver bream, ruffe, gudgeon: bleak, perch, gudgeon, pike; crucian carp, ide.
Main fishing methods: boats with float rods and side rods (bream and other carp fish); spinning and mugs (pike and perch).
Particularly attractive for anglers are the places around big island in the middle of the lake, as well as bays in its southern part.
On the bank of Baklanovsky there is the administrative center of the Smolensk Poozerye National Park, there is a comfortable recreation center for 100 people, and a boat station. You can get to the lake by car from Smolensk on the road to the village. Przhevalskoye (within 20 km of this settlement).
Lake Sapsho
Geographical position
Lake Sapsho is located in the north-west of the Smolensk region and in the north-east of the Demidov region, 39 km north-east of the city of Demidov, 120 km north of the city of Smolensk. It is located on the Slobodskaya hilly-moraine upland, which belongs to the Smolensk-Moscow upland. It is the largest lake in national park. The terrain is hilly and ridged. There are two sand and gravel ridges (oses) on Lake Sapsho. One of them was partially eroded by glacial flows. This led to the formation of five islands. The other forms the western shore of the lake. This is the so-called Devil's Ridge. The lake got its name from the word “devil”. After N.M. Przhevalsky acquired western part lake, the border of his estate (line) began to pass along this ridge. It’s like a line separating the steep shore of the lake and the lowland from the villages of Maklakovo and Boroviki. The northern shore of the lake is also quite steep. The complete opposite is the southern and eastern shores. They are quite flat. The topography of the lake bottom here is also not steep.
The lake is divided by islands into two parts - northern and southern. In turn, the bottom of the northern part is also divided into two parts - western (less deep) and eastern (here the depth of the lake reaches its maximum). From northern shore From Sapsho to the middle of the lake there is a long and narrow underwater spit. Here the depth of the lake does not exceed five meters. It ends in shallow water, the so-called “underwater island” or “sitnik”. In this place you can confidently stand in the middle of the lake in waist-deep water.
The lake belongs to the Western Dvina river basin. Area - 304 hectares, length - 3 km, width - 1.8 km, average depth - 7.3 m, maximum depth - 18.6 m, water volume - 21.3 million m?, transparency - up to 3 m, area catchment - 84 km? . In spring (usually in the middle and second half of April) there is a significant rise in water due to snow melting: up to 3-4 m. The release of the lake from ice is delayed by an average of 10-15 days and occurs at the end of April - beginning of May. Swimming season usually occurs at the end of June - beginning of July. The water in the lake warms up best in mid-July. The lake freezes in the second - third ten days of November. Sometimes the lake becomes covered with ice only by mid-December. The ice thickness is usually 50-70 cm. During the frostiest periods, this figure can increase to 80-90 cm. The freeze-up period is 150-170 days.
Rivers
The small river Sapshanka flows into the lake from the south. From the west - Sapsha, which flows out of the lake in the east. Flowing through the lowland, Sapsha after three kilometers flows into Lake Petrakovskoye. Both lakes are located at approximately the same level, so the river flow is weak, and Lake Sapsho is classified as low-flow. The area of Lake Petrakovskoye is only 17 hectares. During melting snow or heavy rains, the water level in it rises much faster than in Sapsho. This leads to the Sapsha River changing its flow direction. This usually happens several times a year.Islands
There are 6 islands on the lake. 4 large ones: Chernetsky, Rashpashnoy, Bagryanyi, Dlinny, and two small ones: Dubovy Island and Love Island. Five of them stretch along one line from west to east. They also form a lake (sand and gravel ridge), later washed out in some places by surface glacial flows.Chernetsky Island. Local fishermen call it “the first”. Located in close proximity to east coast Sapsho. You can get to the island from the shore by fording. The island got its name because, according to legend, a long time ago, when “there was no landowner in Sloboda” and there was no village itself, a hermit lived on this island, who was nicknamed Chernets. And from his nickname the island itself received the name Chernetsky. They say that the hermit had a gloomy, but not evil appearance and meek behavior. He lived poorly and “waited for God’s mercy.” It is unknown whether he died here or went somewhere else.
Rashpashnoy Island in the evening
The “second” island is Rashpashnoy. So named due to its bay. The island seems to open its arms when you approach it by boat from the southern shore.
The “third” island is Bagryany. There are a lot of linden trees, aspen and birch trees. In autumn, when the leaves turn yellow and red, the island turns purple.
Bagryany and Dolgiy Islands (view from the observation deck located on the Devil's Ridge)
The border of N. M. Przhevalsky’s possessions passed through this island. Since then, the island has retained another name - Pogranichny. The name remained even after Nikolai Mikhailovich purchased the western part of the lake.
The “fourth” island is Dlinny or Long. It received such names due to the fact that it is very elongated in length.
Island of Love (view from the boat station near the Przhevalsky sanatorium)
The residents of the village do not number the two small islands. Dubovy Island is located between the southern coast of Sapsho and the Bagryany and Raspashny islands. Almost all the trees on it are oaks. Sometimes this island is mistakenly called the Island of Love. In fact, the same small island off the northern shore of Sapsho bears this name; On this shore there is a boat station and the beach of the sanatorium. Tourists really enjoy riding catamarans and boats around this island, as well as mooring to it.
Climate
Climate temperate continental. All seasons are clearly expressed. average temperature January?9 °C, July +17 °C. Refers to excessively moist areas, precipitation from 630 to 730 mm per year. The average annual number of days with precipitation is from 170 to 190. The growing season is 129-143 days. The period with positive average daily air temperature is 213-224 days. The average duration of the frost-free period is 125-148 days.Penetrating with cyclones wet air masses from the Atlantic in winter cause weakening frosts and snowfalls, in summer - a decrease in temperature and rains. Arctic masses cause sharp cooling in winter and strong heating of the surface in summer.
Origin of the lake In the Devonian period, on the territory of the Smolensk region there was a sea, at the bottom of which layers of sedimentary rocks accumulated: limestone, dolomites, gypsum and sea salts. After the land uplifted, the bottom of the retreated sea underwent complex processes of weathering of marine rocks. Later there was a sharp cooling in the climate. The territory of the modern Smolensk Lake District was also subject to glaciation. Lake Sapsho is of glacial origin. The last glacier, the Valdai glacier, disappeared, according to geologists, 15-20 thousand years ago. Individual blocks of ice that filled the lowlands of the pre-glacial relief, with the active melting of the glacier, powerful streams of meltwater that carried a large number of sand and clay particles found themselves buried under layers of alluvial rock. The melting of buried “dead ice” occurred later, as the climate warmed. According to geologists, the “dead ice” in this area began to melt 8-9 thousand years ago. As voids formed in the ice, alluvial rocks were projected onto the bottom of the basins, and thermokarst lakes were formed. Sapsho also belongs to thermokarst. This explains the steepness of its banks and deep cliffs.
Flora and fauna Lake Sapsho is located in the zone of deciduous-spruce forests. Along the shores of the lake, native pine forests have been preserved. The roots of pine trees on the slopes are exposed as a result of weathering processes.
Bream
In the past the lake was rich in fish. At the beginning of the 20th century, commercial fishing was carried out on the lake. Up to 10 tons of fish were caught per year (mainly bream and pike perch). Pike perch was introduced into the lake by N. M. Przhevalsky. It is assumed that this species has now completely disappeared. There are 19 species of fish in the lake. The ichthyofauna is dominated by bream, roach, silver bream, and rudd. Tench can be found in well-warmed areas. The lake belongs to the “bream lake” type. Here favorable conditions for all age stages of bream. Now the number of fish in the lake has decreased significantly. Some types of animals and flora the lakes are listed in the Red Book of the World, the Russian Federation or the Smolensk Region.
Settlement of the lake shore
The shores and islands of Lake Sapsho were first inhabited in the 4th - 3rd millennium BC. e. on the eastern shore of the lake and on the right bank of the mouth of the Sapsha River there was a Neolithic site. This is confirmed by the flint tools and flakes found here, as well as fragments of Neolithic pottery. On Chernetsky Island, closest to the eastern shore of Sapsho, Neolithic ceramics and processed flint were discovered. This indicates that the area was inhabited by Pit-Comb Ware tribes.In the north of the lake and in the east at the mouth of the Sapsha River there is a settlement (its area is about 0.7 hectares). It occupied the cape of the coast and, for the most part, the territory of the modern cemetery. It was a settlement of the Tushemlin tribes of the IV-VII centuries. n. e. The cultural layer is 0.5 m in some places. A relatively large number of fragments of molded pottery and broken stones that had been on fire were found here.
Along the northern shore of Sapsho, at the top of the steep slopes, burial mounds of the Tushemlin tribes have been preserved. Some of them are located on private territory, in the gardens of residents of the village of Przhevalskoye. Others - in park area. Schmidt E.A. divides the Sloboda mounds into 3 groups depending on their location. The groups are located approximately 250 m from each other. According to scientists, there were previously more than a hundred mounds here, but some of them were leveled during the construction of houses and estates, some were excavated by archaeologists, local residents, or destroyed during the expansion of the modern cemetery. Basically, these mounds contained the remains of corpses burned. The mounds were studied by M.F. Kuscinsky and V.I. Sizov in the 1880s and by I.S. Abramov in 1905.
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